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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Linguistic typology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_typology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syntax subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language_samples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_samples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Language samples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_samples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_to_other_language_families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_to_other_language_families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Relations to other language families</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_to_other_language_families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>History of the study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Introductions_and_overviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introductions_and_overviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Introductions and overviews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introductions_and_overviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Dictionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Grammars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_affiliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_affiliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Genetic affiliation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_affiliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elamite language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamities" title="Elamities – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elamities" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغة عيلامية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة عيلامية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_elamita" title="Idioma elamita – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma elamita" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam_dili" title="Elam dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elam dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Elam" title="Basa Elam – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Basa Elam" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Эламская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эламская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Еламски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еламски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamiteg" title="Elamiteg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Elamiteg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llengua_elamita" title="Llengua elamita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengua elamita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Элам чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Элам чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam%C5%A1tina" title="Elamština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elamština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamische_Sprache" title="Elamische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elamische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elami_keel" title="Elami keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elami keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ελαμιτική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελαμιτική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_elamita" title="Idioma elamita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma elamita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elama_lingvo" title="Elama lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elama lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="زبان ایلامی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان ایلامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lamite" title="Élamite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élamite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_elamita" title="Lingua elamita – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua elamita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%98%EB%9E%8C%EC%96%B4" title="엘람어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엘람어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Էլամերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլամերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamski_jezik" title="Elamski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elamski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Elam" title="Bahasa Elam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Elam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam%C3%ADska" title="Elamíska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Elamíska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_elamica" title="Lingua elamica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua elamica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="עילמית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עילמית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ელამური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელამური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Элам тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Элам тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icyelamite" title="Icyelamite – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Icyelamite" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Элам тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Элам тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Elamitica" title="Lingua Elamitica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Elamitica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamit%C5%B3_kalba" title="Elamitų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elamitų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%88%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ഈലമൈറ്റ് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഈലമൈറ്റ് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ელამური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ელამური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamitisch" title="Elamitisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elamitisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E8%AA%9E" title="エラム語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エラム語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamittisk" title="Elamittisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elamittisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamita" title="Elamita – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Elamita" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam_tili" title="Elam tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elam tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%BC_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="ايلاميټ ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ايلاميټ ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_elamicki" title="Język elamicki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język elamicki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_elamita" title="Língua elamita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua elamita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_elamit%C4%83" title="Limba elamită – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba elamită" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Эламский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эламский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_Elamite" title="Gjuha Elamite – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha Elamite" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="ايلميتي خط – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايلميتي خط" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Elamščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elamščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Еламски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еламски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamski_jezik" title="Elamski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elamski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamin_kieli" title="Elamin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elamin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamitiska" title="Elamitiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elamitiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Elamita" title="Wikang Elamita – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Elamita" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="ஈலமைட்டு மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈலமைட்டு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษาอีลาไมต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอีลาไมต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamca" title="Elamca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elamca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Еламська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еламська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عیلامی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عیلامی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Elam" title="Tiếng Elam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" 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dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Elymian_language" title="Elymian language">Elymian language</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct language of the ancient Elamites of Iran</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #dddddd;">Elamite</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ElamischeStrichschrift.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/ElamischeStrichschrift.jpg/200px-ElamischeStrichschrift.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/ElamischeStrichschrift.jpg/300px-ElamischeStrichschrift.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/ElamischeStrichschrift.jpg/400px-ElamischeStrichschrift.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="656" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Tablet in Proto-Elamite script</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Western Asia, Iran</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Era</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">c. 2800–300 BC (Later unwritten forms might have survived until 1000 AD?)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;">language of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_(period)" title="Proto-Elamite (period)">Proto-Elamite</a>? </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite cuneiform</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #dddddd;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=129">elx</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/elx" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:elx">elx</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/elx">elx</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/elam1244">elam1244</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Elamite</b>, also known as <b>Hatamtite</b> and formerly as <b>Scythic</b>, <b>Median</b>, <b>Amardian</b>, <b>Anshanian</b> and <b>Susian</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct language</a> that was spoken by the ancient <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamites</a>. It was recorded in what is now southwestern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> from 2600 BC to 330 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elamite is generally thought to have no demonstrable relatives and is usually considered a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>. The lack of established relatives makes its interpretation difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A sizeable number of Elamite <a href="/wiki/Lexeme" title="Lexeme">lexemes</a> are known from the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_royal_inscriptions" title="Achaemenid royal inscriptions">Achaemenid royal inscriptions</a> – trilingual inscriptions of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, in which Elamite was written using <a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite cuneiform</a> (circa 5th century BC), which is fully deciphered. An important dictionary of the Elamite language, the <i>Elamisches Wörterbuch</i> was published in 1987 by W. Hinz and H. Koch.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a> script however, one of the scripts used to write the Elamite language circa 2000 BC, has remained elusive until recently.<sup id="cite_ref-LEW_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LEW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LEZ_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LEZ-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elamite_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilingual_Linear_Elamite_Akkadian_inscription_of_king_Kutik-Inshushinak_Table_of_the_Lion_Louvre_Museum_Sb_17_(Linear_Elamite_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bilingual_Linear_Elamite_Akkadian_inscription_of_king_Kutik-Inshushinak_Table_of_the_Lion_Louvre_Museum_Sb_17_%28Linear_Elamite_detail%29.jpg/220px-Bilingual_Linear_Elamite_Akkadian_inscription_of_king_Kutik-Inshushinak_Table_of_the_Lion_Louvre_Museum_Sb_17_%28Linear_Elamite_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bilingual_Linear_Elamite_Akkadian_inscription_of_king_Kutik-Inshushinak_Table_of_the_Lion_Louvre_Museum_Sb_17_%28Linear_Elamite_detail%29.jpg/330px-Bilingual_Linear_Elamite_Akkadian_inscription_of_king_Kutik-Inshushinak_Table_of_the_Lion_Louvre_Museum_Sb_17_%28Linear_Elamite_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bilingual_Linear_Elamite_Akkadian_inscription_of_king_Kutik-Inshushinak_Table_of_the_Lion_Louvre_Museum_Sb_17_%28Linear_Elamite_detail%29.jpg/440px-Bilingual_Linear_Elamite_Akkadian_inscription_of_king_Kutik-Inshushinak_Table_of_the_Lion_Louvre_Museum_Sb_17_%28Linear_Elamite_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1043" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a> inscription of king <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Inshushinak" title="Puzur-Inshushinak">Puzur-Inshushinak</a>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Puzur-Shushinak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Puzur-Shushinak.jpg/100px-Puzur-Shushinak.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Puzur-Shushinak.jpg/150px-Puzur-Shushinak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Puzur-Shushinak.jpg/200px-Puzur-Shushinak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="127" /></a></span> in the "Table du Lion", <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a> Sb 17.</figcaption></figure> <p>The following scripts are known or assumed to have encoded Elamite:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite script</a> is the oldest known writing system from Iran. It was used during a brief period of time (c. 3100–2900 BC); clay tablets with Proto-Elamite writing have been found at different sites across Iran. It is thought to have developed from early <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> (proto-cuneiform) and consists of more than 1,000 signs. It is thought to be largely logographic and is not deciphered.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a> is attested in a few monumental inscriptions. It has been described either as a syllabic or logosyllabic writing system. At least part of the script has been deciphered and it has been argued to have developed from Proto-Elamite, although the exact nature of the relationship between the two is disputed (see the main article). Linear Elamite was used for a very brief period of time during the last quarter of the third millennium BC.</li></ul> <p>Later, <a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite cuneiform</a>, adapted from <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian cuneiform</a>, was used from c. 2500 on.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elamite cuneiform was largely a <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabary</a> of some 130 glyphs at any one time and retained only a few <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logograms</a> from Akkadian but, over time, the number of logograms increased. The complete <a href="/wiki/Corpus_language" title="Corpus language">corpus</a> of Elamite cuneiform consists of about 20,000 tablets and fragments. The majority belong to the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> era, and contain primarily economic records. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_typology">Linguistic typology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elamite_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Linguistic typology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elamite is an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative language</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> was characterized by an extensive and pervasive nominal class system. Animate nouns have separate markers for first, second and third person. It can be said to display a kind of <a href="/wiki/Suffixaufnahme" title="Suffixaufnahme">Suffixaufnahme</a> in that the nominal class markers of the head are also attached to any modifiers, including adjectives, <a href="/wiki/Noun_adjunct" title="Noun adjunct">noun adjuncts</a>, possessor nouns and even entire clauses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elamite_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naram-Sin_stele_inscription_in_Elamite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Naram-Sin_stele_inscription_in_Elamite.jpg/180px-Naram-Sin_stele_inscription_in_Elamite.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="486" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Naram-Sin_stele_inscription_in_Elamite.jpg/270px-Naram-Sin_stele_inscription_in_Elamite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Naram-Sin_stele_inscription_in_Elamite.jpg/360px-Naram-Sin_stele_inscription_in_Elamite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="2426" /></a><figcaption>Inscription of <a href="/wiki/Shutruk-Nahhunte" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutruk-Nahhunte">Shutruk-Nahhunte</a> in <a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite cuneiform</a>, circa 1150 BC, on the <a href="/wiki/Victory_Stele_of_Naram-Sin" title="Victory Stele of Naram-Sin">Victory Stele of Naram-Sin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of Elamite is periodised as follows: </p> <ul><li>Old Elamite (c. 2600–1500 BC)</li> <li>Middle Elamite (c. 1500–1000 BC)</li> <li>Neo-Elamite (1000–550 BC)</li> <li>Achaemenid Elamite (550–330 BC)</li> <li>Late Elamite?</li> <li>Khuzi? (Unknown – 1000 AD)</li></ul> <p>Middle Elamite is considered the “classical” period of Elamite. The best-attested variety is Achaemenid Elamite,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was widely used by the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> for official inscriptions as well as administrative records and displays significant <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> influence. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Persepolis_Administrative_Archives" title="Persepolis Administrative Archives">Persepolis Administrative Archives</a> were found at <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> in 1930s, and they are mostly in Elamite; the remains of more than 10,000 of these cuneiform documents have been uncovered. In comparison, <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> is represented by only 1,000 or so original records.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These documents represent administrative activity and data flow in Persepolis over more than fifty consecutive years (509 to 457 BC). </p><p>Documents from the Old Elamite and early Neo-Elamite stages are relatively scarce. Neo-Elamite is a transitional form in its structure between Middle and Achaemenid Elamite. </p><p>The Elamite language may have remained in widespread use after the Achaemenid period. Several rulers of <a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Elymais</a> bore the Elamite name <i>Kamnaskires</i> in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. The <i><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a></i> (c. 80–90 AD) mentions the language as if it was still current. There are no later direct references, but Elamite may be the local language in which, according to the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a></i> was recited annually to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Jews of Susa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> (224–642). Between the 8th and 13th centuries AD, various <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> authors refer to a language called <i>Khūzī</i> or <i>Khūz</i> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Khuzistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzistan">Khuzistan</a>, which was unlike any other <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian language</a> known to those writers. It is possible that it was "a late variant of Elamite".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last original report on the <i>Khūz</i> language was written circa 988 by <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqdisi" title="Al-Maqdisi">al-Maqdisi</a>, characterizing the Khuzi as bilingual in Arabic and Persian but also speaking an "incomprehensible" language in <a href="/wiki/Ramhormoz" title="Ramhormoz">Ramhormoz</a>. The city had recently become prosperous again after the foundation of a market when it received an influx of foreigners and being a Khuzi was stigmatized at the time. The language probably died in the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later authors only mention the language when citing previous work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elamite_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the limitations of the language's scripts, its phonology is not well understood. </p><p>Its consonants included at least stops <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, sibilants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> (with an uncertain pronunciation), nasals <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>, liquids <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> and fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>, which was lost in late Neo-Elamite. Some peculiarities of the spelling have been interpreted as suggesting that there was a contrast between two series of stops (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> as opposed to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span>), but in general, such a distinction was not consistently indicated by written Elamite.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elamite had at least the vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> and may also have had <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>, which was not generally expressed unambiguously.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roots were generally CV, (C)VC, (C)VCV or, more rarely, CVCCV<sup id="cite_ref-Stolper_73_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stolper_73-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the first C was usually a nasal). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elamite_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elamite is <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative</a> but with fewer morphemes per word than, for example, <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urartian_language" title="Urartian language">Urartian</a>. It is mostly suffixing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elamite_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Elamite nominal system is thoroughly pervaded by a <a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">noun class</a> distinction, which combines a gender distinction between animate and inanimate with a personal class distinction, corresponding to the three persons of verbal inflection (first, second, third, plural). <br /> The suffixes that express that system are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Stolper_73_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stolper_73-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> Animate: <br /> </p> <dl><dd>1st person singular: <i>-k</i></dd> <dd>2nd person singular: <i>-t</i></dd> <dd>3rd person singular: <i>-r</i> or <i>-Ø</i></dd> <dd>3rd person plural: <i>-p</i></dd> <dd></dd></dl> <p>Inanimate: <br /> </p> <dl><dd><i>-∅</i>, <i>-me</i>, <i>-n</i>, <i>-t</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscription_in_Elamite,_in_the_Xerxes_I_inscription_at_Van,_5th_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Inscription_in_Elamite%2C_in_the_Xerxes_I_inscription_at_Van%2C_5th_century_BCE.jpg/220px-Inscription_in_Elamite%2C_in_the_Xerxes_I_inscription_at_Van%2C_5th_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="430" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Inscription_in_Elamite%2C_in_the_Xerxes_I_inscription_at_Van%2C_5th_century_BCE.jpg/330px-Inscription_in_Elamite%2C_in_the_Xerxes_I_inscription_at_Van%2C_5th_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Inscription_in_Elamite%2C_in_the_Xerxes_I_inscription_at_Van%2C_5th_century_BCE.jpg/440px-Inscription_in_Elamite%2C_in_the_Xerxes_I_inscription_at_Van%2C_5th_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1585" /></a><figcaption>Inscription in Elamite, in the <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I_inscription_at_Van" title="Xerxes I inscription at Van">Xerxes I inscription at Van</a>, 5th century BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>The animate third-person suffix <i>-r</i> can serve as a nominalizing suffix and indicate <a href="/wiki/Nomen_agentis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen agentis">nomen agentis</a> or just members of a class. The inanimate third-person singular suffix <i>-me</i> forms abstracts. </p><p>Some examples of the use of the noun class suffixes above are the following: </p> <dl><dd><i>sunki-k</i> “a king (first person)” i.e. “I, a king”</dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>sunki-r</i> “a king (third person)”</dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>nap-Ø</i> or <i>nap-ir</i> “a god (third person)”</dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>sunki-p</i> “kings”</dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>nap-ip</i> “gods”</dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>sunki-me</i> “kingdom, kingship”</dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>hal-Ø</i> “town, land”</dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>siya-n</i> “temple”</dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>hala-t</i> “mud brick”.</dd></dl> <p>Modifiers follow their (nominal) heads. In noun phrases and pronoun phrases, the suffixes referring to the head are appended to the modifier, regardless of whether the modifier is another noun (such as a possessor) or an adjective. Sometimes the suffix is preserved on the head as well: </p> <dl><dd><i>u šak X-k(i)</i> = “I, the son of X”</dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>X šak Y-r(i)</i> = “X, the son of Y”</dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>u sunki-k Hatamti-k</i> = “I, the king of Elam”</dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>sunki Hatamti-p</i> (or, sometimes, <i>sunki-p Hatamti-p</i>) = “the kings of Elam”</dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>temti riša-r</i> = “great lord” (lit. “lord great”)</dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>riša-r nap-ip-ir</i> = “greatest of the gods” (lit. "great of the gods")</dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>nap-ir u-ri</i> = “my god” (lit. “god of me”)</dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>hiya-n nap-ir u-ri-me</i> = “the throne hall of my god”</dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>takki-me puhu nika-me-me</i> = “the life of our children”</dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>sunki-p uri-p u-p(e)</i> = ”kings, my predecessors” (lit. “kings, predecessors of me”)</dd></dl> <p>This system, in which the noun class suffixes function as derivational morphemes as well as agreement markers and indirectly as subordinating morphemes, is best seen in Middle Elamite. It was, to a great extent, broken down in Achaemenid Elamite, where possession and, sometimes, attributive relationships are uniformly expressed with the “<a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a>” suffix <i>-na</i> appended to the modifier: e.g. <i>šak X-na</i> “son of X”. The suffix <i>-na</i>, which probably originated from the inanimate agreement suffix <i>-n</i> followed by the nominalizing particle <i>-a</i> (see below), appeared already in Neo-Elamite.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The personal pronouns distinguish nominative and accusative case forms. They are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <th colspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative</th> <th>Accusative </th> <th>Nominative</th> <th>Accusative </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td>u </td> <td>un </td> <td>nika/nuku </td> <td>nukun </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>ni/nu </td> <td>nun </td> <td>num/numi </td> <td>numun </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>i/hi </td> <td>ir/in </td> <td>ap/appi </td> <td>appin </td></tr> <tr> <th>Inanimate </th> <td colspan="4">i/in </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In general, no special possessive pronouns are needed in view of the construction with the noun class suffixes. Nevertheless, a set of separate third-person animate possessives <i>-e</i> (sing.) / <i>appi-e</i> (plur.) is occasionally used already in Middle Elamite: <i>puhu-e</i> “her children”, <i>hiš-api-e</i> “their name”.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relative pronouns are <i>akka</i> “who” and <i>appa</i> “what, which”.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elamite_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Darius_the_Great_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Seal_of_Darius_the_Great_British_Museum.jpg/220px-Seal_of_Darius_the_Great_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Seal_of_Darius_the_Great_British_Museum.jpg/330px-Seal_of_Darius_the_Great_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Seal_of_Darius_the_Great_British_Museum.jpg/440px-Seal_of_Darius_the_Great_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Seal of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> hunting in a chariot, reading "I am Darius, the Great King" in Old Persian (<span lang="peo"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%A0%F0%90%8E%AD%F0%90%8E%B6#Old_Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐎠𐎭𐎶">𐎠𐎭𐎶</a></span>𐏐<span lang="peo"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%AD%F0%90%8E%A0%F0%90%8E%BC%F0%90%8E%B9%F0%90%8E%BA%F0%90%8E%A2%F0%90%8F%81%F0%90%8E%B4#Old_Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁𐎴">𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁𐎴</a></span> <span lang="peo"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8F%8B#Old_Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐏋">𐏋</a></span>, "<i>adam Dārayavaʰuš xšāyaθiya</i>"), as well as in <a href="/wiki/Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite">Elamite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Babylonian</a>. The word 'great' only appears in Babylonian. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The verb base can be simple (<i>ta-</i> “put”) or “<a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplicated</a>” (<i>beti</i> > <i>bepti</i> “rebel”). The pure verb base can function as a verbal noun, or “infinitive”.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The verb distinguishes three forms functioning as <a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">finite verbs</a>, known as <b>“conjugations”</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conjugation I is the only one with special endings characteristic of finite verbs as such, as shown below. Its use is mostly associated with active voice, transitivity (or verbs of motion), neutral aspect and past tense meaning. Conjugations II and III can be regarded as periphrastic constructions with participles; they are formed by the addition of the nominal personal class suffixes to a passive perfective participle in <i>-k</i> and to an active imperfective participle in <i>-n</i>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, conjugation II expresses a <a href="/wiki/Perfective_aspect" title="Perfective aspect">perfective aspect</a>, hence usually past tense, and an intransitive or passive voice, whereas conjugation III expresses an <a href="/wiki/Imperfective_aspect" title="Imperfective aspect">imperfective</a> non-past action. </p><p>The Middle Elamite <b>conjugation I</b> is formed with the following suffixes:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Conjugation I </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>singular </th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td>-h </td> <td>-hu </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>-t </td> <td>-h-t </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>-š </td> <td>-h-š </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd>Examples: <i>kulla-h</i> ”I prayed”, <i>hap-t</i> ”you heard”, <i>hutta-š</i> “he did”, <i>kulla-hu</i> “we prayed”, <i>hutta-h-t</i> “you (plur.) did”, <i>hutta-h-š</i> “they did”.</dd></dl> <p>In Achaemenid Elamite, the loss of the /h/ reduces the transparency of the Conjugation I endings and leads to the merger of the singular and plural except in the first person; in addition, the first-person plural changes from <i>-hu</i> to <i>-ut</i>. </p><p>The <b>participles</b> can be exemplified as follows: perfective participle <i>hutta-k</i> “done”, <i>kulla-k</i> “something prayed”, i.e. “a prayer”; imperfective participle <i>hutta-n</i> “doing” or “who will do”, also serving as a non-past infinitive. The corresponding conjugations (<b>conjugation II and III</b>) are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>perfective<br />(= conj. II) </th> <th>imperfective<br />(= conj. III) </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>hutta-k-k </td> <td>hutta-n-k </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>hutta-k-t </td> <td>hutta-n-t </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>hutta-k-r </td> <td>hutta-n-r </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>hutta-k-p </td> <td>hutta-n-p </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Achaemenid Elamite, the Conjugation 2 endings are somewhat changed:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Conjugation II </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>1st person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>hutta-k-ut </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>hutta-k-t </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>hutta-k (hardly ever attested in predicative use) </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>hutta-p </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is also a <b>periphrastic construction</b> with an <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verb</a> <i>ma-</i> following either Conjugation II and III stems (i.e. the perfective and imperfective participles), or <i>nomina agentis</i> in <i>-r</i>, or a verb base directly. In Achaemenid Elamite, only the third option exists. There is no consensus on the exact meaning of the periphrastic forms with <i>ma-</i>, but durative, intensive or volitional interpretations have been suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>optative</b> is expressed by the addition of the suffix <i>-ni</i> to Conjugations I and II.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>imperative</b> is identical to the second person of Conjugation I in Middle Elamite. In Achaemenid Elamite, it is the third person that coincides with the imperative.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>prohibitative</b> is formed by the particle <i>anu/ani</i> preceding Conjugation III.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Verbal forms can be converted into the heads of subordinate clauses through the addition of the <b>nominalising suffix</b> <i>-a</i>, much as in <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>: <i>siyan in-me kuši-hš(i)-me-a</i> “the temple which they did not build”. <i>-ti</i>/<i>-ta</i> can be suffixed to verbs, chiefly of conjugation I, expressing possibly a meaning of anteriority (perfect and pluperfect tense).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>negative particle</b> is <i>in-</i>; it takes nominal class suffixes that agree with the subject of attention (which may or may not coincide with the grammatical subject): first-person singular <i>in-ki</i>, third-person singular animate <i>in-ri</i>, third-person singular inanimate <i>in-ni</i>/<i>in-me</i>. In Achaemenid Elamite, the inanimate form <i>in-ni</i> has been generalized to all persons, and concord has been lost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elamite_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nominal heads are normally followed by their modifiers, but there are occasional inversions. Word order is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a> (SOV), with indirect objects preceding direct objects, but it becomes more flexible in Achaemenid Elamite.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are often resumptive pronouns before the verb – often long sequences, especially in Middle Elamite (<i>ap u in duni-h</i> "to-them I it gave").<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language uses <a href="/wiki/Postpositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Postpositions">postpositions</a> such as <i>-ma</i> "in" and <i>-na</i> "of", but spatial and temporal relationships are generally expressed in Middle Elamite by means of "directional words" originating as nouns or verbs. They can precede or follow the governed nouns and tend to exhibit noun class agreement with whatever noun is described by the prepositional phrase: <i>i-r pat-r u-r ta-t-ni</i> "may you place him under me", lit. "him inferior of-me place-you-may". In Achaemenid Elamite, postpositions become more common and partly displace that type of construction.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A common conjunction is <i>ak</i> "and, or". Achaemenid Elamite also uses a number of subordinating conjunctions such as <i>anka</i> "if, when" and <i>sap</i> "as, when". Subordinate clauses usually precede the verb of the main clause. In Middle Elamite, the most common way to construct a relative clause is to attach a nominal class suffix to the clause-final verb, optionally followed by the relativizing suffix <i>-a</i>: thus, <i>lika-me i-r hani-š-r(i)</i> "whose reign he loves", or optionally <i>lika-me i-r hani-š-r-a</i>. The alternative construction by means of the relative pronouns <i>akka</i> "who" and <i>appa</i> "which" is uncommon in Middle Elamite, but gradually becomes dominant at the expense of the nominal class suffix construction in Achaemenid Elamite.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_samples">Language samples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elamite_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Language samples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Middle Elamite (Šutruk-Nahhunte I, 1200–1160 BC; EKI 18, IRS 33): </p><p>Transliteration: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>(1) ú <sup>DIŠ</sup>šu-ut-ru-uk-<sup>d</sup>nah-hu-un-te ša-ak <sup>DIŠ</sup>hal-lu-du-uš-<sup>d</sup>in-šu-ši- </p><p>(2) -na-ak-gi-ik su-un-ki-ik an-za-an šu-šu-un-ka<sub>4</sub> e-ri-en- </p><p>(3) -tu<sub>4</sub>-um ti-pu-uh a-ak hi-ya-an <sup>d</sup>in-šu-ši-na-ak na-pír </p><p>(4) ú-ri-me a-ha-an ha-li-ih-ma hu-ut-tak ha-li-ku-me </p><p>(5) <sup>d</sup>in-šu-ši-na-ak na-pír ú-ri in li-na te-la-ak-ni </p> </blockquote> <p>Transcription: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p><span title="Elamite-language romanization"><i lang="elx-Latn">U Šutruk-Nahhunte, šak Halluduš-Inšušinak-(i)k, sunki-k Anzan Šušun-k(a). Erientum tipu-h ak hiya-n Inšušinak nap-(i)r u-r(i)-me ahan hali-h-ma. hutta-k hali-k u-me Inšušinak nap-(i)r u-r(i) in lina tela-k-ni.</i></span> </p> </blockquote> <p>Translation: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>I, Šutruk-Nahhunte, son of Halluduš-Inšušinak, king of <a href="/wiki/Anshan_(Persia)" title="Anshan (Persia)">Anshan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>. I moulded bricks and made the throne hall of my god <a href="/wiki/Inshushinak" title="Inshushinak">Inšušinak</a> with them. May my work come as an offering to my god Inšušinak. </p> </blockquote> <p>Achaemenid Elamite (<a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes I of Persia">Xerxes I</a>, 486–465 BC; XPa): </p><p>Transliteration: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>(01) [sect 01] <sup>d</sup>na-ap ir-šá-ir-ra <sup>d</sup>u-ra-mas-da ak-ka<sub>4</sub> <sup>AŠ</sup>mu-ru-un </p><p>(02) hi pè-iš-tá ak-ka<sub>4</sub> <sup>d</sup>ki-ik hu-ip-pè pè-iš-tá ak-ka<sub>4</sub> <sup>DIŠ</sup> </p><p>(03) LÚ.MEŠ-ir-ra ir pè-iš-tá ak-ka<sub>4</sub> ši-ia-ti-iš pè-iš-tá <sup>DIŠ</sup> </p><p>(04) LÚ.MEŠ-ra-na ak-ka<sub>4</sub> <sup>DIŠ</sup>ik-še-ir-iš-šá <sup>DIŠ</sup>EŠŠANA ir hu-ut-taš- </p><p>(05) tá ki-ir ir-še-ki-ip-in-na <sup>DIŠ</sup>EŠŠANA ki-ir ir-še-ki-ip- </p><p>(06) in-na pír-ra-ma-ut-tá-ra-na-um </p> </blockquote> <p>Transcription: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p><span title="Elamite-language romanization"><i lang="elx-Latn">Nap irša-r(a) Auramasda, akka muru-n hi pe-š-ta, akka kik hupe pe-š-ta, akka ruh-(i)r(a) ir pe-š-ta, akka šiatiš pe-š-ta ruh-r(a)-na, akka Ikšerša sunki ir hutta-š-ta kir iršeki-p-na sunki, kir iršeki-p-na piramataram.</i></span> </p> </blockquote> <p>Translation: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>A great god is <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, who created this earth, who created that sky, who created man, who created happiness of man, who made <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes I of Persia">Xerxes</a> king, one king of many, one lord of many. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_to_other_language_families">Relations to other language families</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elamite_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relations to other language families"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elamite is regarded by the vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Linguists" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguists">linguists</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Blench_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blench-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it has no demonstrable relationship to the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, or to <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>, despite having adopted the Sumerian-<a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> script. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Elamo-Dravidian</a> family connecting Elamite with the <a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a> language of Pakistan and <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a> of India was suggested in 1967 by <a href="/wiki/Igor_M._Diakonoff" title="Igor M. Diakonoff">Igor M. Diakonoff</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later, in 1974, defended by <a href="/wiki/David_W._McAlpin" title="David W. McAlpin">David McAlpin</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Southworth proposed that Elamite forms the "Zagrosian family" along with <a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a> and, further down the cladogram, the remaining Dravidian languages; this family would have originated in Southwest Asia (southern Iran) and was widely distributed in South Asia and parts of eastern West Asia before the Indo-Aryan migration.<sup id="cite_ref-Southworth_2012_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southworth_2012-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent discoveries regarding early population migration based on ancient DNA analysis have revived interest in the possible connection between proto-Elamite and proto-Dravidian.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A critical reassessment of the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis has been published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filippo_Pedron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filippo Pedron (page does not exist)">Filippo Pedron</a> in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-Pedron2023_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pedron2023-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Bla%C5%BEek" title="Václav Blažek">Václav Blažek</a> proposed a relation with the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blench96_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blench96-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002 <a href="/wiki/George_Starostin" class="mw-redirect" title="George Starostin">George Starostin</a> published a <a href="/wiki/Lexicostatistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicostatistic">lexicostatistic</a> analysis finding Elamite to be approximately equidistant from <a href="/wiki/Nostratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nostratic">Nostratic</a> and Semitic.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>None of these ideas have been accepted by mainstream historical linguists.<sup id="cite_ref-Blench_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blench-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_study">History of the study</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elamite_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History of the study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The study of Elamite language goes back to the first publications of Achaemenid royal inscriptions in Europe in the first half of the 19th century CE. A great step forward was the publication of the Elamite version of the Bisotun inscription in the name of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a>, entrusted by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Rawlinson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet">Henry Rawlinson</a> to <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Norris" title="Edwin Norris">Edwin Norris</a> and appeared in 1855. At that time, Elamite was believed to be Scythic, whose Indoeuropean affiliation was not still established. The first grammar was published by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Oppert" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Oppert">Jules Oppert</a> in 1879. The first to use the glottonym Elamite is considered to be <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Henry_Sayce" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Henry Sayce">Archibald Henry Sayce</a> in 1874, even if already in 1850 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isidore_L%C3%B6wenstern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isidore Löwenstern (page does not exist)">Isidore Löwenstern</a> advanced this identification. The publication of pre-Achaemenid inscriptions from <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> is due along the first three decades of the 20th century by father <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Scheil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent Scheil">Vincent Scheil</a>. Then in 1933 the <a href="/wiki/Persepolis_Fortification_Tablets" class="mw-redirect" title="Persepolis Fortification Tablets">Persepolis Fortification Tablets</a> were discovered, being the first administrative corpus in this language, even if published by <a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Hallock" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard T. Hallock">Richard T. Hallock</a> much later (1969). Another administrative corpus was discovered in the 1970s at <a href="/wiki/Tall-i_Malyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall-i Malyan">Tall-i Malyan</a>, the ancient city of Anshan, and published in 1984 by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_W._Stolper" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew W. Stolper">Matthew W. Stolper</a>. In the meantime (1967), the Middle Elamite inscriptions from <a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil" title="Chogha Zanbil">Chogha Zanbil</a> were published by father <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie-Joseph_Steve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie-Joseph Steve (page does not exist)">Marie-Joseph Steve</a>. In the fourth quarter of the 20th century the French school was led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Vallat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Vallat (page does not exist)">François Vallat</a>, with relevant studies by Françoise Grillot(-Susini) and Florence Malbran-Labat, while the American school of scholars, inaugurated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_G._Cameron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George G. Cameron (page does not exist)">George G. Cameron</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_H._Paper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert H. Paper (page does not exist)">Herbert H. Paper</a>, focused on the administrative corpora with Stolper. Elamite studies have been revived in the 2000s by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wouter_F.M._Henkelman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wouter F.M. Henkelman (page does not exist)">Wouter F.M. Henkelman</a> with several contributions and a monograph focused on the Persepolis Fortification tablets. Elamite language is currently taught in three universities in Europe, by Henkelman at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_pratique_des_hautes_%C3%A9tudes" title="École pratique des hautes études">École pratique des hautes études</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gian_Pietro_Basello&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gian Pietro Basello (page does not exist)">Gian Pietro Basello</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Naples_%22L%27Orientale%22" title="University of Naples "L'Orientale"">University of Naples "L'Orientale"</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Tavernier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Tavernier (page does not exist)">Jan Tavernier</a> at the <a href="/wiki/UCLouvain" title="UCLouvain">UCLouvain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Basello2004_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basello2004-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elamite_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anshan_(Persia)" title="Anshan (Persia)">Anshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_royal_inscriptions" title="Achaemenid royal inscriptions">Achaemenid royal inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis_Fortification_Tablets" class="mw-redirect" title="Persepolis Fortification Tablets">Persepolis Fortification Tablets</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elamite_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStolper2004">Stolper 2004</a>, pp. 60–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGragg2009">Gragg 2009</a>, p. 316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHinzKoch1987a">Hinz & Koch 1987a</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHinzKoch1987b">Hinz & Koch 1987b</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LEW-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LEW_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDesset2018" class="citation journal cs1">Desset, François (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36567114">"Linear Elamite writing"</a>. <i>The Elamite World</i>: 397. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315658032-21">10.4324/9781315658032-21</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-65803-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-65803-2"><bdi>978-1-315-65803-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Elamite+World&rft.atitle=Linear+Elamite+writing&rft.pages=397&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315658032-21&rft.isbn=978-1-315-65803-2&rft.aulast=Desset&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36567114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span> in <a href="#CITEREFÁlvarez-MonBaselloWicks2018">Álvarez-Mon, Basello & Wicks 2018</a>, pp. 405–406</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LEZ-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LEZ_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesset2022" class="citation journal cs1">Desset, François (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/za-2022-0003/html">"The Decipherment of Linear Elamite"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie</i>: <span class="nowrap">11–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fza-2022-0003">10.1515/za-2022-0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1613-1150">1613-1150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Assyriologie+und+vorderasiatische+Arch%C3%A4ologie&rft.atitle=The+Decipherment+of+Linear+Elamite&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fza-2022-0003&rft.issn=1613-1150&rft.aulast=Desset&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fza-2022-0003%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStolper2004">Stolper 2004</a>, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStolper2004">Stolper 2004</a>, pp. 65–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStolper2004">Stolper 2004</a>, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGragg2009">Gragg 2009</a>, p. 316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/projects/persepolis-fortification-archive">Persepolis Fortification Archive.</a> Oriental Institute – The University of Chicago</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavernier" class="citation book cs1">Tavernier, Jan. <i>The Elamite Language</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elamite+Language&rft.aulast=Tavernier&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span> in <a href="#CITEREFÁlvarez-MonBaselloWicks2018">Álvarez-Mon, Basello & Wicks 2018</a>, pp. 421–422</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Bladel2021">van Bladel 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStolper2004">Stolper 2004</a>, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStolper2004">Stolper 2004</a>, p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stolper_73-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stolper_73_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stolper_73_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStolper2004">Stolper 2004</a>, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apart from the productive use of <i>-me</i> to form abstract nouns, the meaning (if any) of the difference between the various inanimate suffixes is unclear.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStolper2004">Stolper 2004</a>, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStolper2004">Stolper 2004</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=282610&partId=1&people=92952&peoA=92952-3-18&page=1">"The Darius Seal"</a>. <i>British Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Museum&rft.atitle=The+Darius+Seal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollection_online%2Fcollection_object_details.aspx%3FobjectId%3D282610%26partId%3D1%26people%3D92952%26peoA%3D92952-3-18%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/pictures/a/iran/darius-seal-photo/"><i>Darius' seal: photo – Livius</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darius%27+seal%3A+photo+%E2%80%93+Livius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fpictures%2Fa%2Firan%2Fdarius-seal-photo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStolper2004">Stolper 2004</a>, p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStolper2004">Stolper 2004</a>, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStolper2004">Stolper 2004</a>, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStolper2004">Stolper 2004</a>, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStolper2004">Stolper 2004</a>, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStolper2004">Stolper 2004</a>, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStolper2004">Stolper 2004</a>, p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStolper2004">Stolper 2004</a>, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blench-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blench_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blench_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlenchSpriggs1997">Blench & Spriggs 1997</a>, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFWoodard2008">Woodard 2008</a>, pp. 3</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGnanadesikan2009">Gnanadesikan 2009</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFTavernier2020">Tavernier 2020</a>, p. 164</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFДьяконов1967">Дьяконов 1967</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMcAlpin1974">McAlpin 1974</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMcAlpin1975">McAlpin 1975</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMcAlpin1979">McAlpin 1979</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMcAlpin1981">McAlpin 1981</a>, p. 3</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFKhačikjan1998">Khačikjan 1998</a>, p. 3</li><li><a href="#CITEREFvan_Bladel2021">van Bladel 2021</a>, p. 448</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Southworth_2012-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Southworth_2012_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouthworth2011">Southworth 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoseph2017">Joseph 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcAlpin1981">McAlpin 1981</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZvelebil1985">Zvelebil 1985</a>: I admit that this [reconstruction] is somewhat farfetched. but so is a number of McAlpin's reconstructions. [...] There is no obvious systematic relationship between the morphologies of Elamite and Dravidian, apparent at first sight. Only after a hypothetical reinterpretation, three morphological patterns emerge as cognate systems: the basic cases, the personal pronouns, and the appellative endings. [...] I am also convinced that much additional work is to be done and many changes will be made to remove the genetic cognation in question from the realm of hypothesis and establish it as a fact acceptable to all.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrishnamurti2003">Krishnamurti 2003</a>, pp. 44–45: Many of the rules formulated by McAlpin lack intrinsic phonetic/phonological motivation and appear ad hoc, invented to fit the proposed correspondences: e.g. Proto-Elamo-Dravidian *i, *e > Ø Elamite, when followed by t, n, which are again followed by a; but these remain undisturbed in Dravidian (1974: 93). How does a language develop that kind of sound change? This rule was dropped a few years later, because the etymologies were abandoned (see 1979: 184). [...] We need more cognates of an atypical kind to rule out the possibility of chance.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pedron2023-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pedron2023_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPedron2023">Pedron 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blench96-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blench96_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlench2006">Blench 2006</a>, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStarostin2002">Starostin 2002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basello2004-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Basello2004_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasello2004" class="citation book cs1">Basello, Gian Pietro (2004). "Elam between Assyriology and Iranian Studies". In Panaino, Antonio (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unora.unior.it/retrieve/dfd1bedd-2e97-d55a-e053-3705fe0af723/basello2004melammusymposia4.pdf"><i>Melammu Symposia IV</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Università di Bologna & IsIAO. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8884831071" title="Special:BookSources/978-8884831071"><bdi>978-8884831071</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elam+between+Assyriology+and+Iranian+Studies&rft.btitle=Melammu+Symposia+IV&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A0+di+Bologna+%26+IsIAO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8884831071&rft.aulast=Basello&rft.aufirst=Gian+Pietro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funora.unior.it%2Fretrieve%2Fdfd1bedd-2e97-d55a-e053-3705fe0af723%2Fbasello2004melammusymposia4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elamite_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introductions_and_overviews">Introductions and overviews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elamite_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Introductions and overviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁlvarez-MonBaselloWicks2018" class="citation book cs1">Álvarez-Mon, Javier; Basello, Gian Pietro; Wicks, Jasmina, eds. (2018). <i>The Elamite World</i>. London/New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315658032" title="Special:BookSources/9781315658032"><bdi>9781315658032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elamite+World&rft.place=London%2FNew+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781315658032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Bladel2021" class="citation journal cs1">van Bladel, Kevin (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/the-language-of-the-xuz-and-the-fate-of-elamite">"The Language Of The Xūz And The Fate Of Elamite"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>31</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">447–</span>462. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186321000092">10.1017/S1356186321000092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Language+Of+The+X%C5%ABz+And+The+Fate+Of+Elamite&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E447-%3C%2Fspan%3E462&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1356186321000092&rft.aulast=van+Bladel&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-language-of-the-xuz-and-the-fate-of-elamite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlenchSpriggs1997" class="citation book cs1">Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew, eds. (1997). <i>Theoretical and Methodological Orientations</i>. Archaeology and Language. Vol. 1. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415117609" title="Special:BookSources/9780415117609"><bdi>9780415117609</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theoretical+and+Methodological+Orientations&rft.place=London&rft.series=Archaeology+and+Language&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780415117609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGragg2009" class="citation book cs1">Gragg, Gene B. (2009). "Elamite". In Brown, Edward Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.). <i>Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world</i>. Amsterdam/Oxford: Elsevier. pp. <span class="nowrap">316–</span>317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7"><bdi>978-0-08-087774-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elamite&rft.btitle=Concise+encyclopedia+of+languages+of+the+world&rft.place=Amsterdam%2FOxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E316-%3C%2Fspan%3E317&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-08-087774-7&rft.aulast=Gragg&rft.aufirst=Gene+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnanadesikan2009" class="citation book cs1">Gnanadesikan, Amalia Elisabeth (2009). <i>The writing revolution: cuneiform to the internet</i>. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-405-15406-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-405-15406-2"><bdi>978-1-405-15406-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+writing+revolution%3A+cuneiform+to+the+internet&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-405-15406-2&rft.aulast=Gnanadesikan&rft.aufirst=Amalia+Elisabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotts1999" class="citation book cs1">Potts, Daniel T. (1999). <i>The archaeology of Elam: formation and transformation of an ancient Iranian state</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511489617" title="Special:BookSources/9780511489617"><bdi>9780511489617</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+archaeology+of+Elam%3A+formation+and+transformation+of+an+ancient+Iranian+state&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780511489617&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=Daniel+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasello2011" class="citation book cs1">Basello, Gian Pietro (2011). "Elamite as Administrative Language: From Susa to Persepolis". In Álvarez-Mon, Javier; Garrison, Mark B. (eds.). <i>Elam and Persia</i>. University Park: Penn State University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">61–</span>88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781575066127-008">10.1515/9781575066127-008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575066127" title="Special:BookSources/9781575066127"><bdi>9781575066127</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv18r6qxh">10.5325/j.ctv18r6qxh</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elamite+as+Administrative+Language%3A+From+Susa+to+Persepolis&rft.btitle=Elam+and+Persia&rft.place=University+Park&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.pub=Penn+State+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5325%2Fj.ctv18r6qxh%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781575066127-008&rft.isbn=9781575066127&rft.aulast=Basello&rft.aufirst=Gian+Pietro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elamite_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dictionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinzKoch1987a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hinz, Walther; Koch, Heidemarie (1987a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ElamischesWorterbuch.1/page/n1/mode/2up"><i>Elamisches Wörterbuch</i></a> (in German). Vol. 1. Berlin: Reimer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-496-00923-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-496-00923-3"><bdi>3-496-00923-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elamisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Reimer&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=3-496-00923-3&rft.aulast=Hinz&rft.aufirst=Walther&rft.au=Koch%2C+Heidemarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FElamischesWorterbuch.1%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinzKoch1987b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hinz, Walther; Koch, Heidemarie (1987b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ElamischesWorterbuch.2"><i>Elamisches Wörterbuch</i></a> (in German). Vol. 2. Berlin: Reimer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-496-00923-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-496-00923-3"><bdi>3-496-00923-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elamisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Reimer&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=3-496-00923-3&rft.aulast=Hinz&rft.aufirst=Walther&rft.au=Koch%2C+Heidemarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FElamischesWorterbuch.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammars">Grammars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elamite_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Grammars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFДьяконов1967" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Дьяконов, Игорь Михайлович (1967). <bdi lang="ru">Языки древней Передней Азии</bdi> [<i>The Languages of Ancient Asia Minor</i>] (in Russian). Moskow: Наука.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.place=Moskow&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=%D0%94%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhačikjan1998" class="citation book cs1">Khačikjan, Margaret (1998). <i>The Elamite Language</i>. Documenta Asiana. Vol. IV. Rome: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per gli Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-87345-01-5" title="Special:BookSources/88-87345-01-5"><bdi>88-87345-01-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elamite+Language&rft.place=Rome&rft.series=Documenta+Asiana&rft.pub=Consiglio+Nazionale+delle+Ricerche+Istituto+per+gli+Studi+Micenei+ed+Egeo-Anatolici&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=88-87345-01-5&rft.aulast=Kha%C4%8Dikjan&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaper1955" class="citation book cs1">Paper, Herbert H. (1955). <i>The phonology and morphology of Royal Achaemenid Elamite</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/55-10983">55-10983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+phonology+and+morphology+of+Royal+Achaemenid+Elamite&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F55-10983&rft.aulast=Paper&rft.aufirst=Herbert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolper2004" class="citation book cs1">Stolper, Matthew W. (2004). "Elamite". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">60–</span>95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56256-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56256-0"><bdi>978-0-521-56256-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elamite&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Ancient+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56256-0&rft.aulast=Stolper&rft.aufirst=Matthew+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Republished in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodard2008" class="citation book cs1">Woodard, Roger D., ed. (2008). <i>The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Aksum</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">60–</span>95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521684972" title="Special:BookSources/9780521684972"><bdi>9780521684972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Mesopotamia%2C+Egypt%2C+and+Aksum&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780521684972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavernier2020" class="citation book cs1">Tavernier, Jan (2020). "Elamite". In Hasselbach-Andee, Rebecca (ed.). <i>A companion to ancient Near Eastern languages</i>. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">163–</span>184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119193296" title="Special:BookSources/9781119193296"><bdi>9781119193296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elamite&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+ancient+Near+Eastern+languages&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781119193296&rft.aulast=Tavernier&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasello2023" class="citation book cs1">Basello, Gian Pietro (2023). "An Introduction to Elamite Language". In Basello, Gian Pietro (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unora.unior.it/bitstream/11574/217200/1/basello2023introduction-elamite.pdf"><i>Studies on Elamite & Mesopotamian Cuneiform Culture</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Durham, NC: Lulu. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4476-3979-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4476-3979-4"><bdi>978-1-4476-3979-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+Elamite+Language&rft.btitle=Studies+on+Elamite+%26+Mesopotamian+Cuneiform+Culture&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.pub=Lulu&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-4476-3979-4&rft.aulast=Basello&rft.aufirst=Gian+Pietro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funora.unior.it%2Fbitstream%2F11574%2F217200%2F1%2Fbasello2023introduction-elamite.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_affiliation">Genetic affiliation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elamite_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Genetic affiliation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Blench, Roger</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C"><i>Archaeology, Language, and the African Past</i></a>. African Archaeology Series. Lanham: Rowman AltaMira. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0466-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0466-2"><bdi>978-0-7591-0466-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2691-8773">2691-8773</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology%2C+Language%2C+and+the+African+Past&rft.place=Lanham&rft.series=African+Archaeology+Series&rft.pub=Rowman+AltaMira&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=2691-8773&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0466-2&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DesFy3Po57A8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2017" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, Tony (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1112882321"><i>Early Indians : the story of our ancestors and where we came from</i></a>. New Delh: Juggernaut. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-86228-98-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-86228-98-7"><bdi>978-93-86228-98-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1112882321">1112882321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Indians+%3A+the+story+of+our+ancestors+and+where+we+came+from&rft.place=New+Delh&rft.pub=Juggernaut&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1112882321&rft.isbn=978-93-86228-98-7&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1112882321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamurti2003" class="citation book cs1">Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003). <i>The Dravidian Languages</i>. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139435338" title="Special:BookSources/9781139435338"><bdi>9781139435338</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dravidian+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781139435338&rft.aulast=Krishnamurti&rft.aufirst=Bhadriraju&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAlpin1974" class="citation journal cs1">McAlpin, David W. (1974). "Toward Proto-Elamo-Dravidian". <i>Language</i>. <b>50</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">89–</span>101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F412012">10.2307/412012</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/412012">412012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Toward+Proto-Elamo-Dravidian&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F412012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F412012%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McAlpin&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAlpin1975" class="citation journal cs1">McAlpin, David W. (1975). "Elamite and Dravidian, Further Evidence of Relationships". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>16</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F201521">10.1086/201521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Elamite+and+Dravidian%2C+Further+Evidence+of+Relationships&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F201521&rft.aulast=McAlpin&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAlpin1979" class="citation book cs1">McAlpin, David W. (1979). "Linguistic prehistory: the Dravidian situation". In Deshpande, Madhav M.; Hook, Peter Edwin (eds.). <i>Aryan and Non-Aryan in India</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">175–</span>190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fmpub.19419">10.3998/mpub.19419</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-90168-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-90168-5"><bdi>978-0-472-90168-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.19419.10">10.3998/mpub.19419.10</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Linguistic+prehistory%3A+the+Dravidian+situation&rft.btitle=Aryan+and+Non-Aryan+in+India&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E190&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.19419.10%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.19419&rft.isbn=978-0-472-90168-5&rft.aulast=McAlpin&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAlpin1981" class="citation journal cs1">McAlpin, David W. (1981). "Proto-Elamo-Dravidian: The Evidence and Its Implications". <i>Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</i>. <b>71</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1006352">10.2307/1006352</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1006352">1006352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Proto-Elamo-Dravidian%3A+The+Evidence+and+Its+Implications&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1006352&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1006352%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McAlpin&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedron2023" class="citation book cs1">Pedron, Filippo (2023). <i>Elamite and Dravidian: A Reassessment</i>. Thiruvananthapuram, India: International School of Dravidian Linguistics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788196007546" title="Special:BookSources/9788196007546"><bdi>9788196007546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elamite+and+Dravidian%3A+A+Reassessment&rft.place=Thiruvananthapuram%2C+India&rft.pub=International+School+of+Dravidian+Linguistics&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9788196007546&rft.aulast=Pedron&rft.aufirst=Filippo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthworth2011" class="citation journal cs1">Southworth, Franklin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9076-9">"Rice in Dravidian and its linguistic implications"</a>. <i>Rice</i>. <b>4</b>: <span class="nowrap">142–</span>148. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Rice....4..142S">2011Rice....4..142S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9076-9">10.1007/s12284-011-9076-9</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rice&rft.atitle=Rice+in+Dravidian+and+its+linguistic+implications&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E142-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9076-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Rice....4..142S&rft.aulast=Southworth&rft.aufirst=Franklin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12284-011-9076-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarostin2002" class="citation journal cs1">Starostin, George (2002). "On the genetic affiliation of the Elamite language". <i>Mother Tongue</i>. <b>VII</b>: <span class="nowrap">147–</span>217. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1087-0326">1087-0326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mother+Tongue&rft.atitle=On+the+genetic+affiliation+of+the+Elamite+language&rft.volume=VII&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E217&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=1087-0326&rft.aulast=Starostin&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil1985" class="citation journal cs1">Zvelebil, Kamil V. (1985). "Review of Proto-Elamo-Dravidian: The Evidence and Its Implications". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>105</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">364–</span>372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F601741">10.2307/601741</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/601741">601741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Review+of+Proto-Elamo-Dravidian%3A+The+Evidence+and+Its+Implications&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E364-%3C%2Fspan%3E372&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F601741%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F601741&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=Kamil+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elamite_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Elamite_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Elamite language">Elamite language</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Elamite language, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Elamite_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Elamite language"><i><b>Elamite language</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> has a word list at <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Elamite_word_list" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Elamite word list">Appendix:Elamite word list</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinzKoch1987" class="citation book cs1">Hinz, Walther; Koch, Heidemarie (1987). <i>Elamisches Wörterbuch</i>. Berlin: Reimer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-496-00923-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-496-00923-8"><bdi>978-3-496-00923-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elamisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Reimer&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-3-496-00923-8&rft.aulast=Hinz&rft.aufirst=Walther&rft.au=Koch%2C+Heidemarie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElamite+language" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ElamischesWorterbuch.1">Part 1: A–H</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ElamischesWorterbuch.2">Part 2: I–Z</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513235032/http://www.ancientscripts.com/elamite.html">Ancient Scripts: Elamite</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.fh-giessen.de/kausen/wordtexte/Elamisch.doc">Elamisch</a> by Ernst Kausen <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span>. An overview of Elamite.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.um.es/cepoat/elamita/">Elamite grammar, glossary, and a very comprehensive text corpus</a>, by Enrique Quintana (in some respects, the author's views deviate from those generally accepted in the field) <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philology.ru/linguistics4/dyakonov-79.htm">Эламский язык</a>, a detailed description by <a href="/wiki/Igor_Diakonov" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor Diakonov">Igor Diakonov</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ochre.lib.uchicago.edu/PFA_Online/">Persepolis Fortification Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110823135258/http://ochre.lib.uchicago.edu/PFA_Online/">Archived</a> 2011-08-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (requires Java)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001018020458/http://www-oi.uchicago.edu/OI/PROJ/ARI/ARI.html">Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions project</a> (the project is discontinued, but the texts, the translations and the glossaries remain accessible on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> through the options "Corpus Catalogue" and "Browse Lexicon")</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/elam.pdf">On the genetic affiliation of the Elamite language</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_Starostin" class="mw-redirect" title="George Starostin">George Starostin</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Nostratic_languages" title="Nostratic languages">Nostratic theory</a>; also with glossary)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110921032858/http://www.kavehfarrokh.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/elamitedravidian.pdf">Elamite and Dravidian: Further Evidence of Relationship</a> by David McAlpin</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_language_families757" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_languages" title="Dogon languages">Dogon</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijoid_languages" title="Ijoid languages">Ijoid</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katloid_languages" title="Katloid languages">Katla</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kru_languages" title="Kru languages">Kru</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafofa_languages" title="Lafofa languages">Lafofa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashad_languages" title="Rashad languages">Rashad</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talodi%E2%80%93Heiban_languages" title="Talodi–Heiban languages">Talodi–Heiban</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gule_language" title="Gule language">Gule</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia<br />(<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan</a>?</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot</a>?</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rutuli" title="Rutuli">Rutulian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogodala%E2%80%93Suki_languages" title="Gogodala–Suki languages">Gogodala–Suki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmeso_language" title="Burmeso language">Burmeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busa_language_(Papuan)" title="Busa language (Papuan)">Busa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibiyaso_language" title="Dibiyaso language">Dibiyaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elseng_language" title="Elseng language">Elseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaki_Ae_language" title="Kaki Ae language">Kaki Ae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keuw_language" title="Keuw language">Keuw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mawes_language" title="Mawes language">Mawes</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molof_language" title="Molof language">Molof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purari_language" title="Purari language">Purari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumuri_language" title="Sumuri language">Sumuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabo_language" title="Tabo language">Tabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yal%C3%AB_language" title="Yalë language">Yalë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yele_language" title="Yele language">Yele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaagudju_language" title="Gaagudju language">Gaagudju</a>?</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pakawan_languages" title="Pakawan languages">Pakawan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yok-Utian_languages" title="Yok-Utian languages">Yok-Utian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yuki–Wappo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coast_Oregon_Penutian_languages" title="Coast Oregon Penutian languages">Coast Oregon Penutian</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atakapa_language" title="Atakapa language">Atakapa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a>?</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a>?</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huarpean_languages" title="Huarpean languages">Huarpean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puquina_languages" title="Puquina languages">Puquina</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xukuruan_languages" title="Xukuruan languages">Xukuruan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bororoan_languages" title="Bororoan languages">Bororoan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamak%C3%A3_languages" title="Kamakã languages">Kamakã</a>?</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kariri_languages" title="Kariri languages">Kariri</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moseten%E2%80%93Chonan_languages" title="Moseten–Chonan languages">Mosetén–Chon</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purian_languages" title="Purian languages">Purian</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saparo%E2%80%93Yawan_languages" title="Saparo–Yawan languages">Saparo–Yawan</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sechura%E2%80%93Catacao_languages" title="Sechura–Catacao languages">Sechura–Catacao</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wamo%E2%80%93Chapakura_languages" title="Wamo–Chapakura languages">Wamo–Chapakúra</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waroid_languages" title="Waroid languages">Waroid</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betoi_language" title="Betoi language">Betoi</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam%C3%ABnt%C5%A1%C3%A1_language" title="Kamëntšá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi-Shapra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canichana_language" title="Canichana language">Canichana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayubaba_language" title="Cayubaba language">Cayubaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munichi_language" title="Munichi language">Munichi</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oti_language" title="Oti language">Otí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanavir%C3%B3n_language" title="Sanavirón language">Sanavirón</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca_language" title="Tequiraca language">Tequiraca</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yahgan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay%E2%80%93Uruguay_Sign_Language_family" title="Paraguay–Uruguay Sign Language family">Paraguay–Uruguay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providencia%E2%80%93Cayman_Sign_Language_family" title="Providencia–Cayman Sign Language family">Providencia–Cayman</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_sign_languages" title="Sudanese sign languages">Sudanese</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spurious_languages" title="Spurious languages">Spurious languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Language_families_of_Eurasia513" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eurasian_languages" title="Template talk:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Language_families_of_Eurasia513" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Language families</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Corsican_language" title="Paleo-Corsican language">Paleo-Corsican</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Sardinian_language" title="Paleo-Sardinian language">Paleo-Sardinian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_Picene_language" title="North Picene language">North Picene</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rutuli" title="Rutuli">Rutulian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sicanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicanian">Sicanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">West Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaskian_language" title="Kaskian language">Kaskian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harappan_language" title="Harappan language">Harappan</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Asia" title="Languages of East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> rim</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinelese_language" title="Sentinelese language">Sentinelese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="&quot;Paleosiberian&quot;63" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Paleosiberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosiberian languages">Paleosiberian</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu_language" title="Xiongnu language">Xiongnu</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alarodian_languages" title="Alarodian languages">Alarodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borean_languages" title="Borean languages">Borean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nostratic_languages" title="Nostratic languages">Nostratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Caucasian_languages" title="Dené–Caucasian languages">Dené–Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasiatic_languages" title="Eurasiatic languages">Eurasiatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravido-Korean_languages" title="Dravido-Korean languages">Dravido-Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Elamo-Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-Caucasian_languages" title="Ibero-Caucasian languages">Ibero-Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_languages" title="Indo-Pacific languages">Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Semitic_languages" title="Indo-Semitic languages">Indo-Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Uralic_languages" title="Indo-Uralic languages">Indo-Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_languages" title="Karasuk languages">Karasuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbi%E2%80%93Mongolic_languages" title="Serbi–Mongolic languages">Serbi–Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_languages" title="Pontic languages">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural-Altaic_languages" title="Ural-Altaic languages">Ural-Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralo-Siberian_languages" title="Uralo-Siberian languages">Uralo-Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic%E2%80%93Yukaghir_languages" title="Uralic–Yukaghir languages">Uralic–Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Uralic_languages" title="Eskimo–Uralic languages">Eskimo–Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan%E2%80%93Amuric_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Southeast_Asian_languages" title="Classification of Southeast Asian languages">East and Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andamanese_languages" title="Andamanese languages">Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austric_languages" title="Austric languages">Austric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Tai_languages" title="Austro-Tai languages">Austro-Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian%E2%80%93Ongan_languages" title="Austronesian–Ongan languages">Austronesian–Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_languages" title="East Asian languages">East Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Austronesian_languages" title="Sino-Austronesian languages">Sino-Austronesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">Substrata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_(Semitic)_languages" title="Atlantic (Semitic) languages">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Celtic">Pre-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Goidelic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasconic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Vasconic substrate hypothesis">Vasconic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substratum_in_Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit">Pre-Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Finno-Ugric_substrate" title="Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate">Pre-Finno-Ugric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Laplandic_languages" title="Paleo-Laplandic languages">Paleo-Laplandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Euphratean_language" title="Proto-Euphratean language">Proto-Euphratean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Mesopotamia152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Template:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Mesopotamia152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Ancient Mesopotamia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mesopotamia" title="Geography of Mesopotamia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates river system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armani_(kingdom)" title="Armani (kingdom)">Armani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_people" title="Gutian people">Gutium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turukkaeans" title="Turukkaeans">Tukri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="List of cities of the ancient Near East">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtar_Gate.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Ishtar Gate in the city of Babylon"><img alt="Ishtar Gate in the city of Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/110px-Ishtar_Gate.gif" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/165px-Ishtar_Gate.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/220px-Ishtar_Gate.gif 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(Pre)history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Mesopotamia" title="Prehistory of Mesopotamia">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialetian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialetian">Trialetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemrik_9" title="Nemrik 9">Nemrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Gutians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Babylonian_period" title="Middle Babylonian period">Middle Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorite_language" title="Amorite language">Amorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Eblaite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutean_language" title="Sutean language">Sutean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartian_language" title="Urartian language">Urartian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture/society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Akitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Babylonian mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_literature" title="Akkadian literature">Akkadian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sumer" title="Economy of Sumer">Economy of Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_Sumer" title="Warfare in Sumer">Warfare in Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumerian_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumerian cuisine (page does not exist)">Sumerian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_literature" title="Sumerian literature">Sumerian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mesopotamia" title="Music of Mesopotamia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus-Mesopotamia relations">Indus-Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Mesopotamia relations">Egypt-Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Royal titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_dynasties" title="List of Mesopotamian dynasties">List of rulers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq" title="Archaeological looting in Iraq">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL">Destruction by ISIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">Tell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian myths">Mesopotamian myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_divination" title="Mesopotamian divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_prayer" title="Mesopotamian prayer">Prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Ziggurat (Temple)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Assyriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyriologists" title="List of Assyriologists">Assyriologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittitology" title="Hittitology">Hittitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Sumerian_Dictionary" title="Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary">Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Assyrian_Dictionary" title="Chicago Assyrian Dictionary">Chicago Assyrian Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Hittite_Dictionary" title="Chicago Hittite Dictionary">Chicago Hittite Dictionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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