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<li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Sound value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epichoric_alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epichoric_alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Epichoric alphabets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epichoric_alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glyph_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glyph_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Glyph variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glyph_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Phonetic_Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>International Phonetic Alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Phonetic_Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Symbol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Initial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Epsilon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95" title="Ε – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ε" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95" title="Ε – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ε" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="إبسيلون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إبسيلون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95" title="Ε – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="Ε" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89psilon" title="Épsilon – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Épsilon" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8" title="এপসাইলন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এপসাইলন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95" title="Ε – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ε" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD_%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Э псілон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Э псілон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Эпсылён (літара) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эпсылён (літара)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Епсилон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Епсилон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨེ་ཕི་སེ་ལོན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨེ་ཕི་སེ་ལོན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_(lizherenn)" title="Epsilon (lizherenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Epsilon (lizherenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88psilon" title="Èpsilon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Èpsilon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95" title="Ε – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ε" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CF%88%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Έψιλον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έψιλον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95" title="Ε – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ε" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilono" title="Epsilono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Epsilono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ssilun" title="Éssilun – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Éssilun" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_(hizkia)" title="Epsilon (hizkia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Epsilon (hizkia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="اپسیلون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اپسیلون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eipseal%C3%B3n" title="Eipsealón – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eipsealón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89psilon" title="Épsilon – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Épsilon" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95" title="Ε – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ε" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95" title="Ε – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Ε" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BA%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6_(%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC)" title="Էպսիլոն (տառ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էպսիլոն (տառ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eps%C3%ADlon" title="Epsílon – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Epsílon" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אפסילון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפסילון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D)" title="ეფსილონი (ასო) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეფსილონი (ასო)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эпсилон – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Эпсилон" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95" title="Ε – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ε" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilons" title="Epsilons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Epsilons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эпсилон – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Эпсилон" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_(raid%C4%97)" title="Epsilon (raidė) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Epsilon (raidė)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epszilon" title="Epszilon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Epszilon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="എപ്സിലോൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എപ്സിലോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="इप्सिलॉन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इप्सिलॉन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95" title="Ε – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Ε" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95" title="Ε – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Ε" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88psilon" title="Èpsilon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Èpsilon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8" title="ਐਪਸੀਲੋਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਪਸੀਲੋਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95" title="Ε – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ε" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эпсилон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эпсилон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%BE%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%86%D9%86" title="ئێپسیلۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێپسیلۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Епсилон (слово) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Епсилон (слово)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="எச்சைலன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எச்சைலன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="เอปไซลอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอปไซลอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Епсилон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Епсилон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Epsilon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95" title="Ε – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Ε" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95" title="Ε – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Ε" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95" title="Ε – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ε" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95" title="Ε – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Ε" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95_(Epsilon)" title="Ε (Epsilon) – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Ε (Epsilon)" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14392#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks greek-alphabet-sidebar" style="width:20em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Epsilon_uc_lc.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Epsilon_uc_lc.svg/100px-Epsilon_uc_lc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Epsilon_uc_lc.svg/150px-Epsilon_uc_lc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Epsilon_uc_lc.svg/200px-Epsilon_uc_lc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;margin-left:0.7em;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Αα</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">Alpha</a></td><td> Νν</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">Nu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ββ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">Beta</a></td><td> Ξξ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">Xi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Γγ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">Gamma</a></td><td> Οο</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">Omicron</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Δδ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">Delta</a></td><td> Ππ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">Pi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Εε</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Epsilon</a></td><td> Ρρ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">Rho</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ζζ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta">Zeta</a></td><td> Σσς</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">Sigma</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ηη</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">Eta</a></td><td> Ττ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">Tau</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Θθ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">Theta</a></td><td> Υυ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">Upsilon</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ιι</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">Iota</a></td><td> Φφ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">Phi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Κκ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">Kappa</a></td><td> Χχ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Chi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Λλ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Lambda</a></td><td> Ψψ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Psi_(Greek)" title="Psi (Greek)">Psi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Μμ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">Mu</a></td><td> Ωω</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">Omega</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets"><b>Archaic local variants</b></a></div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;margin-left:0.7em;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ϝ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">Digamma</a></td><td> Ͱ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Heta" title="Heta">Heta</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ϻ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/San_(letter)" title="San (letter)">San</a></td><td> Ϙ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">Koppa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ͷ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsan">Tsan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Digamma#Pamphylian_digamma" title="Digamma">Digamma</a></li></ul></div></td><td> Ͳ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">Sampi</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Diacritics and other symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">ά</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">ὰ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">ᾶ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">ἀ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">ἁ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">ᾱ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">ᾰ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">ϊ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">ᾳ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">σ̌</a></li></ul></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_ligatures" title="Greek ligatures">Ligatures</a></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Kai_(conjunction)" title="Kai (conjunction)">ϗ</a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(ligature)" title="Stigma (ligature)">ϛ</a></li></ul></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Numerals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic</a>)</div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">ϛ <span style="font-size:85%;">(6)</span></a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">ϟ <span style="font-size:85%;">(90)</span></a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">ϡ <span style="font-size:85%;">(900)</span></a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_letters_used_in_mathematics,_science,_and_engineering" title="Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering">Use as scientific symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This page uses notation for orthographic or other linguistic analysis.</b> For the meaning of how <span class="nowrap"><code>⟨ ⟩</code>, <code>| |</code>,</span> <span class="nowrap"><code>/ /</code>, and <code>[ ]</code></span> <span class="nowrap">are used here,</span> see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">this page</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Epsilon</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uppercase <b><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Ε</span></span></b>, lowercase <b><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ε</span></span></b> or <b><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ϵ</span></span></b>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">έψιλον</span>) is the fifth letter of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>, corresponding phonetically to a <a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">mid front unrounded vowel</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[e̞]</a></span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ɛ̝]</a></span>. In the system of <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a> it also has the value five. It was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician letter</a> <a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">He</a> <span style="background-color: white;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_he.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="He"><img alt="He" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/20px-Phoenician_he.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/30px-Phoenician_he.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/40px-Phoenician_he.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span></span>. Letters that arose from epsilon include the Roman <a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8B" title="Ë">Ë</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_epsilon" title="Latin epsilon">Ɛ</a>, and Cyrillic <a href="/wiki/Ye_(Cyrillic)" title="Ye (Cyrillic)">Е</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ye_with_grave" title="Ye with grave">È</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yo_(Cyrillic)" title="Yo (Cyrillic)">Ё</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Ye" title="Ukrainian Ye">Є</a> and <a href="/wiki/E_(Cyrillic)" title="E (Cyrillic)">Э</a>. The name of the letter was originally <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">εἶ</span></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="grc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[êː]</a></span>), but it was later changed to <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%92_%CF%88%CE%B9%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἒ ψιλόν">ἒ ψιλόν</a></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">e psilon</i></span> 'simple e') in the Middle Ages to distinguish the letter from the <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αι</span></span>, a former <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> that had come to be pronounced the same as epsilon. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Uppercase" class="mw-redirect" title="Uppercase">uppercase</a> form of epsilon is identical to Latin <span class="nowrap">⟨E⟩</span> but has its own <a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code point</a> in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>: <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+0395</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Ε</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON</span>. The <a href="/wiki/Lowercase" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowercase">lowercase</a> version has two typographical variants, both inherited from <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">medieval Greek handwriting</a>. One, the most common in modern typography and inherited from medieval <a href="/wiki/Minuscule" class="mw-redirect" title="Minuscule">minuscule</a>, looks like a reversed number "<a href="/wiki/3" title="3">3</a>" and is encoded <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+03B5</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ε</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON</span>. The other, also known as <a href="#Glyph_variants">lunate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">uncial</a> epsilon and inherited from earlier uncial writing,<sup id="cite_ref-nicholas1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nicholas1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-colwell_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colwell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> looks like a semicircle crossed by a horizontal bar: it is encoded <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+03F5</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ϵ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK LUNATE EPSILON SYMBOL</span>. While in normal typography these are just alternative font variants, they may have different meanings as mathematical symbols: computer systems therefore offer distinct encodings for them.<sup id="cite_ref-nicholas1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nicholas1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a>, <code>\epsilon</code> ( <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon \!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon \!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3a846034e9bf1a419c54ed4bbeae72a3e99bb794" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.331ex; width:0.888ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon \!}"></span> ) denotes the lunate form, while <code>\varepsilon</code> ( <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/acb0a8377db20e42274444cb181d51b5532b5844" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.138ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}"></span> ) denotes the <a href="/wiki/Epsilon_number" title="Epsilon number">epsilon number</a>. Unicode versions 2.0.0 and onwards use <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">ɛ</span> as the lowercase Greek epsilon letter,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in version 1.0.0, <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">ϵ</span> was used.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lunate or uncial epsilon provided inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">euro sign</a>, <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">€</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also a '<a href="/wiki/Latin_epsilon" title="Latin epsilon">Latin epsilon</a>', <span class="nowrap">⟨ɛ⟩</span> or "open e", which looks similar to the Greek lowercase epsilon. It is encoded in Unicode as <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+025B</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ɛ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E</span> and <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0190</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Ɛ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OPEN E</span> and is used as an <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbol. This Latin uppercase epsilon, <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">Ɛ</span>, is not to be confused with the Greek uppercase <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">Σ</span> (<a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">sigma</a>) </p><p>The lunate epsilon, <span class="nowrap">⟨ϵ⟩</span>, is not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Set_membership" class="mw-redirect" title="Set membership">set membership</a> symbol <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">∈</span>. The symbol <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \in }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>∈</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \in }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6fe4d5b0a594c1da89b5e78e7dfbeed90bdcc32f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.55ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \in }"></span>, first used in set theory and logic by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Peano" title="Giuseppe Peano">Giuseppe Peano</a> and now used in mathematics in general for set membership ("belongs to"), evolved from the letter epsilon, since the symbol was originally used as an abbreviation for the Latin word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><b>e</b>st</i></span>. In addition, mathematicians often read the symbol <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">∈</span> as "element of", as in "1 is an element of the natural numbers" for <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1\in \mathbb {N} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mo>∈</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1\in \mathbb {N} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fb0502207a46c563a3a19f1dcaac3bf83a906368" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.681ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1\in \mathbb {N} }"></span>, for example. As late as 1960, <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">ɛ</span> itself was used for set membership, while its negation "does not belong to" (now <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">∉</span>) was denoted by <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">ε'</span> (epsilon prime).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only gradually did a fully separate, stylized symbol take the place of epsilon in this role. In a related context, Peano also introduced the use of a backwards epsilon, <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">϶</span>, for the phrase "such that", although the abbreviation <i>s.t.</i> is occasionally used in place of <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">϶</span> in informal cardinals. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsilon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsilon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The letter <span class="nowrap">⟨Ε⟩</span> was adopted from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> letter <a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">He</a> (<span style="background-color: white;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_he.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="inline"><img alt="A letter that looks like a capital E with arms pointing left instead of right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/12px-Phoenician_he.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/18px-Phoenician_he.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/24px-Phoenician_he.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span></span>) when Greeks first adopted alphabetic writing. In archaic Greek writing, its shape is often still identical to that of the Phoenician letter. Like other Greek letters, it could face either leftward or rightward (<span style="background-color: white;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_left.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="inline"><img alt="inline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Greek_Epsilon_left.svg/11px-Greek_Epsilon_left.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Greek_Epsilon_left.svg/17px-Greek_Epsilon_left.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Greek_Epsilon_left.svg/23px-Greek_Epsilon_left.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="inline"><img alt="inline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/11px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/17px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/23px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span>), depending on the current writing direction, but, just as in Phoenician, the horizontal bars always faced in the direction of writing. Archaic writing often preserves the Phoenician form with a vertical stem extending slightly below the lowest horizontal bar. In the classical era, through the influence of more cursive writing styles, the shape was simplified to the current <span class="nowrap">⟨E⟩</span> glyph.<sup id="cite_ref-jeffery63_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeffery63-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_value">Sound value</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsilon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sound value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the original pronunciation of the Phoenician letter <i>He</i> was <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span>, the earliest Greek sound value of Ε was determined by the vowel occurring in the Phoenician letter name, which made it a natural choice for being reinterpreted from a consonant symbol to a vowel symbol denoting an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span> sound.<sup id="cite_ref-jeffery24_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeffery24-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides its classical Greek sound value, the short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> phoneme, it could initially also be used for other <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span>-like sounds. For instance, in early <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a> before <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BC</span>, it was used also both for the long, <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">open</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː/</span>, and for the long <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">close</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span>. In the former role, it was later replaced in the classic Greek alphabet by <a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">Eta</a> (<span class="nowrap">⟨Η⟩</span>), which was taken over from eastern <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> alphabets, while in the latter role it was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> spelling ΕΙ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epichoric_alphabets">Epichoric alphabets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsilon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Epichoric alphabets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some dialects used yet other ways of distinguishing between various e-like sounds. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a>, the normal function of <span class="nowrap">⟨Ε⟩</span> to denote <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː/</span> was taken by a glyph resembling a pointed B (<span style="background-color: white;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="inline"><img alt="inline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Beta_archaic.svg/11px-Greek_Beta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Beta_archaic.svg/17px-Greek_Beta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Beta_archaic.svg/23px-Greek_Beta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span>), while <span class="nowrap">⟨Ε⟩</span> was used only for long close <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-jeffery114_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeffery114-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter <a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">Beta</a>, in turn, took the deviant shape <span style="background-color: white;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="inline"><img alt="inline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg/11px-Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg/17px-Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg/23px-Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sicyon" title="Sicyon">Sicyon</a>, a variant glyph resembling an <span class="nowrap">⟨X⟩</span> (<span style="background-color: white;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="inline"><img alt="inline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg/11px-Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg/17px-Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg/23px-Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span>) was used in the same function as Corinthian <span style="background-color: white;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="inline"><img alt="inline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Beta_archaic.svg/11px-Greek_Beta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Beta_archaic.svg/17px-Greek_Beta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Beta_archaic.svg/23px-Greek_Beta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-jeffery138_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeffery138-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Thespiai" class="mw-redirect" title="Thespiai">Thespiai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>), a special letter form consisting of a vertical stem with a single rightward-pointing horizontal bar (<span style="background-color: white;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_tack.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="inline"><img alt="inline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Greek_Eta_tack.svg/10px-Greek_Eta_tack.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Greek_Eta_tack.svg/15px-Greek_Eta_tack.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Greek_Eta_tack.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_tack.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span>) was used for what was probably a <a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">raised</a> variant of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> in pre-vocalic environments.<sup id="cite_ref-nicholas2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nicholas2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jeffery89_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeffery89-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tack glyph was used elsewhere also as a form of "<a href="/wiki/Heta" title="Heta">Heta</a>", i.e. for the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="ϵ"></span><span class="anchor" id="Lunate_epsilon"></span><span class="anchor" id="lunate_epsilon"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glyph_variants">Glyph variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsilon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Glyph variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the establishment of the canonical classical Ionian (Euclidean) <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>, new glyph variants for Ε were introduced through handwriting. In the <a href="/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">uncial script</a> (used for literary <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> manuscripts in late antiquity and then in early medieval <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a> codices), the "<a href="/wiki/Lunate" title="Lunate">lunate</a>" shape (<span style="background-color: white;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="inline"><img alt="inline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg/14px-Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg/21px-Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg/29px-Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="38" /></a></span></span>) became predominant. In <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a> handwriting, a large number of shorthand glyphs came to be used, where the cross-bar and the curved stroke were linked in various ways.<sup id="cite_ref-thompson_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thompson-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of them resembled a modern lowercase Latin "e", some a "6" with a connecting stroke to the next letter starting from the middle, and some a combination of two small "c"-like curves. Several of these shapes were later taken over into <a href="/wiki/Minuscule_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Minuscule Greek">minuscule</a> book hand. Of the various minuscule letter shapes, the inverted-3 form became the basis for lower-case Epsilon in Greek typography during the modern era. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Uncial </th> <th>Uncial variants </th> <th>Cursive variants </th> <th>Minuscule </th> <th>Minuscule with ligatures </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="inline"><img alt="inline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg/24px-Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg/36px-Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg/47px-Greek_uncial_Epsilon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="38" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uncial_variants_Epsilon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="inline"><img alt="inline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Greek_uncial_variants_Epsilon.svg/85px-Greek_uncial_variants_Epsilon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Greek_uncial_variants_Epsilon.svg/127px-Greek_uncial_variants_Epsilon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Greek_uncial_variants_Epsilon.svg/169px-Greek_uncial_variants_Epsilon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_cursive_variants_Epsilon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="inline"><img alt="inline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Greek_cursive_variants_Epsilon.svg/85px-Greek_cursive_variants_Epsilon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Greek_cursive_variants_Epsilon.svg/127px-Greek_cursive_variants_Epsilon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Greek_cursive_variants_Epsilon.svg/169px-Greek_cursive_variants_Epsilon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Epsilon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="inline"><img alt="inline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Greek_minuscule_Epsilon.svg/113px-Greek_minuscule_Epsilon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Greek_minuscule_Epsilon.svg/169px-Greek_minuscule_Epsilon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Greek_minuscule_Epsilon.svg/225px-Greek_minuscule_Epsilon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_minuscule_Epsilon_with_ligatures.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="inline"><img alt="inline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Greek_minuscule_Epsilon_with_ligatures.svg/145px-Greek_minuscule_Epsilon_with_ligatures.svg.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Greek_minuscule_Epsilon_with_ligatures.svg/217px-Greek_minuscule_Epsilon_with_ligatures.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Greek_minuscule_Epsilon_with_ligatures.svg/289px-Greek_minuscule_Epsilon_with_ligatures.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="84" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsilon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Phonetic_Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsilon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International Phonetic Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite its pronunciation as <a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">mid</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>, the Latin epsilon <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span></span>/</a></span></span> represents <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">open-mid front unrounded vowel</a>, as in the English word <i>pet</i> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbol">Symbol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsilon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Symbol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The uppercase Epsilon is not commonly used outside of the Greek language because of its similarity to the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> letter <a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a>. However, it is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Structural_mechanics" title="Structural mechanics">structural mechanics</a> with <a href="/wiki/Young%27s_Modulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Young's Modulus">Young's Modulus</a> equations for calculating tensile, compressive and areal <a href="/wiki/Deformation_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deformation (mechanics)">strain</a>. </p><p>The Greek lowercase epsilon <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ε</code>, the lunate epsilon symbol <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ϵ</code>, and the <a href="/wiki/Latin_epsilon" title="Latin epsilon">Latin lowercase epsilon</a> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ɛ</code> (see above) are used in a variety of places: </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Engineering_mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering mechanics">engineering mechanics</a>, strain calculations ϵ = increase of length / original length. Usually this relates to extensometer testing of metallic materials.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> <ul><li>(In early <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nonstandard_analysis" title="Nonstandard analysis">nonstandard analysis</a>) An infinitesimally small positive quantity is commonly denoted ε. <ul><li>(In <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">analysis</a>) By extension, a quantity thought of as "small," "negligible," or, especially, "arbitrarily small," is often denoted ε. For instance, quantities subject to a <a href="/wiki/Limit_(mathematics)" title="Limit (mathematics)">limit</a> which takes them towards zero are often denoted ε; see <a href="/wiki/(%CE%B5,_%CE%B4)-definition_of_limit" class="mw-redirect" title="(ε, δ)-definition of limit">(ε, δ)-definition of limit</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">Hilbert</a> introduced epsilon terms <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon x.\phi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mi>x</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon x.\phi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/617c8c693f9f6af2268a6f015431a10c3d8d255b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.693ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon x.\phi }"></span> as an extension to <a href="/wiki/First-order_logic" title="First-order logic">first-order logic</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Epsilon_calculus" title="Epsilon calculus">epsilon calculus</a>.</li> <li>it is used to represent the <a href="/wiki/Levi-Civita_symbol" title="Levi-Civita symbol">Levi-Civita symbol</a>.</li> <li>it is used to represent <a href="/wiki/Dual_number" title="Dual number">dual numbers</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a+b\varepsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mi>ε</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a+b\varepsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/aa7dde64e704df4027550639fe7731f9a2adf779" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.151ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a+b\varepsilon }"></span>, with <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon ^{2}=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon ^{2}=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/68eddcca75ba10af115dde98b267c3afd5341d40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.399ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon ^{2}=0}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon \neq 0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> <mo>≠</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon \neq 0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b164106e88d10861e8dbc94194c20a96202efbde" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.344ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon \neq 0}"></span>.</li> <li>it is sometimes used to denote the <a href="/wiki/Heaviside_step_function" title="Heaviside step function">Heaviside step function</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">set theory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Epsilon_numbers_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epsilon numbers (mathematics)">epsilon numbers</a> are <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_number" title="Ordinal number">ordinal numbers</a> that satisfy the <a href="/wiki/Fixed_point_(mathematics)" title="Fixed point (mathematics)">fixed point</a> ε = ω<sup>ε</sup>. The first epsilon number, ε<sub>0</sub>, is the <a href="/wiki/Limit_ordinal" title="Limit ordinal">limit ordinal</a> of the set {ω, ω<sup>ω</sup>, ω<sup>ω<sup>ω</sup></sup>, ...}.</li> <li>in numerical analysis and statistics it is used as the <a href="/wiki/Error_term" title="Error term">error term</a></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Group_theory" title="Group theory">group theory</a> it is used as the <a href="/wiki/Idempotent" class="mw-redirect" title="Idempotent">idempotent</a> group when e is in use as a variable name</li></ul></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> <ul><li>it often represents the <a href="/wiki/Empty_string" title="Empty string">empty string</a>, though different writers use a variety of other symbols for the empty string as well; usually the lower-case Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">lambda</a> (λ).</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Machine_epsilon" title="Machine epsilon">machine epsilon</a> indicates the upper bound on the relative error due to rounding in floating point arithmetic.</li></ul></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <ul><li>it indicates the <a href="/wiki/Permittivity" title="Permittivity">permittivity</a> of a medium; with the subscript 0 (ε<sub>0</sub>) it is the <a href="/wiki/Permittivity_of_free_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Permittivity of free space">permittivity of free space</a>.</li> <li>it can also indicate the <a href="/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strain (materials science)">strain</a> of a material (a ratio of extensions).</li></ul></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">automata theory</a>, it shows a transition that involves no shifting of an input symbol.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <ul><li>it stands for the fifth-brightest star in a <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellation</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Bayer_designation" title="Bayer designation">Bayer designation</a>).</li> <li>Epsilon is the name for the most distant and most visible ring of <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">planetary science</a>, ε denotes the <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, it represents the <a href="/wiki/Molar_extinction_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Molar extinction coefficient">molar extinction coefficient</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">chromophore</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, ε refers to <a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(economics)" title="Elasticity (economics)">elasticity</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, <ul><li>it is used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Errors_and_residuals_in_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Errors and residuals in statistics">error terms</a>.</li> <li>it also can to refer to the degree of <a href="/wiki/Mauchly%27s_sphericity_test" title="Mauchly's sphericity test">sphericity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Repeated_measures_design" title="Repeated measures design">repeated measures ANOVAs</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">agronomy</a>, it is used to represent the "<a href="/wiki/Photosynthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photosynthetic">photosynthetic</a> efficiency" of a particular plant or crop.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsilon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For accented Greek characters, see <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics#Computer_encoding" title="Greek diacritics">Greek diacritics: Computer encoding</a>. </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0190</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Ɛ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/%C6%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɛ">LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OPEN E</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+025B</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ɛ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+025C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ɜ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED OPEN E</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+025D</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ɝ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED OPEN E WITH HOOK</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+025E</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ɞ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED REVERSED OPEN E</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+029A</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ʚ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED OPEN E</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0388</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Έ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0395</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Ε</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&Epsilon;</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+03AD</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">έ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+03B5</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ε</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&epsi;, &epsilon;</span>) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">\varepsilon</span> in TeX)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+03F5</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ϵ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK LUNATE EPSILON SYMBOL</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&epsiv;, &straightepsilon;, &varepsilon;</span>) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">\epsilon</span> in TeX)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+03F6</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">϶</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK REVERSED LUNATE EPSILON SYMBOL</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&backepsilon;, &bepsi;</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D08</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ᴈ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED OPEN E</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D4B</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ᵋ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER SMALL OPEN E</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D4C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ᵌ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED OPEN E</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D93</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ᶓ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E WITH RETROFLEX HOOK</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D94</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ᶔ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED OPEN E WITH RETROFLEX HOOK</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D9F</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ᶟ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER SMALL REVERSED OPEN E</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2377</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⍷</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL EPSILON UNDERBAR</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2C88</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Ⲉ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER EIE</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2C89</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ⲉ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COPTIC SMALL LETTER EIE</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2CB6</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Ⲷ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC EIE</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2CB7</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ⲷ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COPTIC SMALL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC EIE</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+A7AB</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Ɜ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN CAPITAL LETTER REVERSED OPEN E</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1078F</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𐞏</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER SMALL CLOSED REVERSED OPEN E</span></li></ul> <p>These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D6AC</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝚬</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL EPSILON</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D6C6</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝛆</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL EPSILON</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D6DC</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝛜</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD EPSILON SYMBOL</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D6E6</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝛦</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL EPSILON</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D700</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝜀</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL EPSILON</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D716</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝜖</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL ITALIC EPSILON SYMBOL</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D720</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝜠</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL EPSILON</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D73A</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝜺</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL EPSILON</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D750</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝝐</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC EPSILON SYMBOL</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D75A</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝝚</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL EPSILON</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D774</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝝴</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL EPSILON</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D78A</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝞊</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD EPSILON SYMBOL</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D794</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝞔</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL EPSILON</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D7AE</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝞮</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL EPSILON</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D7C4</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝟄</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC EPSILON SYMBOL</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial">Initial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsilon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Initial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lectionary_226_GA_0020b_Epsilon.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Initial epsilon in Lectionary 226, folio 20 verso"><img alt="Initial epsilon in Lectionary 226, folio 20 verso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lectionary_226_GA_0020b_Epsilon.JPG/41px-Lectionary_226_GA_0020b_Epsilon.JPG" decoding="async" width="41" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lectionary_226_GA_0020b_Epsilon.JPG/61px-Lectionary_226_GA_0020b_Epsilon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lectionary_226_GA_0020b_Epsilon.JPG/81px-Lectionary_226_GA_0020b_Epsilon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="1320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Initial" title="Initial">Initial</a> epsilon in <a href="/wiki/Lectionary_226" title="Lectionary 226">Lectionary 226</a>, folio 20 <a href="/wiki/Recto_and_verso" title="Recto and verso">verso</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lectionary_226_(GA)_Epsilon_0064b.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="folio 64 verso"><img alt="folio 64 verso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lectionary_226_%28GA%29_Epsilon_0064b.JPG/42px-Lectionary_226_%28GA%29_Epsilon_0064b.JPG" decoding="async" width="42" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lectionary_226_%28GA%29_Epsilon_0064b.JPG/63px-Lectionary_226_%28GA%29_Epsilon_0064b.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lectionary_226_%28GA%29_Epsilon_0064b.JPG/85px-Lectionary_226_%28GA%29_Epsilon_0064b.JPG 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">folio 64 verso</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lectionary_226_GA_0125b_Epsilon.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="folio 125 verso"><img alt="folio 125 verso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lectionary_226_GA_0125b_Epsilon.JPG/55px-Lectionary_226_GA_0125b_Epsilon.JPG" decoding="async" width="55" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lectionary_226_GA_0125b_Epsilon.JPG/83px-Lectionary_226_GA_0125b_Epsilon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lectionary_226_GA_0125b_Epsilon.JPG/111px-Lectionary_226_GA_0125b_Epsilon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="990" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">folio 125 verso</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsilon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Е">Е</a> and <a href="/wiki/%D0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Е">е</a>, the letter Ye of the Cyrillic alphabet</li> <li>Є є, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Ye" title="Ukrainian Ye">Ukrainian Ye</a></li> <li>Ԑ ԑ, <a href="/wiki/Reversed_Ze" title="Reversed Ze">Reversed Ze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="E (disambiguation)">E (disambiguation)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsilon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (1990). "epsilon". <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harlow" title="Harlow">Harlow</a>, England: <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582053838" title="Special:BookSources/0582053838"><bdi>0582053838</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=epsilon&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.place=Harlow%2C+England&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0582053838&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsilon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-epsilon" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=epsilon">"epsilon"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=epsilon&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Depsilon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsilon" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nicholas1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nicholas1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nicholas1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nick Nicholas: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/letters.html">Letters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121215104041/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/letters.html">Archived</a> 2012-12-15 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, 2003–2008. (<i>Greek Unicode Issues</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-colwell-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-colwell_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColwell1969" class="citation book cs1">Colwell, Ernest C. (1969). "A chronology for the letters Ε, Η, Λ, Π in the Byzantine minuscule book hand". <i>Studies in methodology in textual criticism of the New Testament</i>. Leiden: Brill. p. 127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+chronology+for+the+letters+%CE%95%2C+%CE%97%2C+%CE%9B%2C+%CE%A0+in+the+Byzantine+minuscule+book+hand&rft.btitle=Studies+in+methodology+in+textual+criticism+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Colwell&rft.aufirst=Ernest+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsilon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode2.0.0/CodeCharts1.pdf">"Code Charts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Unicode Standard, Version 2.0</i>. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-48345-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-48345-9"><bdi>0-201-48345-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Code+Charts&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+2.0&rft.pages=130&rft.isbn=0-201-48345-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode2.0.0%2FCodeCharts1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsilon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode1.0.0/CodeCharts1.pdf">"Code Charts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Unicode Standard, Version 1.0</i>. Vol. 1. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-56788-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-56788-1"><bdi>0-201-56788-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Code+Charts&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+1.0&rft.pages=130&rft.isbn=0-201-56788-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode1.0.0%2FCodeCharts1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsilon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ec.europa.eu-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/cash/symbol/index_en.htm">"European Commission – Economic and Financial Affairs – How to use the euro name and symbol"</a>. Ec.europa.eu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2010</span>. <q>Inspiration for the € symbol itself came from the Greek epsilon, <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">ϵ</span> – a reference to the cradle of European civilization – and the first letter of the word Europe, crossed by two parallel lines to 'certify' the stability of the euro.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Commission+%E2%80%93+Economic+and+Financial+Affairs+%E2%80%93+How+to+use+the+euro+name+and+symbol&rft.pub=Ec.europa.eu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feconomy_finance%2Feuro%2Fcash%2Fsymbol%2Findex_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsilon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalmos1960" class="citation book cs1">Halmos, Paul R. (1960). <i>Naive Set Theory</i>. New York: Van Nostrand. pp. 5–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1614271314" title="Special:BookSources/978-1614271314"><bdi>978-1614271314</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naive+Set+Theory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-1614271314&rft.aulast=Halmos&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsilon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jeffery63-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jeffery63_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffery1961" class="citation book cs1">Jeffery, Lilian H. (1961). <i>The local scripts of archaic Greece</i>. Oxford: Clarendon. pp. 63–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+local+scripts+of+archaic+Greece&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=63-64&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Jeffery&rft.aufirst=Lilian+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsilon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jeffery24-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jeffery24_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffery, <i>Local scripts</i>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jeffery114-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jeffery114_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffery, <i>Local scripts</i>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jeffery138-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jeffery138_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffery, <i>Local scripts</i>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nicholas2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nicholas2_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas2005" class="citation web cs1">Nicholas, Nick (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060217000025/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/epigraphical.pdf">"Proposal to add Greek epigraphical letters to the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/epigraphical.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposal+to+add+Greek+epigraphical+letters+to+the+UCS&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Nicholas&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tlg.uci.edu%2F~opoudjis%2Funicode%2Fepigraphical.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsilon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jeffery89-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jeffery89_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffery, <i>Local scripts</i>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thompson-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thompson_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1911" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Edward M. (1911). <i>An introduction to Greek and Latin palaeography</i>. Oxford: Clarendon. pp. 191–194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+Greek+and+Latin+palaeography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=191-194&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsilon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisstein" class="citation web cs1">Weisstein, Eric W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/DeltaFunction.html">"Delta Function"</a>. <i>mathworld.wolfram.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mathworld.wolfram.com&rft.atitle=Delta+Function&rft.aulast=Weisstein&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmathworld.wolfram.com%2FDeltaFunction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpsilon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsilon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%95" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Ε">Ε</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C9%9B" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ɛ">ɛ</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hoffman_(science_writer)" title="Paul Hoffman (science writer)">Hoffman, Paul</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Loved_Only_Numbers" title="The Man Who Loved Only Numbers">The Man Who Loved Only Numbers</a></i>. Hyperion, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7868-6362-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7868-6362-5">0-7868-6362-5</a>.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epsilon&oldid=1252686804">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epsilon&oldid=1252686804</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_letters" title="Category:Greek letters">Greek letters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vowel_letters" title="Category:Vowel letters">Vowel letters</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links" title="Category:Webarchive template archiveis links">Webarchive template archiveis links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2024">Use dmy dates from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Greek_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Greek IPA">Pages with Greek IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Ancient_Greek_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Ancient Greek IPA">Pages with Ancient Greek IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 October 2024, at 14:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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