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class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Sofiya Kalistratova</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;">Софья Каллистратова</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofiya_Kalistratova.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6d/Sofiya_Kalistratova.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="310" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Sofiya Vasilyevna Kalistratova</div><br />19 September [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 6 September] 1907<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Rylsk,_Russia" title="Rylsk, Russia">Rylsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kursk_Governorate" title="Kursk Governorate">Kursk Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="The Russian Empire">the Russian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">5 December 1989<span style="display:none">(1989-12-05)</span> (aged 82)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Russian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (1907–1917) → <a href="/wiki/RSFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="RSFSR">RSFSR</a> (1917–1922) → <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (1922–1989)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Soviet <a href="/wiki/Public_defender" title="Public defender">public defense lawyer</a> in trials of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">human rights activism with participation in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Helsinki_Group" title="Moscow Helsinki Group">Moscow Helsinki Group</a> and trials of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Dissident_movement_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissident movement in the Soviet Union">dissident movement in the Soviet Union</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sofiya Vasilyevna Kalistratova</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Со́фья Васи́льевна Калистра́това</span>), also known as <b>Sofia Kallistratova</b> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Софья Каллистратова</span></span>; 19 September [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 6 September] 1907 – 5 December 1989) was a <a href="/wiki/Public_defender" title="Public defender">public defense lawyer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. She defended various <a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a> and from 1977 was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Helsinki_Group" title="Moscow Helsinki Group">Moscow Helsinki Group</a> (MHG), distributing information about human rights violations in the Soviet Union. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sofiya_Kalistratova&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KallistratovaBook.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/KallistratovaBook.jpg/220px-KallistratovaBook.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/KallistratovaBook.jpg/330px-KallistratovaBook.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/KallistratovaBook.jpg/440px-KallistratovaBook.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3114" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption><i>Protectress</i>, the 1997 book about Kalistratova</figcaption></figure><p>. </p><p>Born in the town of <a href="/wiki/Rylsk,_Russia" title="Rylsk, Russia">Rylsk</a>, she graduated from the Moscow State University, specializing in the field of law. Unable to find a position in prosecutor's office, she began her activity as public defender at the Moscow College of Advocates (Московская Коллегия адвокатов). According to rumors, in the 1960s, the officer who was issuing her with a new passport, misspelled the last name "Kallistratova" as "Kalistratova". Sofiya did not make a big deal out of it and signed the documents as Kalistratova ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-АВк_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-АВк-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She joined the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Helsinki_Group" title="Moscow Helsinki Group">Moscow Helsinki Group</a> as a legal consultant. The <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> searched Kalistratova's apartment several times and confiscated typewriters and documents. Some of Kalistratova's friends were arrested. The activity of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Helsinki_Group" title="Moscow Helsinki Group">Moscow Helsinki Group</a> became nearly impossible when <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> started his campaign of repression against dissidents.<sup id="cite_ref-ANDR_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANDR-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporters claim that all their work defending the human right to obtain, discuss, and distribute information was legal.<sup id="cite_ref-decla_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decla-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-x_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As many other human rights defenders, she was accused of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Anti-Sovietism</a>; the charges were later dropped. In 1987, she tried to initiate a campaign for amnesty for <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a>, material regarding violations of the law between 1917 and 1985 were published in the mass media. The popular question of correspondents of newspapers was: "In your family, how have your views on the politics of the Soviet Union changed since Glasnost?", and the relatives of Kalistratova could answer: Our point of view did not change during this glasnost. That time, various literators<sup id="cite_ref-АВк_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-АВк-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used to say "We did not know" about the period 1917–1986, and, especially, about the <a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_stagnation" class="mw-redirect" title="Brezhnev stagnation">Brezhnev stagnation</a> (1966–1985). She usually replied: "You are lying. You do not look like an idiot. You DID know, but you were afraid to talk about it."<sup id="cite_ref-A_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yuly_Kim" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuly Kim">Yuly Kim</a> dedicated her a song.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sofiya_Kalistratova&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kalistratova died in 1989 and was interred in Vostryakovskoye Cemetery in Moscow. For her activism, she was awarded the medal of the Guild of Russian Advocates. In 2003, a book about her life was published.<sup id="cite_ref-Pechuro_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pechuro-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sofiya_Kalistratova&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKallistratova,_Sofia1977" class="citation journal cs1">Kallistratova, Sofia (July–September 1977). "Comments on the draft Constitution". <i>A Chronicle of Human Rights in the USSR</i> (27): 56–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Chronicle+of+Human+Rights+in+the+USSR&rft.atitle=Comments+on+the+draft+Constitution&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=56-64&rft.date=1977-07%2F1977-09&rft.au=Kallistratova%2C+Sofia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofiya+Kalistratova" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sofiya_Kalistratova&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-АВк-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-АВк_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-АВк_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kristina Gorelik</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svobodanews.ru/Transcript/2007/03/10/20070310170023667.html">У правозащитного движения женское лицо</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANDR-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ANDR_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/annals/sakharov/sakharov_english_txt/e014.txt">Letter</a> from <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> to the Central Committee (10 July 1970) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311040614/http://www.yale.edu/annals/sakharov/sakharov_english_txt/e014.txt">Archived</a> 11 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-decla-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-decla_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110531135656/http://www.osce.org/documents/html/pdftohtml/4044_en.pdf.html">"Documents Library - OSCE"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osce.org/documents/html/pdftohtml/4044_en.pdf.html">the original</a> on 31 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documents+Library+-+OSCE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Fdocuments%2Fhtml%2Fpdftohtml%2F4044_en.pdf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofiya+Kalistratova" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww1.unhchr.ch/">"UNHCHR Resources and Information"</a>. <i>ww1.unhchr.ch</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ww1.unhchr.ch&rft.atitle=UNHCHR+Resources+and+Information.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww1.unhchr.ch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofiya+Kalistratova" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-x-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-x_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conference on Security And Co-Operation in Europe Final Act. Helsinki, 1975.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Podrabinek2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Podrabinek" title="Alexander Podrabinek">Alexander Podrabinek</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magazines.russ.ru/znamia/2015/4/60p-pr.html"><bdi lang="ru">Наша кампания за амнистию</bdi></a> [Our campaign for amnesty]. <i><a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(magazine)" title="Zvezda (magazine)">Zvezda</a></i> (in Russian) (4)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zvezda&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8E&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Alexander+Podrabinek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagazines.russ.ru%2Fznamia%2F2015%2F4%2F60p-pr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofiya+Kalistratova" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memo.ru/library/books/sw/chapt55.htm">"Open letter to writer Chingiz Aitmatov, 5 May 1986; in Russian: С. В. Калистратова. Открытое письмо писателю Чингизу Айтматову"</a>. <i>/www.memo.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%2Fwww.memo.ru&rft.atitle=Open+letter+to+writer+Chingiz+Aitmatov%2C+5+May+1986%3B+in+Russian%3A+%D0%A1.+%D0%92.+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.+%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8E+%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%83+%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memo.ru%2Flibrary%2Fbooks%2Fsw%2Fchapt55.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofiya+Kalistratova" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim,_Yuly" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kim, Yuly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memo.ru/library/books/sw/chapt18.htm">"Удивительная женщина (статья с текстом "Адвокатского вальса")"</a> [Wonderful woman. (An article with the text of <i>Advocatory waltz</i>)] (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%28%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F+%D1%81+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC+%22%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B0%22%29&rft.pub=Memorial&rft.au=Kim%2C+Yuly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memo.ru%2Flibrary%2Fbooks%2Fsw%2Fchapt18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofiya+Kalistratova" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pechuro-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pechuro_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.web-malina.com/getbook.php?bid=5700&page=1">"Страница 1 из 75: Заступница: Адвокат С.В. Каллистратова - сост. Печуро Е."</a> <i>lib.web-malina.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lib.web-malina.com&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+1+%D0%B8%D0%B7+75%3A+%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%3A+%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%A1.%D0%92.+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+-+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE+%D0%95.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.web-malina.com%2Fgetbook.php%3Fbid%3D5700%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofiya+Kalistratova" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.prometey.org/?id=1844">"Публичная Электронная Библиотека » сост. Печуро Е. » Заступница: Адвокат С.В. Каллистратова"</a>. <i>lib.prometey.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lib.prometey.org&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0+%C2%BB+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE+%D0%95.+%C2%BB+%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%3A+%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%A1.%D0%92.+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.prometey.org%2F%3Fid%3D1844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASofiya+Kalistratova" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://bibliotera.org.ua/book.php?id=1153866711&s=81">http://bibliotera.org.ua/book.php?id=1153866711&s=81</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sofiya_Kalistratova&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sofia_Kalistratova" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sofia Kalistratova">Sofia Kalistratova</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E3DB1338F93AA15754C0A963948260&sec=health&pagewanted=all"><i>New York Times</i> article</a>, 29 July 1985</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070520195750/http://www.mhg.ru/english/18E49C2">Moscow Helsinki Group website</a> (in 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_movement_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights movement in the Soviet Union">Human rights movement in the Soviet Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/Initiative_Group_for_the_Defense_of_Human_Rights_in_the_USSR" title="Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR">Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Human_Rights_in_the_USSR" title="Committee on Human Rights in the USSR">Committee on Human Rights in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solzhenitsyn_Aid_Fund" title="Solzhenitsyn Aid Fund">Solzhenitsyn Aid Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Helsinki_Group" title="Moscow Helsinki Group">Moscow Helsinki Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Helsinki_Group" title="Ukrainian Helsinki Group">Ukrainian Helsinki Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Helsinki_Group" title="Lithuanian Helsinki Group">Lithuanian Helsinki Group</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Commission_to_Investigate_the_Use_of_Psychiatry_for_Political_Purposes" title="Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes">Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki-86" title="Helsinki-86">Helsinki-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Agursky" title="Mikhail Agursky">Mikhail Agursky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Aksyonov" title="Vasily Aksyonov">Vasily Aksyonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Alexeyeva" title="Lyudmila Alexeyeva">Lyudmila Alexeyeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Amalrik" title="Andrei Amalrik">Andrei Amalrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabua_Amirejibi" title="Chabua Amirejibi">Chabua Amirejibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Antonov-Ovseyenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Anton Antonov-Ovseyenko">Anton Antonov-Ovseyenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun%C4%81rs_Astra" title="Gunārs Astra">Gunārs Astra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Bakay" title="Mykola Bakay">Mykola Bakay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Barkova" title="Anna Barkova">Anna Barkova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_B%C4%83tr%C3%A2nac" title="Vasile Bătrânac">Vasile Bătrânac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkadiy_Belinkov" title="Arkadiy Belinkov">Arkadiy Belinkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev" title="Nikolai Berdyaev">Nikolai Berdyaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Yuri Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_Bogoraz" title="Larisa Bogoraz">Larisa Bogoraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bolonkin" title="Alexander Bolonkin">Alexander Bolonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelena_Bonner" title="Yelena Bonner">Yelena Bonner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Borodin" title="Leonid Borodin">Leonid Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bougrine" title="Vladimir Bougrine">Vladimir Bougrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky">Joseph Brodsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bukovsky" title="Vladimir Bukovsky">Vladimir Bukovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chalidze" title="Valery Chalidze">Valery Chalidze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Chernyi" title="Lev Chernyi">Lev Chernyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Chichibabin" title="Boris Chichibabin">Boris Chichibabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viacheslav_Chornovil" title="Viacheslav Chornovil">Viacheslav Chornovil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Chukovskaya" title="Lydia Chukovskaya">Lydia Chukovskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuli_Daniel" title="Yuli Daniel">Yuli Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadim_Delaunay" title="Vadim Delaunay">Vadim Delaunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Derevyankin" title="Andrey Derevyankin">Andrey Derevyankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Devdariani" title="David Devdariani">David Devdariani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Drach" title="Ivan Drach">Ivan Drach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Druzhnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Druzhnikov">Yuri Druzhnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Dzhemilev" title="Mustafa Dzhemilev">Mustafa Dzhemilev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Dziuba" title="Ivan Dziuba">Ivan Dziuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Esenin-Volpin" title="Alexander Esenin-Volpin">Alexander Esenin-Volpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Essas" title="Eliyahu Essas">Eliyahu Essas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Etkind" title="Efim Etkind">Efim Etkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fain" title="Benjamin Fain">Benjamin Fain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Fainberg" title="Viktor Fainberg">Viktor Fainberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moysey_Fishbein" title="Moysey Fishbein">Moysey Fishbein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Gabay" title="Ilya Gabay">Ilya Gabay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balys_Gajauskas" title="Balys Gajauskas">Balys Gajauskas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Galanskov" title="Yuri Galanskov">Yuri Galanskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Galich_(writer)" title="Alexander Galich (writer)">Alexander Galich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirsaid_Sultan-Galiev" title="Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev">Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zviad_Gamsakhurdia" title="Zviad Gamsakhurdia">Zviad Gamsakhurdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Gershuni" title="Vladimir Gershuni">Vladimir Gershuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ginzburg" title="Alexander Ginzburg">Alexander Ginzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgenia_Ginzburg" title="Yevgenia Ginzburg">Yevgenia Ginzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Gladilin" title="Anatoly Gladilin">Anatoly Gladilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Gluzman" class="mw-redirect" title="Semyon Gluzman">Semyon Gluzman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalya_Gorbanevskaya" title="Natalya Gorbanevskaya">Natalya Gorbanevskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Grigorenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Grigorenko">Pyotr Grigorenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Grigoryants" title="Sergei Grigoryants">Sergei Grigoryants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Grossman" title="Vasily Grossman">Vasily Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Guberman" title="Igor Guberman">Igor Guberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengiz_Gudava" title="Tengiz Gudava">Tengiz Gudava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paruyr_Hayrikyan" title="Paruyr Hayrikyan">Paruyr Hayrikyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Hel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Hel">Ivan Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksa_Hirnyk" title="Oleksa Hirnyk">Oleksa Hirnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Horbal" title="Mykola Horbal">Mykola Horbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Horyn" title="Bohdan Horyn">Bohdan Horyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Horyn" title="Mykhailo Horyn">Mykhailo Horyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Isayev" title="Grigory Isayev">Grigory Isayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Kagarlitsky" title="Boris Kagarlitsky">Boris Kagarlitsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romas_Kalanta" title="Romas Kalanta">Romas Kalanta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sofiya Kalistratova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihor_Kalynets" title="Ihor Kalynets">Ihor Kalynets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iryna_Kalynets" title="Iryna Kalynets">Iryna Kalynets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaliy_Kalynychenko" title="Vitaliy Kalynychenko">Vitaliy Kalynychenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dina_Kaminskaya" title="Dina Kaminskaya">Dina Kaminskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kandyba" title="Ivan Kandyba">Ivan Kandyba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Kholmyansky" title="Ephraim Kholmyansky">Ephraim Kholmyansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuliy_Kim" title="Yuliy Kim">Yuliy Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Klyuev" title="Nikolai Klyuev">Nikolai Klyuev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kopelev" title="Lev Kopelev">Lev Kopelev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Korczak" title="Boris Korczak">Boris Korczak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Koryagin" title="Anatoly Koryagin">Anatoly Koryagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum_Korzhavin" title="Nahum Korzhavin">Nahum Korzhavin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merab_Kostava" title="Merab Kostava">Merab Kostava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lina_Kostenko" title="Lina Kostenko">Lina Kostenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kovalev" title="Sergei Kovalev">Sergei Kovalev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoya_Krakhmalnikova" title="Zoya Krakhmalnikova">Zoya Krakhmalnikova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Krasin" title="Victor Krasin">Victor Krasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Kublanovsky" title="Yuri Kublanovsky">Yuri Kublanovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCri_Kukk" title="Jüri Kukk">Jüri Kukk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Kuznetsov" title="Anatoly Kuznetsov">Anatoly Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Kuznetsov_(dissident)" title="Eduard Kuznetsov (dissident)">Eduard Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malva_Landa" title="Malva Landa">Malva Landa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lavut" title="Alexander Lavut">Alexander Lavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Leontovich" title="Mikhail Leontovich">Mikhail Leontovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lerner" title="Alexander Lerner">Alexander Lerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Lesiv" title="Yaroslav Lesiv">Yaroslav Lesiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Levich" title="Eugene Levich">Eugene Levich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veniamin_Levich" title="Veniamin Levich">Veniamin Levich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Limonov" title="Eduard Limonov">Eduard Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCri_Lina" title="Jüri Lina">Jüri Lina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Litvinov" title="Pavel Litvinov">Pavel Litvinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levko_Lukyanenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Levko Lukyanenko">Levko Lukyanenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Lossky" title="Nikolay Lossky">Nikolay Lossky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronid_Lyubarsky" title="Kronid Lyubarsky">Kronid Lyubarsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michail_J._Makarenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Michail J. Makarenko">Michail J. Makarenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Makukh" title="Vasyl Makukh">Vasyl Makukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guram_Mamulia" title="Guram Mamulia">Guram Mamulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Mandelstam" title="Nadezhda Mandelstam">Nadezhda Mandelstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Marchenko" title="Anatoly Marchenko">Anatoly Marchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeriy_Marchenko" title="Valeriy Marchenko">Valeriy Marchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myroslav_Marynovych" title="Myroslav Marynovych">Myroslav Marynovych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Grigorii Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Medvedev" title="Roy Medvedev">Roy Medvedev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhores_Medvedev" title="Zhores Medvedev">Zhores Medvedev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naum_Meiman" title="Naum Meiman">Naum Meiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Melnyk" title="Mykhailo Melnyk">Mykhailo Melnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Men" title="Alexander Men">Alexander Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Mendelevitch" title="Yosef Mendelevitch">Yosef Mendelevitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazif_Meylanov" title="Vazif Meylanov">Vazif Meylanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Nikolaevich_Mironov" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrei Nikolaevich Mironov">Andrei Mironov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Moraru" title="Ion Moraru">Ion Moraru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Nekipelov" title="Viktor Nekipelov">Viktor Nekipelov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Nekrasov" title="Viktor Nekrasov">Viktor Nekrasov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nekrich" title="Alexander Nekrich">Alexander Nekrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeriya_Novodvorskaya" title="Valeriya Novodvorskaya">Valeriya Novodvorskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_Odobescu" title="Vasile Odobescu">Vasile Odobescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ogorodnikov" title="Alexander Ogorodnikov">Alexander Ogorodnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Orlov" title="Yuri Orlov">Yuri Orlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raisa_Orlova" title="Raisa Orlova">Raisa Orlova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulian_Panich" title="Yulian Panich">Yulian Panich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagle_Parek" title="Lagle Parek">Lagle Parek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Paustovsky" title="Konstantin Paustovsky">Konstantin Paustovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleb_Pavlovsky" title="Gleb Pavlovsky">Gleb Pavlovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zianon_Pazniak" title="Zianon Pazniak">Zianon Pazniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Peshkova" title="Yekaterina Peshkova">Yekaterina Peshkova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktoras_Petkus" title="Viktoras Petkus">Viktoras Petkus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Piatigorsky" title="Alexander Piatigorsky">Alexander Piatigorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Plyushch" title="Leonid Plyushch">Leonid Plyushch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandr_Podrabinek" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandr Podrabinek">Alexandr Podrabinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Pomerants" title="Grigory Pomerants">Grigory Pomerants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Pribylovsky" title="Vladimir Pribylovsky">Vladimir Pribylovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Prigov" title="Dmitri Prigov">Dmitri Prigov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Pristavkin" title="Anatoly Pristavkin">Anatoly Pristavkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pustyntsev" title="Boris Pustyntsev">Boris Pustyntsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irina_Ratushinskaya" title="Irina Ratushinskaya">Irina Ratushinskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Rips" title="Eliyahu Rips">Eliyahu Rips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arseny_Roginsky" title="Arseny Roginsky">Arseny Roginsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Rozanova" title="Maria Rozanova">Maria Rozanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Rudenko" title="Mykola Rudenko">Mykola Rudenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuly_Rybakov" title="Yuly Rybakov">Yuly Rybakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Saar" title="Ain Saar">Ain Saar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Sablin" title="Valery Sablin">Valery Sablin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Savitski" title="Dmitri Savitski">Dmitri Savitski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Schneurson" title="Shmuel Schneurson">Shmuel Schneurson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iryna_Senyk" title="Iryna Senyk">Iryna Senyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Victor Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Sevela" title="Efraim Sevela">Efraim Sevela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Shafarevich" title="Igor Shafarevich">Igor Shafarevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varlam_Shalamov" title="Varlam Shalamov">Varlam Shalamov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avital_Sharansky" title="Avital Sharansky">Avital Sharansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natan_Sharansky" title="Natan Sharansky">Natan Sharansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shatravka" title="Alexander Shatravka">Alexander Shatravka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Shelkov" title="Vladimir Shelkov">Vladimir Shelkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurii_Shukhevych" title="Yurii Shukhevych">Yurii Shukhevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danylo_Shumuk" title="Danylo Shumuk">Danylo Shumuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sinyavsky" title="Andrei Sinyavsky">Andrei Sinyavsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Slepak" title="Vladimir Slepak">Vladimir Slepak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sokolov" title="Victor Sokolov">Victor Sokolov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Soldatov_(Soviet_dissident)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Soldatov (Soviet dissident)">Sergei Soldatov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin" title="Pitirim Sorokin">Pitirim Sorokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galina_Starovoytova" title="Galina Starovoytova">Galina Starovoytova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Strelnikov" title="Vladimir Strelnikov">Vladimir Strelnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandras_%C5%A0tromas" title="Aleksandras Štromas">Aleksandras Štromas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Stus" title="Vasyl Stus">Vasyl Stus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadiya_Svitlychna" title="Nadiya Svitlychna">Nadiya Svitlychna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Svitlichny" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Svitlichny">Ivan Svitlichny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Symonenko" title="Vasyl Symonenko">Vasyl Symonenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Tanyuk" title="Les Tanyuk">Les Tanyuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tarasov" title="Alexander Tarasov">Alexander Tarasov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Tarsis" title="Valery Tarsis">Valery Tarsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enn_Tarto" title="Enn Tarto">Enn Tarto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Timofeev" title="Lev Timofeev">Lev Timofeev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Turchin" title="Valentin Turchin">Valentin Turchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tverdokhlebov" title="Andrei Tverdokhlebov">Andrei Tverdokhlebov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatyana_Velikanova" title="Tatyana Velikanova">Tatyana Velikanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomas_Venclova" title="Tomas Venclova">Tomas Venclova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Vins" title="Georgi Vins">Georgi Vins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Vladimov" title="Georgi Vladimov">Georgi Vladimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voinovich" title="Vladimir Voinovich">Vladimir Voinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Voslenski" title="Michael Voslenski">Michael Voslenski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Yakobson" title="Anatoly Yakobson">Anatoly Yakobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleb_Yakunin" title="Gleb Yakunin">Gleb Yakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venedikt_Yerofeyev" title="Venedikt Yerofeyev">Venedikt Yerofeyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Zamyatin" title="Yevgeny Zamyatin">Yevgeny Zamyatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zinoviev" title="Alexander Zinoviev">Alexander Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosyf_Zisels" title="Yosyf Zisels">Yosyf Zisels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Moscow_Helsinki_Group" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moscow_Helsinki_Group" title="Template:Moscow Helsinki Group"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moscow_Helsinki_Group" title="Template talk:Moscow Helsinki Group"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moscow_Helsinki_Group" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moscow Helsinki Group"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Moscow_Helsinki_Group" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Helsinki_Group" title="Moscow Helsinki Group">Moscow Helsinki Group</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Watch" title="Helsinki Watch">Helsinki Watch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" title="Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe">CSCE</a> (<a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Helsinki_Federation_for_Human_Rights" title="International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights">International Helsinki Federation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Committee_for_Human_Rights" title="Helsinki Committee for Human Rights">Helsinki Committee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Helsinki_Group" title="Lithuanian Helsinki Group">Lithuanian Helsinki Group</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Helsinki_Group" title="Ukrainian Helsinki Group">Ukrainian Helsinki Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Helsinki_Human_Rights_Union" title="Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union">Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Orlov" title="Yuri Orlov">Yuri Orlov</a> (1976–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_Bogoraz" title="Larisa Bogoraz">Larisa Bogoraz</a> (1989–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronid_Lyubarsky" title="Kronid Lyubarsky">Kronid Lyubarsky</a> (1994–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Alexeyeva" title="Lyudmila Alexeyeva">Lyudmila Alexeyeva</a> (1996–2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current executive director</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nina_Tagankina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nina Tagankina (page does not exist)">Nina Tagankina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Alexeyeva" title="Lyudmila Alexeyeva">Lyudmila Alexeyeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Altshuler" title="Boris Altshuler">Boris Altshuler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vyacheslav_Bakhmin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vyacheslav Bakhmin (page does not exist)">Vyacheslav Bakhmin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valery_Borshchyov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valery Borshchyov (page does not exist)">Valery Borshchyov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuri_Edelshtein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuri Edelshtein (page does not exist)">Yuri Edelshtein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kovalyov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Kovalyov">Sergey Kovalyov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktoria_Malikova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viktoria Malikova (page does not exist)">Viktoria Malikova</a></li> <li>Vladimir Mironov</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karinna_Moskalenko" title="Karinna Moskalenko">Karinna Moskalenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Orlov" title="Yuri Orlov">Yuri Orlov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Pashin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergey Pashin (page does not exist)">Sergey Pashin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Borisovich_Petrov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Borisovich Petrov (page does not exist)">Alexander Petrov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mara_Polyakova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mara Polyakova (page does not exist)">Mara Polyakova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Ponomaryov" title="Lev Ponomaryov">Lev Ponomaryov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Reznik" title="Henri Reznik">Henri Reznik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexey_Simonov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexey Simonov (page does not exist)">Alexey Simonov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Sorokin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergey Sorokin (page does not exist)">Sergey Sorokin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Zolotukhin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Zolotukhin (page does not exist)">Boris Zolotukhin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Soviet era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valery_Abramkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valery Abramkin (page does not exist)">Valery Abramkin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Ametistov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Ametistov (page does not exist)">Ernest Ametistov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_Bogoraz" title="Larisa Bogoraz">Larisa Bogoraz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iosif_Dyadkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iosif Dyadkin (page does not exist)">Iosif Dyadkin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristopher_Goetterud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristopher Goetterud (page does not exist)">Kristopher Goetterud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dina_Kaminskaya" title="Dina Kaminskaya">Dina Kaminskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronid_Lyubarsky" title="Kronid Lyubarsky">Kronid Lyubarsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Pinsker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Pinsker (page does not exist)">Boris Pinsker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexey_Smirnov_(dissident)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexey Smirnov (dissident) (page does not exist)">Alexey Smirnov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galina_Starovoitova" class="mw-redirect" title="Galina Starovoitova">Galina Starovoitova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Ternovsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonard Ternovsky (page does not exist)">Leonard Ternovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Timofeev" title="Lev Timofeev">Lev Timofeev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleb_Yakunin" title="Gleb Yakunin">Gleb Yakunin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Alexeyeva" title="Lyudmila Alexeyeva">Lyudmila Alexeyeva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Bernshtam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikhail Bernshtam (page does not exist)">Mikhail Bernshtam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelena_Bonner" title="Yelena Bonner">Yelena Bonner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ginzburg" title="Alexander Ginzburg">Alexander Ginzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Grigorenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Grigorenko">Pyotr Grigorenko</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sofiya Kalistratova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Kovalyov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Kovalyov (page does not exist)">Ivan Kovalyov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Korchak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Korchak (page does not exist)">Alexander Korchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malva_Landa" title="Malva Landa">Malva Landa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Marchenko" title="Anatoly Marchenko">Anatoly Marchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naum_Meiman" title="Naum Meiman">Naum Meiman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuri_Mnyukh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuri Mnyukh (page does not exist)">Yuri Mnyukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Nekipelov" title="Viktor Nekipelov">Viktor Nekipelov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Orlov" title="Yuri Orlov">Yuri Orlov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatiana_Osipova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatiana Osipova (page does not exist)">Tatiana Osipova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Polikanov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergey Polikanov (page does not exist)">Sergey Polikanov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitaly_Rubin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitaly Rubin (page does not exist)">Vitaly Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_Serebrov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix Serebrov (page does not exist)">Felix Serebrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natan_Sharansky" title="Natan Sharansky">Natan Sharansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Slepak" title="Vladimir Slepak">Vladimir Slepak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Ternovsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonard Ternovsky (page does not exist)">Leonard Ternovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuri_Yarym-Agaev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuri Yarym-Agaev (page does not exist)">Yuri Yarym-Agaev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924860#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924860#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924860#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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