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id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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mass</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كتلة جزيئية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتلة جزيئية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%B0" title="আণবিক ভর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আণবিক ভর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun-ch%C3%BA-li%C5%8Dng" title="Hun-chú-liōng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hun-chú-liōng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Адносная малекулярная маса – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адносная малекулярная маса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Адносная малекулярная маса – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Адносная малекулярная маса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Молекулна маса – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Молекулна маса" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulska_masa" title="Molekulska masa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Molekulska masa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolz_molekulel" title="Tolz molekulel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tolz molekulel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_molecular" title="Massa molecular – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Massa molecular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molek%C3%BClmasse" title="Molekülmasse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Molekülmasse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulmass" title="Molekulmass – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Molekulmass" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B2%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μοριακό βάρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μοριακό βάρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_molecular" title="Masa molecular – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Masa molecular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula_maso" title="Molekula maso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Molekula maso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_molekular" title="Masa molekular – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Masa molekular" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="جرم مولکولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرم مولکولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masse_mol%C3%A9culaire" title="Masse moléculaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Masse moléculaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mais_mh%C3%B3il%C3%ADneach" title="Mais mhóilíneach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mais mhóilíneach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_molecular" title="Masa molecular – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Masa molecular" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90%EB%9F%89" title="분자량 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="분자량" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE" title="Մոլեկուլային զանգված – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոլեկուլային զանգված" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="अणु भार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अणु भार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativna_molekulska_masa" title="Relativna molekulska masa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Relativna molekulska masa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_molekul_relatif" title="Massa molekul relatif – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Massa molekul relatif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameindamassi" title="Sameindamassi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sameindamassi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_molecolare" title="Massa molecolare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Massa molecolare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מסה מולקולרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסה מולקולרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%95" title="ಅಣುತೂಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಣುತೂಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90" title="მოლეკულური მასა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოლეკულური მასა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Молекулалык масса – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Молекулалык масса" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulu_masa" title="Molekulu masa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Molekulu masa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulin%C4%97_mas%C4%97" title="Molekulinė masė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Molekulinė masė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_muleculara" title="Massa muleculara – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Massa muleculara" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulat%C3%B6meg" title="Molekulatömeg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Molekulatömeg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Молекулска маса – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Молекулска маса" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="रेणुभार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रेणुभार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisim_molekul" title="Jisim molekul – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jisim molekul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculaire_massa" title="Moleculaire massa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Moleculaire massa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F" title="分子量 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="分子量" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekylmasse" title="Molekylmasse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Molekylmasse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_moleculara" title="Massa moleculara – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Massa moleculara" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਅਣਵੀ ਭਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਣਵੀ ਭਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_cz%C4%85steczkowa" title="Masa cząsteczkowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Masa cząsteczkowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_molecular" title="Massa molecular – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Massa molecular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%C4%83_molecular%C4%83" title="Masă moleculară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Masă moleculară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Молекулярная масса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Молекулярная масса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_mass" title="Molecular mass – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Molecular mass" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulov%C3%A1_hmotnos%C5%A5" title="Molekulová hmotnosť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Molekulová hmotnosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulska_masa" title="Molekulska masa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Molekulska masa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Молекулска маса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Молекулска маса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulska_masa" title="Molekulska masa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Molekulska masa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beurat_molekul" title="Beurat molekul – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Beurat molekul" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekyylimassa" title="Molekyylimassa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Molekyylimassa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" 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data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molek%C3%BCl_k%C3%BCtlesi" title="Molekül kütlesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Molekül kütlesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Молекулярна маса – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Молекулярна маса" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Formula_mass&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula mass">Formula mass</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mass of a given molecule in daltons</div> <p>The <b>molecular mass</b> (<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">m</span>) is the mass of a given <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_measurement" title="Unit of measurement">Units</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">daltons</a> (Da) are often used.<sup id="cite_ref-SI_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different molecules of the same compound may have different molecular masses because they contain different <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> of an element. The derived quantity <b>relative molecular mass</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Unitless" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitless">unitless</a> ratio of the mass of a molecule to the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic mass constant">atomic mass constant</a> (which is equal to one dalton).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The molecular mass and relative molecular mass are distinct from but related to the <i><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">molar mass</a></i>. The molar mass is defined as the mass of a given substance divided by the <a href="/wiki/Amount_of_substance" title="Amount of substance">amount of the substance</a>, and is expressed in <a href="/wiki/Grams" class="mw-redirect" title="Grams">grams</a> per <a href="/wiki/Mol_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mol (unit)">mol</a> (g/mol). That makes the molar mass an <i>average</i> of many particles or molecules (potentially containing different <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>), and the molecular mass the mass of one specific particle or molecule. The molar mass is usually the more appropriate quantity when dealing with macroscopic (weigh-able) quantities of a substance. </p><p>The definition of <b>molecular weight</b> is most authoritatively synonymous with relative molecular mass; however, in common practice, use of this terminology is highly variable. When the molecular weight is given with the unit Da, it is frequently as a weighted average similar to the molar mass but with different units. In molecular biology, the mass of macromolecules is referred to as their molecular weight and is expressed in kDa, although the numerical value is often approximate and representative of an average. </p><p>The terms "molecular mass", "molecular weight", and "molar mass" may be used interchangeably in less formal contexts where unit- and quantity-correctness is not needed. The molecular mass is more commonly used when referring to the mass of a single or specific well-defined molecule and less commonly than molecular weight when referring to a weighted average of a sample. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">2019 revision of the SI</a> quantities expressed in daltons (Da) were by definition numerically equivalent to molar mass expressed in the units g/mol and were thus strictly numerically interchangeable. After the 2019 revision, this relationship is only nearly equivalent, although the difference is negligible for all practical purposes. </p><p>The molecular mass of small to medium size molecules, measured by mass spectrometry, can be used to determine the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_composition" title="Chemical composition">composition</a> of elements in the molecule. The molecular masses of macromolecules, such as proteins, can also be determined by mass spectrometry; however, methods based on <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> and light-scattering are also used to determine molecular mass when <a href="/wiki/Crystallographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystallographic">crystallographic</a> or mass spectrometric data are not available. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calculation">Calculation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_mass&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Calculation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Molecular masses are calculated from the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">atomic masses</a> of each <a href="/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide">nuclide</a> present in the molecule, while <a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">molar masses</a> and relative molecular masses (molecular weights) are calculated from the <a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">standard atomic weights</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of each <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">element</a>. The standard atomic weight takes into account the <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopic distribution</a> of the element in a given sample (usually assumed to be "normal"). For example, <a href="/wiki/Water_(molecule)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water (molecule)">water</a> has a molar mass of 18.0153(3) g/mol, but individual water molecules have molecular masses which range between 18.010 564 6863(15) Da (<sup>1</sup>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span><sup>16</sup>O) and 22.027 7364(9) Da (<sup>2</sup>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span><sup>18</sup>O). </p><p>Atomic and molecular masses are usually reported in <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">daltons</a>, which is defined in terms of the mass of the <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> <sup>12</sup>C (carbon-12). However, the name <i><a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">unified atomic mass unit</a></i> (u) is still used in common practice. Relative atomic and molecular masses as defined are <a href="/wiki/Dimensionless" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimensionless">dimensionless</a>. Molar masses when expressed in <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">g</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mol</a> have almost identical numerical values as relative atomic and molecular masses. For example, the molar mass and molecular mass of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, whose molecular formula is CH<sub>4</sub>, are calculated respectively as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Molar mass of CH<sub>4</sub> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Standard atomic weight</th> <th>Number<br />of atoms</th> <th>Total molar mass (g/mol) <br /> or molecular weight (unitless) </th></tr> <tr> <td>C</td> <td>12.011</td> <td>1</td> <td style="text-align:right;">12.011 </td></tr> <tr> <td>H</td> <td>1.008</td> <td>4</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.032 </td></tr> <tr> <td>CH<sub>4</sub></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:right;">16.043 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Molecular mass of <sup>12</sup>C<sup>1</sup>H<sub>4</sub> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Nuclide mass (Da or u)</th> <th>Number<br />of atoms</th> <th>Total molecular mass (Da or u) </th></tr> <tr> <td><sup>12</sup>C</td> <td>12.0000</td> <td>1</td> <td style="text-align:right;">12.0000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>1</sup>H</td> <td>1.007825</td> <td>4</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.0313 </td></tr> <tr> <td>CH<sub>4</sub></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:right;">16.0313 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The uncertainty in molecular mass reflects variance (error) in measurement not the natural variance in isotopic abundances across the globe. In high-resolution <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a> the mass isotopomers <sup>12</sup>C<sup>1</sup>H<sub>4</sub> and <sup>13</sup>C<sup>1</sup>H<sub>4</sub> are observed as distinct molecules, with molecular masses of approximately 16.031 Da and 17.035 Da, respectively. The intensity of the mass-spectrometry peaks is proportional to the isotopic abundances in the molecular species. <sup>12</sup>C <sup>2</sup>H <sup>1</sup>H<sub>3</sub> can also be observed with molecular mass of 17 Da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Determination">Determination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_mass&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Determination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_mass&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mass spectrometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a></div> <p>In mass spectrometry, the molecular mass of a small molecule is usually reported as the <a href="/wiki/Monoisotopic_mass" title="Monoisotopic mass">monoisotopic mass</a>: that is, the mass of the molecule containing only the most common isotope of each element. This also differs subtly from the molecular mass in that the choice of isotopes is defined and thus is a single specific molecular mass out of the (perhaps many) possibilities. The masses used to compute the monoisotopic molecular mass are found in a table of isotopic masses and are not found in a typical periodic table. The average molecular mass is often used for larger molecules, since molecules with many atoms are often unlikely to be composed exclusively of the most abundant isotope of each element. A theoretical average molecular mass can be calculated using the <a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">standard atomic weights</a> found in a typical periodic table. The average molecular mass of a very small sample, however, might differ substantially from this since a single sample average is not the same as the average of many geographically distributed samples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_photometry">Mass photometry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_mass&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mass photometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mass photometry (MP) is a rapid, in-solution, label-free method of obtaining the molecular mass of proteins, lipids, sugars and nucleic acids at the single-molecule level. The technique is based on interferometric scattered light microscopy.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrast from scattered light by a single binding event at the interface between the protein solution and glass slide is detected and is linearly proportional to the mass of the molecule. This technique can also be used to measure sample homogeneity,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to detect protein <a href="/wiki/Oligomerisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligomerisation">oligomerisation</a> states, and to identify complex macromolecular assemblies (<a href="/wiki/Ribosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribosomes">ribosomes</a>, <a href="/wiki/GroEL" title="GroEL">GroEL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adeno-associated_virus" title="Adeno-associated virus">AAV</a>) and protein interactions such as protein-protein interactions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mass photometry can accurately measure molecular mass over a wide range of molecular masses (40 kDa – 5 MDa). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrodynamic_methods">Hydrodynamic methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_mass&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hydrodynamic methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To a first approximation, the basis for determination of molecular mass according to <a href="/wiki/Mark%E2%80%93Houwink_equation" title="Mark–Houwink equation">Mark–Houwink relations</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_viscosity" title="Intrinsic viscosity">intrinsic viscosity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solutions</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">suspensions</a>) of macromolecules depends on volumetric proportion of the dispersed particles in a particular solvent. Specifically, the hydrodynamic size as related to molecular mass depends on a conversion factor, describing the shape of a particular molecule. This allows the apparent molecular mass to be described from a range of techniques sensitive to hydrodynamic effects, including <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_light_scattering" title="Dynamic light scattering">DLS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Size_exclusion_chromatography" class="mw-redirect" title="Size exclusion chromatography">SEC</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Gel_permeation_chromatography" title="Gel permeation chromatography">GPC</a> when the eluent is an organic solvent), <a href="/wiki/Viscometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscometry">viscometry</a>, and diffusion ordered <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy</a> (DOSY).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The apparent <a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamic_radius" title="Hydrodynamic radius">hydrodynamic size</a> can then be used to approximate molecular mass using a series of macromolecule-specific standards.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As this requires calibration, it's frequently described as a "relative" molecular mass determination method. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Static_light_scattering">Static light scattering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_mass&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Static light scattering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is also possible to determine absolute molecular mass directly from light scattering, traditionally using the <a href="/wiki/Zimm_plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimm plot">Zimm method</a>. This can be accomplished either via classical <a href="/wiki/Static_light_scattering" title="Static light scattering">static light scattering</a> or via <a href="/wiki/Multi-angle_light_scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-angle light scattering">multi-angle light scattering</a> detectors. Molecular masses determined by this method do not require calibration, hence the term "absolute". The only external measurement required is <a href="/wiki/Static_light_scattering#Theory" title="Static light scattering">refractive index increment</a>, which describes the change in refractive index with concentration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_mass&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryoscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryoscopy">Cryoscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cryoscopic_constant" title="Cryoscopic constant">cryoscopic constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebullioscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebullioscopy">Ebullioscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ebullioscopic_constant" title="Ebullioscopic constant">ebullioscopic constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumas_method_of_molecular_weight_determination" title="Dumas method of molecular weight determination">Dumas method of molecular weight determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie_Raoult" title="François-Marie Raoult">François-Marie Raoult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">Mass number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_molar_mass" title="Absolute molar mass">Absolute molar mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass_distribution" title="Molar mass distribution">Molar mass distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">Dalton (unit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDS-PAGE" title="SDS-PAGE">SDS-PAGE</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_mass&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SI-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SI_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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.cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf"><i>The International System of Units</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (9th ed.), International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Dec 2022, p. 145, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-822-2272-0" 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(2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goedoc.uni-goettingen.de/goescholar/bitstream/handle/1/11975/c5sc00670h.pdf?sequence=1">"Accurate Molecular Weight Determination of Small Molecules via DOSY-NMR by Using External Calibration Curves with Normalized Diffusion Coefficients"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chem._Sci." class="mw-redirect" title="Chem. Sci.">Chem. Sci.</a></i> <b>6</b> (6): 3354–3364. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC5SC00670H">10.1039/C5SC00670H</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5656982">5656982</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29142693">29142693</a>.</cite><span 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