CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Marcus Aurelius - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2ebd00b8-d9f6-4eca-8486-24040161e91f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Marcus_Aurelius","wgTitle":"Marcus Aurelius","wgCurRevisionId":1276127666,"wgRevisionId":1276127666,"wgArticleId":20155,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Good articles","Use British English from December 2024","Use dmy dates from April 2024","Pages using infobox philosopher with embed equal yes","Articles with hCards","Pages with Latin IPA","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Wikipedia references cleanup from June 2023", "All articles needing references cleanup","Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2023","All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2024","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from April 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)","Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch","Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW","Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter","Articles with Project Gutenberg links","Articles with Internet Archive links","Articles with LibriVox links","Marcus Aurelius","121 births","180 deaths","2nd-century philosophers", "2nd-century Roman consuls","2nd-century Roman emperors","Aelii","Ancient Roman adoptees","Ancient Roman philhellenes","Annii","Augurs of the Roman Empire","Aurelii Fulvi","Burials at the Castel Sant'Angelo","Deified Roman emperors","Glycon cult","Greek-language writers","Hellenistic writers","Moneyers of ancient Rome","Nerva–Antonine dynasty","Philosophers of law","Philosophers of mind","Philosophers of Roman Italy","Philosophy writers","Political philosophers","Roman pharaohs","Roman-era Stoic philosophers","Social philosophers","Stoic philosophers"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Marcus_Aurelius","wgRelevantArticleId":20155,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1430","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading", "ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/MSR-ra-61-b-1-DM.jpg/1200px-MSR-ra-61-b-1-DM.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/MSR-ra-61-b-1-DM.jpg/800px-MSR-ra-61-b-1-DM.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1067"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/MSR-ra-61-b-1-DM.jpg/640px-MSR-ra-61-b-1-DM.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="853"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Marcus Aurelius - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Marcus_Aurelius rootpage-Marcus_Aurelius skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Marcus+Aurelius" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Marcus+Aurelius" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Marcus+Aurelius" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Marcus+Aurelius" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Early life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Name </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Family origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Childhood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession_to_Hadrian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession_to_Hadrian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Succession to Hadrian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession_to_Hadrian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heir_to_Antoninus_Pius_(138–145)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heir_to_Antoninus_Pius_(138–145)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Heir to Antoninus Pius (138–145) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heir_to_Antoninus_Pius_(138–145)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fronto_and_further_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fronto_and_further_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Fronto and further education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fronto_and_further_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Birth and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antoninus_Pius's_last_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antoninus_Pius's_last_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Antoninus Pius's last years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antoninus_Pius's_last_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emperor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emperor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Emperor </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Emperor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Emperor subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Emperor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accession_of_Marcus_Aurelius_and_Lucius_Verus_(161)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession_of_Marcus_Aurelius_and_Lucius_Verus_(161)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Accession of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus (161) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accession_of_Marcus_Aurelius_and_Lucius_Verus_(161)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Early rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_Parthia_(161–166)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_Parthia_(161–166)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 War with Parthia (161–166) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_Parthia_(161–166)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_Germanic_tribes_(166–180)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_Germanic_tribes_(166–180)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 War with Germanic tribes (166–180) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_Germanic_tribes_(166–180)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_and_administrative_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_and_administrative_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Legal and administrative work </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_and_administrative_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade_with_Han_China_and_outbreak_of_plague" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_with_Han_China_and_outbreak_of_plague"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Trade with Han China and outbreak of plague </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_with_Han_China_and_outbreak_of_plague-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_succession_(180)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_succession_(180)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Death and succession (180) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_succession_(180)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attitude_towards_Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitude_towards_Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Attitude towards Christians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitude_towards_Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Marriage and issue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nerva–Antonine_family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nerva–Antonine_family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Nerva–Antonine family tree </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nerva–Antonine_family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Writings and legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writings_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Writings and legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Writings_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meditations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meditations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Meditations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meditations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equestrian_Statue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equestrian_Statue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Equestrian Statue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equestrian_Statue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Column" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Column"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Column </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Column-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Ancient </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Marcus Aurelius</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 109 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" > 109 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Aurelius" title="Markus Aurelius – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Markus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Aurel" title="Mark Aurel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mark Aurel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ماركوس أوريليوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماركوس أوريليوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Aurelio" title="Marco Aurelio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Marco Aurelio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcu_Aureliu" title="Marcu Aureliu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Marcu Aureliu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Avreli" title="Mark Avreli – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mark Avreli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مارکوس آئورلیوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارکوس آئورلیوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="মার্কাস অরেলিয়াস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্কাস অরেলিয়াস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Марк Аврелий – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Марк Аврелий" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Марк Аўрэлій – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марк Аўрэлій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Марк Аврелий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Марк Аврелий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="མར་ཁུའུ་སེ་ཨའུ་རེ་ལིའུ་སེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མར་ཁུའུ་སེ་ཨའུ་རེ་ལིའུ་སེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Aurelije" title="Marko Aurelije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Marko Aurelije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Aureli" title="Marc Aureli – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marc Aureli" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Марк Аврелий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Марк Аврелий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Aurel" title="Mark Aurel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mark Aurel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AE%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μάρκος Αυρήλιος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάρκος Αυρήλιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Aurelio" title="Marco Aurelio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marco Aurelio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_A%C5%ADrelio" title="Marko Aŭrelio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marko Aŭrelio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcu_Ur%C3%A9liu" title="Marcu Uréliu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Marcu Uréliu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Aurelio" title="Marko Aurelio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Marko Aurelio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مارکوس آئورلیوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارکوس آئورلیوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Aur%C3%A8le" title="Marc Aurèle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marc Aurèle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Aurelius" title="Markus Aurelius – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Markus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcas_%C3%81ir%C3%A9ilias" title="Marcas Áiréilias – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Marcas Áiréilias" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Aurelio" title="Marco Aurelio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Marco Aurelio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%BF%A0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%95%84%EC%9A%B0%EB%A0%90%EB%A6%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="마르쿠스 아우렐리우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마르쿠스 아우렐리우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D4%B1%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Մարկոս Ավրելիոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարկոս Ավրելիոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="मार्कस ऑरेलियस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मार्कस ऑरेलियस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Aurelije" title="Marko Aurelije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Marko Aurelije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Aurelius" title="Markus Aurelius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Markus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Aurelio" title="Marco Aurelio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Marco Aurelio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%C3%BAs_%C3%81rel%C3%ADus" title="Markús Árelíus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Markús Árelíus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Aurelio" title="Marco Aurelio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marco Aurelio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="מרקוס אורליוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרקוס אורליוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="მარკუს ავრელიუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარკუს ავრელიუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Марк Аврелий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Марк Аврелий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_Aur%C4%93lijs" title="Marks Aurēlijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Marks Aurēlijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markas_Aurelijus" title="Markas Aurelijus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Markas Aurelijus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Aurelio" title="Marco Aurelio – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Marco Aurelio" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_r%C3%B3mai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="Marcus Aurelius római császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Marcus Aurelius római császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98" title="Марко Аврелиј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Марко Аврелиј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Aorelio" title="Marko Aorelio – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Marko Aorelio" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="मार्कस ऑरेलियस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मार्कस ऑरेलियस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="მარკუს ავრელიუსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარკუს ავრელიუსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ماركوس اوريليوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماركوس اوريليوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مارکوس اورلیوس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مارکوس اورلیوس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Марк Аврелий – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Марк Аврелий" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A9%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="မားကပ် ဩရီးလီယပ် အန်တိုနိုင်းနပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မားကပ် ဩရီးလီယပ် အန်တိုနိုင်းနပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B9" title="マルクス・アウレリウス・アントニヌス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルクス・アウレリウス・アントニヌス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Aurelio" title="Marco Aurelio – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Marco Aurelio" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_av_Romarriket" title="Marcus Aurelius av Romarriket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Marcus Aurelius av Romarriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Aur%C3%A8li" title="Marc Aurèli – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Marc Aurèli" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%94%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8" title="ਮਾਰਕਸ ਔਰੇਲੀਅਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਰਕਸ ਔਰੇਲੀਅਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="مارکس اورلیس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مارکس اورلیس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مارکوس اوریلیوس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مارکوس اوریلیوس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Aureli" title="March Aureli – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="March Aureli" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek_Aureliusz" title="Marek Aureliusz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Marek Aureliusz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Aur%C3%A9lio" title="Marco Aurélio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marco Aurélio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Aureliu" title="Marc Aureliu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marc Aureliu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Марк Аврелий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Марк Аврелий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Aureli" title="Mark Aureli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mark Aureli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcu_Aureliu" title="Marcu Aureliu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Marcu Aureliu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Avrelij" title="Mark Avrelij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mark Avrelij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B3_%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%86%D8%B3" title="مارکۆس ئۆریلیۆس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مارکۆس ئۆریلیۆس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Марко Аурелије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марко Аурелије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Aurelije" title="Marko Aurelije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Marko Aurelije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Aurelio" title="Marco Aurelio – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Marco Aurelio" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="மார்க்கஸ் அரேலியஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மார்க்கஸ் அரேலியஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%93%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="మార్కస్ ఓరీలియస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మార్కస్ ఓరీలియస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA" title="จักรพรรดิมาร์กุส เอาเรลิอุส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิมาร์กุส เอาเรลิอุส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Марк Аврелий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Марк Аврелий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Марк Аврелій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марк Аврелій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مارکوس اوریلیوس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مارکوس اوریلیوس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%AF%E5%A5%A7%E5%8B%92%E7%95%99" title="馬可奧勒留 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="馬可奧勒留" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%8B%92%E7%95%99" title="马可·奥勒留 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马可·奥勒留" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%90%86%E7%95%A5" title="奧理略 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧理略" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Marcus Aurelius" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E5%BA%AB%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%88%97%E9%87%8C%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF" title="馬爾庫斯·奧列里烏斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬爾庫斯·奧列里烏斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1430#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Marcus_Aurelius" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Marcus_Aurelius" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Marcus_Aurelius" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&oldid=1276127666" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Marcus_Aurelius&id=1276127666&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMarcus_Aurelius">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMarcus_Aurelius">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Marcus_Aurelius&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Antoninus_Augustus" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Marcus_Aurelius_Antoninus" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1430" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman emperor from 161 to 180 and Stoic philosopher</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Marcus Aurelius</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:MSR-ra-61-b-1-DM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Marble bust" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/MSR-ra-61-b-1-DM.jpg/220px-MSR-ra-61-b-1-DM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/MSR-ra-61-b-1-DM.jpg/330px-MSR-ra-61-b-1-DM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/MSR-ra-61-b-1-DM.jpg/440px-MSR-ra-61-b-1-DM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Marble bust, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond" title="Musée Saint-Raymond">Musée Saint-Raymond</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Reign of Marcus Aurelius">Reign</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7 March 161 – 17 March 180</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-emperors</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> (161–169)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> (177–180)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(121-04-26)26 April 121 <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 March 180(180-03-17) (aged 58) <a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior" title="Pannonia Inferior">Pannonia Inferior</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Mausoleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrian's Mausoleum">Hadrian's Mausoleum</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Younger" title="Faustina the Younger">Faustina the Younger</a> (<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 145; <abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 175)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a> <a href="#Marriage_and_issue">Among others</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucilla" title="Lucilla">Lucilla</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Annia_Galeria_Aurelia_Faustina" title="Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina">Faustina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fadilla" title="Fadilla">Fadilla</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cornificia_Faustina_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornificia Faustina Minor">Cornificia Faustina Minor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus_Caesar" title="Marcus Annius Verus Caesar">Annius Verus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vibia_Aurelia_Sabina" title="Vibia Aurelia Sabina">Sabina</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Marcus Annius Catilius Severus (birth)</li><li>Marcus Annius Verus (124)</li><li>Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus Caesar (138)</li><li>(<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style>see <a href="#Name">§ Name</a> for details)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus_(father_of_Marcus_Aurelius)" title="Marcus Annius Verus (father of Marcus Aurelius)">Marcus Annius Verus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> (adoptive)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Domitia_Lucilla_(mother_of_Marcus_Aurelius)" title="Domitia Lucilla (mother of Marcus Aurelius)">Domitia Lucilla</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr />Philosophy career<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Meditations" title="Meditations">Meditations</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Ethics</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar nomobile"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#b80049; color:#ffffff;">Roman imperial dynasties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:INC-1604-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D0%BA._152-153_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/INC-1604-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D0%BA._152-153_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/150px-INC-1604-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D0%BA._152-153_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/INC-1604-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D0%BA._152-153_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/225px-INC-1604-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D0%BA._152-153_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/INC-1604-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D0%BA._152-153_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/300px-INC-1604-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D0%BA._152-153_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="516" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption">Aureus of Marcus Aurelius</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine dynasty</a> (AD 96–192)</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E5E4E2;"> Chronology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 96–98</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 98–117</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 117–138</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 138–161</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 161–169</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marcus Aurelius</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 161–180</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 177–192</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E5E4E2;"> Family</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty#Nerva–Antonine_family_tree" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Category:Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Category:Nerva–Antonine dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E5E4E2;"> Succession</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a></td><td> Followed by <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Five_Emperors" title="Year of the Five Emperors">Year of the Five Emperors</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Template:Nerva–Antonine dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Template talk:Nerva–Antonine dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nerva–Antonine dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157919884">.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person{border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-title{font-size:110%;padding:0;line-height:150%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title-image{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title>div{font-size:88%;line-height:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#a00201;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcus_Aurelius_Glyptothek_M%C3%BCnchen_(3x4_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Marcus_Aurelius_Glyptothek_M%C3%BCnchen_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/75px-Marcus_Aurelius_Glyptothek_M%C3%BCnchen_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Marcus_Aurelius_Glyptothek_M%C3%BCnchen_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/113px-Marcus_Aurelius_Glyptothek_M%C3%BCnchen_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Marcus_Aurelius_Glyptothek_M%C3%BCnchen_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Marcus_Aurelius_Glyptothek_M%C3%BCnchen_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="1334" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#a00201;color: #FFF;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marcus Aurelius</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Personal</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Early life of Marcus Aurelius">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditations" title="Meditations">Meditations</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Roman emperor</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Reign of Marcus Aurelius">Reign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_161%E2%80%93166" title="Roman–Parthian War of 161–166">Parthian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Plague" title="Antonine Plague">Antonine Plague</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Legacy</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Temple of Marcus Aurelius">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Column of Marcus Aurelius">Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Statue_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius">Statue</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/File:Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/60px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/90px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/120px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="343" /></a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marcus_Aurelius" title="Template:Marcus Aurelius"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marcus_Aurelius" title="Template talk:Marcus Aurelius"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marcus_Aurelius" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marcus Aurelius"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Latin: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈmaːrkʊs au̯ˈreːliʊs antoːˈniːnʊs]</a>; English: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɔːˈriːliəs/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">or-EE-lee-əs</a>;<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> from 161 to 180 and a <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> philosopher. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine dynasty</a>, the last of the rulers later known as the <a href="/wiki/Five_Good_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Good Emperors">Five Good Emperors</a> and the last emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a>, an age of relative peace, calm, and stability for the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> lasting from 27 BC to 180 AD. He served as <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> in 140, 145, and 161. Marcus Aurelius was the son of the <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus_(father_of_Marcus_Aurelius)" title="Marcus Annius Verus (father of Marcus Aurelius)">Marcus Annius Verus</a> and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Domitia_Calvilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Domitia Calvilla">Domitia Calvilla</a>. He was related through marriage to the emperors <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>. Marcus was three when his father died, and was raised by his mother and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus_(II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Annius Verus (II)">paternal grandfather</a>. After Hadrian's <a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">adoptive</a> son, <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Aelius Caesar">Aelius Caesar</a>, died in 138, Hadrian adopted Marcus's uncle <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> as his new heir. In turn, Antoninus adopted Marcus and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius</a>, the son of Aelius. Hadrian died that year, and Antoninus became emperor. Now heir to the throne, Marcus studied Greek and Latin under tutors such as <a href="/wiki/Herodes_Atticus" title="Herodes Atticus">Herodes Atticus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Marcus Cornelius Fronto</a>. He married Antoninus's daughter <a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Younger" title="Faustina the Younger">Faustina</a> in 145. After Antoninus died in 161, Marcus acceded to the throne alongside his adoptive brother, who took the <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal name</a> Lucius Aurelius Verus. Under the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Reign of Marcus Aurelius">reign of Marcus Aurelius</a>, the Roman Empire witnessed much military conflict. In the East, the Romans fought the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_war_of_Lucius_Verus" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthian war of Lucius Verus">Parthian war of Lucius Verus</a> with a revitalised <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> and the rebel <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a>. Marcus defeated the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatian">Sarmatian</a> <a href="/wiki/Iazyges" title="Iazyges">Iazyges</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a>. These and other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> began to represent a troubling reality for the Empire. He reduced the silver purity of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman currency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a> appears to have increased during his reign, although his involvement is unlikely since there are no Christian sources ascribing him the blame, and he was praised by <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Plague" title="Antonine Plague">Antonine Plague</a> broke out in 165 or 166 and devastated the <a href="/wiki/Population_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Population of the Roman Empire">population of the Roman Empire</a>, causing the deaths of five to ten million people. Lucius Verus may have died from the plague in 169. When Marcus himself died in 180, he was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a>. Commodus's succession after Marcus has been a subject of debate among both contemporary and modern historians. The <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Column of Marcus Aurelius">Column of Marcus Aurelius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Statue_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius">Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius</a> still stand in Rome, where they were erected in celebration of his military victories. As a philosopher, his work <a href="/wiki/Meditations" title="Meditations">Meditations</a> is one of the most important sources for the modern understanding of ancient Stoic philosophy. These writings have been praised by fellow writers, philosophers, monarchs, and politicians centuries after his death. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> The major sources depicting the life and rule of Marcus Aurelius are patchy and frequently unreliable. The most important group of sources, the biographies contained in the <a href="/wiki/Augustan_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustan History">Historia Augusta</a>, claimed to be written by a group of authors at the turn of the 4th century AD, but it is believed they were in fact written by a single author (referred to here as 'the biographer') from about 395.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The later biographies and the biographies of subordinate emperors and usurpers are unreliable, but the earlier biographies, derived primarily from now-lost earlier sources (<a href="/wiki/Marius_Maximus" title="Marius Maximus">Marius Maximus</a> or Ignotus), are considered to be more accurate.<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_1889-5">[5]</a> For Marcus's life and rule, the biographies of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus</a>, Marcus, and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius</a> are largely reliable, but those of <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Verus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aelius Verus">Aelius Verus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avidius_Cassius" title="Avidius Cassius">Avidius Cassius</a> are not.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> A body of correspondence between Marcus's tutor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a> and various Antonine officials survives in a series of patchy manuscripts, covering the period from c. 138 to 166.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Marcus's own Meditations offer a window on his inner life, but are largely undateable and make few specific references to worldly affairs.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The main narrative source for the period is <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, a Greek senator from <a href="/wiki/Bithynian" class="mw-redirect" title="Bithynian">Bithynian</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a> who wrote a history of Rome from its founding to 229 in eighty books. Dio is vital for the military history of the period, but his senatorial prejudices and strong opposition to imperial expansion obscure his perspective.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Some other literary sources provide specific details: the writings of the physician <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> on the habits of the Antonine elite, the orations of <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Aristides" title="Aelius Aristides">Aelius Aristides</a> on the temper of the times, and the constitutions preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Digest_(Roman_law)" title="Digest (Roman law)">Digest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Codex_Justinianeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Justinianeus">Codex Justinianeus</a> on Marcus's legal work.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Inscriptions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">coin finds</a> supplement the literary sources.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Early life of Marcus Aurelius">Early life of Marcus Aurelius</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name">Name</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> Marcus was born in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> on 26 April 121. His birth name is sometimes given as Marcus Annius Verus,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> but sources assign this name to him upon his father's death and unofficial adoption by his grandfather, upon his coming of age.<a href="#cite_note-dio69.21-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Historia_MA_I.9–10-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._33-17">[17]</a> He may have been known as "Marcus Annius Catilius Severus",<a href="#cite_note-dio69.21-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Historia_MA_I.9–10-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> at birth or some point in his youth,<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._33-17">[17]</a> or "Marcus Catilius Severus Annius Verus". Upon his adoption by Antoninus as heir to the throne, he was known as "Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus Caesar" and, upon his ascension, he was "Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus" until his death;<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a>, in his chronology of the Roman emperors included in his <a href="/wiki/On_Weights_and_Measures" title="On Weights and Measures">On Weights and Measures</a>, calls him Marcus Aurelius Verus.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_origins">Family origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Family origins">edit</a>]</div> The father of Marcus Aurelius was <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus_(III)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Annius Verus (III)">Marcus Annius Verus (III)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-21">[21]</a> His gens <a href="/wiki/Annia_gens" title="Annia gens">Annia</a> was of Italic origin, but settled at some point in the small colony of <a href="/wiki/Espejo,_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Espejo, Córdoba">Ucubi</a> (Colonia Claritas Iulia Ucubi) south-east of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a> in Iberian <a href="/wiki/Baetica" class="mw-redirect" title="Baetica">Baetica</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, Spain); the gens had legendary claims of descendance from <a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sánchez2010-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The Annii Veri rose to prominence in Rome in the late 1st century AD. Marcus's great-grandfather Marcus Annius Verus (I) was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senator</a> and (according to the Historia Augusta) ex-<a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a>; his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus_(II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Annius Verus (II)">Marcus Annius Verus (II)</a> was made <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> in 73–74.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Through his grandmother <a href="/wiki/Rupilia_Faustina" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupilia Faustina">Rupilia Faustina</a>, Marcus was related to the <a href="/wiki/Nerva-Antonine_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerva-Antonine dynasty">Nerva-Antonine dynasty</a>; Rupilla was the step-daughter of <a href="/wiki/Salonia_Matidia" title="Salonia Matidia">Salonia Matidia</a>, who was the niece of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[note 1]</a> Marcus's mother, <a href="/wiki/Domitia_Lucilla_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Domitia Lucilla Minor">Domitia Lucilla Minor</a> (also known as Domitia Calvilla), was the daughter of the Roman patrician P. Calvisius Tullus and inherited a great fortune (described at length in one of <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny</a>'s letters) from her parents and grandparents. Her inheritance included large brickworks on the outskirts of Rome – a profitable enterprise in an era when the city was experiencing a construction boom – and the Horti Domitia Calvillae (or Lucillae), a villa on the <a href="/wiki/Caelian_hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Caelian hill">Caelian hill</a> of Rome.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Marcus himself was born and raised in the Horti and referred to the Caelian hill as 'My Caelian'.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> The adoptive family of Marcus was the <a href="/wiki/Gens_Aurelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gens Aurelia">gens Aurelia</a>, an old Roman gens.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> His adoptive father <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> came from the Aurelii Fulvi, a branch of the Aurelii settled in the colony of Nemausus in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Childhood">edit</a>]</div> Marcus's sister, <a href="/wiki/Annia_Cornificia_Faustina" title="Annia Cornificia Faustina">Annia Cornificia Faustina</a>, was probably born in 122 or 123.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> His father probably died in 125 or 126 when Marcus was three years old during his praetorship.<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_31-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[note 2]</a> Though he can hardly have known his father, Marcus wrote in his Meditations that he had learned 'modesty and manliness' from his memories of his father and the man's posthumous reputation.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> His mother Lucilla did not remarry<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_31-40">[39]</a> and, following prevailing aristocratic customs, probably did not spend much time with her son. Instead, Marcus was in the care of 'nurses',<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> and was raised after his father's death by his grandfather Marcus Annius Verus (II), who had always retained the legal authority of <a href="/wiki/Patria_potestas" class="mw-redirect" title="Patria potestas">patria potestas</a> over his son and grandson. Technically this was not an adoption, the creation of a new and different patria potestas. <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Catilius_Severus" title="Lucius Catilius Severus">Lucius Catilius Severus</a>, described as Marcus's maternal great-grandfather, also participated in his upbringing; he was probably the elder Domitia Lucilla's stepfather.<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._33-17">[17]</a> Marcus was raised in his parents' home on the <a href="/wiki/Caelian_Hill" title="Caelian Hill">Caelian Hill</a>, an upscale area with few public buildings but many aristocratic villas. Marcus's grandfather owned a palace beside the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran</a>, where he would spend much of his childhood.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> Marcus thanks his grandfather for teaching him 'good character and avoidance of bad temper'.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> He was less fond of the mistress his grandfather took and lived with after the death of his wife Rupilia.<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._35-47">[45]</a> Marcus was grateful that he did not have to live with her longer than he did.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CapitoliniMAurelioGiovane3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bust of a young Marcus Aurelius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/CapitoliniMAurelioGiovane3.jpg/220px-CapitoliniMAurelioGiovane3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/CapitoliniMAurelioGiovane3.jpg/330px-CapitoliniMAurelioGiovane3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/CapitoliniMAurelioGiovane3.jpg/440px-CapitoliniMAurelioGiovane3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>A bust of young Marcus Aurelius (<a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitoline Museum">Capitoline Museum</a>). <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Birley" title="Anthony Birley">Anthony Birley</a>, his modern biographer, writes of the bust: 'This is certainly a grave young man'.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a></figcaption></figure> From a young age, Marcus displayed enthusiasm for <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>. He trained in wrestling as a youth and into his teenage years, learned to fight in armour and joined the <a href="/wiki/Salii" title="Salii">Salii</a>, an order of priests dedicated to the god <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a> that were responsible for the sacred shields, called <a href="/wiki/Ancile" title="Ancile">Ancilia</a>, and possibly for heralding war season's beginning and end. Marcus was educated at home, in line with contemporary aristocratic trends;<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> he thanks Catilius Severus for encouraging him to avoid public schools.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> One of his teachers, Diognetus, a painting master, proved particularly influential; he seems to have introduced Marcus Aurelius to the philosophic way of life.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> In April 132, at the behest of Diognetus, Marcus took up the dress and habits of the philosopher: he studied while wearing a rough <a href="/wiki/Pallium_(Roman_cloak)" title="Pallium (Roman cloak)">Greek cloak</a>, and would sleep on the ground until his mother persuaded him to sleep on a bed.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> A new set of tutors – the <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homeric</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Cotiaeum" title="Alexander of Cotiaeum">Alexander of Cotiaeum</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Trosius_Aper" title="Trosius Aper">Trosius Aper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuticius_Proculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuticius Proculus">Tuticius Proculus</a>, teachers of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[note 3]</a> – took over Marcus's education in about 132 or 133.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> Marcus thanks Alexander for his training in literary styling.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> Alexander's influence – an emphasis on matter over style and careful wording, with the occasional Homeric quotation – has been detected in Marcus's Meditations.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succession_to_Hadrian">Succession to Hadrian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Succession to Hadrian">edit</a>]</div> In late 136, Hadrian almost died from a <a href="/wiki/Haemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemorrhage">haemorrhage</a>. Convalescent in <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">his villa</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tivoli,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tivoli, Italy">Tivoli</a>, he selected Lucius Ceionius Commodus, Marcus's intended father-in-law, as his successor and <a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">adopted son</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> according to the biographer 'against the wishes of everyone'.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> While his motives are not certain, it would appear that his goal was to eventually place the then-too-young Marcus on the throne.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> As part of his adoption, Commodus took the name, Lucius Aelius Caesar. His health was so poor that, during a ceremony to mark his becoming heir to the throne, he was too weak to lift a large shield on his own.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> After a brief stationing on the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> frontier, Aelius returned to Rome to make an address to the Senate on the first day of 138. However, the night before the scheduled speech, he grew ill and died of a haemorrhage later in the day.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[note 4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AELIUS_CAESAR_RIC_II_987-671493.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/AELIUS_CAESAR_RIC_II_987-671493.jpg/300px-AELIUS_CAESAR_RIC_II_987-671493.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/AELIUS_CAESAR_RIC_II_987-671493.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="144" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Coin</a> (AD 136–138) of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (obverse) and his adoptive son, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Aelius">Lucius Aelius</a> (reverse). Hadrian is wearing the <a href="/wiki/Laurel_crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurel crown">laurel crown</a>. Inscription: HADRIANVS ... / LVCIVS CAESAR.</figcaption></figure> On 24 January 138, Hadrian selected Aurelius Antoninus, the husband of Marcus's aunt <a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Elder" title="Faustina the Elder">Faustina the Elder</a>, as his new successor.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> As part of Hadrian's terms, Antoninus, in turn, adopted Marcus and Lucius Commodus, the son of Lucius Aelius.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> Marcus became M. Aelius Aurelius Verus, and Lucius became L. Aelius Aurelius Commodus. At Hadrian's request, Antoninus's daughter Faustina was betrothed to Lucius.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> Marcus reportedly greeted the news that Hadrian had become his adoptive grandfather with sadness, instead of joy. Only with reluctance did he move from his mother's house on the Caelian to Hadrian's private home.<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> At some time in 138, Hadrian requested in the Senate that Marcus be exempt from the law barring him from becoming <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestor</a> before his twenty-fourth birthday. The Senate complied, and Marcus served under Antoninus, the consul for 139.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> Marcus's adoption diverted him from the typical career path of his class. If not for his adoption, he probably would have become <a href="/wiki/Triumvir_monetalis" title="Triumvir monetalis">triumvir monetalis</a>, a highly regarded post involving token administration of the state mint; after that, he could have served as <a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">tribune with a legion</a>, becoming the legion's nominal second-in-command. Marcus probably would have opted for travel and further education instead. As it was, Marcus was set apart from his fellow citizens. Nonetheless, his biographer attests that his character remained unaffected: 'He still showed the same respect to his relations as he had when he was an ordinary citizen, and he was as thrifty and careful of his possessions as he had been when he lived in a private household'.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> After a series of suicide attempts, all thwarted by Antoninus, Hadrian left for <a href="/wiki/Baiae" title="Baiae">Baiae</a>, a seaside resort on the <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campanian</a> coast. His condition did not improve, and he abandoned the diet prescribed by his doctors, indulging himself in food and drink. He sent for Antoninus, who was at his side when he died on 10 July 138.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> His remains were buried quietly at <a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Puteoli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> The succession to Antoninus was peaceful and stable: Antoninus kept Hadrian's nominees in office and appeased the senate, respecting its privileges and commuting the death sentences of men charged in Hadrian's last days.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> For his dutiful behaviour, Antoninus was asked to accept the name 'Pius'.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heir_to_Antoninus_Pius_(138–145)">Heir to Antoninus Pius (138–145)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Heir to Antoninus Pius (138–145)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoninus_Pius,_sestertius,_AD_140-144,_RIC_III_601.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coin commemorating the betrothal of Marcus Aurelius to his eventual wife Faustina." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Antoninus_Pius%2C_sestertius%2C_AD_140-144%2C_RIC_III_601.jpg/300px-Antoninus_Pius%2C_sestertius%2C_AD_140-144%2C_RIC_III_601.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Antoninus_Pius%2C_sestertius%2C_AD_140-144%2C_RIC_III_601.jpg/450px-Antoninus_Pius%2C_sestertius%2C_AD_140-144%2C_RIC_III_601.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Antoninus_Pius%2C_sestertius%2C_AD_140-144%2C_RIC_III_601.jpg/600px-Antoninus_Pius%2C_sestertius%2C_AD_140-144%2C_RIC_III_601.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sestertius" title="Sestertius">Sestertius</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> (AD 140–144). It celebrates the betrothal of Marcus Aurelius and <a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Younger" title="Faustina the Younger">Faustina the Younger</a> in 139, pictured below Antoninus, who is holding a statuette of <a href="/wiki/Concordia_(mythology)" title="Concordia (mythology)">Concordia</a> and clasping hands with <a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Elder" title="Faustina the Elder">Faustina the Elder</a>. Inscription: ANTONINVS AVG. PIVS P. P., TR. P., CO[N]S. III / CONCORDIAE S.C.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoninus_Pius,_with_Marcus_Aurelius_Caesar,_denarius,_AD_139,_RIC_III_412a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coin of Antoninus Pius, Marcus's predecessor, depicting Antoninus on the obverse and Marcus on the reverse." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Antoninus_Pius%2C_with_Marcus_Aurelius_Caesar%2C_denarius%2C_AD_139%2C_RIC_III_412a.jpg/300px-Antoninus_Pius%2C_with_Marcus_Aurelius_Caesar%2C_denarius%2C_AD_139%2C_RIC_III_412a.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Antoninus_Pius%2C_with_Marcus_Aurelius_Caesar%2C_denarius%2C_AD_139%2C_RIC_III_412a.jpg/450px-Antoninus_Pius%2C_with_Marcus_Aurelius_Caesar%2C_denarius%2C_AD_139%2C_RIC_III_412a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Antoninus_Pius%2C_with_Marcus_Aurelius_Caesar%2C_denarius%2C_AD_139%2C_RIC_III_412a.jpg/600px-Antoninus_Pius%2C_with_Marcus_Aurelius_Caesar%2C_denarius%2C_AD_139%2C_RIC_III_412a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">Denarius</a> of Antoninus Pius (AD 139), with a portrait of Marcus Aurelius on the reverse. Inscription: ANTONINVS AVG. PIVS P. P. / AVRELIVS CAES. AVG. PII F. CO[N]S. DES.<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a></figcaption></figure> Immediately after Hadrian's death, Antoninus approached Marcus and requested that his marriage arrangements be amended: Marcus's betrothal to <a href="/wiki/Ceionia_Fabia" title="Ceionia Fabia">Ceionia Fabia</a> would be annulled, and he would be betrothed to <a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Younger" title="Faustina the Younger">Faustina</a>, Antoninus's daughter, instead. Faustina's betrothal to Ceionia's brother Lucius Commodus would also have to be annulled. Marcus consented to Antoninus's proposal.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> He was made <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> for 140 with Antoninus as his colleague, and was appointed as a sevir, one of the <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">knights</a>' six commanders, at the order's annual parade on 15 July 139. As the heir apparent, Marcus became princeps iuventutis, head of the equestrian order. He now took the name Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus Caesar.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> Marcus would later caution himself against taking the name too seriously: 'See that you do not turn into a Caesar; do not be dipped into the <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">purple dye</a> – for that can happen'.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> At the senate's request, Marcus joined all the priestly colleges (<a href="/wiki/Pontiff" title="Pontiff">pontifices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augur" title="Augur">augures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quindecimviri_sacris_faciundis" title="Quindecimviri sacris faciundis">quindecimviri sacris faciundis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epulones" title="Epulones">septemviri epulonum</a>, etc.);<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-82">[78]</a> direct evidence for membership, however, is available only for the <a href="/wiki/Arval_Brethren" title="Arval Brethren">Arval Brethren</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> Antoninus demanded that Marcus reside in the House of Tiberius, the imperial palace on the Palatine, and take up the habits of his new station, the aulicum fastigium or 'pomp of the court', against Marcus's objections.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-82">[78]</a> Marcus would struggle to reconcile the life of the court with his philosophic yearnings. He told himself it was an attainable goal – 'Where life is possible, then it is possible to live the right life; life is possible in a palace, so it is possible to live the right life in a palace'<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> – but he found it difficult nonetheless. He would criticise himself in the Meditations for 'abusing court life' in front of company.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> As quaestor, Marcus would have had little real administrative work to do. He would read imperial letters to the senate when Antoninus was absent and would do secretarial work for the senators.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> But he felt drowned in paperwork and complained to his tutor, Marcus Cornelius Fronto: 'I am so out of breath from dictating nearly thirty letters'.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> He was being 'fitted for ruling the state', in the words of his biographer.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> He was required to make a speech to the assembled senators as well, making oratorical training essential for the job.<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._89-89">[85]</a> On 1 January 145, Marcus was made consul a second time. Fronto urged him in a letter to have plenty of sleep 'so that you may come into the Senate with a good colour and read your speech with a strong voice'.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> Marcus had complained of an illness in an earlier letter: 'As far as my strength is concerned, I am beginning to get it back; and there is no trace of the pain in my chest. But that ulcer [...]<a href="#cite_note-91">[note 5]</a> I am having treatment and taking care not to do anything that interferes with it'.<a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a> Never particularly healthy or strong, Marcus was praised by Cassius Dio, writing of his later years, for behaving dutifully in spite of his various illnesses.<a href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a> In April 145, Marcus married Faustina, legally his sister, as had been planned since 138.<a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a> Little is specifically known of the ceremony, but the biographer calls it 'noteworthy'.<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a> Coins were issued with the heads of the couple, and Antoninus, as <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex Maximus">Pontifex Maximus</a>, would have officiated. Marcus makes no apparent reference to the marriage in his surviving letters, and only sparing references to Faustina.<a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fronto_and_further_education">Fronto and further education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fronto and further education">edit</a>]</div> After taking the <a href="/wiki/Toga_virilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Toga virilis">toga virilis</a> in 136, Marcus probably began his training in <a href="/wiki/Eloquence" title="Eloquence">oratory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> He had three tutors in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (Aninus Macer, Caninius Celer, and <a href="/wiki/Herodes_Atticus" title="Herodes Atticus">Herodes Atticus</a>) and one in Latin (<a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Marcus Cornelius Fronto</a>). The latter two were the most esteemed orators of their time,<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> but probably did not become his tutors until his adoption by Antoninus in 138. The preponderance of Greek tutors indicates the importance of the Greek language to the aristocracy of Rome.<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> This was the age of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sophistic" title="Second Sophistic">Second Sophistic</a>, a renaissance in Greek letters. Although educated in Rome, in his <a href="/wiki/Meditations" title="Meditations">Meditations</a> Marcus would write his inmost thoughts in Greek.<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> Atticus was controversial: an enormously rich Athenian (probably the richest man in the eastern half of the empire), he was quick to anger and resented by his fellow Athenians for his patronising manner.<a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> Atticus was an inveterate opponent of <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a> and philosophic pretensions.<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> He thought the Stoics' desire for <a href="/wiki/Apatheia" title="Apatheia">apatheia</a> was foolish: they would live a 'sluggish, enervated life', he said.<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> In spite of the influence of Atticus, Marcus would later become a Stoic. He would not mention Herodes at all in his Meditations, in spite of the fact that they would come into contact many times over the following decades.<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> Fronto was highly esteemed: in the self-consciously antiquarian world of Latin letters,<a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> he was thought of as second only to <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, perhaps even an alternative to him.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-106">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[note 6]</a> He did not care much for Atticus, though Marcus was eventually to put the pair on speaking terms. Fronto exercised a complete mastery of Latin, capable of tracing expressions through the literature, producing obscure <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonyms</a>, and challenging minor improprieties in word choice.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-106">[101]</a> A significant amount of the correspondence between Fronto and Marcus has survived.<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._69-111">[105]</a> The pair were very close, using intimate language such as 'Farewell my Fronto, wherever you are, my most sweet love and delight. How is it between you and me? I love you and you are not here' in their correspondence.<a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a> Marcus spent time with Fronto's wife and daughter, both named Cratia, and they enjoyed light conversation.<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> He wrote Fronto a letter on his birthday, claiming to love him as he loved himself, and calling on the gods to ensure that every word he learnt of literature, he would learn 'from the lips of Fronto'.<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> His prayers for Fronto's health were more than conventional, because Fronto was frequently ill; at times, he seems to be an almost constant invalid, always suffering<a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a> – about one-quarter of the surviving letters deal with the man's sicknesses.<a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> Marcus asks that Fronto's pain be inflicted on himself, 'of my own accord with every kind of discomfort'.<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a> Fronto never became Marcus's full-time teacher and continued his career as an advocate. One notorious case brought him into conflict with Atticus.<a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a> Marcus pleaded with Fronto, first with 'advice', then as a 'favour', not to attack Atticus; he had already asked Atticus to refrain from making the first blows.<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a> Fronto replied that he was surprised to discover Marcus counted Atticus as a friend (perhaps Atticus was not yet Marcus's tutor), and allowed that Marcus might be correct,<a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a> but nonetheless affirmed his intent to win the case by any means necessary: '[T]he charges are frightful and must be spoken of as frightful. Those in particular that refer to the beating and robbing I will describe so that they savour of gall and bile. If I happen to call him an uneducated little Greek it will not mean war to the death'.<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a> The outcome of the trial is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a> By the age of twenty-five (between April 146 and April 147), Marcus had grown disaffected with his studies in <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a>, and showed some signs of general <a href="/wiki/Malaise" title="Malaise">malaise</a>. His master, he writes to Fronto, was an unpleasant blowhard, and had made 'a hit at' him: 'It is easy to sit yawning next to a judge, he says, but to be a judge is noble work'.<a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> Marcus had grown tired of his exercises, of taking positions in imaginary debates. When he criticised the insincerity of conventional language, Fronto took to defend it.<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> In any case, Marcus's formal education was now over. He had kept his teachers on good terms, following them devotedly. It 'affected his health adversely', his biographer writes, to have devoted so much effort to his studies. It was the only thing the biographer could find fault with in Marcus's entire boyhood.<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> Fronto had warned Marcus against the study of philosophy early on: "It is better never to have touched the teaching of philosophy [...] than to have tasted it superficially, with the edge of the lips, as the saying is".<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> He disdained philosophy and philosophers and looked down on Marcus's sessions with <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Chalcedon" title="Apollonius of Chalcedon">Apollonius of Chalcedon</a> and others in this circle.<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._69-111">[105]</a> Fronto put an uncharitable interpretation of Marcus's 'conversion to philosophy': 'In the fashion of the young, tired of boring work', Marcus had turned to philosophy to escape the constant exercises of oratorical training.<a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a> Marcus kept in close touch with Fronto, but would ignore Fronto's scruples.<a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a> Apollonius may have introduced Marcus to Stoic philosophy, but <a href="/wiki/Junius_Rusticus" title="Junius Rusticus">Quintus Junius Rusticus</a> would have the strongest influence on the boy.<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[note 7]</a> He was the man Fronto recognised as having 'wooed Marcus away' from oratory.<a href="#cite_note-132">[125]</a> He was older than Fronto and twenty years older than Marcus. As the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Arulenus_Rusticus" title="Arulenus Rusticus">Arulenus Rusticus</a>, one of the martyrs to the tyranny of <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> (r. 81–96), he was heir to the tradition of '<a href="/wiki/Stoic_Opposition" title="Stoic Opposition">Stoic Opposition</a>' to the 'bad emperors' of the 1st century;<a href="#cite_note-133">[126]</a> the true successor of <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a> (as opposed to Fronto, the false one).<a href="#cite_note-134">[127]</a> Marcus thanks Rusticus for teaching him 'not to be led astray into enthusiasm for rhetoric, for writing on speculative themes, for discoursing on moralising texts.... To avoid oratory, poetry, and 'fine writing''.<a href="#cite_note-135">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a> describes how even when Marcus was an old man, in the latter part of his reign, he studied under <a href="/wiki/Sextus_of_Chaeronea" title="Sextus of Chaeronea">Sextus of Chaeronea</a>: <blockquote>The Emperor Marcus was an eager disciple of Sextus the <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotian</a> philosopher, being often in his company and frequenting his house. Lucius, who had just come to Rome, asked the Emperor, whom he met on his way, where he was going to and on what errand, and Marcus answered, ' it is good even for an old man to learn; I am now on my way to Sextus the philosopher to learn what I do not yet know.' And Lucius, raising his hand to heaven, said, ' O Zeus, the king of the Romans in his old age takes up his <a href="/wiki/Wax_tablet" title="Wax tablet">tablets</a> and goes to school.'<a href="#cite_note-136">[129]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_death">Birth and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Birth and death">edit</a>]</div> On 30 November 147, Faustina gave birth to a girl named Domitia Faustina. She was the first of at least thirteen children (including two sets of twins) that Faustina would bear over the next twenty-three years. The next day, 1 December, Antoninus gave Marcus the <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">tribunician</a> power and the <a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a> – authority over the armies and provinces of the emperor. As tribune, he had the right to bring one measure before the senate after the four Antoninus could introduce. His tribunician powers would be renewed with Antoninus's on 10 December 147.<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._103-137">[130]</a> The first mention of Domitia in Marcus's letters reveals her as a sickly infant. 'Caesar to Fronto. If the gods are willing we seem to have a hope of recovery. The diarrhoea has stopped, the little attacks of fever have been driven away. But the emaciation is still extreme and there is still quite a bit of coughing'. He and Faustina, Marcus wrote, had been 'pretty occupied' with the girl's care.<a href="#cite_note-138">[131]</a> Domitia would die in 151.<a href="#cite_note-139">[132]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RomaCastelSantAngelo-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mausoleum of Hadrian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/RomaCastelSantAngelo-2.jpg/220px-RomaCastelSantAngelo-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/RomaCastelSantAngelo-2.jpg/330px-RomaCastelSantAngelo-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/RomaCastelSantAngelo-2.jpg/440px-RomaCastelSantAngelo-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Hadrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mausoleum of Hadrian">Mausoleum of Hadrian</a>, where the children of Marcus and Faustina were buried</figcaption></figure> In 149, Faustina gave birth again, to twin sons. Contemporary coinage commemorates the event, with crossed cornucopiae beneath portrait busts of the two small boys, and the legend temporum felicitas, 'the happiness of the times'. They did not survive long. Before the end of the year, another family coin was issued: it shows only a tiny girl, Domitia Faustina, and one boy baby. Then another: the girl alone. The infants were buried in the <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Mausoleum of Hadrian</a>, where their epitaphs survive. They were called Titus Aurelius Antoninus and Tiberius Aelius Aurelius.<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_pp._106–07-140">[133]</a> Marcus steadied himself: 'One man prays: 'How I may not lose my little child', but you must pray: 'How I may not be afraid to lose him'.<a href="#cite_note-141">[134]</a> He quoted from the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> what he called the "briefest and most familiar saying [...] enough to dispel sorrow and fear":<a href="#cite_note-Meditations_x_pp._78,_224-142">[135]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> leaves, the wind scatters some on the face of the ground; like unto them are the children of men. </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Iliad vi.146<a href="#cite_note-Meditations_x_pp._78,_224-142">[135]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Another daughter was born on 7 March 150, <a href="/wiki/Lucilla" title="Lucilla">Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla</a>. At some time between 155 and 161, probably soon after 155, Marcus's mother Domitia Lucilla died.<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_107-143">[136]</a> Faustina probably had another daughter in 151, but the child, <a href="/wiki/Annia_Galeria_Aurelia_Faustina" title="Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina">Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina</a>, might not have been born until 153.<a href="#cite_note-144">[137]</a> Another son, Tiberius Aelius Antoninus, was born in 152. A coin issue celebrates fecunditati Augustae, 'to Augusta's fertility', depicting two girls and an infant. The boy did not survive long, as evidenced by coins from 156, only depicting the two girls. He might have died in 152, the same year as Marcus's sister Cornificia.<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._108-145">[138]</a> By 28 March 158, when Marcus replied, another of his children was dead. Marcus thanked the temple synod, 'even though this turned out otherwise'. The child's name is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a> In 159 and 160, Faustina gave birth to daughters: Fadilla and Cornificia, named respectively after Faustina's and Marcus's dead sisters.<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._114-147">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antoninus_Pius's_last_years">Antoninus Pius's last years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Antoninus Pius's last years">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperator_Antoninus_Pius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Imperator_Antoninus_Pius.jpg/220px-Imperator_Antoninus_Pius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Imperator_Antoninus_Pius.jpg/330px-Imperator_Antoninus_Pius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Imperator_Antoninus_Pius.jpg/440px-Imperator_Antoninus_Pius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="3066" /></a><figcaption>Bust of <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> Lucius started his political career as a quaestor in 153. He was consul in 154,<a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a> and was consul again with Marcus in 161.<a href="#cite_note-livius1-149">[142]</a> Lucius had no other titles, except that of 'son of Augustus'. Lucius had a markedly different personality from Marcus: he enjoyed sports of all kinds, but especially hunting and wrestling; he took obvious pleasure in the circus games and gladiatorial fights.<a href="#cite_note-150">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[note 8]</a> He did not marry until 164.<a href="#cite_note-155">[147]</a> In 156, Antoninus turned 70. He found it difficult to keep himself upright without <a href="/wiki/Corset" title="Corset">stays</a>. He started nibbling on dry bread to give him the strength to stay awake through his morning receptions. As Antoninus aged, Marcus would take on more administrative duties, more still when he became the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefect</a> (an office that was as much secretarial as military) when Marcus Gavius Maximus died in 156 or 157.<a href="#cite_note-156">[148]</a> In 160, Marcus and Lucius were designated joint consuls for the following year. Antoninus may have already been ill.<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._114-147">[140]</a> Two days before his death, the biographer reports, Antoninus was at his ancestral estate at <a href="/wiki/Lorium" title="Lorium">Lorium</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-157">[149]</a> about 19 kilometres (12 mi) from Rome.<a href="#cite_note-Victor,_15:7-158">[150]</a> He ate Alpine cheese at dinner quite greedily. In the night he vomited; he had a fever the next day. The day after that, 7 March 161,<a href="#cite_note-159">[151]</a> he summoned the imperial council, and passed the state and his daughter to Marcus. The emperor gave the keynote to his life in the last word that he uttered when the tribune of the night-watch came to ask the password – 'aequanimitas' (equanimity).<a href="#cite_note-Bury_532-160">[152]</a> He then turned over, as if going to sleep, and died.<a href="#cite_note-161">[153]</a> His death closed out the longest reign since Augustus, surpassing <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> by a couple of months.<a href="#cite_note-162">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emperor">Emperor</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Emperor">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Reign of Marcus Aurelius">Reign of Marcus Aurelius</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accession_of_Marcus_Aurelius_and_Lucius_Verus_(161)">Accession of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus (161)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Accession of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus (161)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Co-emperors_Marcus_Aurelius_and_Lucius_Verus,_British_Museum_(23455313842).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Busts of Marcus Aurelius and his co-ruler Lucius Verus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Co-emperors_Marcus_Aurelius_and_Lucius_Verus%2C_British_Museum_%2823455313842%29.jpg/220px-Co-emperors_Marcus_Aurelius_and_Lucius_Verus%2C_British_Museum_%2823455313842%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Co-emperors_Marcus_Aurelius_and_Lucius_Verus%2C_British_Museum_%2823455313842%29.jpg/330px-Co-emperors_Marcus_Aurelius_and_Lucius_Verus%2C_British_Museum_%2823455313842%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Co-emperors_Marcus_Aurelius_and_Lucius_Verus%2C_British_Museum_%2823455313842%29.jpg/440px-Co-emperors_Marcus_Aurelius_and_Lucius_Verus%2C_British_Museum_%2823455313842%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3190" data-file-height="4613" /></a><figcaption>Busts of the co-emperors Marcus Aurelius (left) and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> (right), <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> After Antoninus died in 161, Marcus was effectively sole ruler of the Empire. The formalities of the position would follow. The Senate would soon grant him the name Augustus and the title <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">imperator</a>, and he would soon be formally elected as <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">pontifex maximus</a>, chief priest of the official cults. Marcus made some show of resistance: the biographer writes that he was 'compelled' to take imperial power.<a href="#cite_note-163">[155]</a> This may have been a genuine horror imperii, 'fear of imperial power'. Marcus, with his preference for the philosophic life, found the imperial office unappealing. His training as a <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> however, had made the choice clear to him that it was his duty.<a href="#cite_note-164">[156]</a> Although Marcus showed no personal affection for <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (significantly, he does not thank him in the first book of his <a href="/wiki/Meditations" title="Meditations">Meditations</a>), he presumably believed it his duty to enact the man's succession plans.<a href="#cite_note-165">[157]</a> Thus, although the Senate planned to confirm Marcus alone, he refused to take office unless Lucius received equal powers.<a href="#cite_note-166">[158]</a> The Senate accepted, granting Lucius the imperium, the tribunician power, and the title <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[159]</a> Marcus became, in official titulature, Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus; Lucius, forgoing his name Commodus and taking Marcus's family name Verus, became Imperator Caesar Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus.<a href="#cite_note-168">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[note 9]</a> It was the first time that Rome was ruled by two emperors.<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._117-171">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[note 10]</a> In spite of their nominal equality, Marcus held more <a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">auctoritas</a>, or 'authority', than Lucius. He had been consul once more than Lucius, he had shared in Antoninus's rule, and he alone was pontifex maximus.<a href="#cite_note-174">[164]</a> It would have been clear to the public which emperor was the more senior.<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._117-171">[163]</a> As the biographer wrote: "Verus obeyed Marcus [...] as a lieutenant obeys a proconsul or a governor obeys the emperor".<a href="#cite_note-175">[165]</a> Immediately after their Senate confirmation, the emperors proceeded to the <a href="/wiki/Castra_Praetoria" title="Castra Praetoria">Castra Praetoria</a>, the camp of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a>. Lucius addressed the assembled troops, which then acclaimed the pair as imperatores. Then, like every new emperor since <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>, Lucius promised the troops a special <a href="/wiki/Donativum" title="Donativum">donativum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[166]</a> This <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/donative" class="extiw" title="wikt:donative">donative</a>, however, was twice the size of those past: 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Sestertius" title="Sestertius">sesterces</a> (5,000 <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarii</a>) per capita, with more to officers. In return for this bounty, equivalent to several years' pay, the troops swore an oath to protect the emperors.<a href="#cite_note-177">[167]</a> The ceremony was perhaps not entirely necessary, given that Marcus's accession had been peaceful and unopposed, but it was good insurance against later military troubles.<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._118-178">[168]</a> Upon his accession he also devalued the <a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman currency</a>. He decreased the silver purity of the denarius from 83.5% to 79% – the silver weight dropping from 2.68 g (0.095 oz) to 2.57 g (0.091 oz).<a href="#cite_note-TulaneUniversity-179">[169]</a> Antoninus's funeral ceremonies were, in the words of the biographer, 'elaborate'.<a href="#cite_note-180">[170]</a> If his funeral followed those of his predecessors, his body would have been cremated on a pyre at the <a href="/wiki/Campus_Martius" title="Campus Martius">Campus Martius</a>, and his spirit would have been seen as ascending to the gods' home in the heavens. Marcus and Lucius nominated their father for deification. In contrast to their behaviour during Antoninus's campaign to deify Hadrian, the Senate did not oppose the emperors' wishes. A <a href="/wiki/Flamen" title="Flamen">flamen</a>, or cultic priest, was appointed to minister the cult of the deified Divus Antoninus. Antoninus's remains were laid to rest in <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Hadrian's mausoleum</a>, beside the remains of Marcus's children and of Hadrian himself.<a href="#cite_note-181">[171]</a> The temple he had dedicated to his wife, Diva Faustina, became the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Antoninus_and_Faustina" title="Temple of Antoninus and Faustina">Temple of Antoninus and Faustina</a>. It survives as the church of San Lorenzo in Miranda.<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._118-178">[168]</a> In accordance with his will, Antoninus's fortune passed on to Faustina.<a href="#cite_note-182">[172]</a> (Marcus had little need of his wife's fortune. Indeed, at his accession, Marcus transferred part of his mother's estate to his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Ummidius_Quadratus_Annianus" title="Marcus Ummidius Quadratus Annianus">Ummius Quadratus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[173]</a>) Faustina was three months pregnant at her husband's accession. During the pregnancy she dreamed of giving birth to two serpents, one fiercer than the other.<a href="#cite_note-184">[174]</a> On 31 August, she gave birth at <a href="/wiki/Lanuvium" title="Lanuvium">Lanuvium</a> to twins: T. Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus and Lucius Aurelius Commodus.<a href="#cite_note-185">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[note 11]</a> Aside from the fact that the twins shared <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>'s birthday, the omens were favourable, and the astrologers drew positive horoscopes for the children.<a href="#cite_note-188">[177]</a> The births were celebrated on the imperial coinage.<a href="#cite_note-189">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_rule">Early rule</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Early rule">edit</a>]</div> Soon after the emperor's accession, Marcus's eleven-year-old daughter, Annia Lucilla, was betrothed to Lucius (in spite of the fact that he was, formally, her uncle).<a href="#cite_note-190">[179]</a> At the ceremonies commemorating the event, new provisions were made for the support of poor children, along the lines of earlier imperial foundations.<a href="#cite_note-191">[180]</a> Marcus and Lucius proved popular with the people of Rome, who strongly approved of their civiliter ("lacking pomp") behaviour. The emperors permitted free speech, evidenced by the fact that the comedy writer Marullus was able to criticise them without suffering retribution. As the biographer wrote, "No one missed the lenient ways of Pius".<a href="#cite_note-192">[181]</a> Marcus replaced a number of the empire's major officials. The <a href="/wiki/Ab_epistulis" title="Ab epistulis">ab epistulis</a> Sextus Caecilius Crescens Volusianus, in charge of the imperial correspondence, was replaced with Titus Varius Clemens. Clemens was from the frontier province of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> and had served in the war in <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>. Recently, he had served as procurator of five provinces. He was a man suited for a time of military crisis.<a href="#cite_note-193">[182]</a> Lucius Volusius Maecianus, Marcus's former tutor, had been <a href="/wiki/Augustal_prefect" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustal prefect">prefectural governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Egypt</a> at Marcus's accession. Maecianus was recalled, made senator, and appointed prefect of the treasury (<a href="/wiki/Aerarium_Saturni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerarium Saturni">aerarium Saturni</a>). He was made consul soon after.<a href="#cite_note-194">[183]</a> Fronto's son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Aufidius_Victorinus" title="Gaius Aufidius Victorinus">Gaius Aufidius Victorinus</a>, was appointed governor of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HA_Marcus_8_1985-195">[184]</a> Fronto returned to his Roman townhouse at dawn on 28 March, having left his home in <a href="/wiki/Cirta" title="Cirta">Cirta</a> as soon as news of his pupils' accession reached him. He sent a note to the imperial freedman Charilas, asking if he could call on the emperors. Fronto would later explain that he had not dared to write the emperors directly.<a href="#cite_note-196">[185]</a> The tutor was immensely proud of his students. Reflecting on the speech he had written on taking his consulship in 143, when he had praised the young Marcus, Fronto was ebullient: "There was then an outstanding natural ability in you; there is now perfected excellence. There was then a crop of growing corn; there is now a ripe, gathered harvest. What I was hoping for then, I have now. The hope has become a reality".<a href="#cite_note-197">[186]</a> Fronto called on Marcus alone; neither thought to invite Lucius.<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._120-198">[187]</a> Lucius was less esteemed by Fronto than his brother, as his interests were on a lower level. Lucius asked Fronto to adjudicate in a dispute he and his friend Calpurnius were having on the relative merits of two actors.<a href="#cite_note-199">[188]</a> Marcus told Fronto of his reading – <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Coelius_Antipater" title="Lucius Coelius Antipater">Coelius</a> and a little Cicero – and his family. His daughters were in Rome with their great-great-aunt Matidia; Marcus thought the evening air of the country was too cold for them. He asked Fronto for 'some particularly eloquent reading matter, something of your own, or Cato, or Cicero, or Sallust or Gracchus – or some poet, for I need distraction, especially in this kind of way, by reading something that will uplift and diffuse my pressing anxieties.'<a href="#cite_note-200">[189]</a> Marcus's early reign proceeded smoothly; he was able to give himself wholly to philosophy and the pursuit of popular affection.<a href="#cite_note-201">[190]</a> Soon, however, he would find he had many anxieties. It would mean the end of the felicitas temporum ('happy times') that the coinage of 161 had proclaimed.<a href="#cite_note-202">[191]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:181px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:12_dicembre_2008_piena_del_tevere_17.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tiber Island in flood, December 2008" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/12_dicembre_2008_piena_del_tevere_17.JPG/242px-12_dicembre_2008_piena_del_tevere_17.JPG" decoding="async" width="242" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/12_dicembre_2008_piena_del_tevere_17.JPG/363px-12_dicembre_2008_piena_del_tevere_17.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/12_dicembre_2008_piena_del_tevere_17.JPG/484px-12_dicembre_2008_piena_del_tevere_17.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:181px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Piena_del_Tevere_-_Tiber_in_flood_-_Ponte_Sisto_-_Rome,_Italy_-_12_Dec._2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tiber Island in flood, December 2008" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Piena_del_Tevere_-_Tiber_in_flood_-_Ponte_Sisto_-_Rome%2C_Italy_-_12_Dec._2008.jpg/242px-Piena_del_Tevere_-_Tiber_in_flood_-_Ponte_Sisto_-_Rome%2C_Italy_-_12_Dec._2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Piena_del_Tevere_-_Tiber_in_flood_-_Ponte_Sisto_-_Rome%2C_Italy_-_12_Dec._2008.jpg/363px-Piena_del_Tevere_-_Tiber_in_flood_-_Ponte_Sisto_-_Rome%2C_Italy_-_12_Dec._2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Piena_del_Tevere_-_Tiber_in_flood_-_Ponte_Sisto_-_Rome%2C_Italy_-_12_Dec._2008.jpg/484px-Piena_del_Tevere_-_Tiber_in_flood_-_Ponte_Sisto_-_Rome%2C_Italy_-_12_Dec._2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Tiber_Island" title="Tiber Island">Tiber Island</a> seen at a forty-year high-water mark of the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a>, December 2008</div></div></div></div> In either autumn 161 or spring 162,<a href="#cite_note-204">[note 12]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a> overflowed its banks, flooding much of Rome. It drowned many animals, leaving the city in famine. Marcus and Lucius gave the crisis their personal attention.<a href="#cite_note-205">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[note 13]</a> In other times of famine, the emperors are said to have provided for the Italian communities out of the Roman granaries.<a href="#cite_note-208">[195]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcus_Aurelius_Distributing_Bread_to_the_People_1765_Joseph-Marie_Vien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Marcus_Aurelius_Distributing_Bread_to_the_People_1765_Joseph-Marie_Vien.jpg/220px-Marcus_Aurelius_Distributing_Bread_to_the_People_1765_Joseph-Marie_Vien.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Marcus_Aurelius_Distributing_Bread_to_the_People_1765_Joseph-Marie_Vien.jpg/330px-Marcus_Aurelius_Distributing_Bread_to_the_People_1765_Joseph-Marie_Vien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Marcus_Aurelius_Distributing_Bread_to_the_People_1765_Joseph-Marie_Vien.jpg/440px-Marcus_Aurelius_Distributing_Bread_to_the_People_1765_Joseph-Marie_Vien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption>Marcus Aurelius distributing bread to the people. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Marie_Vien" title="Joseph-Marie Vien">Joseph-Marie Vien</a> (1765).</figcaption></figure> Fronto's letters continued through Marcus's early reign. Fronto felt that, because of Marcus's prominence and public duties, lessons were more important now than they had ever been before. He believed Marcus was 'beginning to feel the wish to be eloquent once more, in spite of having for a time lost interest in eloquence'.<a href="#cite_note-209">[196]</a> Fronto would again remind his pupil of the tension between his role and his philosophic pretensions: 'Suppose, Caesar, that you can attain to the wisdom of <a href="/wiki/Cleanthes" title="Cleanthes">Cleanthes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno</a>, yet, against your will, not the philosopher's woolen cape'.<a href="#cite_note-210">[197]</a> The early days of Marcus's reign were the happiest of Fronto's life: Marcus was beloved by the people of Rome, an excellent emperor, a fond pupil, and perhaps most importantly, as eloquent as could be wished.<a href="#cite_note-211">[198]</a> Marcus had displayed rhetorical skill in his speech to the senate after an earthquake at <a href="/wiki/Cyzicus" title="Cyzicus">Cyzicus</a>. It had conveyed the drama of the disaster, and the Senate had been awed: "Not more suddenly or violently was the city stirred by the earthquake than the minds of your hearers by your speech". Fronto was hugely pleased.<a href="#cite_note-212">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_Parthia_(161–166)">War with Parthia (161–166)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: War with Parthia (161–166)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_161%E2%80%93166" title="Roman–Parthian War of 161–166">Roman–Parthian War of 161–166</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Roman–Persian Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VologasesIV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/VologasesIV.jpg/300px-VologasesIV.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/VologasesIV.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="145" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vologases IV of Parthia">Vologases IV of Parthia</a>. Inscription: above ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΔΟΥ, right ΑΡΣΑΚΟΥ ΒΟΛΑΓΑΣΟΥ, left ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΦΙΛΕΛΛΗΝΟΣ, below ΔΙΟΥ (Greek inscription for KING OF KINGS – ARSAKIS VOLAGASES – ILLUSTRIUS PHILELLENE). Year ΔΟΥ = ΥΟΔ΄ = 474 = 162–163.</figcaption></figure> On his deathbed, Antoninus spoke of nothing but the state and the foreign kings who had wronged him.<a href="#cite_note-213">[200]</a> One of those kings, <a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vologases IV of Parthia">Vologases IV of Parthia</a>, made his move in late summer or early autumn 161.<a href="#cite_note-214">[201]</a> Vologases entered the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a> (then a Roman client state), expelled its king and installed his own – <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_of_Armenia" title="Pacorus of Armenia">Pacorus</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid Empire">Arsacid</a> like himself.<a href="#cite_note-215">[202]</a> The governor of Cappadocia, the frontline in all Armenian conflicts, was <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Sedatius_Severianus" title="Marcus Sedatius Severianus">Marcus Sedatius Severianus</a>, a Gaul with much experience in military matters.<a href="#cite_note-216">[203]</a> Convinced by the prophet <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Abonoteichus" title="Alexander of Abonoteichus">Alexander of Abonoteichus</a> that he could defeat the Parthians easily and win glory for himself,<a href="#cite_note-217">[204]</a> Severianus led a legion (perhaps the <a href="/wiki/Legio_IX_Hispana" title="Legio IX Hispana">IX Hispana</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[205]</a>) into Armenia, but was trapped by the great Parthian general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chosrhoes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chosrhoes (page does not exist)">Chosrhoes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Elegeia" title="Elegeia">Elegeia</a>, a town just beyond the Cappadocian frontiers, high up past the headwaters of the Euphrates. After Severianus made some unsuccessful efforts to engage Chosrhoes, he committed suicide, and his legion was massacred. The campaign had lasted only three days.<a href="#cite_note-219">[206]</a> There was threat of war on other frontiers as well – in Britain, and in <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a> and Upper Germany, where the <a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Taunus" title="Taunus">Taunus</a> mountains had recently crossed over the <a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">limes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[207]</a> Marcus was unprepared. Antoninus seems to have given him no military experience; the biographer writes that Marcus spent the whole of Antoninus's twenty-three-year reign at his emperor's side and not in the provinces, where most previous emperors had spent their early careers.<a href="#cite_note-221">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[note 14]</a> More bad news arrived: the Syrian governor's army had been defeated by the Parthians, and retreated in disarray.<a href="#cite_note-224">[210]</a> Reinforcements were dispatched for the Parthian frontier. P. Julius Geminius Marcianus, an African senator commanding <a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Gemina" title="Legio X Gemina">X Gemina</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>), left for Cappadocia with detachments from the Danubian legions.<a href="#cite_note-225">[211]</a> Three full legions were also sent east: <a href="/wiki/Legio_I_Minervia" title="Legio I Minervia">I Minervia</a> from Bonn in Upper Germany,<a href="#cite_note-226">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Adiutrix" title="Legio II Adiutrix">II Adiutrix</a> from Aquincum,<a href="#cite_note-227">[213]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legio_V_Macedonica" title="Legio V Macedonica">V Macedonica</a> from Troesmis.<a href="#cite_note-228">[214]</a> The northern frontiers were strategically weakened; frontier governors were told to avoid conflict wherever possible.<a href="#cite_note-229">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Libo_(consul_161)" title="Marcus Annius Libo (consul 161)">M. Annius Libo</a>, Marcus's first cousin, was sent to replace the Syrian governor. His first consulship was in 161, so he was probably in his early thirties,<a href="#cite_note-230">[216]</a> and as a patrician, he lacked military experience. Marcus had chosen a reliable man rather than a talented one.<a href="#cite_note-231">[217]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcus_Aurelius,_aureus,_AD_166,_RIC_III_160.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coin of Marcus Aurelius. Victoria appears on the reverse, commemorating Marcus's Parthian victory." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Marcus_Aurelius%2C_aureus%2C_AD_166%2C_RIC_III_160.jpg/300px-Marcus_Aurelius%2C_aureus%2C_AD_166%2C_RIC_III_160.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Marcus_Aurelius%2C_aureus%2C_AD_166%2C_RIC_III_160.jpg/450px-Marcus_Aurelius%2C_aureus%2C_AD_166%2C_RIC_III_160.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Marcus_Aurelius%2C_aureus%2C_AD_166%2C_RIC_III_160.jpg/600px-Marcus_Aurelius%2C_aureus%2C_AD_166%2C_RIC_III_160.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Aureus of Marcus Aurelius (AD 166). On the reverse, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victoria</a> is holding a shield inscribed 'VIC(toria) PAR(thica)', referring to his victory against the Parthians. Inscription: M. ANTONINVS AVG. / TR. P. XX, IMP. IIII, CO[N]S. III.<a href="#cite_note-232">[218]</a></figcaption></figure> Marcus took a four-day public holiday at <a href="/wiki/Alsium" title="Alsium">Alsium</a>, a resort town on the coast of Etruria. He was too anxious to relax. Writing to Fronto, he declared that he would not speak about his holiday.<a href="#cite_note-233">[219]</a> Fronto replied: 'What? Do I not know that you went to Alsium with the intention of devoting yourself to games, joking, and complete leisure for four whole days?'<a href="#cite_note-234">[220]</a> He encouraged Marcus to rest, calling on the example of his predecessors (Antoninus had enjoyed exercise in the <a href="/wiki/Palaestra" title="Palaestra">palaestra</a>, fishing, and comedy),<a href="#cite_note-235">[221]</a> going so far as to write up a fable about the gods' division of the day between morning and evening – Marcus had apparently been spending most of his evenings on judicial matters instead of at leisure.<a href="#cite_note-236">[222]</a> Marcus could not take Fronto's advice. 'I have duties hanging over me that can hardly be begged off', he wrote back.<a href="#cite_note-237">[223]</a> Marcus Aurelius put on Fronto's voice to chastise himself: ''Much good has my advice done you', you will say!' He had rested, and would rest often, but 'this devotion to duty! Who knows better than you how demanding it is!'<a href="#cite_note-238">[224]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:174px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Antioch_in_Syria_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_H_Warren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Depiction of Antioch, Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Antioch_in_Syria_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_H_Warren.jpg/222px-Antioch_in_Syria_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_H_Warren.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Antioch_in_Syria_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_H_Warren.jpg/333px-Antioch_in_Syria_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_H_Warren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Antioch_in_Syria_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_H_Warren.jpg/444px-Antioch_in_Syria_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_H_Warren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4582" data-file-height="3596" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The dissolute Syrian army spent more time in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>'s open-air taverns than with their units<a href="#cite_note-239">[225]</a> (engraving by <a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(engraver)" title="William Miller (engraver)">William Miller</a> after a drawing by H. Warren from a sketch by Captain <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Byam_Martin" title="Thomas Byam Martin">Byam Martin</a>, R.N., 1866).</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:264px;max-width:264px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:174px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:ArRaqqahEuphrates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Euphrates River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ArRaqqahEuphrates.jpg/262px-ArRaqqahEuphrates.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ArRaqqahEuphrates.jpg/393px-ArRaqqahEuphrates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ArRaqqahEuphrates.jpg/524px-ArRaqqahEuphrates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="840" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Euphrates River near <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a>, Syria</div></div></div></div></div> Fronto sent Marcus a selection of reading material,<a href="#cite_note-240">[226]</a> and, to settle his unease over the course of the Parthian war, a long and considered letter, full of historical references. In modern editions of Fronto's works, it is labelled De bello Parthico (On the Parthian War). There had been reverses in Rome's past, Fronto writes,<a href="#cite_note-241">[227]</a> but in the end, Romans had always prevailed over their enemies: 'Always and everywhere [Mars] has changed our troubles into successes and our terrors into triumphs'.<a href="#cite_note-242">[228]</a> Over the winter of 161–162, news that a rebellion was brewing in Syria arrived and it was decided that Lucius should direct the Parthian war in person. He was stronger and healthier than Marcus, the argument went, and thus more suited to military activity.<a href="#cite_note-243">[229]</a> Lucius's biographer suggests ulterior motives: to restrain Lucius's debaucheries, to make him thrifty, to reform his morals by the terror of war, and to realise that he was an emperor.<a href="#cite_note-244">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[note 15]</a> Whatever the case, the senate gave its assent, and, in the summer of 162, Lucius left. Marcus would remain in Rome, as the city 'demanded the presence of an emperor'.<a href="#cite_note-247">[232]</a> Lucius spent most of the campaign in Antioch, though he wintered at <a href="/wiki/Laodicea_in_Syria" title="Laodicea in Syria">Laodicea</a> and summered at Daphne, a resort just outside Antioch.<a href="#cite_note-248">[233]</a> Critics declaimed Lucius's luxurious lifestyle,<a href="#cite_note-249">[234]</a> saying that he had taken to gambling, would 'dice the whole night through',<a href="#cite_note-250">[235]</a> and enjoyed the company of actors.<a href="#cite_note-251">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[note 16]</a> Libo died early in the war; perhaps Lucius had murdered him.<a href="#cite_note-254">[238]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Lucilla_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statue of Marcus's daughter Lucilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Statue_of_Lucilla_detail.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Lucilla_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Statue_of_Lucilla_detail.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Lucilla_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Statue_of_Lucilla_detail.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Lucilla_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>Marble statue of <a href="/wiki/Lucilla" title="Lucilla">Lucilla</a>, AD 150–200, <a href="/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_(Tunis)" title="Bardo National Museum (Tunis)">Bardo National Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></figcaption></figure> In the middle of the war, perhaps in autumn 163 or early 164, Lucius made a trip to <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> to be married to Marcus's daughter Lucilla.<a href="#cite_note-255">[239]</a> Marcus moved up the date; perhaps he had already heard of Lucius's mistress Panthea.<a href="#cite_note-256">[240]</a> Lucilla's thirteenth birthday was in March 163; whatever the date of her marriage, she was not yet fifteen.<a href="#cite_note-257">[241]</a> Lucilla was accompanied by her mother Faustina and Lucius's uncle (his father's half-brother) M. Vettulenus Civica Barbarus,<a href="#cite_note-258">[242]</a> who was made <a href="/wiki/Comes" title="Comes">comes</a> Augusti, 'companion of the emperors'. Marcus may have wanted Civica to watch over Lucius, the job Libo had failed at.<a href="#cite_note-259">[243]</a> Marcus may have planned to accompany them all the way to Smyrna (the biographer says he told the senate he would), but this did not happen.<a href="#cite_note-260">[244]</a> He only accompanied the group as far as <a href="/wiki/Brundisium" class="mw-redirect" title="Brundisium">Brundisium</a>, where they boarded a ship for the east.<a href="#cite_note-261">[245]</a> He returned to Rome immediately thereafter, and sent out special instructions to his proconsuls not to give the group any official reception.<a href="#cite_note-262">[246]</a> The Armenian capital <a href="/wiki/Artashat_(ancient_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artashat (ancient city)">Artaxata</a> was captured in 163.<a href="#cite_note-263">[247]</a> At the end of the year, Lucius took the title Armeniacus, despite having never seen combat; Marcus declined to accept the title until the following year.<a href="#cite_note-264">[248]</a> When Lucius was hailed as imperator again, however, Marcus did not hesitate to take the Imperator II with him.<a href="#cite_note-265">[249]</a> Occupied Armenia was reconstructed on Roman terms. In 164, a new capital, Kaine Polis ('New City'), replaced Artaxata.<a href="#cite_note-266">[250]</a> A new king was installed: a Roman senator of consular rank and Arsacid descent, <a href="/wiki/Sohaemus_of_Armenia" title="Sohaemus of Armenia">Gaius Julius Sohaemus</a>. He may not even have been crowned in Armenia; the ceremony may have taken place in Antioch, or even Ephesus.<a href="#cite_note-267">[251]</a> Sohaemus was hailed on the imperial coinage of 164 under the legend <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>Rex armeniis Datus: Lucius sat on a throne with his staff while Sohaemus stood before him, saluting the emperor.<a href="#cite_note-268">[252]</a> In 163, the Parthians intervened in <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a>, a Roman client in upper Mesopotamia centred on <a href="/wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Edessa, Mesopotamia">Edessa</a>, and installed their own king on its throne.<a href="#cite_note-269">[253]</a> In response, Roman forces were moved downstream, to cross the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> at a more southerly point.<a href="#cite_note-270">[254]</a> Before the end of 163, however, Roman forces had moved north to occupy Dausara and Nicephorium on the northern, Parthian bank.<a href="#cite_note-271">[255]</a> Soon after the conquest of the north bank of the Euphrates, other Roman forces moved on Osroene from Armenia, taking Anthemusia, a town southwest of Edessa.<a href="#cite_note-272">[256]</a> In 165, Roman forces moved on Mesopotamia. Edessa was re-occupied, and Mannus, the king deposed by the Parthians, was re-installed.<a href="#cite_note-273">[257]</a> The Parthians retreated to Nisibis, but this too was besieged and captured. The Parthian army dispersed in the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[258]</a> A second force, under Avidius Cassius and the III Gallica, moved down the Euphrates, and fought a major battle at Dura.<a href="#cite_note-275">[259]</a> By the end of the year, Cassius's army had reached the twin metropolises of Mesopotamia: <a href="/wiki/Seleucia" title="Seleucia">Seleucia</a> on the right bank of the Tigris and <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a> on the left. Ctesiphon was taken and its royal palace set to flame. The citizens of Seleucia, still largely Greek (the city had been commissioned and settled as a capital of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">successor kingdoms</a>), opened its gates to the invaders. The city was sacked nonetheless, leaving a black mark on Lucius's reputation. Excuses were sought, or invented: the official version had it that the Seleucids broke faith first.<a href="#cite_note-276">[260]</a> Cassius's army, although suffering from a shortage of supplies and the effects of a plague contracted in Seleucia, made it back to Roman territory safely.<a href="#cite_note-277">[261]</a> Lucius took the title Parthicus Maximus, and he and Marcus were hailed as imperatores again, earning the title 'imp. III'.<a href="#cite_note-278">[262]</a> Cassius's army returned to the field in 166, crossing over the Tigris into <a href="/wiki/Media_(region)" title="Media (region)">Media</a>. Lucius took the title 'Medicus',<a href="#cite_note-279">[263]</a> and the emperors were again hailed as imperatores, becoming 'imp. IV' in imperial titulature. Marcus took the Parthicus Maximus now, after another tactful delay.<a href="#cite_note-280">[264]</a> On 12 October of that year, Marcus proclaimed two of his sons, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus_Caesar" title="Marcus Annius Verus Caesar">Annius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">his heirs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-281">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_Germanic_tribes_(166–180)">War with Germanic tribes (166–180)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: War with Germanic tribes (166–180)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:363px;max-width:363px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Scenes from the <a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a>, 176–180 (bas reliefs from the Arch of Marcus Aurelius, now in the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a>)</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Relief_-_Monument_honoraire_de_Marc_Aur%C3%A8le_-_La_soumission_des_germains_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Scene from the Arch of Marcus Aurelius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/0_Relief_-_Monument_honoraire_de_Marc_Aur%C3%A8le_-_La_soumission_des_germains_%281%29.JPG/160px-0_Relief_-_Monument_honoraire_de_Marc_Aur%C3%A8le_-_La_soumission_des_germains_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/0_Relief_-_Monument_honoraire_de_Marc_Aur%C3%A8le_-_La_soumission_des_germains_%281%29.JPG/240px-0_Relief_-_Monument_honoraire_de_Marc_Aur%C3%A8le_-_La_soumission_des_germains_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/0_Relief_-_Monument_honoraire_de_Marc_Aur%C3%A8le_-_La_soumission_des_germains_%281%29.JPG/320px-0_Relief_-_Monument_honoraire_de_Marc_Aur%C3%A8le_-_La_soumission_des_germains_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2699" data-file-height="3599" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Marcus Aurelius receiving the submission of the vanquished, with raised <a href="/wiki/Vexillum" title="Vexillum">vexillum</a> standards</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:197px;max-width:197px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rilievo_da_monumento_onorario_di_Marco_Aurelio_trionfo,_176-180.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Scene from the Arch of Marcus Aurelius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Rilievo_da_monumento_onorario_di_Marco_Aurelio_trionfo%2C_176-180.JPG/195px-Rilievo_da_monumento_onorario_di_Marco_Aurelio_trionfo%2C_176-180.JPG" decoding="async" width="195" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Rilievo_da_monumento_onorario_di_Marco_Aurelio_trionfo%2C_176-180.JPG/293px-Rilievo_da_monumento_onorario_di_Marco_Aurelio_trionfo%2C_176-180.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Rilievo_da_monumento_onorario_di_Marco_Aurelio_trionfo%2C_176-180.JPG/390px-Rilievo_da_monumento_onorario_di_Marco_Aurelio_trionfo%2C_176-180.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2088" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Marcus Aurelius celebrating <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">his triumph</a> over Rome's enemies in 176, riding in a <a href="/wiki/Quadriga" title="Quadriga">quadriga</a> chariot</div></div></div></div></div> During the early 160s, Fronto's son-in-law Victorinus was stationed as a legate in Germany. He was there with his wife and children (another child had stayed with Fronto and his wife in Rome).<a href="#cite_note-282">[266]</a> The condition on the northern frontier looked grave. A frontier post had been destroyed, and it looked like all the peoples of central and northern Europe were in turmoil. There was corruption among the officers: Victorinus had to ask for the resignation of a <a href="/wiki/Legionary" title="Legionary">legionary</a> legate who was taking bribes.<a href="#cite_note-283">[267]</a> Experienced governors had been replaced by friends and relatives of the imperial family. <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Dasumius_Tullius_Tuscus" title="Lucius Dasumius Tullius Tuscus">Lucius Dasumius Tullius Tuscus</a>, a distant relative of Hadrian, was in Upper Pannonia, succeeding the experienced <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Nonius_Macrinus" title="Marcus Nonius Macrinus">Marcus Nonius Macrinus</a>. Lower Pannonia was under the obscure <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius_Haterius_Saturnius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiberius Haterius Saturnius (page does not exist)">Tiberius Haterius Saturnius</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Servilius_Fabianus_Maximus" title="Marcus Servilius Fabianus Maximus">Marcus Servilius Fabianus Maximus</a> was shuffled from Lower Moesia to Upper Moesia when <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Iallius_Bassus" title="Marcus Iallius Bassus">Marcus Iallius Bassus</a> had joined Lucius in Antioch. Lower Moesia was filled by Pontius Laelianus's son. The Dacias were still divided in three, governed by a praetorian senator and two procurators. The peace could not hold long; Lower Pannonia did not even have a legion.<a href="#cite_note-284">[268]</a> Starting in the 160s, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic tribes">Germanic tribes</a>, and other nomadic people launched raids along the <a href="/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">northern border</a>, particularly into <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and across the <a href="/wiki/Danube#History" title="Danube">Danube</a>. This new impetus westwards was probably due to attacks from tribes further east. A first invasion by the Chatti in the province of Germania Superior was repulsed in 162.<a href="#cite_note-McLynn2010-285">[269]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcus_Aurelius,_AE_medallion,_AD_168,_Gnecchi_II_52.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bust of Marcus Aurelius." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Marcus_Aurelius%2C_AE_medallion%2C_AD_168%2C_Gnecchi_II_52.jpg/300px-Marcus_Aurelius%2C_AE_medallion%2C_AD_168%2C_Gnecchi_II_52.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Marcus_Aurelius%2C_AE_medallion%2C_AD_168%2C_Gnecchi_II_52.jpg/450px-Marcus_Aurelius%2C_AE_medallion%2C_AD_168%2C_Gnecchi_II_52.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Marcus_Aurelius%2C_AE_medallion%2C_AD_168%2C_Gnecchi_II_52.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="236" /></a><figcaption>Bronze medallion of Marcus Aurelius (AD 168). The reverse depicts <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, flanked by Marcus and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a>. Inscription: M. ANTONINVS AVG. ARM. PARTH. MAX. / TR. P. XXII, IMP. IIII, COS III.<a href="#cite_note-286">[270]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcus_Aurelius,_aureus,_AD_161-180,_RIC_III_362.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aureus of Marcus Aurelius." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Marcus_Aurelius%2C_aureus%2C_AD_161-180%2C_RIC_III_362.jpg/300px-Marcus_Aurelius%2C_aureus%2C_AD_161-180%2C_RIC_III_362.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Marcus_Aurelius%2C_aureus%2C_AD_161-180%2C_RIC_III_362.jpg/450px-Marcus_Aurelius%2C_aureus%2C_AD_161-180%2C_RIC_III_362.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Marcus_Aurelius%2C_aureus%2C_AD_161-180%2C_RIC_III_362.jpg/600px-Marcus_Aurelius%2C_aureus%2C_AD_161-180%2C_RIC_III_362.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">Aureus</a> of Marcus (176–177). The pile of trophies on the reverse celebrates the end of the Marcomannic Wars. Inscription: M. ANTONINVS AVG. GERM. SARM. / TR. P. XXXI, IMP. VIII, CO[N]S. III, P. P.<a href="#cite_note-287">[271]</a></figcaption></figure> Far more dangerous was the invasion of 166, when the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a> of Bohemia, clients of the Roman Empire since AD 19, crossed the Danube together with the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> and other Germanic tribes.<a href="#cite_note-Bohec2013-288">[272]</a> Soon thereafter, the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatian</a> <a href="/wiki/Iazyges" title="Iazyges">Iazyges</a> attacked between the Danube and the <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Theiss</a> rivers.<a href="#cite_note-Grant2016-289">[273]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Costoboci" title="Costoboci">Costoboci</a>, coming from the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian</a> area, invaded <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a>, and Greece. After a long struggle, Marcus managed to push back the invaders. Numerous members of Germanic tribes settled in frontier regions like <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>, Pannonia, Germany, and Italy itself. This was not a new thing, but this time the numbers of settlers required the creation of two new frontier provinces on the left shore of the Danube, Sarmatia and <a href="/wiki/Marcomannia" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannia">Marcomannia</a>, including today's <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>. Some Germanic tribes who settled in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> revolted and managed to seize possession of the city. For this reason, Marcus decided not only against bringing more barbarians into Italy, but even banished those who had previously been brought there.<a href="#cite_note-290">[274]</a> In 168, the two emperors embarked on a new military campaign, expelling the invading Marcomanni and <a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a> from <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a>. Lucius Verus fell ill and died on his way back to Rome, probably due to the plague, in January or February 169.<a href="#cite_note-291">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_and_administrative_work">Legal and administrative work</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legal and administrative work">edit</a>]</div> Like many emperors, Marcus spent most of his time addressing matters of law such as petitions and hearing disputes,<a href="#cite_note-292">[276]</a> but unlike many of his predecessors, he was already proficient in imperial administration when he assumed power.<a href="#cite_note-293">[277]</a> He took great care in the theory and practice of legislation. Professional jurists called him "an emperor most skilled in the law"<a href="#cite_note-294">[278]</a> and "a most prudent and conscientiously just emperor".<a href="#cite_note-295">[279]</a> He showed marked interest in three areas of the law: the <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a> of slaves, the guardianship of orphans and minors, and the choice of city councillors (decuriones).<a href="#cite_note-296">[280]</a> Marcus showed a great deal of respect to the Roman Senate and routinely asked them for permission to spend money even though he did not need to do so as the absolute ruler of the Empire.<a href="#cite_note-297">[281]</a> In one speech, Marcus himself reminded the Senate that the imperial palace where he lived was not truly his possession but theirs.<a href="#cite_note-298">[282]</a> In 168, he revalued the denarius, increasing the silver purity from 79% to 82% – the actual silver weight increasing from 2.57–2.67 g (0.091–0.094 oz). However, two years later he reverted to the previous values because of the military crises facing the empire.<a href="#cite_note-TulaneUniversity-179">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trade_with_Han_China_and_outbreak_of_plague">Trade with Han China and outbreak of plague</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Trade with Han China and outbreak of plague">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Roman_relations" title="Sino-Roman relations">Sino-Roman relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Plague" title="Antonine Plague">Antonine Plague</a></div> A possible contact with the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (202 BC – 220 AD) occurred in 166 when a <a href="/wiki/Sino-Roman_relations" title="Sino-Roman relations">Roman traveller visited the Han court</a>, claiming to be an ambassador representing "Andun" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 安敦), ruler of <a href="/wiki/Daqin" title="Daqin">Daqin</a>, who can be identified either with Marcus or his predecessor Antoninus.<a href="#cite_note-299">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[285]</a> In addition to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republican</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Roman_glass" title="Roman glass">Roman glasswares</a> found at <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> along the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-302">[286]</a> Roman golden medallions made during the reign of Antoninus and perhaps even Marcus have been found at <a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo" title="Óc Eo">Óc Eo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, then part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Funan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Funan">Kingdom of Funan</a> near the Chinese province of <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Jiaozhi</a> (in northern Vietnam). This may have been the port city of <a href="/wiki/Kattigara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kattigara">Kattigara</a>, described by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> (c. 150) as being visited by a Greek sailor named Alexander and lying beyond the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Chersonese" title="Golden Chersonese">Golden Chersonese</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>).<a href="#cite_note-young_2001_pp._29-30-303">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[note 17]</a> Roman coins from the reigns of Tiberius to <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> have been found in <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, the site of the Han capital <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, although the far greater amount of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Roman coins in India</a> suggests the Roman maritime trade for <a href="/wiki/History_of_silk" title="History of silk">purchasing Chinese silk</a> was centred there, not in China or even the overland <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> running through Persia.<a href="#cite_note-ball_2016_p154-305">[288]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Plague" title="Antonine Plague">Antonine Plague</a> started in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> in 165 or 166 at the end of Lucius's campaign against the Parthians. It may have continued into the reign of <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>, who was in Rome when the plague spread to the city in 166,<a href="#cite_note-auto1-306">[289]</a> mentioned that "fever, diarrhoea, and inflammation of the pharynx, along with dry or pustular eruptions of the skin after nine days" were among the symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-murphy-307">[290]</a> It is believed that the plague was <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-306">[289]</a> In the view of historian <a href="/wiki/Rafe_de_Crespigny" title="Rafe de Crespigny">Rafe de Crespigny</a>, the plagues afflicting the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a> empire of China during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huan_of_Han" title="Emperor Huan of Han">Emperor Huan of Han</a> (r. 146–168) and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ling_of_Han" title="Emperor Ling of Han">Emperor Ling of Han</a> (r. 168–189), which struck in 151, 161, 171, 173, 179, 182, and 185, were perhaps connected to the plague in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-308">[291]</a> Raoul McLaughlin writes that the travel of Roman subjects to the Han court in 166 may have started a new era of Roman–Far East trade. However, it was also a "harbinger of something much more ominous". According to McLaughlin, the disease caused "irreparable" damage to the Roman maritime trade in the Indian Ocean as proven by the archaeological record spanning from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Egypt</a> to <a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_relations" title="Indo-Roman relations">India</a>, as well as significantly decreased <a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Roman commercial</a> activity in Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-mclaughlin_2010_p59-60-309">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_succession_(180)">Death and succession (180)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Death and succession (180)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delacroix-Marc_Aur%C3%A8le-MBA-Lyon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting that depicts Marcus on his deathbed and his son Commodus, surrounded by the emperor's philosopher friends" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Delacroix-Marc_Aur%C3%A8le-MBA-Lyon.jpg/220px-Delacroix-Marc_Aur%C3%A8le-MBA-Lyon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Delacroix-Marc_Aur%C3%A8le-MBA-Lyon.jpg/330px-Delacroix-Marc_Aur%C3%A8le-MBA-Lyon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Delacroix-Marc_Aur%C3%A8le-MBA-Lyon.jpg/440px-Delacroix-Marc_Aur%C3%A8le-MBA-Lyon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1173" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Last_Words_of_the_Emperor_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Last Words of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius">Last Words of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius</a> (1844) by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a></figcaption></figure> Marcus Aurelius died at the age of 58 on 17 March 180<a href="#cite_note-310">[293]</a> of unknown causes in his military quarters either in the city of <a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a> (province of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a>, today <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>) or near <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a> (province of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior" title="Pannonia Inferior">Pannonia Inferior</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica" title="Sremska Mitrovica">Sremska Mitrovica</a>).<a href="#cite_note-311">[note 18]</a> He was immediately deified and <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">his ashes</a> were returned to Rome, where they rested in Hadrian's <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a>) until the <a href="/wiki/Visigoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigoth">Visigoth</a> <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">sack of the city</a> in 410. His campaigns against Germans and Sarmatians were also commemorated by a <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Column of Marcus Aurelius">column</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Temple of Marcus Aurelius">temple</a> built in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-Kleiner2016-312">[294]</a> Some scholars consider his death to be the end of the <a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Merrony2017-313">[295]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aurelius180AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Expanse of the Roman Empire during Marcus Aurelius's reign" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Aurelius180AD.png/350px-Aurelius180AD.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Aurelius180AD.png/525px-Aurelius180AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Aurelius180AD.png/700px-Aurelius180AD.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> at the death of Marcus Aurelius in 180, represented in purple. His annexation of lands of the Marcomanni and the Jazyges – perhaps to be provincially called <a href="/wiki/Marcomannia" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannia">Marcomannia</a> and Sarmatia<a href="#cite_note-314">[296]</a> – was cut short in 175 by the revolt of <a href="/wiki/Avidius_Cassius" title="Avidius Cassius">Avidius Cassius</a> and by his death.<a href="#cite_note-315">[297]</a> The light pink territory represents Roman dependencies: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Iberia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Albania</a>.</figcaption></figure> Marcus was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a>, whom he had named Caesar in 166 and with whom he had jointly ruled since 177.<a href="#cite_note-Birley186–91-316">[298]</a> Biological sons of the emperor, if there were any, were considered heirs;<a href="#cite_note-317">[299]</a> however, it was only the second time that a "non-adoptive" son had succeeded his father, the only other having been a century earlier when <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a>. Historians have criticised the succession to Commodus, citing Commodus's erratic behaviour and lack of political and military acumen.<a href="#cite_note-Birley186–91-316">[298]</a> At the end of his history of Marcus's reign, Cassius Dio wrote an <a href="/wiki/Encomium" title="Encomium">encomium</a> to the emperor, and described the transition to Commodus in his own lifetime with sorrow:<a href="#cite_note-Tr._Cary,_ad_loc-318">[300]</a> <blockquote>[Marcus] did not meet with the good fortune that he deserved, for he was not strong in body and was involved in a multitude of troubles throughout practically his entire reign. But for my part, I admire him all the more for this very reason, that amid unusual and extraordinary difficulties he both survived himself and preserved the empire. Just one thing prevented him from being completely happy, namely, that after rearing and educating his son in the best possible way he was vastly disappointed in him. This matter must be our next topic; for our history now descends from a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust, as affairs did for the Romans of that day. <dl><dd>–Dio lxxi. 36.3–4<a href="#cite_note-Tr._Cary,_ad_loc-318">[300]</a></dd></dl></blockquote> Dio adds that from Marcus's first days as counsellor to Antoninus to his final days as emperor of Rome, "he remained the same [person] and did not change in the least."<a href="#cite_note-319">[301]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(classicist)" title="Michael Grant (classicist)">Michael Grant</a>, in The Climax of Rome, writes of Commodus:<a href="#cite_note-Grant2011-320">[302]</a> <blockquote>The youth turned out to be very erratic, or at least so anti-traditional that disaster was inevitable. But whether or not Marcus ought to have known this to be so, the rejections of his son's claims in favour of someone else would almost certainly have involved one of the civil wars which were to proliferate so disastrously around future successions.<a href="#cite_note-Grant2011-320">[302]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attitude_towards_Christians">Attitude towards Christians</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Attitude towards Christians">edit</a>]</div> In the first two centuries of the Christian era, local Roman officials were largely responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">persecution of Christians</a>. In the second century, the emperors treated Christianity as a local problem to be dealt with by their subordinates.<a href="#cite_note-321">[303]</a> The number and severity of persecutions of Christians in various locations of the empire seemingly increased during the reign of Marcus Aurelius. The extent to which the emperor himself directed, encouraged, or was aware of these persecutions is unclear and much debated by historians.<a href="#cite_note-McLynn2010295-322">[304]</a> The early Christian apologist <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> includes within his <a href="/wiki/First_Apology_of_Justin_Martyr" title="First Apology of Justin Martyr">First Apology</a> (written between 140 and 150) a letter from Marcus Aurelius to the Roman Senate (prior to his reign) describing a battlefield incident in which Marcus believed Christian prayer had saved his army from thirst when "water poured from heaven" after which, "immediately we recognized the presence of God." Marcus goes on to request the Senate desist from earlier courses of Christian persecution by Rome.<a href="#cite_note-323">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_issue">Marriage and issue</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Marriage and issue">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Excessive_citations plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-citation_style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_overkill" title="Wikipedia:Citation overkill">excessive number of citations</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_overkill#How_to_trim_excessive_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citation overkill">remove low-quality or irrelevant citations</a>. (June 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Marcus and his wife <a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Younger" title="Faustina the Younger">Faustina</a> had at least 14 children<a href="#cite_note-324">[306]</a> during their 30-year marriage,<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._103-137">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stephens,_p._31-325">[307]</a> including two sets of twins.<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._103-137">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-livius3-326">[308]</a> One son and four daughters outlived their father.<a href="#cite_note-327">[309]</a> Their children included: <ul><li>Domitia Faustina (147–151)<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._103-137">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-livius1-149">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-McLynn,_A_Life,_p._92-328">[310]</a></li> <li>Titus Aelius Antoninus (149)<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_pp._106–07-140">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-livius3-326">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-levick171-329">[311]</a></li> <li>Titus Aelius Aurelius (149)<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_pp._106–07-140">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-livius3-326">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-levick171-329">[311]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucilla" title="Lucilla">Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla</a> (150<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_107-143">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-McLynn,_A_Life,_p._92-328">[310]</a>–182)<a href="#cite_note-330">[312]</a> married her father's co-ruler <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-livius1-149">[142]</a> then <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Pompeianus" title="Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus">Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus</a>, had issue from both marriages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annia_Galeria_Aurelia_Faustina" title="Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina">Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina</a> (born 151),<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._108-145">[138]</a> married <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Claudius_Severus_(consul_167)" title="Gnaeus Claudius Severus (consul 167)">Gnaeus Claudius Severus</a>, had a son</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius_Aelius_Antoninus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiberius Aelius Antoninus (page does not exist)">Tiberius Aelius Antoninus</a> (born 152, died before 156)<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._108-145">[138]</a></li> <li>Unknown child (died before 158)<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._114-147">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadilla" title="Fadilla">Annia Aurelia Fadilla</a> (born 159),<a href="#cite_note-McLynn,_A_Life,_p._92-328">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._114-147">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-livius1-149">[142]</a> married <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Peducaeus_Plautius_Quintillus" title="Marcus Peducaeus Plautius Quintillus">Marcus Peducaeus Plautius Quintillus</a>, had issue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annia_Cornificia_Faustina_Minor" title="Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor">Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor</a> (born 160),<a href="#cite_note-McLynn,_A_Life,_p._92-328">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._114-147">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-livius1-149">[142]</a> married <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Petronius_Sura_Mamertinus" title="Marcus Petronius Sura Mamertinus">Marcus Petronius Sura Mamertinus</a>, had a son</li> <li>Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus (161–165), elder twin brother of Commodus<a href="#cite_note-levick171-329">[311]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aurelius_Commodus_Antoninus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus">Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus</a> (Commodus) (161–192),<a href="#cite_note-331">[313]</a> twin brother of Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus, later emperor,<a href="#cite_note-levick171-329">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[314]</a> married <a href="/wiki/Bruttia_Crispina" title="Bruttia Crispina">Bruttia Crispina</a>, no issue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus_Caesar" title="Marcus Annius Verus Caesar">Marcus Annius Verus Caesar</a> (162–169)<a href="#cite_note-auto-281">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stephens,_p._31-325">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-livius1-149">[142]</a></li> <li>Hadrianus<a href="#cite_note-livius1-149">[142]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibia_Aurelia_Sabina" title="Vibia Aurelia Sabina">Vibia Aurelia Sabina</a> (170 – died before 217),<a href="#cite_note-levick171-329">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-livius1-149">[142]</a> married <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Antistius_Burrus" title="Lucius Antistius Burrus">Lucius Antistius Burrus</a>, no issue</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nerva–Antonine_family_tree">Nerva–Antonine family tree</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_family_tree&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Nerva–Antonine family tree">edit</a>]</div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 0.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_family_tree" title="Template:Nerva–Antonine family tree"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_family_tree" title="Template talk:Nerva–Antonine family tree"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_family_tree" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nerva–Antonine family tree"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Nerva–Antonine family tree</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Barea_Soranus" title="Barea Soranus">Q. Marcius Barea Soranus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Marcius_Barea_Sura" title="Quintus Marcius Barea Sura">Q. Marcius Barea Sura</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Antonia Furnilla</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">M. Cocceius Nerva</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Sergia Plautilla</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">P. Aelius Hadrianus</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #c6bbf9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 79–81)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Furnilla" title="Marcia Furnilla">Marcia Furnilla</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcia_(mother_of_Trajan)" title="Marcia (mother of Trajan)">Marcia</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Ulpius_Traianus_(father_of_Trajan)" title="Marcus Ulpius Traianus (father of Trajan)">Trajanus Pater</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 96–98)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_(grandmother_of_Hadrian)" title="Ulpia (grandmother of Hadrian)">Ulpia</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[i]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Hadrianus_Marullinus" title="Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus">Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Flavia<a href="#cite_note-giac8-336">[ii]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Marciana" title="Ulpia Marciana">Marciana</a><a href="#cite_note-lev161-337">[iii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Salonius_Matidius_Patruinus" title="Gaius Salonius Matidius Patruinus">C. Salonius Matidius</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[iv]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 98–117)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_Plotina" title="Pompeia Plotina">Plotina</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Acilius_Attianus" title="Publius Acilius Attianus">P. Acilius Attianus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Aelius_Hadrianus_Afer" title="Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer">P. Aelius Afer</a><a href="#cite_note-giac7-339">[v]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Paulina#Mother_of_Hadrian" title="Paulina">Paulina Major</a><a href="#cite_note-DIR_hadrian-340">[vi]</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mindius" title="Lucius Mindius">Lucius Mindius</a> (2)</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Libo_Rupilius_Frugi" title="Libo Rupilius Frugi">Libo Rupilius Frugi</a> (3)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Salonia_Matidia" title="Salonia Matidia">Salonia Matidia</a><a href="#cite_note-giac9-341">[vii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Vibius_Sabinus" title="Lucius Vibius Sabinus">L. Vibius Sabinus</a> (1)<a href="#cite_note-342">[viii]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Paulina#Sister_of_Hadrian" title="Paulina">Paulina Minor</a><a href="#cite_note-DIR_hadrian-340">[vi]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e5e5e5;"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Julius_Ursus_Servianus" title="Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus">L. Julius Ursus Servianus</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith_Servianus-343">[ix]</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Matidia_Minor" title="Matidia Minor">Matidia Minor</a><a href="#cite_note-giac9-341">[vii]</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Vibia_Sabina" title="Vibia Sabina">Sabina</a><a href="#cite_note-lev161-337">[iii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a><a href="#cite_note-giac7-339">[v]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith_1870a_p._319-344">[x]</a><a href="#cite_note-DIR_hadrian-340">[vi]</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 117–138)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Antinous" title="Antinous">Antinous</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[xi]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">C. Fuscus Salinator I</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Paulina#Niece_of_Hadrian" title="Paulina">Julia Serviana Paulina</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus_(grandfather_of_Marcus_Aurelius)" title="Marcus Annius Verus (grandfather of Marcus Aurelius)">M. Annius Verus</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[xii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Rupilia Faustina<a href="#cite_note-lev163-347">[xiii]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[xiv]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Boionia Procilla</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Arrius_Antoninus" title="Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus">Cn. Arrius Antoninus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">L. Ceionius Commodus</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Appia Severa</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#e5e5e5">C. Fuscus Salinator II</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">L. Caesennius Paetus</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Arria Antonina</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Arria Fadilla<a href="#cite_note-lev162-349">[xv]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Titus_Aurelius_Fulvus_(father_of_Antoninus_Pius)" title="Titus Aurelius Fulvus (father of Antoninus Pius)">T. Aurelius Fulvus</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caesennius_Antoninus" title="Lucius Caesennius Antoninus">L. Caesennius Antoninus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">L. Commodus</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Plautia_(mother_of_Aelius_Caesar)" title="Plautia (mother of Aelius Caesar)">Plautia</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">unknown<a href="#cite_note-lev164-350">[xvi]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Avidius_Nigrinus" title="Gaius Avidius Nigrinus">C. Avidius Nigrinus</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus_(praetor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Annius Verus (praetor)">M. Annius Verus</a><a href="#cite_note-lev163-347">[xiii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Domitia_Lucilla_(mother_of_Marcus_Aurelius)" title="Domitia Lucilla (mother of Marcus Aurelius)">Calvisia Domitia Lucilla</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[xvii]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Fundania<a href="#cite_note-352">[xviii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Libo" title="Marcus Annius Libo">M. Annius Libo</a><a href="#cite_note-lev163-347">[xiii]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Elder" title="Faustina the Elder">Faustina</a><a href="#cite_note-lev162-349">[xv]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 138–161)<a href="#cite_note-lev162-349">[xv]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #f6dbef;"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aelius_Caesar" title="Lucius Aelius Caesar">L. Aelius Caesar</a><a href="#cite_note-lev164-350">[xvi]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Avidia_(mother_of_Lucius_Verus)" title="Avidia (mother of Lucius Verus)">Avidia</a><a href="#cite_note-lev164-350">[xvi]</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Annia_Cornificia_Faustina" title="Annia Cornificia Faustina">Cornificia</a><a href="#cite_note-lev163-347">[xiii]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marcus Aurelius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 161–180)<a href="#cite_note-giac10-353">[xix]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Younger" title="Faustina the Younger">Faustina Minor</a><a href="#cite_note-giac10-353">[xix]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e5e5e5;"><a href="/wiki/Avidius_Cassius" title="Avidius Cassius">C. Avidius Cassius</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[xx]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Aurelia Fadilla<a href="#cite_note-lev162-349">[xv]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 161–169)<a href="#cite_note-lev164-350">[xvi]</a> (1)</td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ceionia_Fabia" title="Ceionia Fabia">Ceionia Fabia</a><a href="#cite_note-lev164-350">[xvi]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Plautius_Quintillus" title="Plautius Quintillus">Plautius Quintillus</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[xxi]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Servilius_Pudens" title="Quintus Servilius Pudens">Q. Servilius Pudens</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ceionia_Plautia" title="Ceionia Plautia">Ceionia Plautia</a><a href="#cite_note-lev164-350">[xvi]</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Annia_Cornificia_Faustina_Minor" title="Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor">Cornificia Minor</a><a href="#cite_note-lev117-356">[xxii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Petronius_Sura_Mamertinus" title="Marcus Petronius Sura Mamertinus">M. Petronius Sura</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 177–192)<a href="#cite_note-giac10-353">[xix]</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fadilla" title="Fadilla">Fadilla</a><a href="#cite_note-lev117-356">[xxii]</a></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #f6dbef;"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus_Caesar" title="Marcus Annius Verus Caesar">M. Annius Verus Caesar</a><a href="#cite_note-giac10-353">[xix]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background: #e5e5e5;"><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Pompeianus" title="Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus">Ti. Claudius Pompeianus</a> (2)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lucilla" title="Lucilla">Lucilla</a><a href="#cite_note-giac10-353">[xix]</a></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Peducaeus_Plautius_Quintillus" title="Marcus Peducaeus Plautius Quintillus">M. Plautius Quintillus</a><a href="#cite_note-lev164-350">[xvi]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Junius Licinius Balbus</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Servilia Ceionia</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Petronius Antoninus</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">L. Aurelius Agaclytus (2)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Vibia_Aurelia_Sabina" title="Vibia Aurelia Sabina">Aurelia Sabina</a><a href="#cite_note-lev117-356">[xxii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Antistius_Burrus" title="Lucius Antistius Burrus">L. Antistius Burrus</a> (1)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Plautius Quintillus</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Plautia Servilla</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Furius_Sabinius_Aquila_Timesitheus" title="Gaius Furius Sabinius Aquila Timesitheus">C. Furius Sabinus Timesitheus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Gordiana" title="Antonia Gordiana">Antonia Gordiana</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Junius_Licinius_Balbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Junius Licinius Balbus">Junius Licinius Balbus</a>?</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Tranquillina" title="Tranquillina">Furia Sabina Tranquillina</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#c6bbf9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 238–244)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"> <table style="border-spacing: 2px; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <ul><li>(1) = 1st spouse</li> <li>(2) = 2nd spouse</li> <li>(3) = 3rd spouse</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Reddish-purple indicates <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperor</a> of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  lighter purple indicates designated imperial heir of said dynasty who never reigned</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  grey indicates unsuccessful imperial aspirants</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  bluish-purple indicates emperors of other dynasties</div></li> <li>dashed lines indicate adoption; dotted lines indicate love affairs/unmarried relationships</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Small Caps = posthumously deified (<a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augusti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augusta_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (honorific)">Augustae</a>, or other)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Notes: Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-roman" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> Sister of Trajan's father: Giacosa (1977), p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-giac8-336"><a href="#cite_ref-giac8_336-0">^</a> Giacosa (1977), p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-lev161-337">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lev161_337-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev161_337-1">b</a> Levick (2014), p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> Husband of Ulpia Marciana: Levick (2014), p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-giac7-339">^ <a href="#cite_ref-giac7_339-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giac7_339-1">b</a> Giacosa (1977), p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-DIR_hadrian-340">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DIR_hadrian_340-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DIR_hadrian_340-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DIR_hadrian_340-2">c</a> DIR contributor (Herbert W. Benario, 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/hadrian.htm">"Hadrian"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-giac9-341">^ <a href="#cite_ref-giac9_341-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giac9_341-1">b</a> Giacosa (1977), p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> Husband of Salonia Matidia: Levick (2014), p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_Servianus-343"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_Servianus_343-0">^</a> Smith (1870), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/ACL3129.0003.001/800?rgn=full+text;view=image;q1=servianus">"Julius Servianus"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_1870a_p._319-344"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1870a_p._319_344-0">^</a> Smith (1870), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0002.001/329?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=hadrian">"Hadrian"</a>, pp. 319–322. </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> Lover of Hadrian: Lambert (1984), p. 99 and passim; deification: Lamber (1984), pp. 2–5, etc. </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> Husband of Rupilia Faustina: Levick (2014), p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-lev163-347">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lev163_347-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev163_347-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev163_347-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev163_347-3">d</a> Levick (2014), p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> It is uncertain whether Rupilia Faustina was Frugi's daughter by Salonia Matidia or another woman. </li> <li id="cite_note-lev162-349">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lev162_349-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev162_349-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev162_349-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev162_349-3">d</a> Levick (2014), p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-lev164-350">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_350-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_350-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_350-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_350-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_350-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_350-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_350-6">g</a> Levick (2014), p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> Wife of M. Annius Verus: Giacosa (1977), p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> Wife of M. Annius Libo: Levick (2014), p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-giac10-353">^ <a href="#cite_ref-giac10_353-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giac10_353-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giac10_353-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giac10_353-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giac10_353-4">e</a> Giacosa (1977), p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> The epitomator of Cassius Dio (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/72*.html">72.22</a>) gives the story that Faustina the Elder promised to marry Avidius Cassius. This is also echoed in <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">HA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Marcus_Aurelius/2*.html">"Marcus Aurelius" 24</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-lev117-356">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lev117_356-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev117_356-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev117_356-2">c</a> Levick (2014), p. 117. </li> </ol></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">References: <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDIR_contributors2000" class="citation web cs1">DIR contributors (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/">"De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families"</a>. Retrieved 14 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis%3A+An+Online+Encyclopedia+of+Roman+Rulers+and+Their+Families&rft.date=2000&rft.au=%27%27DIR%27%27+contributors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcus+Aurelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiacosa1977" class="citation book cs1">Giacosa, Giorgio (1977). Women of the Caesars: Their Lives and Portraits on Coins. Translated by R. Ross Holloway. Milan: Edizioni Arte e Moneta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8390-0193-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8390-0193-2"><bdi>0-8390-0193-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+the+Caesars%3A+Their+Lives+and+Portraits+on+Coins&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Edizioni+Arte+e+Moneta&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-8390-0193-2&rft.aulast=Giacosa&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcus+Aurelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert1984" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, Royston (1984). Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-15708-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-15708-2"><bdi>0-670-15708-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beloved+and+God%3A+The+Story+of+Hadrian+and+Antinous&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-670-15708-2&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Royston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcus+Aurelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevick2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Levick" title="Barbara Levick">Levick, Barbara</a> (2014). Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537941-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537941-9"><bdi>978-0-19-537941-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faustina+I+and+II%3A+Imperial+Women+of+the+Golden+Age&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537941-9&rft.aulast=Levick&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcus+Aurelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_William1870" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a>, ed. (1870). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&rft.date=1870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcus+Aurelius" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings_and_legacy">Writings and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Writings and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meditations">Meditations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Meditations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Meditations" title="Meditations">Meditations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MeditationsMarcusAurelius1811.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MeditationsMarcusAurelius1811.jpg/220px-MeditationsMarcusAurelius1811.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MeditationsMarcusAurelius1811.jpg/330px-MeditationsMarcusAurelius1811.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MeditationsMarcusAurelius1811.jpg/440px-MeditationsMarcusAurelius1811.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>First page of the 1811 English translation by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Graves" title="Richard Graves">Richard Graves</a></figcaption></figure> While on campaign between 170 and 180, Marcus wrote his Meditations in Greek as a source for his own guidance and self-improvement. The original title of this work, if it had one, is unknown. 'Meditations' – as well as other titles including 'To Himself' – were adopted later. His notes were representative of Stoic philosophy and spirituality. Meditations is still revered as a literary monument to a government of service and duty. <a href="/wiki/George_Long_(scholar)" title="George Long (scholar)">George Long</a>'s English translation of Meditations was included in Volume 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Classics" title="Harvard Classics">Harvard Classics</a>. According to Hays, the book was a favourite of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-357">[317]</a> It has been considered by many commentators to be one of the greatest works of philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-Collins1973-358">[318]</a> Meditations sold 16,000 copies in 2012. In 2019, 100,000 copies were sold.<a href="#cite_note-359">[319]</a> It is not known how widely Marcus's writings were circulated after his death. There are stray references in the ancient literature to the popularity of his precepts, and <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian the Apostate</a> was well aware of his reputation as a philosopher, though he does not specifically mention Meditations.<a href="#cite_note-360">[320]</a> It survived in the scholarly traditions of the Eastern Church, and the first surviving quotes of the book, as well as the first known reference of it by name ('Marcus's writings to himself') are from <a href="/wiki/Arethas_of_Caesarea" title="Arethas of Caesarea">Arethas of Caesarea</a> in the 10th century and in the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a> (perhaps inserted by Arethas himself). It was <a href="/wiki/List_of_editiones_principes_in_Greek" title="List of editiones principes in Greek">first published</a> in 1558 in Zurich by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Xylander" title="Wilhelm Xylander">Wilhelm Xylander (né Holzmann)</a>, from a manuscript reportedly lost shortly afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-361">[321]</a> The oldest surviving complete manuscript copy is in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican library">Vatican library</a> and dates to the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-362">[322]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_-_Portrait_of_the_Emperor_Marcus_Aurelius_-_Walters_23215_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Roman_-_Portrait_of_the_Emperor_Marcus_Aurelius_-_Walters_23215_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Roman_-_Portrait_of_the_Emperor_Marcus_Aurelius_-_Walters_23215_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Roman_-_Portrait_of_the_Emperor_Marcus_Aurelius_-_Walters_23215_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Roman_-_Portrait_of_the_Emperor_Marcus_Aurelius_-_Walters_23215_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Roman_-_Portrait_of_the_Emperor_Marcus_Aurelius_-_Walters_23215_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Roman_-_Portrait_of_the_Emperor_Marcus_Aurelius_-_Walters_23215_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="1371" /></a><figcaption>A 2nd century <a href="/wiki/Roman_portraiture" title="Roman portraiture">Roman sculpted portrait</a> of Marcus Aurelius, which captures the pensive temperament of the philosopher-emperor, now in the <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> Marcus acquired the reputation of a <a href="/wiki/Philosopher_king" title="Philosopher king">philosopher king</a> within his lifetime, and the title would remain after his death; both Dio and the biographer call him "the philosopher".<a href="#cite_note-363">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[324]</a> Christians such as <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> also gave him the title.<a href="#cite_note-365">[325]</a> The latter went so far as to call him "more philanthropic and philosophic" than Antoninus and Hadrian, and set him against the persecuting emperors Domitian and Nero to make the contrast bolder.<a href="#cite_note-366">[326]</a> The historian Herodian wrote: <blockquote>Alone of the emperors, he gave proof of his learning not by mere words or knowledge of philosophical doctrines but by his blameless character and temperate way of life.<a href="#cite_note-367">[327]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Iain_King" title="Iain King">Iain King</a> explains that Marcus's legacy was tragic: <blockquote>[The emperor's] Stoic philosophy – which is about self-restraint, duty, and respect for others – was so abjectly abandoned by the imperial line he anointed on his death.<a href="#cite_note-368">[328]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equestrian_Statue">Equestrian Statue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Equestrian Statue">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Statue_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius">Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius</a></div> The Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius in Rome is the only Roman equestrian statue which has survived into the modern period.<a href="#cite_note-369">[329]</a> Crafted of bronze in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 175, it stands 11.6 ft (3.5 m) and is now located in the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a> of Rome. The emperor's hand is outstretched in an act of clemency offered to a bested enemy, while his weary facial expression due to the stress of leading Rome into nearly constant battles perhaps represents a break with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">classical tradition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">sculpture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-370">[330]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcus_Aurelius,_aureus,_AD_174,_RIC_III_295.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aureus of Marcus Aurelius (AD December 173 – June 174), with his equestrian statue on the reverse. inscription: M. ANTONINVS AVG. TR. P. XXVIII / IMP. VI, CO[N]S III.[331]"><img alt="Aureus of Marcus Aurelius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Marcus_Aurelius%2C_aureus%2C_AD_174%2C_RIC_III_295.jpg/250px-Marcus_Aurelius%2C_aureus%2C_AD_174%2C_RIC_III_295.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Marcus_Aurelius%2C_aureus%2C_AD_174%2C_RIC_III_295.jpg/375px-Marcus_Aurelius%2C_aureus%2C_AD_174%2C_RIC_III_295.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Marcus_Aurelius%2C_aureus%2C_AD_174%2C_RIC_III_295.jpg/500px-Marcus_Aurelius%2C_aureus%2C_AD_174%2C_RIC_III_295.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="343" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">Aureus</a> of Marcus Aurelius (AD December 173 – June 174), with his equestrian statue on the reverse. inscription: M. ANTONINVS AVG. TR. P. XXVIII / IMP. VI, CO[N]S III.<a href="#cite_note-371">[331]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Est%C3%A0tua_eq%C3%BCestre_de_Marc_Aureli_(176_dC),_Museu_Capitol%C3%AD_(Roma)._Vista_general_de_la_sala_d%27exposici%C3%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The original Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius, 2nd century AD, now located in the Palazzo dei Conservatori"><img alt="Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Est%C3%A0tua_eq%C3%BCestre_de_Marc_Aureli_%28176_dC%29%2C_Museu_Capitol%C3%AD_%28Roma%29._Vista_general_de_la_sala_d%27exposici%C3%B3.jpg/250px-Est%C3%A0tua_eq%C3%BCestre_de_Marc_Aureli_%28176_dC%29%2C_Museu_Capitol%C3%AD_%28Roma%29._Vista_general_de_la_sala_d%27exposici%C3%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Est%C3%A0tua_eq%C3%BCestre_de_Marc_Aureli_%28176_dC%29%2C_Museu_Capitol%C3%AD_%28Roma%29._Vista_general_de_la_sala_d%27exposici%C3%B3.jpg/375px-Est%C3%A0tua_eq%C3%BCestre_de_Marc_Aureli_%28176_dC%29%2C_Museu_Capitol%C3%AD_%28Roma%29._Vista_general_de_la_sala_d%27exposici%C3%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Est%C3%A0tua_eq%C3%BCestre_de_Marc_Aureli_%28176_dC%29%2C_Museu_Capitol%C3%AD_%28Roma%29._Vista_general_de_la_sala_d%27exposici%C3%B3.jpg/500px-Est%C3%A0tua_eq%C3%BCestre_de_Marc_Aureli_%28176_dC%29%2C_Museu_Capitol%C3%AD_%28Roma%29._Vista_general_de_la_sala_d%27exposici%C3%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4134" data-file-height="2558" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The original <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Statue_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius">Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius</a>, 2nd century AD, now located in the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Conservatori" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo dei Conservatori">Palazzo dei Conservatori</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Column">Column</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Column">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Column of Marcus Aurelius">Column of Marcus Aurelius</a></div> Marcus's <a href="/wiki/Victory_column" title="Victory column">victory column</a>, established in Rome either in his last few years of life or after his reign and completed in 193, was built to commemorate his victory over the Sarmatians and Germanic tribes in 176. A spiral of carved <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> wraps around the column, showing scenes from his military campaigns. A statue of Marcus had stood atop the column but disappeared during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. It was replaced with a statue of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul">Saint Paul</a> in 1589 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Pope Sixtus V</a>.<a href="#cite_note-372">[332]</a> The column of Marcus and the <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Trajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Column of Trajan">column of Trajan</a> are often compared by scholars given how they are both <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric</a> in style, had a pedestal at the base, had sculpted <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">friezes</a> depicting their respective military victories, and a statue on top.<a href="#cite_note-373">[333]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">List of Roman emperors</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Dio asserts that the Annii were near-kin of Hadrian, and that it was to these familial ties that they owed their rise to power.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The precise nature of these kinship ties is nowhere stated, but is believed that <a href="/wiki/Rupilia_Faustina" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupilia Faustina">Rupilia Faustina</a> was the daughter of the consular senator <a href="/wiki/Libo_Rupilius_Frugi" title="Libo Rupilius Frugi">Libo Rupilius Frugi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitellia_(daughter_of_emperor_Vitellius)" title="Vitellia (daughter of emperor Vitellius)">Vitellia</a>, daughter of emperor <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Farquharson dates his death to 130 when Marcus was nine.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Birley amends the text of the HA Marcus from 'Eutychius' to 'Tuticius'.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Commodus was a known consumptive at the time of his adoption, so Hadrian may have intended Marcus's eventual succession anyway.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> The manuscript is corrupt here.<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._89-89">[85]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Modern scholars have not offered as positive an assessment. His second modern editor, <a href="/wiki/Barthold_Georg_Niebuhr" title="Barthold Georg Niebuhr">Niebhur</a>, thought him stupid and frivolous; his third editor, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Adrian_Naber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Adrian Naber (page does not exist)">Naber</a>, found him contemptible.<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> Historians have seen him as a 'pedant and a bore', his letters offering neither the running political analysis of a Cicero or the conscientious reportage of a Pliny.<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a> Recent prosopographic research has rehabilitated his reputation, though not by much.<a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Champlin notes that Marcus's praise of Rusticus in the Meditations is out of order (he is praised immediately after Diognetus, who had introduced Marcus to philosophy), giving him special emphasis.<a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Although part of the biographer's account of Lucius is fictionalised (probably to mimic Nero, whose birthday Lucius shared<a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a>) and another part poorly compiled from a better biographical source,<a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a> scholars have accepted these biographical details as accurate.<a href="#cite_note-153">[146]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> These name-swaps have proven so confusing that even the Historia Augusta, our main source for the period, cannot keep them straight.<a href="#cite_note-169">[161]</a> The 4th-century ecclesiastical historian <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a> shows even more confusion.<a href="#cite_note-170">[162]</a> The mistaken belief that Lucius had the name 'Verus' before becoming emperor has proven especially popular.<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._117-171">[163]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> There was, however, much precedent. The consulate was a twin magistracy, and earlier emperors had often had a subordinate lieutenant with many imperial offices (under Antoninus, the lieutenant had been Marcus). Many emperors had planned a joint succession in the past: <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> planned to leave <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" title="Gaius Caesar">Gaius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caesar" title="Lucius Caesar">Lucius Caesar</a> as joint emperors on his death; Tiberius wished to have <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caligula" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Caligula">Gaius Caligula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gemellus" title="Tiberius Gemellus">Tiberius Gemellus</a> do so as well; <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> left the empire to <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Britannicus" title="Britannicus">Britannicus</a>, imagining that they would accept equal rank. All of these arrangements had ended in failure, either through premature death (Gaius and Lucius Caesar) or judicial murder (Gemellus by Caligula and Britannicus by Nero).<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._117-171">[163]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> The biographer relates the scurrilous (and, in the judgement of Anthony Birley, untrue) rumour that Commodus was an illegitimate child born of a union between Faustina and a gladiator.<a href="#cite_note-186">[176]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Because both Lucius and Marcus are said to have taken active part in the recovery (HA Marcus viii. 4–5), the flood must have happened before Lucius's departure for the east in 162; because it appears in the biographer's narrative after Antoninus's funeral has finished and the emperors have settled into their offices, it must not have occurred in the spring of 161. A date in autumn 161 or spring 162 is probable, and, given the normal seasonal distribution of Tiber flooding, the most probable date is in spring 162.<a href="#cite_note-203">[192]</a> (Birley dates the flood to autumn 161.<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._120-198">[187]</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Since AD 15, the river had been administered by a Tiber Conservancy Board, with a consular senator at its head and a permanent staff. In 161, the curator alevi Tiberis et riparum et cloacarum urbis ('Curator of the Tiber Bed and Banks and the City Sewers') was A. Platorius Nepos, son or grandson of <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Platorius_Nepos" title="Aulus Platorius Nepos">the builder</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a>, whose name he shares. He probably had not been particularly incompetent. A more likely candidate for that incompetence is Nepos's likely predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Statius_Priscus" title="Marcus Statius Priscus">M. Statius Priscus</a>. A military man and consul for 159, Priscus probably looked on the office as little more than 'paid leave'.<a href="#cite_note-206">[194]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Cameron_(classical_scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Cameron (classical scholar)">Alan Cameron</a> adduces the 5th-century writer <a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a>'s comment that Marcus commanded 'countless legions' vivente Pio (while Antoninus was alive) while contesting Birley's contention that Marcus had no military experience. (Neither Apollinaris nor the Historia Augusta (Birley's source) are particularly reliable on 2nd-century history.<a href="#cite_note-222">[209]</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Birley believes there is some truth in these considerations.<a href="#cite_note-245">[231]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> The whole section of the vita dealing with Lucius's debaucheries (HA Verus iv. 4–6.6), however, is an insertion into a narrative otherwise entirely cribbed from an earlier source. Most of the details are fabricated by the biographer himself, relying on nothing better than his own imagination.<a href="#cite_note-252">[237]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> For further information on <a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo" title="Óc Eo">Óc Eo</a>, see Osborne, Milton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uxF2kH04WKgC">The Mekong: Turbulent Past, Uncertain Future</a>. Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin, 2006, revised edition, first published in 2000. pp. 24–25. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1741148930" title="Special:BookSources/978-1741148930">978-1741148930</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> Vindobona as Marc Aurel's death place is mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a> in his De Caesaribus (16.14), Sirmium on the other hand in <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian's</a> Apologeticum (25) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> All citations to the Historia Augusta are to individual biographies, and are marked with a 'HA'. Citations to the works of Fronto are cross-referenced to C.R. Haines's Loeb edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Henry Albert Fischel, Rabbinic Literature and Greco-Roman Philosophy: A Study of Epicurea and Rhetorica in Early Midrashic Writings, E. J. Brill, 1973, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/marcus-aurelius">'Marcus Aurelius'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181228082840/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/marcus-aurelius">Archived</a> 28 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeresztes1968" class="citation journal cs1">Keresztes, Paul (July 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/harvard-theological-review/article/abs/marcus-aurelius-a-persecutor/E8F76CB327530CF310251FDFCC1ADDF2">"Marcus Aurelius a Persecutor?"</a>. Harvard Theological Review. 61 (3): 321–341. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816000029230">10.1017/S0017816000029230</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-4517">1475-4517</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159950967">159950967</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220603131847/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/harvard-theological-review/article/abs/marcus-aurelius-a-persecutor/E8F76CB327530CF310251FDFCC1ADDF2">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Marcus+Aurelius+a+Persecutor%3F&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E321-%3C%2Fspan%3E341&rft.date=1968-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159950967%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1475-4517&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816000029230&rft.aulast=Keresztes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fharvard-theological-review%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fmarcus-aurelius-a-persecutor%2FE8F76CB327530CF310251FDFCC1ADDF2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcus+Aurelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Rohrbacher, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley,_1889-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_1889_5-0">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 229–230. The thesis of single authorship was first proposed in H. Dessau's 'Über Zeit und Persönlichkeit der Scriptores Historiae Augustae' (in German), Hermes 24 (1889), pp. 337ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 230. On the HA Verus, see Barnes, 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus', pp. 65–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Fleury, P. 2012. "Marcus Aurelius' Letters." In A Companion to Marcus Aurelius. Edited by M. van Ackeren, 62–76. Oxford and Malden, MA: Blackwell. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Freisenbruch, A. 2007. "Back to Fronto: Doctor and Patient in His Correspondence with an Emperor." In Ancient Letters: Classical and Late Antique Epistolography. Edited by R. Morello and A. D. Morrison, 235–256. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 228–229, 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 227–228. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Magill, p. 693. </li> <li id="cite_note-dio69.21-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dio69.21_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dio69.21_14-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/69*.html#21">Book 69,21.1.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329072634/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/69*.html#21">Archived</a> 29 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Marcus Annius Verus [...] This Marcus Annius, earlier named Catilius, was a grandson of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus_(grandfather_of_Marcus_Aurelius)" title="Marcus Annius Verus (grandfather of Marcus Aurelius)">Annius Verus</a> [...] He preferred Verus on account of his kinship and his age and because he was already giving indication of exceptional strength of character. This led Hadrian to apply to the young man the name Verissimus, thus playing upon the meaning of the Latin word." </li> <li id="cite_note-Historia_MA_I.9–10-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Historia_MA_I.9–10_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historia_MA_I.9–10_15-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Marcus_Aurelius">Marcus Antoninus</a> I.9–10. "At the beginning of his life Marcus Antoninus was named Catilius Severus after his <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Catilius_Severus" title="Lucius Catilius Severus">mother's grand-father</a>. After the death of his real father, however, Hadrian called him Annius Verissimus, and, after he assumed the <a href="/wiki/Toga_virilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Toga virilis">toga virilis</a>, Annius Verus." </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Van Ackeren, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._33-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._33_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._33_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._33_17-2">c</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Van Ackeren, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Dean, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-21"><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1856" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Charles (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45180">The English Cyclopædia: A New Dictionary of Universal Knowledge. Biography</a>. Bradbury & Evans. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45180/page/n225">439</a>. <q>Marcus Aurelius Malennius and Numa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Cyclop%C3%A6dia%3A+A+New+Dictionary+of+Universal+Knowledge.+Biography&rft.pages=439&rft.pub=Bradbury+%26+Evans&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.45180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcus+Aurelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sánchez2010-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Sánchez2010_22-0">^</a> Sánchez, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 29; McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> HA Marcus i. 2, 4; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 28; McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: A Life, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Giacosa, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Levick, pp. 161, 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Dio 69.21.2, 71.35.2–3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strachan.dk/family/rupilius.htm">Rupilius</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221214130401/http://www.strachan.dk/family/rupilius.htm">Archived</a> 14 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Strachan stemma. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSettipani2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Settipani, Christian (2000). Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines à l'époque impériale: mythe et réalité. Prosopographica et genealogica (in Italian). Vol. 2 (illustrated ed.). Unit for Prosopographical Research, Linacre College, University of Oxford. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1900934022" title="Special:BookSources/978-1900934022"><bdi>978-1900934022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continuit%C3%A9+gentilice+et+continuit%C3%A9+familiale+dans+les+familles+s%C3%A9natoriales+romaines+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9poque+imp%C3%A9riale%3A+mythe+et+r%C3%A9alit%C3%A9&rft.series=Prosopographica+et+genealogica&rft.pages=278&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Unit+for+Prosopographical+Research%2C+Linacre+College%2C+University+of+Oxford&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1900934022&rft.aulast=Settipani&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcus+Aurelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Codex Inscriptionum Latinarum 14.3579 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429224027/http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=CIL+14,+03579&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">"Epigraphik-Datenbank Clauss/Slaby"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=CIL+14,+03579&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">the original</a> on 29 April 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epigraphik-Datenbank+Clauss%2FSlaby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de%3A8888%2Fepigr%2Fepieinzel_en%3Fp_belegstelle%3DCIL%2B14%2C%2B03579%26r_sortierung%3DBelegstelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcus+Aurelius" class="Z3988">; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 29; McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor, pp. 14, 575 n. 53, citing Ronald Syme, Roman Papers 1.244. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 29, citing Pliny, Epistulae 8.18. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/fronto.html">"M. Cornelius Fronto: Epistulae"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415121534/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/fronto.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M.+Cornelius+Fronto%3A+Epistulae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelatinlibrary.com%2Ffronto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcus+Aurelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFl._RichardsonRichardson1992" class="citation book cs1">l. Richardson, jr; Richardson, Professor of Latin (Emeritus) L. (October 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newtopographical0000rich">A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome</a>. JHU Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newtopographical0000rich/page/198">198</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801843006" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801843006"><bdi>978-0801843006</bdi></a>. <q>horti domizia lucilla.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Topographical+Dictionary+of+Ancient+Rome&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1992-10&rft.isbn=978-0801843006&rft.aulast=l.+Richardson&rft.aufirst=jr&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Professor+of+Latin+%28Emeritus%29+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewtopographical0000rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcus+Aurelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Ad Marcum Caesarem ii. 8.2 (= Haines 1.142), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 436 ("<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology/Aurelia_gens" class="extiw" title="s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Aurelia gens">Aurelia Gens</a>"). </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Bury, p. 523. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 31, 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_31-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_31_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_31_40-1">b</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Farquharson, 1.95–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Meditations 1.1, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> HA Marcus ii. 1 and Meditations v. 4, qtd. in Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Meditations i. 1, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._35-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._35_47-0">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Meditations i. 17.2; Farquharson, 1.102; McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor, p. 23; cf. Meditations i. 17.11; Farquharson, 1.103. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor, 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Meditations 1.4; McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> HA Marcus ii. 2, iv. 9; Meditations i. 3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 37; McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> HA Marcus ii. 6; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 38; McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 40, citing Aristides, Oratio 32 K; McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Magie & Birley, Lives of the later Caesars, pp. 109, 109 n.8; Marcus Aurelius, pp. 40, 270 n.27, citing Bonner Historia-Augusta Colloquia 1966/7, pp. 39ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> HA Marcus ii. 3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 40, 270 n.27. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Meditations i. 10; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 40; McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 40, 270 n.28, citing A.S.L. Farquharson, The Meditations of Marcus Antoninus (Oxford, 1944) ii. 453. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> HA Hadrian xiii. 10, qtd. in Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 42. Van Ackeren, 142. On the succession to Hadrian, see also: T.D. Barnes, 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus', Journal of Roman Studies 57:1–2 (1967): 65–79; J. VanderLeest, 'Hadrian, Lucius Verus, and the Arco di Portogallo', Phoenix 49:4 (1995): pp. 319–330. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> HA Aelius vi. 2–3 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> HA Hadrian xxiii. 15–16; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 45; 'Hadrian to the Antonines', 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Dio, lxix.17.1; HA Aelius, iii. 7, iv. 6, vi. 1–7; Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 46. Date: Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Weigel, Richard D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/tonypis.htm">'Antoninus Pius (A.D. 138–161)'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503141042/http://www.roman-emperors.org/tonypis.htm">Archived</a> 3 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Roman Emperors. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Dio 69.21.1; HA Hadrian xxiv. 1; HA Aelius vi. 9; HA Antoninus Pius iv. 6–7; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 48–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> HA Marcus v. 3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 49–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> HA Marcus v. 6–8, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Dio 69.22.4; HA Hadrian xxv. 5–6; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 50–51. Hadrian's suicide attempts: Dio, lxix. 22.1–4; HA Hadrian xxiv. 8–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> HA Hadrian xxv. 7; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> HA Antoninus Pius v. 3, vi. 3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 55–56; 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 55; 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Mattingly & Sydenham, Roman imperial coinage, vol. III, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Mattingly & Sydenham, Roman imperial coinage, vol. III, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> HA Marcus vi. 2; Verus ii. 3–4; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 53–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Dio 71.35.5; HA Marcus vi. 3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Meditations vi. 30, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 57; cf. Marcus Aurelius, p. 270 n.9, with notes on the translation. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_82-1">b</a> HA Marcus vi. 3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 57, 272 n.10, citing Codex Inscriptionum Latinarum <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429224044/http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=CIL+06,+00032&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">6.32</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429224054/http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=CIL+06,+00379&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">6.379</a>, cf. Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429224059/http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=D+00360&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">360</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Meditations 5.16, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Meditations 8.9, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 57–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Ad Marcum Caesarem iv. 7, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> HA Marcus vi. 5; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._89-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._89_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._89_89-1">b</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Ad Marcum Caesarem v. 1, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Ad Marcum Caesarem 4.8, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Dio 71.36.3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 90–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> HA Antoninus Pius x. 2, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> HA Marcus iii. 6; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> HA Marcus ii. 4; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Alan Cameron, review of Anthony Birley's Marcus Aurelius, Classical Review 17:3 (1967): p. 347. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Vita Sophistae 2.1.14; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 63–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Aulus Gellius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noctes_Atticae" class="mw-redirect" title="Noctes Atticae">Noctes Atticae</a> 9.2.1–7; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 64–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Aulus Gellius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noctes_Atticae" class="mw-redirect" title="Noctes Atticae">Noctes Atticae</a> 19.12, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 67–68, citing Champlin, Fronto and Antonine Rome, esp. chs. 3 and 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_106-1">b</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 65–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Champlin, Fronto, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Mellor, p. 460. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Cf., e.g.: Mellor, p. 461 and passim. </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._69-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._69_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._69_111-1">b</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Ad Marcum Caesarem iv. 6 (= Haines 1.80ff), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Ad Marcum Caesarem iv. 6 (= Haines 1.80ff); Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Ad Marcum Caesarem iii. 10–11 (= Haines 1.50ff), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Champlin, 'Chronology of Fronto', p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Ad Marcum Caesarem v. 74 ( =Haines 2.52ff), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 77. On the date, see Champlin, 'Chronology of Fronto', p. 142, who (with Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire (1964), 93ff) argues for a date in the 150s; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 78–79, 273 n.17 (with Ameling, Herodes Atticus (1983), 1.61ff, 2.30ff) argues for 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Ad Marcum Caesarem iii. 2 (= Haines 1.58ff), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Ad Marcum Caesarem iii. 3 (= Haines 1.62ff); Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Ad Marcum Caesarem iii. 3 (= Haines 1.62ff), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Ad Marcum Caesarem iv. 13 (= Haines 1.214ff), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Ad Marcum Caesarem iv. 3.1 (= Haines 1.2ff); Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> HA Marcus iii. 5–8, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Ad Marcum Caesarem iv. 3, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> De Eloquentia iv. 5 (= Haines 2.74), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 95. Alan Cameron, in his review of Birley's biography (The Classical Review 17:3 (1967): p. 347), suggests a reference to chapter 11 of Arthur Darby Nock's Conversion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1933, rept. 1961): 'Conversion to Philosophy'. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 94, 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 95; Champlin, Fronto, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Champlin, Fronto, p. 174 n. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Ad Antoninum Imperatorem i.2.2 (= Haines 2.36), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 94–95, 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Champlin, Fronto, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Meditations i.7, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 94–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Philostratus, Vitae sophistorum ii. 9 (557); cf. Suda, Markos </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._103-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._103_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._103_137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._103_137-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._103_137-3">d</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Ad Marcum Caesarem 4.11 (= Haines 1.202ff), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 247 F.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_pp._106–07-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_pp._106–07_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_pp._106–07_140-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_pp._106–07_140-2">c</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 206–207. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Meditations ix.40, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-Meditations_x_pp._78,_224-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meditations_x_pp._78,_224_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meditations_x_pp._78,_224_142-1">b</a> Meditations x.34, tr. Farquharson, pp. 78, 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_107-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_107_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_107_143-1">b</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 107–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._108-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._108_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._108_145-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._108_145-2">c</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Inscriptiones Graecae ad Res Romanas pertinentes 4.1399, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._114-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._114_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._114_147-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._114_147-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._114_147-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._114_147-4">e</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Reed, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-livius1-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-livius1_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-livius1_149-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-livius1_149-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-livius1_149-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-livius1_149-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-livius1_149-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-livius1_149-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-livius1_149-7">h</a> Lendering, Jona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/di-dn/divi_fratres/marcus.html">'Marcus Aurelius'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051125175619/https://www.livius.org/di-dn/divi_fratres/marcus.html">Archived</a> 25 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Livius.org. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> HA Verus 2.9–11; 3.4–7; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Suetonius, Nero 6.1; HA Verus 1.8; Barnes, 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus', 67; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 158. See also: Barnes, 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus', pp. 69–70; Pierre Lambrechts, 'L'empereur Lucius Verus. Essai de réhabilitation' (in French), Antiquité Classique 3 (1934), pp. 173ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Barnes, 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus', p. 66. Poorly compiled: e.g. Barnes, 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus', p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Barnes, 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus', pp. 68–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> HA Verus 2.9–11; 3.4–7; Barnes, 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus', 68; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Bowman, 156; Victor, 15:7 </li> <li id="cite_note-Victor,_15:7-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Victor,_15:7_158-0">^</a> Victor, 15:7 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Dio 71.33.4–5; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bury_532-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Bury_532_160-0">^</a> Bury, p. 532. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> HA Antoninus Pius 12.4–8; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Bowman, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> HA Marcus vii. 5, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 116. Birley takes the phrase horror imperii from HA Pert. xiii. 1 and xv. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> HA Verus iii.8; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 116; 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> HA Verus iv.1; Marcus vii.5; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 116–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 117; 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 157 n.53. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 157 n.53. </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._117-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._117_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._117_171-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._117_171-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._117_171-3">d</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrister_Bruun,_J._C._Edmondson2015" class="citation book cs1">Christer Bruun, J. C. Edmondson (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2bDBAAAQBAJ&dq=Pupienus+Balbinus+pontifex+maximus+shared&pg=PA191">The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195336467" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195336467"><bdi>978-0195336467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Roman+Epigraphy&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0195336467&rft.au=Christer+Bruun%2C+J.+C.+Edmondson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ2bDBAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DPupienus%2BBalbinus%2Bpontifex%2Bmaximus%2Bshared%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcus+Aurelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> HA Verus iv.2, tr. Magie, cited in Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 117, 278 n.4. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> HA Marcus vii. 9; Verus iv.3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 117–118. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> HA Marcus vii. 9; Verus iv.3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 117–118. 'twice the size': Duncan-Jones, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._118-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._118_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._118_178-1">b</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-TulaneUniversity-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TulaneUniversity_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TulaneUniversity_179-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010210220413/http://www.tulane.edu/~august/handouts/601cprin.htm">'Roman Currency of the Principate'</a>. Tulane.edu. Archived 10 February 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> HA Marcus vii. 10, tr. Magie, cited in Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 118, 278 n.6. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> HA Marcus vii. 10–11; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> HA Antoninus Pius xii.8; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 118–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> HA Marcus vii. 4; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> HA Comm. i.3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> HA Comm. i.2; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> HA Marcus xix. 1–2; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 278 n.9. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> HA Commodus. i.4, x.2; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 119, citing H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum IV: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London, 1940), Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, nos. 155ff.; 949ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> HA Marcus vii. 7; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 118, citing Werner Eck, Die Organization Italiens (1979), pp. 146ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> HA Marcus viii. 1, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 119; 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 122–123, citing H.G. Pfalum, Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain I–III (Paris, 1960–61); Supplément (Paris, 1982), nos. 142; 156; Eric Birley, Roman Britain and the Roman Army (1953), pp. 142ff., 151ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 123, citing H.G. Pfalum, Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain I–III (Paris, 1960–61); Supplément (Paris, 1982), no. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-HA_Marcus_8_1985-195"><a href="#cite_ref-HA_Marcus_8_1985_195-0">^</a> HA Marcus viii. 8; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 123, citing W. Eck, Die Satthalter der germ. Provinzen (1985), pp. 65ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 120, citing Ad Verum Imperatorem i.3.2 (= Haines 1.298ff). </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Ad Antoninum Imperatorem iv.2.3 (= Haines 1.302ff), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._120-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._120_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_Marcus_Aurelius,_p._120_198-1">b</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 120, citing Ad Verum Imperatorem i.1 (= Haines 1.305). </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Ad Antoninum Imperatorem iv.1 (= Haines 1.300ff), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> HA Marcus viii. 3–4; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 120, citing H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum IV: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London, 1940), Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, nos. 841; 845. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Gregory S. Aldrete, Floods of the Tiber in ancient Rome (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007), pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> HA Marcus viii. 4–5; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429224106/http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=D+05932&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">5932</a> (Nepos), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429224111/http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=D+01092&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">1092</a> (Priscus); Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> HA Marcus xi. 3, cited in Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 278 n.16. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Ad Antoninum Imperatorem 1.2.2 (= Haines 2.35), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> De eloquentia 1.12 (= Haines 2.63–65), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Ad Antoninum Imperatorem 1.2.2 (= Haines 2.35); Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 127–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Ad Antoninum Imperatorem 1.2.4 (= Haines 2.41–43), tr. Haines; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> HA Antoninus Pius xii.7; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 114, 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Event: HA Marcus viii. 6; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 121. Date: Jaap-Jan Flinterman, 'The Date of Lucian's Visit to Abonuteichos,' Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 119 (1997): p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> HA Marcus viii. 6; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Lucian, Alexander 27; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Lucian, Alexander 27; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 121–122. On Alexander, see: Robin Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986), pp. 241–250. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 278 n.19. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Dio 71.2.1; Lucian, Historia Quomodo Conscribenda 21, 24, 25; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 121–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> HA Marcus viii. 7; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> HA Antoninus Pius vii.11; Marcus vii.2; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 103–104, 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Pan. Ath. 203–204, qtd. and tr. Alan Cameron, review of Anthony Birley's Marcus Aurelius, The Classical Review 17:3 (1967): p. 349. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> HA Marcus viii. 6; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429223837/http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=CIL+08,+07050&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">8.7050</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429223843/http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=CIL+08,+07051&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">51</a>; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Incriptiones Latinae Selectae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429223850/http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=D+01097&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">1097</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429223856/http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=D+01098&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">98</a>; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Incriptiones Latinae Selectae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429223904/http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=D+01091&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">1091</a>; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Incriptiones Latinae Selectae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429223912/http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=D+02311&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">2311</a>; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> HA Marcus xii. 13; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> L'Année Épigraphique 1972.657 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429223919/http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=AE+1972,+00657&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">"Epigraphik-Datenbank Clauss/Slaby"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=AE+1972,+00657&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">the original</a> on 29 April 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epigraphik-Datenbank+Clauss%2FSlaby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de%3A8888%2Fepigr%2Fepieinzel_en%3Fp_belegstelle%3DAE%2B1972%2C%2B00657%26r_sortierung%3DBelegstelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcus+Aurelius" class="Z3988">; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> HA Verus 9.2; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Mattingly & Sydenham, Roman imperial coinage, vol. III, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> De Feriis Alsiensibus 1 (= Haines 2.3); Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> De Feriis Alsiensibus 3.1 (= Haines 2.5), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> De Feriis Alsiensibus 3.4 (= Haines 2.9); Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 126–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> De Feriis Alsiensibus 3.6–12 (= Haines 2.11–19); Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 126–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> De Feriis Alsiensibus 4, tr. Haines 2.19; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> De Feriis Alsiensibus 4 (= Haines 2.19), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Ad Verum Imperatorem 2.1.19 (= Haines 2.149); Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> De bello Parthico x. (= Haines 2.31), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> De bello Parthico i–ii. (= Haines 2.21–23). </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> De bello Parthico i. (= Haines 2.21), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Dio, lxxi. 1.3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> HA Verus v. 8; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 123, 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> HA Marcus viii. 9, tr. Magie; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 123–126. On Lucius's voyage, see: HA Verus vi. 7–9; HA Marcus viii. 10–11; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 125–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> HA Verus iv.4; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> HA Verus iv. 6, tr. Magie; cf. v. 7; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> HA Verus viii. 7, viii. 10–11; Fronto, Principia Historiae 17 (= Haines 2.217); Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Barnes, 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus.', p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> HA Verus ix. 2; Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 3.199 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429224122/http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=CIL+03,+00199&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">"Epigraphik-Datenbank Clauss/Slaby"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=CIL+03,+00199&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">the original</a> on 29 April 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epigraphik-Datenbank+Clauss%2FSlaby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de%3A8888%2Fepigr%2Fepieinzel_en%3Fp_belegstelle%3DCIL%2B03%2C%2B00199%26r_sortierung%3DBelegstelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcus+Aurelius" class="Z3988">; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 130–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> HA Verus vii. 7; Marcus ix. 4; Barnes, 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus', p. 72; Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 163; cf. also Barnes, 'Legislation against the Christians', p. 39; 'Some Persons in the Historia Augusta', p. 142, citing the Vita Abercii 44ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> HA Verus 7.10; Lucian, Imagines 3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 131. Cf. Lucian, Imagines, Pro Imaginibus, passim. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 131; 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> HA Verus vii. 7; Marcus ix. 4; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 131, citing Année Épigraphique 1958.15. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> HA Verus 7.7; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> HA Marcus ix. 4; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> HA Marcus ix. 5–6; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> HA Marcus ix. 1; Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> HA Marcus ix. 1; HA Verus vii. 1–2; Ad Verum Imperatorem 2.3 (= Haines 2.133); Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 129; 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 129; 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 162, citing H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum IV: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London, 1940), Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, nos. 233ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> Dio, lxxi.3.1; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 131; 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 162; Millar, Near East, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 280 n. 42; 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 131; 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 162, citing H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum IV: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London, 1940), Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, nos. 261ff.; 300 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, pp. 130, 279 n. 38; 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 163, citing Prosopographia Imperii Romani2 M 169; Millar, Near East, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 130; 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> Fronto, Ad Verum Imperatorem ii.1.3 (= Haines 2.133); Astarita, 41; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 130; 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429223856/http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=D+01098&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">1098</a>; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 163, citing Prosopographia Imperii Romani2 M 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Lucian, Historia Quomodo Conscribenda 15, 19; Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> Lucian, Historia Quomodo Conscribenda 20, 28; Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 163, citing Syme, Roman Papers, 5.689ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> HA Verus 8.3–4; Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', 163. Birley cites R.H. McDowell, Coins from Seleucia on the Tigris (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1935), pp. 124ff., on the date. </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 164, citing H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum IV: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London, 1940), Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, nos. 384 ff., 1248 ff., 1271 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 164, citing P. Kneissl, Die Siegestitulatur der römischen Kaiser. Untersuchungen zu den Siegerbeinamen des 1. und 2. Jahrhunderts (Göttingen, 1969), pp. 99 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 164, citing H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum IV: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London, 1940), Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, nos. 401ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-281">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_281-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_281-1">b</a> Adams, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> Dio 72.11.3–4; Ad amicos 1.12 (= Haines 2.173); Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> Dio, lxxii. 11.3–4; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 132, citing De nepote amisso ii (= Haines 2.222); Ad Verum Imperatorem ii. 9–10 (= Haines 2.232ff.). </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 133, citing Geza Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand (1977), Moesia Inferior: pp. 232ff.; Moesia Superior: pp. 234ff.; Pannonia Superior: pp. 236ff.; Dacia: pp. 245ff.; Pannonia Inferior: p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-McLynn2010-285"><a href="#cite_ref-McLynn2010_285-0">^</a> McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: A Life, pp. 323–324. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> Gnecchi, Medaglioni Romani, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> Mattingly & Sydenham, Roman imperial coinage, vol. III, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bohec2013-288"><a href="#cite_ref-Bohec2013_288-0">^</a> Le Bohec, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant2016-289"><a href="#cite_ref-Grant2016_289-0">^</a> Grant, The Antonines: The Roman Empire in Transition, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> Dio, lxxii.11.4–5; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop2018" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, M. C. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDdjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149">Lucius Verus and the Roman Defence of the East</a>. Pen and Sword. pp. 120–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-4945-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-4945-7"><bdi>978-1-4738-4945-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240531223958/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDdjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 31 May 2024. <q>The <a href="/wiki/Terminus_post_quem" title="Terminus post quem">terminus post quem</a> is 10 December 168, when Lucius' tribunician power was renewed, while a <a href="/wiki/Terminus_ante_quem" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminus ante quem">terminus ante quem</a> is provided by the first record of Marcus as sole ruler on May 29.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lucius+Verus+and+the+Roman+Defence+of+the+East&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-4945-7&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZDdjDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcus+Aurelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> Fergus Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World, 31 BC – AD 337 (London: Duckworth, 1977), 6 and passim. See also: idem. 'Emperors at Work', Journal of Roman Studies 57:1/2 (1967): 9–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.military-history.org/articles/thinkers-at-war-marcus-aurelius.htm">'Thinkers At War – Marcus Aurelius'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909052223/https://www.military-history.org/articles/thinkers-at-war-marcus-aurelius.htm">Archived</a> 9 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.military-history.org">Military History Monthly</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027145143/http://www.military-history.org/">Archived</a> 27 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, published 2014. (This is the conclusion of <a href="/wiki/Iain_King" title="Iain King">Iain King</a>'s biography of Marcus Aurelius.) 'Pius, one of longest-serving emperors, became infirm in his last years, so Marcus Aurelius gradually assumed the imperial duties. By the time he succeeded in 161, he was already well-practised in public administration.' </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> Codex Justinianeus 7.2.6, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> Digest 31.67.10, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> Irvine, pp. 57–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> Dio, lxxii.33 </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> Pulleyblank, Leslie and Gardiner, pp. 71–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> Yü, pp. 460–461. </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> De Crespigny, p. 600. </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> An, 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-young_2001_pp._29-30-303"><a href="#cite_ref-young_2001_pp._29-30_303-0">^</a> Young, pp. 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-ball_2016_p154-305"><a href="#cite_ref-ball_2016_p154_305-0">^</a> Ball, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-306">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_306-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_306-1">b</a> Haas, pp. 1093–1098. </li> <li id="cite_note-murphy-307"><a href="#cite_ref-murphy_307-0">^</a> Murphy, Verity. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4381924.stm">'Past pandemics that ravaged Europe'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171007210210/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4381924.stm">Archived</a> 7 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News, 7 November 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> De Crespigny, p. 514. </li> <li id="cite_note-mclaughlin_2010_p59-60-309"><a href="#cite_ref-mclaughlin_2010_p59-60_309-0">^</a> McLaughlin, pp. 59–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> Dio <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/72*.html">72.33.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408220149/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/72%2A.html">Archived</a> 8 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kleiner2016-312"><a href="#cite_ref-Kleiner2016_312-0">^</a> Kleiner, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-Merrony2017-313"><a href="#cite_ref-Merrony2017_313-0">^</a> Merrony, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley186–91-316">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birley186–91_316-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley186–91_316-1">b</a> Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', pp. 186–191. </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> Kemezis, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tr._Cary,_ad_loc-318">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tr._Cary,_ad_loc_318-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tr._Cary,_ad_loc_318-1">b</a> Tr. Cary, ad loc. </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> Dio lxxii. 36, 72.34 </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant2011-320">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grant2011_320-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grant2011_320-1">b</a> Grant, The Climax Of Rome, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> Barnes, 'Legislation against the Christians'. </li> <li id="cite_note-McLynn2010295-322"><a href="#cite_ref-McLynn2010295_322-0">^</a> McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: A Life, p. 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> The First Apology of Justin Martyr, Chapter LXVIII </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Ackeren2012" class="citation book cs1">van Ackeren, Marcel (2012). A Companion to Marcus Aurelius. John Wiley & Sons. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118219843" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118219843"><bdi>978-1118219843</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Marcus+Aurelius&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1118219843&rft.aulast=van+Ackeren&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcus+Aurelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephens,_p._31-325">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stephens,_p._31_325-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stephens,_p._31_325-1">b</a> Stephens, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-livius3-326">^ <a href="#cite_ref-livius3_326-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-livius3_326-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-livius3_326-2">c</a> Lendering, Jona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/person/antoninus-and-aelius/">'Antoninus and Aelius'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522142049/https://www.livius.org/articles/person/antoninus-and-aelius/">Archived</a> 22 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Livius.org. </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> Ackermann, Schroeder, Terry, Lo Upshur and Whitters, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-McLynn,_A_Life,_p._92-328">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McLynn,_A_Life,_p._92_328-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLynn,_A_Life,_p._92_328-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLynn,_A_Life,_p._92_328-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLynn,_A_Life,_p._92_328-3">d</a> McLynn, Marcus Aurelius: A Life, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-levick171-329">^ <a href="#cite_ref-levick171_329-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-levick171_329-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-levick171_329-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-levick171_329-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-levick171_329-4">e</a> Levick, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> Lendering, Jona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/person/lucilla/">'Lucilla'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222011706/https://www.livius.org/articles/person/lucilla/">Archived</a> 22 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Livius.org. </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> Gagarin, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> Benario, Herbert W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/marcaur.htm">'Marcus Aurelius (A.D. 161–180)'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130201181634/http://www.roman-emperors.org/marcaur.htm">Archived</a> 1 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Roman Emperors. </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> Adams, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> Levick, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> Hays, p. xlix. </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins1973-358"><a href="#cite_ref-Collins1973_358-0">^</a> Collins, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLove2021" class="citation web cs1">Love, Shayla (29 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/xgxvmw/the-revival-of-stoicism">"The Revival of Stoicism"</a>. Vice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231212190934/https://www.vice.com/en/article/xgxvmw/the-revival-of-stoicism">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=The+Revival+of+Stoicism&rft.date=2021-06-29&rft.aulast=Love&rft.aufirst=Shayla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fxgxvmw%2Fthe-revival-of-stoicism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcus+Aurelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> Stertz, p. 434, citing Themistius, Oratio 6.81; HA Cassius 3.5; Victor, De Caesaribus 16.9. </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> Hays, pp. xlviii–xlix. </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> Hadot, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> HA Marcus i. 1, xxvii. 7; Dio lxxi. 1.1; James Francis, Subversive Virtue: Asceticism and Authority in the Second-Century Pagan World (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995), 21 n. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> Mark, Joshua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/174/marcus-aurelius-platos-philosopher-king/">'Marcus Aurelius: Plato's Philosopher King'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420053011/https://www.worldhistory.org/article/174/marcus-aurelius-platos-philosopher-king/">Archived</a> 20 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. World History Encyclopedia. 8 May 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> Francis, p. 21 n.1, citing Justin, 1 Apologia 1; Athenagoras, Leg. 1; Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 4.26.9–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 4.26.9–11, qtd. and tr. Francis, 21 n. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> Herodian, Ab Excessu Divi Marci i.2.4, tr. Echols. </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> Thinkers at War. </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius. </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> Kleiner, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> Mattingly & Sydenham, Roman imperial coinage, vol. III, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curate.nd.edu/show/ft848p61g5s">'Column of Marcus Aurelius: Overall view, of base and column'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522142047/https://curate.nd.edu/show/ft848p61g5s">Archived</a> 22 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesburgh_Library" title="Hesburgh Library">Hesburgh Library</a>. Accessed 24 November 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classics.sites.grinnell.edu/exhibits/show/columns-exhibit/comparative-sequences">"Scenes for Comparison · The Columns of Trajan and Marcus Aurelius · Classics"</a>. classics.sites.grinnell.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721192821/https://classics.sites.grinnell.edu/exhibits/show/columns-exhibit/comparative-sequences">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=classics.sites.grinnell.edu&rft.atitle=Scenes+for+Comparison+%C2%B7+The+Columns+of+Trajan+and+Marcus+Aurelius+%C2%B7+Classics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclassics.sites.grinnell.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fshow%2Fcolumns-exhibit%2Fcomparative-sequences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcus+Aurelius" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ancient">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Aristides, Aelius. Orationes (in Latin).</li></ul> <dl><dd>Trapp, Michael B. Orations. 1: Orationes 1–2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674996465" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674996465">978-0674996465</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Victor, Aurelius. De Caesaribus (in Latin).</li></ul> <dl><dd>Bird, H.W. De Caesaribus. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0853232186" title="Special:BookSources/978-0853232186">978-0853232186</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Dio, Cassius. Roman History (in Greek).</li></ul> <dl><dd>Cary, Earnest, trans. Roman History. 9 vols. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1914–27. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/500523615">500523615</a>. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html">LacusCurtius</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210404013041/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html">Archived</a> 4 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Digest (in Latin).</li></ul> <dl><dd>Scott, S.P., trans. The Digest or Pandects in The Civil Law. 17 vols. Cincinnati: Central Trust Company, 1932. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23759480">23759480</a>. Online at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/sps/sps.htm">Constitution Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011111072105/http://www.constitution.org/sps/sps.htm">Archived</a> 11 November 2001 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a>. <a href="/wiki/On_Weights_and_Measures" title="On Weights and Measures">On Weights and Measures</a> (in Latin).</li></ul> <dl><dd>Dean, James Elmer, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FnMlnQEACAAJ">Epiphanius' Treatise on Weights and Measures – The Syriac Version</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1935. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123314338">123314338</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Fronto, Marcus Cornelius. The Correspondence of Marcus Cornelius Fronto: With Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Lucius Verus, Antoninus Pius, and Various Friends (in Latin).</li></ul> <dl><dd>Haines, Charles Reginald, trans. The Correspondence of Marcus Cornelius Fronto: With Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Lucius Verus, Antoninus Pius, and Various Friends. 2 vols. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1920. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/476921438">476921438</a>. Online at the Internet Archive: Vol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/correspondencem00auregoog">1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/correspondencem00frongoog">2</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Gellius, Aulus. Noctes Atticae (Attic Nights).</li></ul> <dl><dd>Rolfe, J.C., trans. The Attic nights of Aulus Gellius. 3 vols. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1927–28. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59229750">59229750</a> (Vol. 1), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1072405870">1072405870</a> (Vol. 2), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1021363430">1021363430</a> (Vol. 3). Vols. 1 and 2 online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/home.html">LacusCurtius</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Herodian. Ab Excessu Divi Marci (History of the Roman Empire from the Death of Marcus Aurelius, in Latin).</li></ul> <dl><dd>Echols, Edward C., trans. Herodian of Antioch's History of the Roman empire: From the death of Marcus Aurelius to the accession of Gordian III. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1961. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/463202486">463202486</a>. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/herodian_00_intro.htm">Tertullian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620222227/http://tertullian.org/fathers/herodian_00_intro.htm">Archived</a> 20 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/herodian-s-roman-history/">Livius</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191229010221/https://www.livius.org/sources/content/herodian-s-roman-history/">Archived</a> 29 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Lucian.</li></ul> <dl><dd>Fowler, F.G.; Fowler, H.W., trans. The works of Lucian of Samosata. Oxford: Clarendon P., 1949. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503242210">503242210</a>.</dd> <dd>Alexander (in Latin). Translation online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/lucian/lucian_alexander.htm">Tertullian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171109160831/http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/lucian/lucian_alexander.htm">Archived</a> 9 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</dd> <dd>Translations (from Latin) of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/wl2/wl210.htm">Historia Quomodo Conscribenda (The Way to Write History)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090415073949/http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/wl2/wl210.htm">Archived</a> 15 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/wl3/wl303.htm">Imagines (A Portrait–Study)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810172847/http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/wl3/wl303.htm">Archived</a> 10 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/wl3/wl304.htm">Pro Imaginibus (Defence of the 'Portrait–Study')</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327111532/http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/wl3/wl304.htm">Archived</a> 27 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> online at Sacred Texts, based on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6585">Gutenberg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201110173214/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6585">Archived</a> 10 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> e-text.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. Meditations.</li></ul> <dl><dd>Farquharson, A.S.L., trans. Meditations. New York: Knopf, 1946, rept. 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/897495952">897495952</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Scriptores Historiae Augustae (Authors of the Historia Augusta). Historia Augusta (Augustan History).</li></ul> <dl><dd>Magie, David, trans. Historia Augusta. 3 vols. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1921–32. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/home.html">LacusCurtius</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725071321/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/home.html">Archived</a> 25 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</dd> <dd>Magie, David; Birley, Anthony R. Lives of the later Caesars. London: The Folio Society, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0141935995" title="Special:BookSources/0141935995">0141935995</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Themistius. Orationes (in Latin).</li></ul> <dl><dd>Penella, Robert J. The private orations of Themistius. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520218215" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520218215">978-0520218215</a>.</dd></dl> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Modern">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Ackermann, Marsha E.; Schroeder, Michael J.; Terry, Jancie J.; Lo Upshur, Jiu-Hwa; Whitters, Mark F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FXllDwAAQBAJ">Encyclopedia of World History, Ackerman-Schroeder-Terry-Hwa Lo, 2008: Encyclopedia of World History</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]. New York: Facts on File, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816063864" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816063864">978-0816063864</a>.</li> <li>Adams, Geoff W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dpommWWxA9gC">Marcus Aurelius in the Historia Augusta and Beyond</a>. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739176382" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739176382">978-0739176382</a>.</li> <li>An, Jiayao. 'When Glass Was Treasured in China'. Annette L. Juliano and Judith A. Lerner (eds), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FHJwAAAAMAAJ">Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road</a>, 79–94. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2503521787" title="Special:BookSources/978-2503521787">978-2503521787</a>.</li> <li>Astarita, Maria L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uCUBbMOCJ74C">Avidio Cassio</a> (in Italian). Rome: Edizione di Storia e Letteratura, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/461867183">461867183</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwick_Ball" title="Warwick Ball">Ball, Warwick</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07pTDAAAQBAJ">Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire</a>, 2nd edition. London: Routledge, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415720786" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415720786">978-0415720786</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Barnes_(classicist)" title="Timothy Barnes (classicist)">Barnes, Timothy D.</a> 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus'. Journal of Roman Studies 57:1–2 (1967): 65–79. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F299345">10.2307/299345</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/299345">299345</a>.</li> <li>Barnes, Timothy D. 'Legislation against the Christians'. Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 58 (1968): 32–50. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F299693">10.2307/299693</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/299693">299693</a>.</li> <li>Barnes, Timothy D. 'Some Persons in the Historia Augusta', Phoenix 26:2 (1972): 140–182. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1087714">10.2307/1087714</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1087714">1087714</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Birley" title="Anthony Birley">Birley, Anthony R.</a> Marcus Aurelius: a biography. London: Routledge, 1966, rev. 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134695690" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134695690">978-1134695690</a>.</li> <li>Birley, Anthony R. 'Hadrian to the Antonines'. In The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 11, The High Empire, AD 70–192, edited by Alan Bowman, Peter Garnsey, and Dominic Rathbone, 132–194. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521263351" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521263351">978-0521263351</a>.</li> <li>Bowman, John L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vlhPAwAAQBAJ">A Reference Guide to Stoicism</a>. Bloomington, IN: Author House, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1496900173" title="Special:BookSources/978-1496900173">978-1496900173</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">Bury, John Bagnell</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iGc-AAAAYAAJ">The Student's Roman Empire: A History of the Roman Empire from Its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius (27 B.C.–180 A.D.)</a>. New York: Harper, 1893. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1067064647">1067064647</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Champlin" title="Edward Champlin">Champlin, Edward</a>. 'The Chronology of Fronto'. Journal of Roman Studies 64 (1974): 136–159. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F299265">10.2307/299265</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/299265">299265</a>.</li> <li>Champlin, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frontoantoninero00cham">Fronto and Antonine Rome</a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674331778" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674331778">978-0674331778</a>.</li> <li>Collins, Desmond. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ls4AAAAIAAJ">Background to Archaeology: Britain in its European Setting</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Archive, 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/879899744">879899744</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafe_de_Crespigny" title="Rafe de Crespigny">De Crespigny, Rafe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=49OvCQAAQBAJ">A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)</a>. Boston: Brill, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9047411840" title="Special:BookSources/978-9047411840">978-9047411840</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Duncan-Jones" title="Richard Duncan-Jones">Duncan-Jones, Richard</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7cpkQQ-n0V8C">Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521892896" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521892896">978-0521892896</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://capitolini.info/scu03247/?lang=en">'Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905175622/http://capitolini.info/scu03247/?lang=en">Archived</a> 5 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Musei Capitolini.</li> <li>Gagarin, Michael. The Oxford encyclopaedia of ancient Greece and Rome. Volume 7, Temples – Zoology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195170726" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195170726">978-0195170726</a>.</li> <li>Giacosa, Giorgio. Women of the Caesars: their lives and portraits on coins. Translated from Italian by R. Ross Holloway. Milan: Edizioni Arte e Moneta, 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0839001932" title="Special:BookSources/0839001932">0839001932</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Frank_Gilliam" title="James Frank Gilliam">Gilliam, J. F.</a> 'The Plague under Marcus Aurelius'. <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Philology" title="American Journal of Philology">American Journal of Philology</a> 82.3 (1961): 225–251. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F292367">10.2307/292367</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/292367">292367</a>.</li> <li>Gnecchi, Francesco. I medaglioni Romani, 3 Vols, Milan, 1912. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6529816">6529816</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(classicist)" title="Michael Grant (classicist)">Grant, Michael</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ql0fDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT29">The Antonines: the Roman Empire in transition</a>. London: Routledge, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317972105" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317972105">978-1317972105</a>.</li> <li>Grant, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXc1uk30FIYC">The Climax Of Rome</a>. London: Orion, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780222769" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780222769">978-1780222769</a>.</li> <li>Haas, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17195627">The Antonine plague</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200428054452/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17195627">Archived</a> 28 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in French). Bulletin de l'Académie Nationale de Médecine. Académie nationale de médecine. 190 (2006): 1093–1098. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/958470753">958470753</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Hadot" title="Pierre Hadot">Hadot, Pierre</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3dLVyyDE-vQC">The inner citadel: the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius</a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674461710" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674461710">978-0674461710</a>.</li> <li>Hays, Gregory. Meditations. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1842126752" title="Special:BookSources/978-1842126752">978-1842126752</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolidayHanselman2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Holiday" title="Ryan Holiday">Holiday, Ryan</a>; Hanselman, Stephen (2020). "Marcus Aurelius the Philosopher King". Lives of the Stoics. New York: Portfolio/Penguin. pp. 279–299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0525541875" title="Special:BookSources/978-0525541875"><bdi>978-0525541875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marcus+Aurelius+the+Philosopher+King&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Stoics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E279-%3C%2Fspan%3E299&rft.pub=Portfolio%2FPenguin&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0525541875&rft.aulast=Holiday&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft.au=Hanselman%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcus+Aurelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Irvine, William B. A Guide to the Good Life: The Ancient Art of Stoic Joy. Oxford University Press, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1522632733" title="Special:BookSources/978-1522632733">978-1522632733</a>.</li> <li>Kemezis, Adam M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YkilBAAAQBAJ">Greek Narratives of the Roman Empire under the Severans: Cassius Dio, Philostratus and Herodian</a>. Cambridge University Press, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107062726" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107062726">978-1107062726</a>.</li> <li>Kleiner, Fred S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IJrN8rDirxkC">Gardner's art through the ages. Volume II: the western perspective</a>. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0495573555" title="Special:BookSources/978-0495573555">978-0495573555</a>.</li> <li>Le Bohec, Yann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IFWSAgAAQBAJ">The Imperial Roman Army</a>. Routledge, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135955137" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135955137">978-1135955137</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Levick" title="Barbara Levick">Levick, Barbara M.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oVapAgAAQBAJ">Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age</a>. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199702176" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199702176">978-0199702176</a>.</li> <li>Magill, Frank N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wyKaVFZqbdUC">Dictionary of World Biography</a>. London: Routledge, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1579580407" title="Special:BookSources/978-1579580407">978-1579580407</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Mattingly" title="Harold Mattingly">Mattingly, Harold</a>; Sydenham, Edward A. The Roman imperial coinage. Vol. III, Antoninus Pius to Commodus. London: Spink & Son, 1930. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/768929523">768929523</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Mellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Mellor">Mellor, Ronald</a>, review of Edward Champlin's Fronto and Antonine Rome, <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Philology" title="American Journal of Philology">American Journal of Philology</a> 103:4 (1982).</li> <li>Merrony, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LkgrDwAAQBAJ">The Plight of Rome in the Fifth Century AD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119170415/https://books.google.com/books?id=LkgrDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> 19 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. London: Routledge, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351702782" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351702782">978-1351702782</a>.</li> <li>McLaughlin, Raoul. Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India, and China. London & New York: Continuum, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847252357" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847252357">978-1847252357</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_McLynn" title="Frank McLynn">McLynn, Frank</a>. Marcus Aurelius: A Life. New York: Da Capo Press, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0306819162" title="Special:BookSources/978-0306819162">978-0306819162</a>.</li> <li>McLynn, Frank. Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor. London: Bodley Head, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0224072922" title="Special:BookSources/978-0224072922">978-0224072922</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Millar" title="Fergus Millar">Millar, Fergus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IA-YlZqHv90C">The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.–A.D. 337</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319112407/https://books.google.com/books?id=IA-YlZqHv90C">Archived</a> 19 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674778863" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674778863">978-0674778863</a>.</li> <li>Pulleyblank, Edwin G.; Leslie, D. D.; Gardiner, K. H. J. 'The Roman Empire as Known to Han China'. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1999. 119 (1). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F605541">10.2307/605541</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/605541">605541</a>.</li> <li>Reed, J. Eugene. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PTnuAAAAMAAJ">The Lives of the Roman Emperors and Their Associates from Julius Cæsar (B.C. 100) to Agustulus (A.D. 476)</a>. Philadelphia, PA: Gebbie & Company, 1883.</li> <li>Robertson, D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xGBbDwAAQBAJ">How to Think Like a Roman Emperor: The Stoic Philosophy of Marcus Aurelius</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190804171626/https://books.google.gr/books?id=xGBbDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> 4 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2019.</li> <li>Rohrbacher, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gDwGCwAAQBAJ">The Play of Allusion in the Historia Augusta</a>. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299306045" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299306045">978-0299306045</a>.</li> <li>Sánchez, Jorge Pisa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj5Vx3gIPhwC">Breve historia de Hispania: La fascinante historia de Hispania, desde Viriato hasta el esplendor con los emperadores Trajano y Adriano. Los protagonistas, la cultura, la religión y el desarrollo económico y social de una de las provincias más ricas del Imperio romano [Brief history of Hispania: the fascinating history of Hispania, from Viriato to the splendor with the Emperors Trajan and Hadrian. The protagonists, culture, religion, and the economic and social development of one of the richest provinces of the Roman Empire]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] (in Spanish). Ediciones Nowtilus S.L., 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8497637695" title="Special:BookSources/978-8497637695">978-8497637695</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Stephens" title="William O. Stephens">Stephens, William O.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/marcus-aurelius-a-guide-for-the-perplexed-9781441125613/">Marcus Aurelius: A Guide for the Perplexed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140601205412/http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/marcus-aurelius-a-guide-for-the-perplexed-9781441125613/">Archived</a> 1 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. London: Continuum, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441125613" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441125613">978-1441125613</a>.</li> <li>Stertz, Stephen A. 'Marcus Aurelius as Ideal Emperor in Late-Antique Greek Thought'. The Classical World 70:7 (1977): 433–439. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4348712">10.2307/4348712</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4348712">4348712</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Syme" title="Ronald Syme">Syme, Ronald</a>. 'The Ummidii'. Historia 17:1 (1968): 72–105. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4435015">4435015</a>.</li> <li>Van Ackeren, Marcel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nsdkQA735p4C">A Companion to Marcus Aurelius</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909022406/https://books.google.com/books?id=nsdkQA735p4C">Archived</a> 9 September 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. New York: Malden, MA : Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405192859" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405192859">978-1405192859</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/784124210">784124210</a>.</li> <li>Young, Gary K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E5yCAgAAQBAJ">Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy 31 BC – AD 305</a>. London: Routledge, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134547937" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134547937">978-1134547937</a>.</li> <li>Yü, Ying-shih. 'Han Foreign Relations', in Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe (eds), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A2HKxK5N2sAC">The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC–AD 220</a>, 377–462. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521243278" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521243278">978-0521243278</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Marcus Aurelius at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Antoninus_Augustus" class="extiw" title="c:Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" class="extiw" title="q:Marcus Aurelius">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Marcus_Aurelius" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Marcus Aurelius">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Nature_philosophy" class="extiw" title="v:Nature philosophy">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Thoughts_of_the_Emperor_Marcus_Aurelius_Antoninus" class="extiw" title="s:The Thoughts of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus">The Thoughts of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Marcus_Aurelius_Antoninus" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Marcus Aurelius Antoninus">Marcus Aurelius Antoninus</a>". <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 2. 1907.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marcus+Aurelius+Antoninus&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcus+Aurelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Marcus_Aurelius_Antoninus" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Marcus Aurelius Antoninus">Marcus Aurelius Antoninus</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 693–696.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marcus+Aurelius+Antoninus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E693-%3C%2Fspan%3E696&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcus+Aurelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Aurelius_Antoninus,_Marcus" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Aurelius Antoninus, Marcus">Aurelius Antoninus, Marcus</a>". <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work">The New Student's Reference Work</a>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aurelius+Antoninus%2C+Marcus&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcus+Aurelius" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> Greek <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AE%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="s:el:Μάρκος Αυρήλιος">Μάρκος Αὐρήλιος </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/marcus-aurelius">Works by Marcus Aurelius in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/998">Works by Marcus Aurelius</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Aurelius%2C%20Marcus%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Marcus%20Aurelius%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Aurelius%2C%20Marcus%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Marcus%20Aurelius%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Aurelius%2C%20M%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Marcus%20Aurelius%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Aurelius%2C%20Marcus%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Marcus%20Aurelius%22%29%20OR%20%28%22121-180%22%20AND%20Aurelius%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Marcus Aurelius</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/4398">Works by Marcus Aurelius</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/marcus/">Marcus Aurelius</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627115759/http://www.iep.utm.edu/marcus/">Archived</a> 27 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Marcus Aurelius </div><div><a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Antonine dynasty</a></div>Born: 26 April 121 Died: 17 March 180 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman emperor</a> 161–180 With: <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> (161–169) <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> (177–180) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Commodus</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Ceccius_Justinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Ceccius Justinus (page does not exist)">M. Ceccius Justinus</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Bassus_(consul_139)" title="Gaius Julius Bassus (consul 139)">G. Julius Bassus</a></div>as suffect consuls </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> January–April 140 With: Antoninus Pius </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Antonius_Isauricus" title="Quintus Antonius Isauricus">Q. Antonius Isauricus</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Aurelius_Flaccus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Aurelius Flaccus (page does not exist)">L. Aurelius Flaccus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Marcius_Celer_Marcus_Calpurnius_Longus" title="Lucius Marcius Celer Marcus Calpurnius Longus">L. Marcius Celer M. Calpurnius Longus</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Decimus_Velius_Fidus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decimus Velius Fidus (page does not exist)">D. Velius Fidus</a></div>as suffect consuls </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Roman consul January–February 145 With: Antoninus Pius </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Plautius_Lamia_Silvanus" title="Lucius Plautius Lamia Silvanus">L. Plautius Lamia Silvanus</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Poblicola_Priscus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Poblicola Priscus (page does not exist)">L. Poblicola Priscus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Oclatius_Severus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius Oclatius Severus">Ti. Oclatius Severus</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Novius_Sabinianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novius Sabinianus (page does not exist)">Novius Sabinianus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Roman consul January 161 With: Lucius Verus </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Libo_(consul_161)" title="Marcus Annius Libo (consul 161)">M. Annius Libo</a> <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Camurius_Numisius_Junior" title="Quintus Camurius Numisius Junior">Q. Camurius Numisius Junior</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant423" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant423" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> and empresses regnant</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> 27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a> 235–284</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a> & <a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a> 284–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> 395–476</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius" title="Honorius">Honorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a> 395–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/ Byzantine Empire</a> 641–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a> & <a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a> & <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a> & <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharaohs32" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharaohs" title="Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharaohs" title="Template talk:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharaohs32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Protodynastic_to_First_Intermediate_Period_(32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> to <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a>  (<3150–2040 BC)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty90" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female♀</li></ul></li> <li>uncertain</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> (pre-3150 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni-Neith" title="Ni-Neith">Ni-Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat-Hor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat-Hor">Hat-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu (pharaoh)">Pu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_(pharaoh)" title="A (pharaoh)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stork_(pharaoh)" title="Stork (pharaoh)">Stork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (pharaoh)">Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic</a> (3150–2686 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a> (2686–2181 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjes" title="Sedjes">Sedjes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferka" title="Neferka">Neferka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefer#Pharaoh" title="Nefer">Nefer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1st Intermediate</a> (2181–2040 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">VII</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare III Neby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare IV Khendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare V Tereru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare VI Pepiseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Iby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadjkare" title="Wadjkare">Wadjkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuiqer" title="Khuiqer">Khuiqer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khui" title="Khui">Khui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iytjenu" title="Iytjenu">Iytjenu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">IX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhotep_(pharaoh)" title="Imhotep (pharaoh)">Imhotep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period_(2040–1550_BC)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a>  (2040–1550 BC)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty90" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female♀</li></ul></li> <li>uncertain</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> (2040–1802 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em">Nubia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segerseni" title="Segerseni">Segerseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ini" title="Qakare Ini">Qakare Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyibkhentre" title="Iyibkhentre">Iyibkhentre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seankhibtawy_Seankhibra" title="Seankhibtawy Seankhibra">Seankhibtawy Seankhibra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2nd Intermediate</a> (1802–1550 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Khutawy_Sobekhotep" title="Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep">Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonbef" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonbef">Sonbef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerikare" title="Nerikare">Nerikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkare" title="Sekhemkare">Sekhemkare Amenemhat V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameny_Qemau" title="Ameny Qemau">Ameny Qemau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotepibre" title="Hotepibre">Hotepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iufni" title="Iufni">Iufni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet VI">Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenkare_Nebnuni" title="Semenkare Nebnuni">Semenkare Nebnuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepibre" title="Sehetepibre">Sehetepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare" title="Sewadjkare">Sewadjkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedjemibre" title="Nedjemibre">Nedjemibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaankhre_Sobekhotep" title="Khaankhre Sobekhotep">Khaankhre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renseneb" title="Renseneb">Renseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor" title="Hor">Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemrekhutawy_Khabaw" title="Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw">Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkheperew" title="Djedkheperew">Djedkheperew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebkay" title="Sebkay">Sebkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjefakare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedjefakare">Sedjefakare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wegaf" title="Wegaf">Wegaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khendjer" title="Khendjer">Khendjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imyremeshaw" title="Imyremeshaw">Imyremeshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepkare_Intef" title="Sehetepkare Intef">Sehetepkare Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meribre" title="Seth Meribre">Seth Meribre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_III" title="Sobekhotep III">Sobekhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_I" title="Neferhotep I">Neferhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihathor" title="Sihathor">Sihathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_IV" title="Sobekhotep IV">Sobekhotep IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Sobekhotep" title="Merhotepre Sobekhotep">Merhotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobekhotep VI">Khahotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahibre_Ibiau" title="Wahibre Ibiau">Wahibre Ibiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneferre_Ay" title="Merneferre Ay">Merneferre Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Ini" title="Merhotepre Ini">Merhotepre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankhenre_Sewadjtu" title="Sankhenre Sewadjtu">Sankhenre Sewadjtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersekhemre_Ined" title="Mersekhemre Ined">Mersekhemre Ined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_Hori" title="Sewadjkare Hori">Sewadjkare Hori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkawre_Sobekhotep" title="Merkawre Sobekhotep">Merkawre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mershepsesre_Ini_II" title="Mershepsesre Ini II">Mershepsesre Ini II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewahenre_Senebmiu" title="Sewahenre Senebmiu">Sewahenre Senebmiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkheperre" title="Merkheperre">Merkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkare" title="Merkare">Merkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjare_Mentuhotep" title="Sewadjare Mentuhotep">Sewadjare Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seheqenre_Sankhptahi" title="Seheqenre Sankhptahi">Seheqenre Sankhptahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakbim_Sekhaenre" title="Yakbim Sekhaenre">Yakbim Sekhaenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ammu_Nubwoserre" title="Ya'ammu Nubwoserre">Ya'ammu Nubwoserre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qareh" class="mw-redirect" title="Qareh">Qareh Khawoserre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aahotepre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aahotepre">'Ammu Ahotepre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheshi" title="Sheshi">Maaibre Sheshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehesy" title="Nehesy">Nehesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakherewre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakherewre">Khakherewre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebefawre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebefawre">Nebefawre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehebre" title="Sehebre">Sehebre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdjefare" title="Merdjefare">Merdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_III" title="Sewadjkare III">Sewadjkare III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebdjefare" title="Nebdjefare">Nebdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebsenre" title="Nebsenre">Nebsenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekheperenre" title="Sekheperenre">Sekheperenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebnum" title="Bebnum">Bebnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Apepi" title="'Apepi">'Apepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuya" title="Nuya">Nuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazad" title="Wazad">Wazad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheneh_(pharaoh)" title="Sheneh (pharaoh)">Sheneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenshek" title="Shenshek">Shenshek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamure" title="Khamure">Khamure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakareb" title="Yakareb">Yakareb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqub-Har" title="Yaqub-Har">Yaqub-Har</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharek" title="Sharek">Sharek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salitis" title="Salitis">Salitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanassi" title="Yanassi">Yanassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apepi" title="Apepi">Apepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djehuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Djehuti">Djehuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VIII" title="Sobekhotep VIII">Sobekhotep VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_III" title="Neferhotep III">Neferhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seankhenre_Mentuhotepi" title="Seankhenre Mentuhotepi">Mentuhotepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiryraw_I" title="Nebiryraw I">Nebiryraw I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiriau_II" title="Nebiriau II">Nebiriau II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenre" title="Semenre">Semenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebiankh" title="Bebiankh">Bebiankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Shedwast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekhemre Shedwast">Sekhemre Shedwast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_I" title="Dedumose I">Dedumose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_II" title="Dedumose II">Dedumose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedankhre_Montemsaf" title="Djedankhre Montemsaf">Montuemsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merankhre_Mentuhotep" title="Merankhre Mentuhotep">Merankhre Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_IV" title="Senusret IV">Senusret IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_III" title="Pepi III">Pepi III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senebkay" title="Senebkay">Senebkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepwawetemsaf" title="Wepwawetemsaf">Wepwawetemsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantjeny" title="Pantjeny">Pantjeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snaaib" title="Snaaib">Snaaib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahotep" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahotep">Rahotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebmaatre" title="Nebmaatre">Nebmaatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_I" title="Sobekemsaf I">Sobekemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_II" title="Sobekemsaf II">Sobekemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Wepmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubkheperre_Intef" title="Nubkheperre Intef">Nubkheperre Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senakhtenre_Ahmose" title="Senakhtenre Ahmose">Senakhtenre Ahmose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seqenenre_Tao" title="Seqenenre Tao">Seqenenre Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Kingdom_and_Third_Intermediate_Period_(1550–664_BC)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a>  (1550–664 BC)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty90" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Pharaohs  (male</li><li>female♀)</li><li>uncertain</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> (1550–1070 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausret" title="Tausret">Tausret</a>♀</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">XX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3rd Intermediate</a> (1069–664 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priests of Amun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herihor" title="Herihor">Herihor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piankh" title="Piankh">Piankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_I" title="Pinedjem I">Pinedjem I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masaharta" title="Masaharta">Masaharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkhonsuefankh" title="Djedkhonsuefankh">Djedkhonsuefankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkheperre" title="Menkheperre">Menkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smendes_II" title="Smendes II">Smendes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_II" title="Pinedjem II">Pinedjem II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_III" title="Psusennes III">Psusennes III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">XXII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutkheperre_Shoshenq" title="Tutkheperre Shoshenq">Tutkheperre Shoshenq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">XXIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iuput_I" title="Iuput I">Iuput I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VII" title="Shoshenq VII">Shoshenq VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">XXV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Late_to_Roman_Period_(664_BC–313_AD)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Period</a> (664 BC–313 AD)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty90" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female♀</li></ul></li> <li>uncertain</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a> (664–332 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammeris" title="Ammeris">Ammeris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht_II" title="Tefnakht II">Tefnakht II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekauba" title="Nekauba">Nekauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">XXVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petubastis_III" title="Petubastis III">Petubastis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammetichus_IV" title="Psammetichus IV">Psammetichus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrtaeus" title="Amyrtaeus">Amyrtaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_I" title="Nepherites I">Nepherites I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakor" title="Hakor">Hakor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammuthes" title="Psammuthes">Psammuthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_II" title="Nepherites II">Nepherites II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthis" title="Muthis">Muthis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">XXX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teos_of_Egypt" title="Teos of Egypt">Teos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabash" title="Khabash">Khabash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Arses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> (332–30 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II" title="Cleopatra II">Cleopatra II</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III" title="Cleopatra III">Cleopatra III</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III" title="Berenice III">Berenice III</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphaneia</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_Tryphaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI Tryphaena">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIV Philopator">Ptolemy XIV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a> (30 BC–313 AD)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XXXIV23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">XXXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrianus_Minor" title="Macrianus Minor">Macrianus Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietus" title="Quietus">Quietus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mussius_Aemilianus" title="Lucius Mussius Aemilianus">Lucius Mussius Aemilianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dynastic_genealogies32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dynastic genealogies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="First Dynasty of Egypt family tree">1st</a></li> <li>2nd</li> <li>3rd</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt family tree">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st,_22nd_%26_23rd_dynasties_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="21st, 22nd & 23rd dynasties of Egypt family tree">21st to 23rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">24th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">25th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">27th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">30th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">31st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty#Family_tree" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic family tree">Ptolemaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stoicism129" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stoicism" title="Template:Stoicism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stoicism" title="Template talk:Stoicism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stoicism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stoicism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stoicism129" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stoic_philosophers" title="List of Stoic philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno of Citium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanthes" title="Cleanthes">Cleanthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Babylon" title="Diogenes of Babylon">Diogenes of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipater_of_Tarsus" title="Antipater of Tarsus">Antipater of Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panaetius" title="Panaetius">Panaetius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Annaeus_Cornutus" title="Lucius Annaeus Cornutus">Cornutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Musonius_Rufus" title="Gaius Musonius Rufus">Musonius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stoic_philosophers" title="List of Stoic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Stoicism_terms" title="Glossary of Stoicism terms">Philosophical concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Stoic_logic" title="Stoic logic">Logic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiaphora" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalepsis" title="Katalepsis">Katalepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diairesis" title="Diairesis">Diairesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Stoic_physics" title="Stoic physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physis" title="Physis">Physis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_(classical_element)" title="Fire (classical element)">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneuma" title="Pneuma">Pneuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ethics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoic_passions" title="Stoic passions">Pathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheia" title="Apatheia">Apatheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathekon" title="Kathekon">Kathekon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikei%C3%B4sis" title="Oikeiôsis">Oikeiôsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohairesis" title="Prohairesis">Prohairesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sage_(philosophy)" title="Sage (philosophy)">Sophos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_Passions" title="On Passions">On Passions (Chrysippus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradoxa_Stoicorum" title="Paradoxa Stoicorum">Paradoxa Stoicorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistulae_Morales_ad_Lucilium" title="Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium">Letters to Lucilius (Seneca)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger#Essays" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca's Essays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca%27s_Consolations" title="Seneca's Consolations">Seneca's Consolations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Musonius_Rufus#Writings" title="Gaius Musonius Rufus">Lectures (Musonius Rufus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourses_of_Epictetus" title="Discourses of Epictetus">Discourses of Epictetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchiridion_of_Epictetus" title="Enchiridion of Epictetus">Enchiridion of Epictetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditations" title="Meditations">Meditations of Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicorum_Veterum_Fragmenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta">Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoa_Poikile" title="Stoa Poikile">Stoa Poikile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoic_Opposition" title="Stoic Opposition">Stoic Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neostoicism" title="Neostoicism">Neostoicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4547" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4547" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000011031946X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/102895066">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/54205/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhmR3hg6pjRbXwhWgVt8C">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118577468">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80051702">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11914476c">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11914476c">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00431918">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV010390">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35966523">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981001808&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX932158">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.bibnat.ro:8991/F/?func=direct&local_base=NLR10&doc_number=000136425">Romania</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/272140">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06867452X">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90564087">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000027790&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000083919&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000166929">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=150699">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000026945">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200403589">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9cdphh3v38g0d">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810673347405606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/54003">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007264913605171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000080833">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523528506706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14794030">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00596148?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500115701">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/517aed2c-8edd-4f31-b649-27cb9125436b">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118577468">FID</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1166401">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118577468.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118577468">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027008614">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6c851bs">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/68488">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&oldid=1276127666">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&oldid=1276127666</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marcus_Aurelius" title="Category:Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:121_births" title="Category:121 births">121 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:180_deaths" title="Category:180 deaths">180 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2nd-century_philosophers" title="Category:2nd-century philosophers">2nd-century philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2nd-century_Roman_consuls" title="Category:2nd-century Roman consuls">2nd-century Roman consuls</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2nd-century_Roman_emperors" title="Category:2nd-century Roman emperors">2nd-century Roman emperors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aelii" title="Category:Aelii">Aelii</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_adoptees" title="Category:Ancient Roman adoptees">Ancient Roman adoptees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_philhellenes" title="Category:Ancient Roman philhellenes">Ancient Roman philhellenes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Annii" title="Category:Annii">Annii</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Augurs_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Category:Augurs of the Roman Empire">Augurs of the Roman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aurelii_Fulvi" title="Category:Aurelii Fulvi">Aurelii Fulvi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_the_Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Category:Burials at the Castel Sant'Angelo">Burials at the Castel Sant'Angelo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deified_Roman_emperors" title="Category:Deified Roman emperors">Deified Roman emperors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Glycon_cult" title="Category:Glycon cult">Glycon cult</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek-language_writers" title="Category:Greek-language writers">Greek-language writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hellenistic_writers" title="Category:Hellenistic writers">Hellenistic writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moneyers_of_ancient_Rome" title="Category:Moneyers of ancient Rome">Moneyers of ancient Rome</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Category:Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine dynasty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_law" title="Category:Philosophers of law">Philosophers of law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_mind" title="Category:Philosophers of mind">Philosophers of mind</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_Roman_Italy" title="Category:Philosophers of Roman Italy">Philosophers of Roman Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_writers" title="Category:Philosophy writers">Philosophy writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophers" title="Category:Political philosophers">Political philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_pharaohs" title="Category:Roman pharaohs">Roman pharaohs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman-era_Stoic_philosophers" title="Category:Roman-era Stoic philosophers">Roman-era Stoic philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophers" title="Category:Social philosophers">Social philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stoic_philosophers" title="Category:Stoic philosophers">Stoic philosophers</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_December_2024" title="Category:Use British English from December 2024">Use British English from December 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2024">Use dmy dates from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_philosopher_with_embed_equal_yes" title="Category:Pages using infobox philosopher with embed equal yes">Pages using infobox philosopher with embed equal yes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Latin_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Latin IPA">Pages with Latin IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_references_cleanup_from_June_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia references cleanup from June 2023">Wikipedia references cleanup from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_references_cleanup" title="Category:All articles needing references cleanup">All articles needing references cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_June_2023" title="Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2023">Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify" title="Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify">All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_August_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2023">Articles with dead external links from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)">Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_mismatch" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch">Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_citation_to_the_NSRW" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW">Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_citation_to_the_NSRW_with_an_wstitle_parameter" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter">Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 February 2025, at 01:15 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Marcus Aurelius</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 109 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5f46f78fdb-pv2zz","wgBackendResponseTime":159,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.865","walltime":"3.333","ppvisitednodes":{"value":31213,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":653089,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":47148,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":21,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":464944,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2577.791 1 -total"," 16.72% 431.094 1 Template:Nerva–Antonine_family_tree"," 13.98% 360.463 3 Template:Infobox"," 13.42% 345.945 1 Template:Infobox_royalty"," 8.67% 223.480 3 Template:Reflist"," 8.41% 216.694 26 Template:Tree_chart"," 7.29% 187.834 1 Template:IPA"," 6.62% 170.565 38 Template:ISBN"," 5.29% 136.272 7 Template:Cite_web"," 4.88% 125.725 62 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.250","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":29410053,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","360","24.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","20.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","140","9.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","5.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","5.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","80","5.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","4.1"],["gsub","40","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","40","2.7"],["[others]","220","15.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-7cb9d4cb64-pjbtr","timestamp":"20250217151555","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Marcus Aurelius","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marcus_Aurelius","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1430","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1430","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-02T22:32:07Z","dateModified":"2025-02-17T01:15:19Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ec\/MSR-ra-61-b-1-DM.jpg","headline":"Roman emperor from 161 to 180 and Stoic philosopher"}</script> </body> </html>