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class="mw-page-title-main">William Cushing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US Supreme Court justice from 1790 to 1810</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named William Cushing, see <a href="/wiki/William_Cushing_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="William Cushing (disambiguation)">William Cushing (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">William Cushing</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:WilliamCushing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/WilliamCushing.jpg/220px-WilliamCushing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/WilliamCushing.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 2, 1790<sup id="cite_ref-SCjustices_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCjustices-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – September 13, 1810<sup id="cite_ref-SCjustices_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCjustices-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Nominated by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Seat established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1732-03-01</span>)</span>March 1, 1732<br /><a href="/wiki/Scituate,_Massachusetts" title="Scituate, Massachusetts">Scituate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 13, 1810<span style="display:none">(1810-09-13)</span> (aged 78)<br /><a href="/wiki/Scituate,_Massachusetts" title="Scituate, Massachusetts">Scituate, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Cushing_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Cushing's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/William_Cushing_Signature.svg/128px-William_Cushing_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/William_Cushing_Signature.svg/192px-William_Cushing_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/William_Cushing_Signature.svg/256px-William_Cushing_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="153" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William Cushing</b> (March 1, 1732 – September 13, 1810) was one of the original five <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">associate justices</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>; <a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">confirmed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> on September 26, 1789, he served until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FJC-Cushing_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FJC-Cushing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His Supreme Court tenure of 20 years and 11 months was the longest among the Court's inaugural members.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1796, he was nominated by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> to become the Court's <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a>; though confirmed, he declined the appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-FJC-Cushing_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FJC-Cushing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the last judge in the United States to wear a full wig (<a href="/wiki/Court_dress" title="Court dress">Court dress</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cushing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cushing was born in <a href="/wiki/Scituate,_Massachusetts" title="Scituate, Massachusetts">Scituate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a>, on March 1, 1732. The Cushing family had a long history in the area, settling <a href="/wiki/Hingham,_Massachusetts" title="Hingham, Massachusetts">Hingham</a> in 1638. Cushing's father, John Cushing (1695–1778), was a provincial magistrate who in 1747 became an associate justice of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court">Superior Court of Judicature</a>, the province's high court. William Cushing's grandfather John Cushing (1662–1737/38) was also a superior court judge and member of the governor's council.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cushing's mother, Mary Cotton Cushing, was a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Cotton" title="Josiah Cotton">Josiah Cotton</a> (1679/80–1756). They were descended from Rev. <a href="/wiki/John_Cotton_(minister)" title="John Cotton (minister)">John Cotton</a>, the great 17th century Puritan theologian. Josiah Cotton and Richard Fitzgerald, a teacher at a local Latin school, were responsible for young Cushing's early education.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cushing graduated from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a> in 1751 and became a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the bar">member of the bar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> in 1755. After briefly practicing law in Scituate, he moved to Pownalborough (present-day <a href="/wiki/Dresden,_Maine" title="Dresden, Maine">Dresden, Maine</a>, then part of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>), and became the first practicing attorney in the province's eastern district (as Maine was then known). In 1762 he was called to become a <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a>, again the first in Maine. He practiced law until 1772, when he was appointed by Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Thomas Hutchinson</a> to replace his father (who had resigned) on the Superior Court bench. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cushing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Not long after his tenure on the Massachusetts bench began, a controversy arose over revelations that court judges were to be paid by crown funds from <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> rather than by an appropriation of the provincial assembly. Cushing did not express any opinion on the matter, but declined the crown payment in preference to a provincial appropriation. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> broke out in April 1775, the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Provincial_Congress" title="Massachusetts Provincial Congress">Massachusetts Provincial Congress</a> (which exercised <i>de facto</i> control over the province outside <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">besieged Boston</a>), sought to reorganize the courts to remove the trappings of British sovereignty. Consequently, it essentially dissolved the Superior Court and reformed it in November 1775. Of all its justices, Cushing was the only one retained. </p><p>The congress offered the seat of Chief Justice first to <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, but he never sat, and resigned the post in 1776. The provincial congress appointed Cushing to be the court's first sitting Chief Justice in 1777. He was a charter member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (1780).<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would sit as Massachusetts Chief Justice until 1789, during which period the court ruled in 1783 that slavery was irreconcilable with the new state constitution, and it was ended in the state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massachusetts_chief_justice">Massachusetts chief justice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cushing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Massachusetts chief justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1783, Cushing presided over a series of cases involving <a href="/wiki/Quock_Walker" title="Quock Walker">Quock Walker</a>, a slave who filed a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">freedom suit</a> based on the language of the new state constitution. In <i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_v._Jennison" title="Commonwealth v. Jennison">Commonwealth v. Jennison</a></i>, Cushing stated the following principles, in his charge to the jury: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As to the doctrine of slavery and the right of Christians to hold Africans in perpetual servitude, and sell and treat them as we do our horses and cattle, that (it is true) has been heretofore countenanced by the Province Laws formerly, but nowhere is it expressly enacted or established. It has been a usage – a usage which took its origin from the practice of some of the European nations, and the regulations of British government respecting the then Colonies, for the benefit of trade and wealth. But whatever sentiments have formerly prevailed in this particular or slid in upon us by the example of others, a different idea has taken place with the people of America, more favorable to the natural rights of mankind, and to that natural, innate desire of Liberty, with which Heaven (without regard to color, complexion, or shape of noses-features) has inspired all the human race. And upon this ground our Constitution of Government, by which the people of this Commonwealth have solemnly bound themselves, sets out with declaring that all men are born free and equal – and that every subject is entitled to liberty, and to have it guarded by the laws, as well as life and property – and in short is totally repugnant to the idea of being born slaves. This being the case, I think the idea of slavery is inconsistent with our own conduct and Constitution; and there can be no such thing as perpetual servitude of a rational creature, unless his liberty is forfeited by some criminal conduct or given up by personal consent or contract ...<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This was taken to mean that slavery was incompatible with <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Constitution">the state constitution</a> ratified in 1779, and that slavery was therefore ended in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-SJC_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SJC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case relied on a 1781 freedom suit brought by slave <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Freeman_(Mum_Bett)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Freeman (Mum Bett)">Elizabeth Freeman</a>, also known as Mum Bett, on the same grounds; a Massachusetts county court ruled in her favor in 1781. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a> (1786–87), Cushing ensured that court sessions continued, despite the aggressive protests of the armed rebels, and later presided over their trials. A year later, in 1788, he served as vice president of the Massachusetts convention, which narrowly ratified the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">United States Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Supreme_Court">U.S. Supreme Court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cushing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: U.S. Supreme Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 24, 1789, President George Washington nominated Cushing for one of the five associate justice positions on the newly established Supreme Court. His appointment (along with those of: <a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">John Blair Jr.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Harrison" title="Robert H. Harrison">Robert H. Harrison</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a>; and <a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a>; plus that of <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> for Chief Justice) was confirmed by the Senate two days later.<sup id="cite_ref-SCNomsSenate_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCNomsSenate-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cushing's service on the Court officially began February 2, 1790, when he took the Judicial oath.<sup id="cite_ref-SCjustices_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCjustices-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He generally held a <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> view typically in line with the views of the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federalist Party (United States)">Federalist Party</a>, and often disagreed with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic-Republican Party (United States)">Democratic-Republicans</a>. His two most important decisions were probably <i><a href="/wiki/Chisholm_v._Georgia" title="Chisholm v. Georgia">Chisholm v. Georgia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ware_v._Hylton" title="Ware v. Hylton">Ware v. Hylton</a></i>, which held that <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a> made under the Constitution supersede <a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">state law</a>. Though he served on the Court for two decades, only 19 of his decisions appear in the <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">United States Reports</a></i>. </p><p>Cushing administered the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Oath of office of the President of the United States">oath of office</a> at <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="Second inauguration of George Washington">Washington's second inauguration</a> on March 4, 1793. This was the first inauguration to take place in Philadelphia (<a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States#Former_national_capitals" title="List of capitals in the United States">then the nation's capital</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> resigned from the Court in June 1795, during a long Senate recess, Washington appointed <a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a> as the new chief justice by a <a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">recess appointment</a>. On December 15, 1795, during the Senate's next session, it rejected Rutledge's nomination. Washington subsequently nominated Cushing on January 26, 1796; the Senate confirmed the nomination the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-SCNomsSenate_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCNomsSenate-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justice_Cushing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Justice_Cushing.jpg/150px-Justice_Cushing.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Justice_Cushing.jpg/225px-Justice_Cushing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Justice_Cushing.jpg/300px-Justice_Cushing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Cushing's gravesite</figcaption></figure> <p>Cushing received his commission on January 27, but returned it to Washington on February 2, declining appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-Decline_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decline-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An error in the rough minutes of the Court on February 3 and 4, 1796, lists Cushing as Chief Justice, although this entry was later crossed out. This error can be explained by the text of the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789" title="Judiciary Act of 1789">Judiciary Act of 1789</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which allowed for the Court to hear cases with a <a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">quorum</a> of only four justices; that is, the Chief Justice need not always be present for the Court to conduct business. As Cushing was the most senior associate justice present on those dates, he would have been expected to serve as the presiding justice, directing the Court's business. </p><p>Washington then nominated <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth" title="Oliver Ellsworth">Oliver Ellsworth</a> to be chief justice, transmitting the nomination to the Senate in a March 3 message stating that Ellsworth would replace "William Cushing, resigned."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent histories of the Court have not counted Cushing as chief justice, but instead report that he declined the appointment. Had Cushing accepted promotion to chief justice and then resigned, he would have had to leave the Court entirely; accepting the appointment would have implicitly required Cushing to resign his place as associate justice. That he continued on the Court as an associate justice for years afterward lends weight to the assertion that Cushing declined promotion. Additionally, Cushing's February 2 letter explicitly stated his return of the commission for chief justice, and his desire to retain his seat as associate justice.<sup id="cite_ref-Decline_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decline-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cushing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1810, Cushing died in his hometown of Scituate, Massachusetts. He is buried in a small cemetery there which is also a state park. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cushing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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Supreme Court of the United States">List of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_prior_to_the_Marshall_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases prior to the Marshall Court">List of United States Supreme Court cases prior to the Marshall Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cushing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SCjustices-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCjustices_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCjustices_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCjustices_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members_text.aspx">"Justices 1789 to Present"</a>. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100415034624/https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members_text.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justices+1789+to+Present&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fabout%2Fmembers_text.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cushing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FJC-Cushing-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FJC-Cushing_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FJC-Cushing_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/cushing-william">"Cushing, William"</a>. <i>fjc.gov</i>. Washington, D.C.: Federal Judicial Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180219031209/https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/cushing-william">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fjc.gov&rft.atitle=Cushing%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2Fhistory%2Fjudges%2Fcushing-william&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cushing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrofsky1994" class="citation book cs1">Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supremecourtjust00melv"><i>The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary</i></a></span>. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supremecourtjust00melv/page/127">127</a>–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-1176-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-1176-1"><bdi>0-8153-1176-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2017</span>. <q>Cushing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+Justices%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=127-129&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8153-1176-1&rft.aulast=Urofsky&rft.aufirst=Melvin+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsupremecourtjust00melv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cushing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanders1859" class="citation book cs1">Flanders, Henry (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VK43AQAAMAAJ"><i>William Cushing. Oliver Ellsworth. John Marshall</i></a>. J. Cockcroft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510040549/https://books.google.com/books?id=VK43AQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Cushing.+Oliver+Ellsworth.+John+Marshall&rft.pub=J.+Cockcroft&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Flanders&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVK43AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cushing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1995" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Bernard (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofsupreme00schw"><i>A History of the Supreme Court</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofsupreme00schw/page/15">15</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Supreme+Court&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofsupreme00schw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cushing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry1985" class="citation book cs1">Perry, James R. (1985). <i>The Documentary History of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1789-1800</i>. Columbia University Press. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Documentary+History+of+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States%2C+1789-1800&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cushing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCushman2012" class="citation book cs1">Cushman, Clare (December 11, 2012). <i>The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–2012</i>. CQ Press. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+Justices%3A+Illustrated+Biographies%2C+1789%E2%80%932012&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft.aulast=Cushman&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cushing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/content/about/about.aspx?d=23">"Charter of Incorporation of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts and Sciences</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141111051039/https://www.amacad.org/content/about/about.aspx?d=23">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.atitle=Charter+of+Incorporation+of+the+American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fcontent%2Fabout%2Fabout.aspx%3Fd%3D23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cushing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harper, Douglass. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slavenorth.com/massemancip.htm">Emancipation in Massachusetts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040128112051/http://www.slavenorth.com/massemancip.htm">Archived</a> 2004-01-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2003) <i>Slavery in the North</i>. Retrieved 2010-05-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SJC-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SJC_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mass.gov/courts/sjc/constitution-slavery-e.html">"Massachusetts Constitution, Judicial Review, and Slavery - The Quock Walker Case"</a>. <i>mass.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091204185216/http://www.mass.gov/courts/sjc/constitution-slavery-e.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mass.gov&rft.atitle=Massachusetts+Constitution%2C+Judicial+Review%2C+and+Slavery+-+The+Quock+Walker+Case&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mass.gov%2Fcourts%2Fsjc%2Fconstitution-slavery-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cushing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Zilversmit, <i>The First Emancipation: The Abolition of Slavery in the North</i> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michaelariens.com/ConLaw/justices/cushing.htm">Michael Lariens, "William Cushing Biography"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040215020210/http://www.michaelariens.com/ConLaw/justices/cushing.htm">Archived</a> 2004-02-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCNomsSenate-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCNomsSenate_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCNomsSenate_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/nominations/Nominations.htm">"Supreme Court Nominations: present-1789"</a>. Washington, D.C.: United States Senate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201209085119/https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/nominations/Nominations.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+Nominations%3A+present-1789&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Senate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fpagelayout%2Freference%2Fnominations%2FNominations.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cushing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inaugural.senate.gov/2nd-inaugural-ceremonies/">"The 2nd Presidential Inauguration, George Washington, March 04, 1793"</a>. Washington, D.C.: Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185902/https://www.inaugural.senate.gov/2nd-inaugural-ceremonies/">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+2nd+Presidential+Inauguration%2C+George+Washington%2C+March+04%2C+1793&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Joint+Congressional+Committee+on+Inaugural+Ceremonies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inaugural.senate.gov%2F2nd-inaugural-ceremonies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cushing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Decline_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Decline_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcus & Perry, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-1-73">73</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcus & Perry, p. 120.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cushing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham1992" class="citation book cs1">Abraham, Henry J. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/justicespresiden0000abra"><i>Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506557-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506557-3"><bdi>0-19-506557-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justices+and+Presidents%3A+A+Political+History+of+Appointments+to+the+Supreme+Court&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-506557-3&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Henry+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjusticespresiden0000abra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cushing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCushman2001" class="citation book cs1">Cushman, Clare (2001). <i>The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995</i> (2nd ed.). (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56802-126-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56802-126-7"><bdi>1-56802-126-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+Justices%3A+Illustrated+Biographies%2C+1789%E2%80%931995&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=%28Supreme+Court+Historical+Society%2C+Congressional+Quarterly+Books%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-56802-126-7&rft.aulast=Cushman&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cushing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Davies, Ross E.: "William Cushing, Chief Justice of the United States", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=896184">University of Toledo Law Review, Vol. 37, No. 3, Spring 2006</a></li> <li>Flanders, Henry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eEQEAAAAYAAJ&q=Flanders,+Henry.+The+Lives+and+Times+of+the+Chief+Justices+of+the+United+States+Supreme+Court"><i>The Lives and Times of the Chief Justices of the United States Supreme Court</i></a>. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/J._B._Lippincott_%26_Co." title="J. B. Lippincott & Co.">J. B. Lippincott & Co.</a>, 1874 at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1995" class="citation book cs1">Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/justicesofunited0000unse"><i>The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions</i></a>. Chelsea House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7910-1377-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7910-1377-4"><bdi>0-7910-1377-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Justices+of+the+United+States+Supreme+Court%3A+Their+Lives+and+Major+Opinions&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7910-1377-4&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjusticesofunited0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cushing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1992" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hall"><i>The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505835-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505835-6"><bdi>0-19-505835-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-505835-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cushing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcusPerry1985" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, Maeva; Perry, James R., eds. (1985). <i>The Documentary History of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1789-1800</i>. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Documentary+History+of+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States%2C+1789-1800&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cushing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinGoehlert,_Robert_U.1990" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ussupremecourtbi0000mart"><i>The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87187-554-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87187-554-3"><bdi>0-87187-554-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Supreme+Court%3A+A+Bibliography&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Congressional+Quarterly+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-87187-554-3&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Fenton+S.&rft.au=Goehlert%2C+Robert+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fussupremecourtbi0000mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cushing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mauro, Tony: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1127207113073">"The Chief Justice Who Wasn't There"</a>, Legal Times (September 19, 2005)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRugg1920" class="citation journal cs1">Rugg, Arthur (December 1920). "William Cushing". <i>The Yale Law Journal</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 128–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F787099">10.2307/787099</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/787099">787099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=William+Cushing&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=128-144&rft.date=1920-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F787099&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F787099%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rugg&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cushing" class="Z3988"></span> (Rugg was chief justice of the Massachusetts SJC when he wrote this biographical sketch.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cushing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjc.gov/node/1379701">William Cushing</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges" title="Biographical Directory of Federal Judges">Biographical Directory of Federal Judges</a></i>, a publication of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040215020210/http://www.michaelariens.com/ConLaw/justices/cushing.htm">Michael Lariens, William Cushing Biography</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/oyez/resource/legal_entity/3/biography">Oyez, U.S. Supreme Court media, William Cushing Biography</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_timeline/images_associates/002.html">Supreme Court Historical Society, William Cushing.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006174218/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_timeline/images_associates/002.html">Archived</a> 2008-10-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>First</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> </b><br />1794, 1795 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Increase_Sumner" title="Increase Sumner">Increase Sumner</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Oliver_(loyalist)" title="Peter Oliver (loyalist)">Peter Oliver</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Associate Justice of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court">Massachusetts Superior Court of Judicature</a> </b><br />1772–1777 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Sewall" title="David Sewall">David Sewall</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chief Justice of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court">Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court</a> </b><br />1777–1789 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Peaslee_Sargent" title="Nathaniel Peaslee Sargent">Nathaniel Sargent</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New seat</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> </b><br />1790–1810 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Wait_Winthrop" title="Wait Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sewall" title="Samuel Sewall">Samuel Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lynde_Sr." title="Benjamin Lynde Sr.">Lynde Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dudley_(jurist)" title="Paul Dudley (jurist)">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sewall" title="Stephen Sewall">Stephen Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">T. Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lynde_Jr." title="Benjamin Lynde Jr.">Lynde Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Oliver_(loyalist)" title="Peter Oliver (loyalist)">Oliver</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Peaslee_Sargent" title="Nathaniel Peaslee Sargent">Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dana" title="Francis Dana">Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Parsons" title="Theophilus Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sewall_(congressman)" title="Samuel Sewall (congressman)">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Parker_(Massachusetts_judge)" title="Isaac Parker (Massachusetts judge)">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuel_Shaw" title="Lemuel Shaw">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyler_Bigelow" title="George Tyler Bigelow">Bigelow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Atwater_Chapman" title="Reuben Atwater Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Gray" title="Horace Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton_(judge)" title="Marcus Morton (judge)">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walbridge_A._Field" title="Walbridge A. Field">W. Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Perrin_Knowlton" title="Marcus Perrin Knowlton">Knowlton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Prentice_Rugg" title="Arthur Prentice Rugg">Rugg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Tarbell_Field" title="Fred Tarbell Field">F. Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Elroy_Qua" title="Stanley Elroy Qua">Qua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Sanger_Wilkins" title="Raymond Sanger Wilkins">R. Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Joseph_Tauro" title="G. Joseph Tauro">Tauro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Hennessey" title="Edward F. Hennessey">Hennessey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Liacos" title="Paul J. Liacos">Liacos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_P._Wilkins" title="Herbert P. Wilkins">H. Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_H._Marshall" title="Margaret H. Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_L._Ireland" title="Roderick L. Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Gants" title="Ralph Gants">Gants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberly_S._Budd" title="Kimberly S. Budd">Budd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Provincial period</a><br />Associate justices (1692–1775)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Danforth" title="Thomas Danforth">Danforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richards_(colonial_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Richards (colonial judge)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sewall" title="Samuel Sewall">Samuel Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wait_Winthrop" title="Wait Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Cooke_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Elisha Cooke Sr.">Cooke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Walley_(judge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Walley (judge) (page does not exist)">Walley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Saffin" title="John Saffin">Saffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hathorne" title="John Hathorne">Hathorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leverett_the_Younger" title="John Leverett the Younger">Leverett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Corwin" title="Jonathan Corwin">Curwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lynde_Sr." title="Benjamin Lynde Sr.">Lynde Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Thomas_(Massachusetts_judge)" title="Nathaniel Thomas (Massachusetts judge)">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addington_Davenport" title="Addington Davenport">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Quincy_(1681%E2%80%931737)" title="Edmund Quincy (1681–1737)">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dudley_(jurist)" title="Paul Dudley (jurist)">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Cushing_(judge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Cushing (judge) (page does not exist)">J. Cushing Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Remington" title="Jonathan Remington">Remington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Saltonstall_(Massachusetts_judge)" title="Richard Saltonstall (Massachusetts judge)">Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graves_(judge)" title="Thomas Graves (judge)">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sewall" title="Stephen Sewall">Stephen Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hubbard" title="Nathaniel Hubbard">Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lynde_Jr." title="Benjamin Lynde Jr.">Lynde Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Cushing_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Cushing Jr. (page does not exist)">J. Cushing Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambers_Russell" title="Chambers Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Oliver_(loyalist)" title="Peter Oliver (loyalist)">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Trowbridge" title="Edmund Trowbridge">Trowbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_Hutchinson" title="Foster Hutchinson">F. Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_Ropes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathaniel Ropes (page does not exist)">Ropes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">W. Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Browne_(judge)" title="William Browne (judge)">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Provincial_Congress" title="Massachusetts Provincial Congress">Revolutionary period</a><br />Associate justices (1775–80)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Peaslee_Sargent" title="Nathaniel Peaslee Sargent">Sargent</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Reed_(Massachusetts_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Reed (Massachusetts judge)">Reed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robert_Treat_Paine" title="Robert Treat Paine">Paine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/James_Warren_(politician)" title="James Warren (politician)">Warren</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedediah_Foster" title="Jedediah Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Sullivan_(governor)" title="James Sullivan (governor)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sewall" title="David Sewall">D. Sewall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Massachusetts">Commonwealth period</a><br />Associate justices (1780–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Increase_Sumner" title="Increase Sumner">Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dana" title="Francis Dana">Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Cushing" title="Nathan Cushing">N. Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Treat_Paine" title="Robert Treat Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dawes" title="Thomas Dawes">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Bradbury" title="Theophilus Bradbury">Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sewall_(congressman)" title="Samuel Sewall (congressman)">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Strong" title="Simeon Strong">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Thatcher" title="George Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Parker_(congressman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Parker (congressman)">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jackson_(judge)" title="Charles Jackson (judge)">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dewey" title="Daniel Dewey">D. Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Putnam_(Massachusetts_judge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Putnam (Massachusetts judge) (page does not exist)">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wilde" title="Samuel Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Augustus_Dewey" title="Charles Augustus Dewey">C. Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Jr." title="Levi Lincoln Jr.">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton" title="Marcus Morton">M. Morton Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Hubbard_(Massachusetts_judge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Hubbard (Massachusetts judge) (page does not exist)">Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fletcher_(American_politician)" title="Richard Fletcher (American politician)">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Forbes" title="Charles E. Forbes">Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theron_Metcalf" title="Theron Metcalf">Metcalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyler_Bigelow" title="George Tyler Bigelow">Bigelow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">C. Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_Merrick" title="Pliny Merrick">Merrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thomas_(politician)" title="Benjamin Thomas (politician)">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_R._Hoar" title="Ebenezer R. Hoar">Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Atwater_Chapman" title="Reuben Atwater Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Gray" title="Horace Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Colt_(Massachusetts_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Colt (Massachusetts judge)">Colt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Foster_(politician,_born_1828)" title="Dwight Foster (politician, born 1828)">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Ames" title="Seth Ames">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wells_(Massachusetts_judge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Wells (Massachusetts judge) (page does not exist)">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton_(judge)" title="Marcus Morton (judge)">M. Morton Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Devens" title="Charles Devens">Devens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crowninshield_Endicott" title="William Crowninshield Endicott">Endicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otis_Lord" title="Otis Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Lord_Soule" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Lord Soule">Soule</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Allen_(Massachusetts_judge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Allen (Massachusetts judge) (page does not exist)">W. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Devens" title="Charles Devens">Devens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walbridge_A._Field" title="Walbridge A. Field">W. Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_(jurist)" title="Charles Allen (jurist)">C. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldo_Colburn" title="Waldo Colburn">Colburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gardner_(Massachusetts_judge)" title="William Gardner (Massachusetts judge)">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Perrin_Knowlton" title="Marcus Perrin Knowlton">Knowlton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Morton_Sr." title="James Madison Morton Sr.">J. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barker_(judge)" title="James Barker (judge)">Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lathrop_(judge)" title="John Lathrop (judge)">Lathrop</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hammond_(Massachusetts_judge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hammond (Massachusetts judge) (page does not exist)">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Loring_(judge)" title="William Loring (judge)">Loring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_K._Braley" title="Henry K. Braley">Braley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Sheldon_(Massachusetts_judge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Sheldon (Massachusetts judge) (page does not exist)">Sheldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Prentice_Rugg" title="Arthur Prentice Rugg">Rugg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_DeCourcy" title="Charles DeCourcy">DeCourcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crawford_Crosby" title="John Crawford Crosby">Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pierce_(Massachusetts_judge)" title="Edward Pierce (Massachusetts judge)">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Carroll_(Massachusetts_judge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Carroll (Massachusetts judge) (page does not exist)">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jenney" title="Charles Jenney">Jenney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wait_(Massachusetts_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wait (Massachusetts judge)">Wait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Sanderson_(judge)" title="George A. Sanderson (judge)">Sanderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Tarbell_Field" title="Fred Tarbell Field">F. Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Donahue" title="Charles Donahue">Donahue</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Lummus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Lummus (page does not exist)">Lummus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Elroy_Qua" title="Stanley Elroy Qua">Qua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Cox" title="Louis Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Dolan" title="Arthur Dolan">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Ronan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Ronan (page does not exist)">Ronan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Spalding_(Massachusetts_judge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Spalding (Massachusetts judge) (page does not exist)">Spalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Sanger_Wilkins" title="Raymond Sanger Wilkins">R. Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_P._Williams" title="Harold P. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Counihan" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Counihan">Counihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Whittemore" title="Arthur Whittemore">Whittemore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._Ammi_Cutter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. Ammi Cutter (page does not exist)">Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk_Sr." title="Paul G. Kirk Sr.">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Spiegel" title="Jacob Spiegel">Jacob Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reardon" title="Paul Reardon">Reardon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Quirico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Quirico (page does not exist)">Quirico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Braucher" title="Robert Braucher">Braucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Hennessey" title="Edward F. Hennessey">Hennessey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Kaplan" title="Benjamin Kaplan">Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_P._Wilkins" title="Herbert P. Wilkins">H. Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Liacos" title="Paul J. Liacos">Liacos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Abrams" title="Ruth Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_L._Lynch" title="Neil L. Lynch">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Nolan" title="Joseph R. Nolan">Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Patrick_O%27Connor" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Patrick O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greaney" title="John Greaney">Greaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fried" title="Charles Fried">Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_H._Marshall" title="Margaret H. Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_L._Ireland" title="Roderick L. Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Cowin" title="Judith Cowin">Cowin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_X._Spina" title="Francis X. Spina">Spina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_B._Sosman" title="Martha B. Sosman">Sosman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Cordy" title="Robert J. Cordy">Cordy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Botsford" title="Margot Botsford">Botsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Gants" title="Ralph Gants">Gants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernande_R._V._Duffly" title="Fernande R. V. Duffly">Duffly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Lenk" title="Barbara Lenk">Lenk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Hines" title="Geraldine Hines">Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gaziano" title="Frank Gaziano">Gaziano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Lowy" title="David A. Lowy">Lowy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberly_S._Budd" title="Kimberly S. Budd">Budd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elspeth_B._Cypher" title="Elspeth B. Cypher">Cypher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_L._Kafker" title="Scott L. Kafker">Kafker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalila_Argaez_Wendlandt" title="Dalila Argaez Wendlandt">Wendlandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Georges_Jr." title="Serge Georges Jr.">Georges Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Dewar" title="Bessie Dewar">Dewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_Wolohojian" title="Gabrielle Wolohojian">Wolohojian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate individuals who were offered seats on the court, but refused</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marshall_Court_(1801–1835)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marshall_Court" title="Template:Marshall Court"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marshall_Court" title="Template talk:Marshall Court"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marshall_Court" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marshall Court"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marshall_Court_(1801–1835)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Court" title="Marshall Court">Marshall Court</a> (1801–1835)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Justices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Washington" title="Bushrod Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moore" title="Alfred Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_(judge)" title="William Johnson (judge)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brockholst_Livingston" title="Henry Brockholst Livingston">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Todd" title="Thomas Todd">Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Duvall" title="Gabriel Duvall">Duvall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trimble" title="Robert Trimble">Trimble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baldwin_(judge)" title="Henry Baldwin (judge)">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Wayne" class="mw-redirect" title="James Moore Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Marshall_by_Henry_Inman,_1832.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/John_Marshall_by_Henry_Inman%2C_1832.jpg/90px-John_Marshall_by_Henry_Inman%2C_1832.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/John_Marshall_by_Henry_Inman%2C_1832.jpg/135px-John_Marshall_by_Henry_Inman%2C_1832.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/John_Marshall_by_Henry_Inman%2C_1832.jpg/180px-John_Marshall_by_Henry_Inman%2C_1832.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="1312" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Marshall_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Marshall Court">Decisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By volume</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/William_Cranch" title="William Cranch">Cranch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_5" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 5">5 (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_6" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 6">6 (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_7" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 7">7 (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_8" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 8">8 (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_9" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 9">9 (5)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_10" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 10">10 (6)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_11" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 11">11 (7)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_12" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 12">12 (8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_13" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 13">13 (9)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wheaton" title="Henry Wheaton">Wheat.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_14" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 14">14 (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_15" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 15">15 (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_16" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 16">16 (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_17" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 17">17 (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_18" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 18">18 (5)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_19" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 19">19 (6)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_20" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 20">20 (7)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_21" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 21">21 (8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_22" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 22">22 (9)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_23" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 23">23 (10)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_24" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 24">24 (11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_25" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 25">25 (12)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Peters_(reporter)" title="Richard Peters (reporter)">Pet.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_26" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 26">26 (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_27" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 27">27 (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_28" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 28">28 (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_29" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 29">29 (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_30" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 30">30 (5)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_31" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 31">31 (6)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_32" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 32">32 (7)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_33" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 33">33 (8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_34" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 34">34 (9)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title_in_the_Marshall_Court" title="Aboriginal title in the Marshall Court">Aboriginal title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law_in_the_Marshall_Court" title="Criminal law in the Marshall Court">Criminal law</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_criminal_cases_in_the_Marshall_Court" title="List of criminal cases in the Marshall Court">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789" title="Judiciary Act of 1789">Judiciary Act of 1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_Act_of_1790" title="Crimes Act of 1790">Crimes Act of 1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1793" title="Judiciary Act of 1793">Judiciary Act of 1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Judges_Act" title="Midnight Judges Act">Midnight Judges Act</a> (1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1802" title="Judiciary Act of 1802">Judiciary Act of 1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_Act_of_1825" title="Crimes Act of 1825">Crimes Act of 1825</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_assignments_in_the_Marshall_Court" title="Circuit assignments in the Marshall Court">Circuit assignments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template talk:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Chief_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jay_Court" title="Jay Court">1789–1795</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Jay_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Jay Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rutledge_Court" title="Rutledge Court">1795</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rutledge_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rutledge Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth" title="Oliver Ellsworth">Oliver Ellsworth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Court" title="Ellsworth Court">1796–1800</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Ellsworth_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Ellsworth Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Court" title="Marshall Court">1801–1835</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Marshall_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Marshall Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">1836–1864</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taney_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taney Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">1864–1873</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Chase_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Waite" title="Morrison Waite">Morrison Waite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">1874–1888</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Waite_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Waite Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Fuller" title="Melville Fuller">Melville Fuller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuller_Court" title="Fuller Court">1888–1910</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Fuller_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Fuller Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward Douglass White</a> (<a href="/wiki/White_Court_(justices)" title="White Court (justices)">1910–1921</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_White_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the White Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taft_Court" title="Taft Court">1921–1930</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hughes_Court" title="Hughes Court">1930–1941</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Hughes_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Hughes Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Court" title="Stone Court">1941–1946</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Stone_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Stone Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vinson_Court" title="Vinson Court">1946–1953</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Vinson_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Vinson Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">1953–1969</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Warren_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burger_Court" title="Burger Court">1969–1986</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Burger_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Burger Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rehnquist_Court" title="Rehnquist Court">1986–2005</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">2005–present</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Roberts_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court">cases</a></i>)</li></ol> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Associate_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ol><li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">J. Rutledge</a>* (1790–1791)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cushing</a> (1790–1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">Wilson</a> (1789–1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">Blair</a> (1790–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Iredell" title="James Iredell">Iredell</a> (1790–1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(judge)" title="Thomas Johnson (judge)">T. Johnson</a> (1792–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">Paterson</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">S. Chase</a> (1796–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Washington" title="Bushrod Washington">Washington</a> (1798–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moore" title="Alfred Moore">Moore</a> (1800–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_(judge)" title="William Johnson (judge)">W. Johnson</a> (1804–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brockholst_Livingston" title="Henry Brockholst Livingston">Livingston</a> (1807–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Todd" title="Thomas Todd">Todd</a> (1807–1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Duvall" title="Gabriel Duvall">Duvall</a> (1811–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Story</a> (1812–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Thompson</a> (1823–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trimble" title="Robert Trimble">Trimble</a> (1826–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">McLean</a> (1829–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baldwin_(judge)" title="Henry Baldwin (judge)">Baldwin</a> (1830–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Wayne" class="mw-redirect" title="James Moore Wayne">Wayne</a> (1835–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Barbour</a> (1836–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Catron" title="John Catron">Catron</a> (1837–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McKinley" title="John McKinley">McKinley</a> (1838–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_V._Daniel" title="Peter V. Daniel">Daniel</a> (1842–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nelson" title="Samuel Nelson">Nelson</a> (1845–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a> (1845–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier" title="Robert Cooper Grier">Grier</a> (1846–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robbins_Curtis" title="Benjamin Robbins Curtis">Curtis</a> (1851–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Campbell" title="John Archibald Campbell">Campbell</a> (1853–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Clifford</a> (1858–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne" title="Noah Haynes Swayne">Swayne</a> (1862–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Miller</a> (1862–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Field</a> (1863–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Strong_(Pennsylvania_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Strong (Pennsylvania judge)">Strong</a> (1870–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley" title="Joseph P. Bradley">Bradley</a> (1870–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hunt" title="Ward Hunt">Hunt</a> (1873–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">J. M. Harlan</a> (1877–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burnham_Woods" title="William Burnham Woods">Woods</a> (1881–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Matthews</a> (1881–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Gray" title="Horace Gray">Gray</a> (1882–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Blatchford</a> (1882–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar" title="Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar">L. Lamar</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Brewer" title="David J. Brewer">Brewer</a> (1890–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Billings_Brown" title="Henry Billings Brown">Brown</a> (1891–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shiras_Jr." title="George Shiras Jr.">Shiras</a> (1892–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_E._Jackson" title="Howell E. Jackson">H. Jackson</a> (1893–1895)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">E. White</a>* (1894–1910)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_W._Peckham" title="Rufus W. Peckham">Peckham</a> (1896–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">McKenna</a> (1898–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Holmes</a> (1902–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a> (1903–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a> (1906–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Harmon_Lurton" title="Horace Harmon Lurton">Lurton</a> (1910–1914)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>* (1910–1916)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Van_Devanter" title="Willis Van Devanter">Van Devanter</a> (1911–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rucker_Lamar" title="Joseph Rucker Lamar">J. Lamar</a> (1911–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Pitney" title="Mahlon Pitney">Pitney</a> (1912–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">McReynolds</a> (1914–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a> (1916–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hessin_Clarke" title="John Hessin Clarke">Clarke</a> (1916–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a> (1922–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(judge)" title="Pierce Butler (judge)">Butler</a> (1923–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a> (1923–1930)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Stone</a>* (1925–1941)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Roberts" title="Owen Roberts">O. Roberts</a> (1930–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a> (1932–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Black</a> (1937–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Forman_Reed" title="Stanley Forman Reed">Reed</a> (1938–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Frankfurter</a> (1939–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a> (1939–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a> (1940–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a> (1941–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">R. Jackson</a> (1941–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge" title="Wiley Rutledge">W. Rutledge</a> (1943–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Burton" title="Harold H. Burton">Burton</a> (1945–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Clark</a> (1949–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton">Minton</a> (1949–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">J. M. Harlan II</a> (1955–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a> (1956–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a> (1957–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Stewart</a> (1958–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">B. White</a> (1962–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Goldberg</a> (1962–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Fortas</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">T. Marshall</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a> (1970–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell_Jr." title="Lewis F. Powell Jr.">Powell</a> (1972–1987)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a>* (1972–1986)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a> (1975–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a> (1981–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a> (1986–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1988–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a> (1991–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a> (1993–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a> (1994–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">K. Jackson</a> (2022–present)</li></ol> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;">*<i>Also served as Chief Justice of the United States</i></span></div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2063381#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2063381#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2063381#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/45764932">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/173554/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdgXQBQDPRxdqfCpYg3Qq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85367653">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007368817405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64t6tdx">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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