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Decarbonising Energy
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It sets out how the road to Net Zero will involve a repurposing of not only our energy system but also our own behaviour. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tab d-none" id="tab1-2"> The implications of rising greenhouse gas emissions is an issue of major public and political interest – a position reflected in the UK’s 2019 legislative commitment to be “Net Zero by 2050”.<br /> <br /> This Special Report explores the central themes arising from the low carbon energy transition and explains why the challenges faced in delivering Net Zero should not be underestimated. It sets out how the road to Net Zero will involve a repurposing of not only our energy system but also our own behaviour. With a focus on power generation, the report also describes how moving from 53% to 100% ‘low carbon’ power generation in 30 years will require investment in renewable technologies at an unprecedented level.<br /> <br /> Key questions examined in the report include:<br /> •How important is renewable technology to global and UK energy supply? Have renewable projects been successful in stabilising harmful levels of greenhouse gas emissions?<br /> •What is the Paris Agreement and Net Zero policy, where did they come from and how realistic are their goals?<br /> •What are the UK’s main generation technologies? What policy drivers determine investment in renewable technology?<br /> •What new technologies will be required to deliver Net Zero?<br /> <br /> Written with both the lawyer and non-lawyer in mind, this report will appeal to those with an interest in the energy sector as well as those who are enthusiastic about the implications of the radical Net Zero ambition on the energy system as a whole.<br /> </div> <div class="tab d-none" id="tab1-3"> <div class="section section-accordion"> <div class="section__head"> <h3>Table of Contents</h3> </div> <div class="section__body"> <table id="toc"> <tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-1"><span class="text">Cover</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">Cover</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-1"><span class="text">Halftitle Page</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">1</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-1"><span class="text">Copyright Page</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">2</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-1"><span class="text">Table of Contents</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">3</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-1"><span class="text">Acknowledgements</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">8</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-1"><span class="text">I. Introduction</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">9</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-1"><span class="text">II. The global energy triumvirate: greenhouse gas emissions, global warming and green energy</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">13</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">1. Global energy trends – overview</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">13</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">2. Green shoots still to bud: carbon far from dated</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">14</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.1 The coal problem</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">14</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.2 Global greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs). and global warming</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">16</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">3. Global green energy: an investment success story?</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">20</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.1 Investment in renewables.</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">20</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.2 Growing capacity</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">21</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.3 Back to the future (again).</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">22</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.4 Capacity is not power.</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">23</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.5 Electrifying energy</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">24</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">4. Renewable technology: now cheaper and more efficient</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">25</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">4.1 Falling costs</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">25</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">4.2 Explaining the cost savings</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">27</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">4.3 Price competition and the path to diminishing marginal returns</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">29</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">5. Global wrap-up.</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">31</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-1"><span class="text">III. How green is UK energy?</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">33</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">1. UK energy trends – overview.</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">33</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">2. Energy versus electricity.</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">34</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.1 Generation capacity and interconnectors</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">35</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.2 Electricity generated</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">37</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">3. The relationship between capacity and electricity generated in the UK</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">40</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-1"><span class="text">IV. UK policy and the road to Net Zero</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">41</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">1. UK energy policy</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">41</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">2. Policy development – overview</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">42</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.1 Climate Change Act 2008</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">42</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.2 Coalition government 2011 budget</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">42</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.3 Electricity Market Reform (EMR) under the Energy Act 2013</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">42</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.4 The Renewables Obligation (RO)</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">44</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.5 The Feed-in Tariff (FiT)</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">45</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.6 Smart Export Guarantee (SEG)</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">45</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">3. The emergence of Net Zero</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">46</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">4. The Committee on Climate Change’s 2019 Progress Report</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">49</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">5. Future energy scenarios 2019: Net Zero aspects</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">50</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">5.1 Heating homes</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">51</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">5.2 Growth in generation capacity</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">52</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">5.3 Net Zero actually means negative zero –. sequestration</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">53</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">5.4 Indispensability of carbon capture, use and storage (CCUS) technology</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">53</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">5.5 Electric vehicles (EVs)</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">54</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">5.6 Interoperability</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">55</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">5.7 Behavioural</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">55</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">6. Delivering Net Zero</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">55</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-1"><span class="text">V. Generation technologies: going from black to grey</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">57</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">1. Overview</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">57</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">2. Coal-fired generation</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">58</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.1 Summary</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">58</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.2 The coal scene</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">58</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.3 Policy</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">58</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.4 Convert or close</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">60</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.5 Biomass conversion, gas conversion and carbon capture, use and storage (CCUS)</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">61</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.6 Decommissioning.</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">61</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">3. Nuclear generation.</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">63</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.1 Overview.</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">63</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.2 New build nuclear</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">64</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.3 Nuclear development costs</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">65</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.4 Nuclear third-party liability</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">66</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.5 Brexit and Euratom (‘Brexatom’)</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">67</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.6 The regulated asset base (RAB) model</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">68</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.7 What next for RAB?</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">70</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">4. Natural gas-fired generation</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">70</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">4.1 Overview.</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">70</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">4.2 Peaking plants</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">72</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">4.3 Baseload plants.</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">72</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">4.4 The Capacity Market (CM): a capacity lost?</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">73</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">4.5 Gas in a renewables world?</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">73</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">4.6 Gas: going green?.</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">75</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-1"><span class="text">VI. Generation technologies: going from grey to green</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">77</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">1. Overview</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">77</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">2. Solar photovoltaic (PV)</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">78</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.1 Overview.</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">78</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.2 Why solar?</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">79</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.3 Development aspects.</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">79</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.4 Operation aspects</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">80</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.5 Connection aspects and stranded assets</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">80</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.6 Solar and subsidy</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">81</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.7 Solar without subsidy.</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">85</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">3. Wind power</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">87</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.1 Overview.</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">87</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.2 Wind in the UK.</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">88</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.3 Cost of wind</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">89</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.4 Investing in wind power</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">91</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.5 Wind: finance aspects</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">94</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-1"><span class="text">VII. Net Zero and future technologies</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">97</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">1. Overview</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">97</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">2. Energy storage</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">98</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.1 Overview</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">98</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.2 Opportunities: co-location and revenue stacking.</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">98</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.3 Battery storage: lithium ion and electric vehicles (EVs).</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">99</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.4 Pumped storage.</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">100</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.5 Thermal storage</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">101</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.6 Hydrogen storage</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">102</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">3. Floating wind power</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">102</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.1 Overview</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">102</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.2 Early stage technology.</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">102</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.3 Crown Estate and floating projects.</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">103</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.4 Floating wind as a sector opportunity</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">103</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.5 Floating wind benefits</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">104</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.6 Key issues with floating projects</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">105</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.7 What next for floating wind?.</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">106</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">4. Hydrogen: to the rescue?</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">107</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">4.1 Why hydrogen?</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">107</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">4.2 How is hydrogen produced?</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">108</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">4.3 Hydrogen and energy storage.</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">112</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">4.4 Applications of clean hydrogen</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">112</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">4.5 Hydrogen: two opportunities</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">115</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">4.6 Hydrogen in 2050</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">116</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">5. Carbon capture technology</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">118</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">5.1 Overview</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">118</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">5.2 Carbon capture storage (CCS) and Net Zero</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">119</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">6. Negative emissions</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">121</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">6.1 Going green: reforestation and rewilding</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">122</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">6.2 Direct air capture (DAC)</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">123</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">6.3 Bioenergy carbon capture storage (BECCS)</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">123</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">7. Advanced nuclear technologies</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">124</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">7.1 Overview</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">124</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">7.2 Small modular reactors (SMRs) (Generation III water-cooled SMRs)</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">125</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">7.3 Advanced modular reactors (AMRs) (Generation IV AMRs).</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">126</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">7.4 Why advanced nuclear?</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">126</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-1"><span class="text">VIII. The UK’s electricity network: electrons in balance</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">129</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">1. Overview</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">129</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">2. The electricity system: what it is and how it works</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">130</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.1 Generators</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">130</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.2 Transmission operators (TOs)</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">130</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.3 Transmission system operator (TSO)</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">131</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.4 Distribution network operators (DNOs).</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">131</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.5 Trade and aggregators</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">131</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.6 Suppliers</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">132</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.7 Customers (industrial, commercial and residential)</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">132</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">2.8 Ofgem and the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS)</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">133</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody><tbody class="chapter"> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-2"><span class="text">3. Balancing the electricity system: the balancing mechanism (BM) and ancillary services</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">133</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.1 The balancing mechanism (BM)</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">133</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.2 Wind and the balancing mechanism (BM).</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">135</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-3"><span class="text">3.3 Ancillary services</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">136</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-1"><span class="text">IX. Looking forward</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">145</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-1"><span class="text">Notes</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">148</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-1"><span class="text">About the author</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">151</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr> <tr class="head"> <th class="toc-level-1"><span class="text">About Globe Law and Business</span></th> <td class="count"><span class="text">152</span></td> <td class="action"></td> </tr></tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tab d-none" id="tab1-4"> <p>The Decarbonising Energy: The Path to Net Zero report provides an interesting introduction to the subject of energy decarbonisation, particularly on the Net Zero decarbonisation of power generation in the UK. The appeal of this report is primarily aimed at both new and existing professionals in the energy industry, particularly those in the power generation segment. Energy policy experts and lawmakers will also find this report useful.<br /><strong>Dr. Nana Asare Obeng-Darko</strong><br /><i>OGEL</i><br /></p> </div> <div class="tab d-none" id="tab1-5"> <p>Hugo Lidbetter<br /> Partner, Fieldfisher<br /> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="206855474f0e6c4944424554544552604649454c444649534845520e434f4d">[email protected]</a><br /> <br /> Hugo Lidbetter is a partner in Energy and Natural Resources at Fieldfisher, specialising in policy and legal issues relating to low-carbon energy and the zero-carbon agenda.<br /> An energy and infrastructure lawyer with 10 years' experience, he advises international and domestic clients on project development work in the energy sector, including conventional (coal and gas) and low-carbon (nuclear and renewables) power projects. Hugo has particular expertise in construction law in the energy industry, including advising on industry-standard forms as well as bespoke forms of EPC and O&M contracts, and associated ancillary commercial agreements.<br /> He brings a blended private practice and in-house background, having recently spent five years in EDF Energy's Generation legal team. His role at EDF involved managing an experienced team of lawyers in delivering support to EDF's fleet of nuclear, coal- and gas-fired stations, as well as its gas storage sites and renewables investments. He was also company secretary of the thermal business division.<br /> Having worked in-house for several years, Hugo has a broad understanding of the key areas of law applicable to, and regulatory requirements of, energy companies and how external counsel can add the best value. As a company secretary, he also appreciates the operational and strategic pressures facing a board of directors. 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