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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Industrial Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Town_twinning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Town_twinning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Town twinning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Town_twinning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Administrative history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Parks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Parks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cassiobury_Park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cassiobury_Park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cassiobury Park</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cassiobury_Park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cheslyn_House_and_Gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cheslyn_House_and_Gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Cheslyn House and Gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cheslyn_House_and_Gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Woodside_Park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woodside_Park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Woodside Park</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woodside_Park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Theatres</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theatres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theatres subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theatres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Watford_Palace_Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Watford_Palace_Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Watford Palace Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Watford_Palace_Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pump_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pump_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Pump House</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pump_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Watford_Colosseum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Watford_Colosseum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Watford Colosseum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Watford_Colosseum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Buses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abandoned_railway_schemes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abandoned_railway_schemes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.1</span> <span>Abandoned railway schemes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abandoned_railway_schemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Waterways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Cycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_of_Watford_expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_of_Watford_expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span><i>North of Watford</i> expression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_of_Watford_expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_the_Borough" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_the_Borough"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Freedom of the Borough</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Freedom_of_the_Borough-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Freedom of the Borough subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_the_Borough-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Individuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_Units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_Units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Military Units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_Units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Watford</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="واتفورد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="واتفورد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uotford" title="Uotford – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Uotford" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Уотфорд – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Уотфорд" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Уотфард – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уотфард" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford_(lungsod_sa_Hiniusang_Gingharian,_Inglatera,_Hertfordshire)" title="Watford (lungsod sa Hiniusang Gingharian, Inglatera, Hertfordshire) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Watford (lungsod sa Hiniusang Gingharian, Inglatera, Hertfordshire)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="واتفورد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واتفورد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%93%ED%8D%BC%EB%93%9C" title="왓퍼드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="왓퍼드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93" title="ווטפורד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ווטפורד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votforda" title="Votforda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Votforda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votfordas" title="Votfordas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Votfordas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_(%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%89_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF)" title="واتفورد (بلده فى واتفورد) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="واتفورد (بلده فى واتفورد)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="ワトフォード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワトフォード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Уотфорд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уотфорд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Вотфорд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вотфорд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Вотфорд – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вотфорд" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Вотфорд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вотфорд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%B9%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88" title="واٹفورڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="واٹفورڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Watford" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Watford" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Watford&params=51_39_18_N_0_23_44.5_W_region:GB-HRT_type:city(102,000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°39′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°23′44.5″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.65500°N 0.395694°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.65500; -0.395694</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Town and borough in Hertfordshire, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the town in Hertfordshire. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Watford_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Watford (disambiguation)">Watford (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Walford" title="Walford">Walford</a>, a fictional borough in <i>EastEnders</i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Town & borough in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Watford</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Town & <a href="/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">borough</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Watford,_Market_Street_and_High_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_116645.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Watford%2C_Market_Street_and_High_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_116645.jpg/238px-Watford%2C_Market_Street_and_High_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_116645.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Watford%2C_Market_Street_and_High_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_116645.jpg/357px-Watford%2C_Market_Street_and_High_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_116645.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Watford%2C_Market_Street_and_High_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_116645.jpg/476px-Watford%2C_Market_Street_and_High_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_116645.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Watford,_The_Harlequin_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_758635.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Watford%2C_The_Harlequin_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_758635.jpg/117px-Watford%2C_The_Harlequin_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_758635.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Watford%2C_The_Harlequin_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_758635.jpg/176px-Watford%2C_The_Harlequin_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_758635.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Watford%2C_The_Harlequin_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_758635.jpg/234px-Watford%2C_The_Harlequin_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_758635.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Rood_Church,_Watford_by_Richard_Rogerson_Geograph_4708808.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Holy_Rood_Church%2C_Watford_by_Richard_Rogerson_Geograph_4708808.jpg/117px-Holy_Rood_Church%2C_Watford_by_Richard_Rogerson_Geograph_4708808.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Holy_Rood_Church%2C_Watford_by_Richard_Rogerson_Geograph_4708808.jpg/176px-Holy_Rood_Church%2C_Watford_by_Richard_Rogerson_Geograph_4708808.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Holy_Rood_Church%2C_Watford_by_Richard_Rogerson_Geograph_4708808.jpg/234px-Holy_Rood_Church%2C_Watford_by_Richard_Rogerson_Geograph_4708808.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Watford_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_759712.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Watford_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_759712.jpg/238px-Watford_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_759712.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Watford_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_759712.jpg/357px-Watford_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_759712.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Watford_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_759712.jpg/476px-Watford_Town_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_759712.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div>From the top, Market Street, <a href="/wiki/Atria_Watford" title="Atria Watford">Atria Shopping centre</a>, <p><a href="/wiki/Holy_Rood_Church,_Watford" title="Holy Rood Church, Watford">Holy Rood Church</a>, </p> <a href="/wiki/Watford_Town_Hall" title="Watford Town Hall">Watford Town Hall</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Be Bold</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Watford_UK_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Watford within Hertfordshire"><img alt="Watford within Hertfordshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Watford_UK_locator_map.svg/200px-Watford_UK_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Watford_UK_locator_map.svg/300px-Watford_UK_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Watford_UK_locator_map.svg/400px-Watford_UK_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="992" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Watford within <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Watford&params=51_39_18_N_0_23_44.5_W_region:GB-HRT_type:city(102,000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°39′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°23′44.5″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.65500°N 0.395694°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.65500; -0.395694</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data">England</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_Counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceremonial Counties">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Borough</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Watford</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">UK Parliament constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Watford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Watford (UK Parliament constituency)">Watford</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">Non-metropolitan district</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Watford_Borough_Council" title="Watford Borough Council">Watford Borough Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Watford" title="Mayor of Watford">Elected Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Taylor_(British_politician)" title="Peter Taylor (British politician)">Peter Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrat</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="List of MPs elected in the 2019 United Kingdom general election">MP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Matt_Turmaine" title="Matt Turmaine">Matt Turmaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Borough</div></th><td class="infobox-data">8.301 sq mi (21.50 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">233 ft (71 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Borough</div></th><td class="infobox-data">102,246<sup id="cite_ref-2021_Nomis_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ethnicity <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a>)</span><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2021_Nomis_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 60.9% <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 24.5% <a href="/wiki/British_Asians" title="British Asians">Asian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 6.3% <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 4.7% <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 3.6% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">other</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Religion <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2021)</span><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2021_Nomis_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 44.4% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England#Christianity" title="Religion in England">Christianity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 24.8% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">no religion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 17.8% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">other</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 13% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">Islam</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/GMT" class="mw-redirect" title="GMT">GMT</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">Summer Time (British)</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_postcode_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom">Postcode area</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/WD_postcode_area" title="WD postcode area">WD</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">01923 & 020</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://watford.gov.uk">watford<wbr />.gov<wbr />.uk</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Watford</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4e\/En-uk-Watford.ogg\/En-uk-Watford.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-Watford.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/En-uk-Watford.ogg/En-uk-Watford.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-Watford.ogg" title="File:En-uk-Watford.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>) is a town and <a href="/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">borough</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>, England, 15 miles (24 km) northwest of Central <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/River_Colne,_Hertfordshire" title="River Colne, Hertfordshire">River Colne</a>. </p><p>Initially a small <a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">market town</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction_Canal" title="Grand Junction Canal">Grand Junction Canal</a> encouraged the construction of paper-making mills, print works, and <a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">breweries</a>. While industry has declined in Watford, its location near <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and transport links have attracted several companies to site their headquarters in the town. <a href="/wiki/Cassiobury_Park" title="Cassiobury Park">Cassiobury Park</a> is a public park that was once the manor estate of the <a href="/wiki/Earls_of_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Earls of Essex">Earls of Essex</a>. </p><p>The town developed next to the River Colne on land belonging to <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans Abbey">St Albans Abbey</a>. In the 12th century, a charter was granted allowing a market, and the building of <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Watford" title="St Mary's Church, Watford">St Mary's Church</a> began. The town grew partly due to travellers going to <a href="/wiki/Berkhamsted_Castle" title="Berkhamsted Castle">Berkhamsted Castle</a> and the royal palace at <a href="/wiki/Kings_Langley" title="Kings Langley">Kings Langley</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Mansion" title="Mansion">mansion</a> was built at <a href="/wiki/Cassiobury_House" title="Cassiobury House">Cassiobury</a> in the 16th century. This was partly rebuilt in the 17th century and another <a href="/wiki/Country_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Country house">country house</a> was built at <a href="/wiki/The_Grove,_Watford" title="The Grove, Watford">The Grove</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clarendon_Road,_Watford_(geograph_7069590).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Clarendon Road, Watford" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Clarendon_Road%2C_Watford_%28geograph_7069590%29.jpg/220px-Clarendon_Road%2C_Watford_%28geograph_7069590%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Clarendon_Road%2C_Watford_%28geograph_7069590%29.jpg/330px-Clarendon_Road%2C_Watford_%28geograph_7069590%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Clarendon_Road%2C_Watford_%28geograph_7069590%29.jpg/440px-Clarendon_Road%2C_Watford_%28geograph_7069590%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Clarendon Road</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction_Canal" title="Grand Junction Canal">Grand Junction Canal</a> in 1798 and the <a href="/wiki/London_and_Birmingham_Railway" title="London and Birmingham Railway">London and Birmingham Railway</a> in 1837 resulted in Watford's rapid growth, with paper-making mills such as <a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson_Stationery" title="John Dickinson Stationery">John Dickinson</a> at Croxley, influencing the development of printing in the town. Two brewers, <a href="/wiki/Benskins" class="mw-redirect" title="Benskins">Benskins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedgwicks_Brewery" title="Sedgwicks Brewery">Sedgwicks</a>, amalgamated and flourished in the town until their closure in the late 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire_County_Council" title="Hertfordshire County Council">Hertfordshire County Council</a> designates Watford to be a major sub-regional centre. Several head offices are based in Watford. International conferences and sporting events have also taken place in Watford, including the 2006 <a href="/wiki/World_Golf_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="World Golf Championship">World Golf Championship</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2013_Bilderberg_Conference" title="2013 Bilderberg Conference">2013 Bilderberg Conference</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2019_London_summit" title="2019 London summit">2019 NATO summit</a> which all took place at <a href="/wiki/The_Grove,_Watford" title="The Grove, Watford">The Grove</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Watford became an <a href="/wiki/Urban_district_(Great_Britain_and_Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban district (Great Britain and Ireland)">urban district</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1894" title="Local Government Act 1894">Local Government Act 1894</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_borough" title="Municipal borough">municipal borough</a> by grant of a charter in 1922. The borough, which had 102,246 inhabitants in the 2021 census (up from 90,301 inhabitants at the 2011 census, an increase of 13.23%), is separated from <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> to the south by <a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Rivers (district)">Three Rivers District</a>. <a href="/wiki/Watford_Borough_Council" title="Watford Borough Council">Watford Borough Council</a> is the local authority with the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Watford" title="Mayor of Watford">Mayor of Watford</a> as its head – one of only 18 <a href="/wiki/Directly_elected_mayors_in_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Directly elected mayors in England and Wales">directly elected mayors in England and Wales</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Mary%27s_Church,_Watford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Watford.jpg/220px-St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Watford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Watford.jpg/330px-St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Watford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Watford.jpg/440px-St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Watford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church,_Watford" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary's Church, Watford">St Mary's Church, Watford</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Essex_Chapel,_Saint_Mary%27s_Watford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Essex_Chapel%2C_Saint_Mary%27s_Watford.jpg/220px-Essex_Chapel%2C_Saint_Mary%27s_Watford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Essex_Chapel%2C_Saint_Mary%27s_Watford.jpg/330px-Essex_Chapel%2C_Saint_Mary%27s_Watford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Essex_Chapel%2C_Saint_Mary%27s_Watford.jpg/440px-Essex_Chapel%2C_Saint_Mary%27s_Watford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5956" data-file-height="3118" /></a><figcaption>The Essex Chapel in Saint Mary's Church</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is evidence of some limited prehistoric occupation around the Watford area, with a few Celtic and Roman finds, though there is no evidence of a settlement until much later.<sup id="cite_ref-forsyth_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forsyth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Watford stands where the <a href="/wiki/River_Colne,_Hertfordshire" title="River Colne, Hertfordshire">River Colne</a> could be crossed on an <a href="/wiki/Historic_roads_and_trails" title="Historic roads and trails">ancient trackway</a> from the southeast to the northwest. Watford's High Street follows the line of part of this route.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saunders_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunders-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town was located on the first dry ground above the marshy edges of the River Colne. </p><p>The name Watford may have arisen from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> for "waet" (full of water – the area was marshy), or "wath" (hunting), and <a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">ford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-forsyth_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forsyth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans Abbey">St Albans Abbey</a> claimed rights to the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_of_St_Albans" title="Liberty of St Albans">manor of Casio</a> (then called "Albanestou"), which included Watford, dating from a grant by <a href="/wiki/King_Offa" class="mw-redirect" title="King Offa">King Offa</a> in AD 793.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassiobury_Park_by_Kip_and_Knyff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cassiobury_Park_by_Kip_and_Knyff.jpg/220px-Cassiobury_Park_by_Kip_and_Knyff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cassiobury_Park_by_Kip_and_Knyff.jpg/330px-Cassiobury_Park_by_Kip_and_Knyff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cassiobury_Park_by_Kip_and_Knyff.jpg/440px-Cassiobury_Park_by_Kip_and_Knyff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3231" data-file-height="2330" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cassiobury_House" title="Cassiobury House">Cassiobury House</a> Estate engraving by Johannes Kip and Leonard Knyff (1707) now in the <a href="/wiki/Watford_Museum" title="Watford Museum">Watford Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The name Watford is first mentioned in an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> charter of 1007, where "Watforda" is one of the places marking the boundary of "Oxanhaege". It is not mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> of 1086, when this area was part of St Albans Abbey's manor of Cashio. In the 12th century the Abbey was granted a charter allowing it to hold a market here, and the building of St Mary's Church began. The settlement's location helped it to grow, since as well as trade along this north–south through route it possessed good communications into the vale of <a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a> to the east and into the Chiltern Hills along the valley of the <a href="/wiki/River_Chess" title="River Chess">River Chess</a> to the west. </p><p>The town grew modestly, assisted by travellers passing through to <a href="/wiki/Berkhamsted_Castle" title="Berkhamsted Castle">Berkhamsted Castle</a> and the royal palace at <a href="/wiki/Kings_Langley" title="Kings Langley">Kings Langley</a>. A big house was built at <a href="/wiki/Cassiobury_House" title="Cassiobury House">Cassiobury</a> in the 16th century. This was partly rebuilt in the 17th century and another substantial house was built nearby at <a href="/wiki/The_Grove,_Watford" title="The Grove, Watford">The Grove</a>. The houses were expanded and developed throughout the following centuries. Cassiobury became the family seat of the <a href="/wiki/Earls_of_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Earls of Essex">Earls of Essex</a>, and The Grove the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Earl of Clarendon">Earls of Clarendon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-forsyth_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forsyth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Page-Manors_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Page-Manors-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1762, <a href="/wiki/Sparrows_Herne_Turnpike_Road" title="Sparrows Herne Turnpike Road">Sparrows Herne Turnpike Road</a> was established across the Chilterns. The <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">toll road</a> approximately followed the route of the original <a href="/wiki/A41_road" title="A41 road">A41 road</a>. The location of a <a href="/wiki/Toll_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Toll house">toll house</a> can be seen at the bottom of Chalk Hill on the Watford side of Bushey Arches; set in an old flint stone wall is a Sparrows Herne Trust plaque.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1778, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a> described Watford as a "genteel market town, very long, having but one street."<sup id="cite_ref-british-history.ac.uk_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-british-history.ac.uk-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_Revolution">Industrial Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Industrial Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roscoe_L%26BR(1839)_p073_-_Viaduct_over_the_River_Colne_near_Watford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Roscoe_L%26BR%281839%29_p073_-_Viaduct_over_the_River_Colne_near_Watford.jpg/220px-Roscoe_L%26BR%281839%29_p073_-_Viaduct_over_the_River_Colne_near_Watford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Roscoe_L%26BR%281839%29_p073_-_Viaduct_over_the_River_Colne_near_Watford.jpg/330px-Roscoe_L%26BR%281839%29_p073_-_Viaduct_over_the_River_Colne_near_Watford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Roscoe_L%26BR%281839%29_p073_-_Viaduct_over_the_River_Colne_near_Watford.jpg/440px-Roscoe_L%26BR%281839%29_p073_-_Viaduct_over_the_River_Colne_near_Watford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1317" /></a><figcaption>The London & Birmingham Railway, Watford (1839)</figcaption></figure> <p>Watford remained an agricultural community with some <a href="/wiki/Cottage_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cottage industry">cottage industry</a> for many centuries. The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> brought the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction_Canal" title="Grand Junction Canal">Grand Junction Canal</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Grand_Union_Canal" title="Grand Union Canal">Grand Union Canal</a>) from 1798 and the <a href="/wiki/London_and_Birmingham_Railway" title="London and Birmingham Railway">London and Birmingham Railway</a> from 1837, both located here for the same reasons the road had followed centuries before, seeking an easy gradient over the Chiltern Hills. The land-owning interests permitted the canal to follow closely by the river Gade, but the prospect of smoke-emitting <a href="/wiki/Steam_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam train">steam trains</a> drove them to ensure the railway gave a wide berth to the Cassiobury and Grove estates. Consequently, although the road and canal follow the easier valley route, the railway company was forced to build an expensive tunnel under <a href="/wiki/Leavesden,_Hertfordshire" title="Leavesden, Hertfordshire">Leavesden</a> to the north of the town.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Watford_railway_station_(1837-1858)" class="mw-redirect" title="Watford railway station (1837-1858)">Watford's original railway station</a> opened in 1837 on the west side of St Albans Road, a small, single-storey red-brick building. It closed in 1858 when it was replaced by a new, larger station at <a href="/wiki/Watford_Junction_railway_station" title="Watford Junction railway station">Watford Junction</a> approximately 200 metres (220 yd) further south-east. The old station house still stands today; it is a Grade-II-listed building, now in the middle of a high density housing development, it and was for many years a second-hand car <a href="/wiki/Dealerships" class="mw-redirect" title="Dealerships">dealership.</a><sup id="cite_ref-NWHG-oldstation_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWHG-oldstation-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WBC-listed_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WBC-listed-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Watford Junction railway station is situated to the north east of the town centre.<sup id="cite_ref-Page-Introduction_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Page-Introduction-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These developments gave the town excellent communications and stimulated its industrial growth during the 19th and 20th centuries. The Grand Union Canal, allowed coal to be brought into the district and paved the way for industrial development. The Watford Gas and Coke Company was formed in 1834 and gas works built. The canal allowed paper-making mills to be sited at Croxley. The <a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson_Stationery" title="John Dickinson Stationery">John Dickinson and Co.</a> mill beside the canal manufactured the Croxley brand of fine quality paper. There had been brewing in Watford from the 17th century and, by the 19th century, two industrial scale brewers <a href="/wiki/Benskins" class="mw-redirect" title="Benskins">Benskins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedgwicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedgwicks">Sedgwicks</a> were located in the town.<sup id="cite_ref-Haberdashers_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haberdashers-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parish church of St Mary's was extensively restored in 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-Page-Churches_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Page-Churches-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The town expanded slightly during this time. In 1851 a new street off the High Street was opened, King Street, followed by Queens Road and Clarendon Road in the early 1860s. During this time, Watford had a population of around 6,500<sup id="cite_ref-british-history.ac.uk_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-british-history.ac.uk-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The railways also continued to expand from Watford during this period; the <a href="/wiki/Watford_and_Rickmansworth_Railway" title="Watford and Rickmansworth Railway">Watford and Rickmansworth Railway</a> opened in 1862 as a short branch line via <a href="/wiki/Watford_High_Street_railway_station" title="Watford High Street railway station">Watford High Street</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rickmansworth_(Church_Street)_railway_station" title="Rickmansworth (Church Street) railway station">Rickmansworth (Church Street)</a>, and another branch was added to <a href="/wiki/Croxley_Green_railway_station" title="Croxley Green railway station">Croxley Green</a> in 1912. The original plan was to extend the Rickmansworth line south connecting Watford to <a href="/wiki/Uxbridge_Vine_Street_railway_station" title="Uxbridge Vine Street railway station">Uxbridge</a>; this scheme failed and both the Rickmansworth and Croxley branches closed.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Watford's population had risen to 17,063 by 1891 to become very cramped. Local landowners sold land for the development of the town and it was bought up by commercial interests. Various factories and other works sprung up in Watford, mostly breweries and prints, but also engineering works, a steam laundry, a cold storage company and a <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a> processing plant. The town expanded rapidly, most of the new inhabitants moving in from London.<sup id="cite_ref-british-history.ac.uk_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-british-history.ac.uk-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the start of the 20th century the town was growing fast. New roads were laid out in Callowland, North Watford, and in West Watford on farmland. Many continued to live in the cramped and unsanitary houses in the yards and alley-ways opening off the High Street.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these people were among those who rioted in 1902 when the celebration for <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VII of the United Kingdom">King Edward VII</a>'s coronation was postponed.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council had a programme of <a href="/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Slum clearance in the United Kingdom">slum clearance</a> which stopped with the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1914. Building council houses resumed after the war and in the 1920s the Harebreaks estate was developed.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1920s, printing had become the biggest industry in Watford. The biggest printers in the town were Sun Printers Ltd and <a href="/wiki/Odhams_Press" title="Odhams Press">Odhams Press</a>. Watford was the biggest printing centre in the world and many advances in printing were made in Watford. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the prints were taken over by the government who used them to print propaganda. After the war, the printing industry began going into decline. Union activity was common in Watford and advances in technology meant much of the industry became obsolete. Odhams Press closed down in 1978 and The Sun moved out of Watford during the 1980s after market reforms allowed it to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1925, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Railway" title="Metropolitan Railway">Metropolitan Railway</a> Company built a branch to Watford, opening a station close to <a href="/wiki/Cassiobury_Park" title="Cassiobury Park">Cassiobury Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wolmar_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolmar-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-goudie_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goudie-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s and 1960s, Watford was the home of the British designer furniture manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Hille_(furniture)" title="Hille (furniture)">Hille</a>. At their premises on St Albans Road, designed by the <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modernist architect</a> <a href="/wiki/Ern%C5%91_Goldfinger" title="Ernő Goldfinger">Ernő Goldfinger</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-hille-history_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hille-history-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the designer <a href="/wiki/Robin_Day_(designer)" title="Robin Day (designer)">Robin Day</a> conceived the <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene_stacking_chair" title="Polypropylene stacking chair">polypropylene stacking chair</a>, now recognised as a classic of modern design.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Hille left the area in 1983, the listed Goldfinger building still stands on St Albans Road.<sup id="cite_ref-NWHG-hille_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWHG-hille-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">Mod</a> culture found expression through clubs such as the <a href="/wiki/Ace_of_Herts" title="Ace of Herts">Ace of Herts</a> in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland" title="De Havilland">de Havilland</a> factory at Leavesden was responsible for the manufacture of the aircraft engines and later became Leavesden Aerodrome, to the north of Watford. No longer operational, it was converted into <a href="/wiki/Leavesden_Film_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Leavesden Film Studios">Leavesden Film Studios</a>, now famously the home of the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)"><i>Harry Potter</i> films</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wb_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wb-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neighbouring_communities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b>Neighbouring communities</b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kings_Langley" title="Kings Langley">Kings Langley</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abbots_Langley" title="Abbots Langley">Abbots Langley</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radlett" title="Radlett">Radlett</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Rickmansworth" title="Rickmansworth">Rickmansworth</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Watford</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Borehamwood" title="Borehamwood">Borehamwood</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northwood,_London" title="Northwood, London">Northwood</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinner" title="Pinner">Pinner</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bushey" title="Bushey">Bushey</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watford,_The_old_railway_station_house_-_geograph.org.uk_-_981561.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Watford%2C_The_old_railway_station_house_-_geograph.org.uk_-_981561.jpg/220px-Watford%2C_The_old_railway_station_house_-_geograph.org.uk_-_981561.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Watford%2C_The_old_railway_station_house_-_geograph.org.uk_-_981561.jpg/330px-Watford%2C_The_old_railway_station_house_-_geograph.org.uk_-_981561.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Watford%2C_The_old_railway_station_house_-_geograph.org.uk_-_981561.jpg/440px-Watford%2C_The_old_railway_station_house_-_geograph.org.uk_-_981561.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>St Albans Road railway station (1837)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odhams_Press_Hall_Watford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Odhams_Press_Hall_Watford.jpg/220px-Odhams_Press_Hall_Watford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Odhams_Press_Hall_Watford.jpg/330px-Odhams_Press_Hall_Watford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Odhams_Press_Hall_Watford.jpg/440px-Odhams_Press_Hall_Watford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Odhams Press printworks<br />Dome roundabout (1954)</figcaption></figure> <p>Watford developed on the <a href="/wiki/River_Colne,_Hertfordshire" title="River Colne, Hertfordshire">River Colne</a> in southern Hertfordshire, England, 16 miles (26 km) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Central_London" title="Central London">central London</a>. Ethnicity is 61.9% white British, 2.3% Irish, 0.1% Gypsy or Irish traveller, 7.7% other white, 17.9% Asian/Asian British, 5.8% black or black British.<sup id="cite_ref-monitoring_2017_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monitoring_2017-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The borough had 102,246 inhabitants at the time of the 2021 census.<sup id="cite_ref-2021_Nomis_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The borough is separated from <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> to the south by the urbanised parish of <a href="/wiki/Watford_Rural" title="Watford Rural">Watford Rural</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Rivers (district)">Three Rivers District</a>. The Watford subdivision of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater London Urban Area">Greater London Urban Area</a>, which includes much of the neighbouring districts, had a total population of 120,960 in the 2001 census.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 159154.92214786px; border-left-color:DarkKhaki"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkKhaki"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkKhaki"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2410.0560724276px; border-left-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Purple"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1057.8894993406px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 652.58878851222px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 458.18035217178px; border-left-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 145.37041564959px; border-left-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 48.60053528592px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:93.499910276089px 35.46500780154px 0 0; border-top-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:White"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 275.04643197226px 100px 0; border-right-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Watford(2021 census)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (44.45%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:White; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">No Religion</a> (24.78%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (12.97%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (8.21%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> Not Stated (6.17%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (0.92%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Purple; color:white;"> </span> Other (0.84%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkKhaki; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (0.65%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p><br /> As of the 2021 census, Watford's religious profile roughly reflected that of England and Wales, with a larger Muslim and Hindu population than the average. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Area </th> <th>All people </th> <th>Christian (%) </th> <th>Buddhist (%) </th> <th>Hindu (%) </th> <th>Jewish (%) </th> <th>Muslim (%) </th> <th>Sikh (%) </th> <th>Other (%) </th> <th>No religion (%) </th> <th>Not stated (%) </th></tr> <tr style="background:#fee;"> <td>England and Wales </td> <td>56,490,048 </td> <td>46.3 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>1.8 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>6.7 </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td>36.7 </td> <td>6.0 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fee;"> <td><b>Watford</b> </td> <td>102,246 </td> <td>44.45 </td> <td>1.00 </td> <td>8.21 </td> <td>0.92 </td> <td>12.97 </td> <td>0.65 </td> <td>0.84 </td> <td>24.78 </td> <td>6.17 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Watford has two tiers of local government, at district (borough) and county level: <a href="/wiki/Watford_Borough_Council" title="Watford Borough Council">Watford Borough Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire_County_Council" title="Hertfordshire County Council">Hertfordshire County Council</a>. </p><p>Watford is one of only 15 authorities in England and Wales headed by a <a href="/wiki/Directly_elected_mayors_in_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Directly elected mayors in England and Wales">directly elected mayor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Thornhill,_Baroness_Thornhill" title="Dorothy Thornhill, Baroness Thornhill">Dorothy Thornhill</a> was the first directly elected <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Watford" title="Mayor of Watford">mayor of Watford</a>, elected in May 2002 and re-elected in May 2006 and May 2010. She was the first female directly elected mayor in England and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>' first directly elected mayor.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1999 Watford has been divided into 12 <a href="/wiki/Wards_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Wards of the United Kingdom">wards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19980rder_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19980rder-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each ward has three councillors who are elected for a four-year term. Watford elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the <a href="/wiki/First_past_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First past the post">first past the post</a> system of election, for the <a href="/wiki/Watford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Watford (UK Parliament constituency)">Watford constituency</a>. Prior to the establishment of this constituency in 1885 the area was part of the three seat constituency of <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Hertfordshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Hertfordshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Town_twinning">Town twinning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Town twinning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The council have made <a href="/wiki/Town_twinning" class="mw-redirect" title="Town twinning">twinning</a> links with five towns. The first was <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, Germany, in 1956, and the most recent is <a href="/wiki/Pesaro" title="Pesaro">Pesaro</a>, Italy, in 1988; the others are <a href="/wiki/Nanterre" title="Nanterre">Nanterre</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Archant_twinning_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archant_twinning-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington, Delaware</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council award an honorary status of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the Borough</a> to certain individuals "who have in the opinion of the council, rendered eminent services to the borough"; as of 2020 there are three freemen: <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>, and two local councillors involved in the twinning process.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_history">Administrative history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Administrative history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Watford</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/Local_board_of_health#Public_Health_Act_1848" title="Local board of health">Local Board District</a> (1850–1894)<br /><a href="/wiki/Urban_district_(Great_Britain_and_Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban district (Great Britain and Ireland)">Urban District</a> (1894–1922)<br /><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Borough">Municipal Borough</a> (1922–1974)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> • 1891</span></th><td class="infobox-data">16,826<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> • 1971</span></th><td class="infobox-data">76,705<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> • Created</span></th><td class="infobox-data">15 August 1850 (Local Board District)<br />31 December 1894 (Urban District)<br />18 October 1922 (Municipal Borough)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> • Abolished</span></th><td class="infobox-data">31 March 1974</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> • Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Watford_Borough_Council" title="Watford Borough Council">Watford Borough Council</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> • <a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">HQ</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">Watford</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contained within</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> • County Council</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire_County_Council" title="Hertfordshire County Council">Hertfordshire</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Civil_parish#Ancient_parishes" title="Civil parish">ancient parish</a> of Watford was included in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)" title="Hundred (county division)">hundred</a> of <a href="/wiki/Liberty_of_St_Albans" title="Liberty of St Albans">Cashio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1835, Watford became the centre of a <a href="/wiki/Poor_law_union" title="Poor law union">poor law union</a>, and a workhouse was built in 1836–1837 at 60 Vicarage Road (then called Hagden Lane).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1850 a <a href="/wiki/Local_board_of_health" title="Local board of health">local board of health</a> was established for the town. The local board district covered part of the parish of Watford and part of the neighbouring parish of <a href="/wiki/Bushey" title="Bushey">Bushey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Watford Local Board District came into effect on 15 August 1850, and the first board was elected the following month.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The local board was responsible for building the town's waterworks and sewers. For a time the board held its meetings at an upper room of the waterworks on Local Board Road. In 1891 the board purchased Upton House at 14 High Street for £2,650, converting it to become their offices and meeting place, holding its first meeting in the building on 1 October 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-Upton_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Upton-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1894" title="Local Government Act 1894">Local Government Act 1894</a>, the Watford Local Board was reconstituted as Watford Urban District Council with effect from 31 December 1894. The act also stipulated that parishes could not be partly in an <a href="/wiki/Urban_district_(Great_Britain_and_Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban district (Great Britain and Ireland)">urban district</a> and partly outside it. The old parish of Watford was therefore split, with the part of the parish outside the urban district becoming the parish of <a href="/wiki/Watford_Rural" title="Watford Rural">Watford Rural</a> with effect from the first parish meeting on 4 December 1894. At the same time, the parish of Bushey was split, with the part within the Watford Urban District becoming a parish called Bushey Urban, which was later renamed Oxhey in 1906. Watford Urban and Bushey Urban / Oxhey were both classed as <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1894#Parish_councils_and_meetings" title="Local Government Act 1894">urban parishes</a> and so did not have parish councils of their own, but were directly administered by Watford Urban District Council.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two urban parishes merged in 1935 to form a single parish called Watford.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Watford became a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_borough" title="Municipal borough">municipal borough</a> on 18 October 1922 when it was granted a charter of incorporation.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council was granted a <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> on 16 October 1922, two days before it became a borough.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upton House at 14 High Street continued to serve as the meeting place and offices for Watford Urban District Council and then Watford Borough Council until 1940. In 1938 work began on building <a href="/wiki/Watford_Town_Hall" title="Watford Town Hall">Watford Town Hall</a> at the junction of Rickmansworth Road and Hempstead Road, and the building officially opened on 5 January 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upton House was subsequently demolished in 1961 and Gade House built on the site.<sup id="cite_ref-Upton_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Upton-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a> Watford kept the same boundaries, but changed from being a municipal borough to a <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">non-metropolitan district</a> with <a href="/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">borough status</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harlequin_Shopping_Centre_Entrance.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/eb/Harlequin_Shopping_Centre_Entrance.JPG/220px-Harlequin_Shopping_Centre_Entrance.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/eb/Harlequin_Shopping_Centre_Entrance.JPG/330px-Harlequin_Shopping_Centre_Entrance.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/eb/Harlequin_Shopping_Centre_Entrance.JPG/440px-Harlequin_Shopping_Centre_Entrance.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Watford Shopping Centre entrance</figcaption></figure> <p>Watford is a major regional centre in the northern <a href="/wiki/Home_counties" title="Home counties">home counties</a>. Hertfordshire County Council designates Watford and <a href="/wiki/Stevenage" title="Stevenage">Stevenage</a> to be its major sub-regional centres, heading its list of preferred sites for retail development.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The High Street is the main focus of activity at night having a high concentration of the town's bars, clubs and restaurants. The primary shopping area is the <a href="/wiki/Harlequin_Shopping_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlequin Shopping Centre">Harlequin Shopping Centre</a>, a large purpose-built indoor mall with over 140 shops, restaurants and cafes built during the 1990s, opened officially in June 1992. The owners of the shopping centre, Capital Shopping Centres, changed their name to <a href="/wiki/Intu" title="Intu">Intu</a>, resulting in The Harlequin changing name to "intu Watford" from May 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carrying forward £4.5 billion of debt into 2020,<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-20200304_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-20200304-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the company was not able to survive the retail downturn due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 crisis</a>, and went into <a href="/wiki/Administration_(law)" title="Administration (law)">administration</a> in June 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-26Jun2020_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-26Jun2020-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council owns part of the freehold the site, and feels that as the shopping centre is very popular (it was one of top 20 places to shop in the UK in 2019), it will remain open and viable.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The town contains the head offices of a number of national companies such as <a href="/wiki/J_D_Wetherspoon" class="mw-redirect" title="J D Wetherspoon">J D Wetherspoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camelot_Group" title="Camelot Group">Camelot Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bathstore" title="Bathstore">Bathstore</a>, and Caversham Finance (BrightHouse). Watford is also the UK base of various multi-nationals including <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Worldwide" title="Hilton Worldwide">Hilton Worldwide</a>, <a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a>, <a href="/wiki/TK_Maxx" title="TK Maxx">TK Maxx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costco" title="Costco">Costco</a>, <a href="/wiki/JJ_Kavanagh_and_Sons" title="JJ Kavanagh and Sons">JJ Kavanagh and Sons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinci_(construction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinci (construction)">Vinci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beko" title="Beko">Beko</a> and <a href="/wiki/TeleAdapt" title="TeleAdapt">TeleAdapt</a>. Both the 2006 <a href="/wiki/World_Golf_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="World Golf Championship">World Golf Championship</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2013_Bilderberg_Conference" title="2013 Bilderberg Conference">2013 Bilderberg Conference</a>, took place at <a href="/wiki/The_Grove,_Watford" title="The Grove, Watford">The Grove hotel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town was home to the <a href="/wiki/Scammell_Lorries" title="Scammell Lorries">Scammell Lorries</a> factory from 1922 until 1988. The site is now a residential area. <a href="/wiki/Tandon_Motorcycles" title="Tandon Motorcycles">Tandon Motorcycles</a>, founded by Devdutt Tandon, were manufactured in Colne Way from 1947 until 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-WilsonSteve_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilsonSteve-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parks">Parks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daffodils,_Cassiobury_Park,_Watford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Daffodils%2C_Cassiobury_Park%2C_Watford.jpg/220px-Daffodils%2C_Cassiobury_Park%2C_Watford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Daffodils%2C_Cassiobury_Park%2C_Watford.jpg/330px-Daffodils%2C_Cassiobury_Park%2C_Watford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Daffodils%2C_Cassiobury_Park%2C_Watford.jpg/440px-Daffodils%2C_Cassiobury_Park%2C_Watford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Daffodils in <a href="/wiki/Cassiobury_Park" title="Cassiobury Park">Cassiobury Park</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woodside_Athletics_Stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Woodside_Athletics_Stadium.jpg/220px-Woodside_Athletics_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Woodside_Athletics_Stadium.jpg/330px-Woodside_Athletics_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Woodside_Athletics_Stadium.jpg/440px-Woodside_Athletics_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>Woodside Athletics Stadium</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheslyn_Gardens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Cheslyn_Gardens.jpg/220px-Cheslyn_Gardens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Cheslyn_Gardens.jpg/330px-Cheslyn_Gardens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Cheslyn_Gardens.jpg/440px-Cheslyn_Gardens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Cheslyn Gardens</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cassiobury_Park">Cassiobury Park</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cassiobury Park"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name Cassiobury has had various spellings over time. It is derived from 'Caegshoe', which is believed to be the combination of 'caeg', a person's name, and 'hoe', meaning a spur of land. When the land was granted to Sir Richard Morrison in the 16th century, it was called 'Cayshobury', with 'bury' indicating a manor.<sup id="cite_ref-forsyth_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forsyth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Page-Manors_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Page-Manors-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cassiobury_Park" title="Cassiobury Park">Cassiobury Park</a> was formed from the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Cassiobury_House" title="Cassiobury House">Cassiobury House</a> and consists of 190 acres (0.77 km<sup>2</sup>) of open space. The house was demolished in 1927 and the Cassiobury Gates in 1970, for road widening. In July 2007, the park won a <a href="/wiki/Green_Flag_Award" title="Green Flag Award">Green Flag Award</a>, which recognises the best green spaces in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a children's play area, which includes a paddling pool, play equipment, a bouncy castle, an <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a> van, a kiosk where one may buy food, and 10.25" gauge miniature railway. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Union_Canal" title="Grand Union Canal">Grand Union Canal</a> passes through the park.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cassiobury Park is host to the weekly 5k community event <a href="/wiki/Parkrun" title="Parkrun">parkrun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cheslyn_House_and_Gardens">Cheslyn House and Gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cheslyn House and Gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Awarded Green Flag status since 2009, Cheslyn has been open to the public since 1965 as a formal gardens and house.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 3.5 acre gardens comprise a formal open area to the front and a semi-natural woodland area to the rear. Henry and Daisy Colbeck originally owned the house and gardens. Mr Colbeck was a renowned local architect, and designed Cheslyn House; he and his wife created the original gardens. The Colbecks travelled extensively, and this is reflected in the range of unusual and exotic plants in the gardens. Since the space has been open to the public it has been further developed, with new features added such as the pond, rock garden, large herbaceous borders and aviary.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Woodside_Park">Woodside Park</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Woodside Park"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Awarded Green Flag status since 2011, Woodside Playing Fields cover approximately 59 acres of playing fields, sports facilities and woodland.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site comprises a range of sports facilities including an eight lane synthetic track and stadium, an indoor bowls green, a community centre, cricket squares, football pitches and Woodside Leisure Centre. Woodside Stadium is home to Watford Harriers Athletics Club and hosts national level events such as the British Milers Club Grand Prix.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heritage">Heritage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 92 nationally <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed buildings</a> in Watford. These include <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church,_Watford" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary's Church, Watford">St Mary's Church</a>, which dates to the 12th century, and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Rood_Church,_Watford" title="Holy Rood Church, Watford">Holy Rood Church</a> which dates to 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-WBC-listed_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WBC-listed-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>St Mary's is noted for its interior which was renovated in 1850 by the architect <a href="/wiki/George_Gilbert_Scott" title="George Gilbert Scott">George Gilbert Scott</a> and includes fine oak pews decorated in the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a> style. It also contains the Essex Chapel, which served at the burial place of the nobility of the Cassiobury Estate, including the <a href="/wiki/Earls_of_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Earls of Essex">Earls of Essex</a>. The chapel contains a number of large, ornate marble tombs and memorials dating from the 16th century and later, and was described by <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Pevsner</a> as "the chief glory of Watford Church".<sup id="cite_ref-pevsner_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pevsner-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roman Catholic Church, Holy Rood, is a much later structure. Built in 1890 by <a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Bentley" title="John Francis Bentley">John Francis Bentley</a>, the architect responsible for <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral" title="Westminster Cathedral">Westminster Cathedral</a> in London, it is noted as a particularity fine example of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a>. The ornate interior contains stained glass by the designer <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Westlake" title="Nathaniel Westlake">Nathaniel Westlake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NHLE_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHLE-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bushey_Arches_Viaduct" title="Bushey Arches Viaduct">Bushey Arches Viaduct</a> is Grade II listed and was built in the 1830s by the London and Birmingham Railway. It crosses a traffic island at the bottom of the Lower High Street.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A short distance north-west, the <a href="/wiki/Colne_Viaduct" title="Colne Viaduct">Colne Viaduct</a> crosses the river on the outskirts of town,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which the railway enters <a href="/wiki/Watford_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Watford Tunnel">Watford Tunnel</a>; the south face of the original tunnels is ornately decorated and a listed building.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are ten <a href="/wiki/Conservation_area_(United_Kingdom)" title="Conservation area (United Kingdom)">conservation areas</a> in Watford; one Grade II Listed Park, and 240 locally listed buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-local-listing_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-local-listing-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theatres">Theatres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Theatres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Watford_Palace_Theatre">Watford Palace Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Watford Palace Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watford_Palace_Theatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Watford_Palace_Theatre.jpg/220px-Watford_Palace_Theatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Watford_Palace_Theatre.jpg/330px-Watford_Palace_Theatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Watford_Palace_Theatre.jpg/440px-Watford_Palace_Theatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Watford_Palace_Theatre" title="Watford Palace Theatre">Watford Palace Theatre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Watford_Palace_Theatre" title="Watford Palace Theatre">Watford Palace Theatre</a> opened in 1908 and is the only producing theatre in <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>. It presents an annual traditional pantomime, world premières, dance and family shows. Situated just off the High Street, the <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_architecture" title="Edwardian architecture">Edwardian</a> 600-seat theatre underwent a refurbishment in 2004. The Palace houses its own rehearsal room, wardrobe, café and bar. It also shows films and 'live' and 'as live' streams of opera and ballet during its theatre season.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pump_House">Pump House</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pump House"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pump House Theatre and Arts Centre is based in an old pumping station situated just off the Lower High Street. The building was converted for use as a theatre, with rehearsal rooms, and meeting place for local arts based groups. Current facilities include a 124-seat theatre, rehearsal rooms, and live music venue. Community groups currently meeting at the Pump House include Dance House (children's ballet), Pump House Clog Morris (women's <a href="/wiki/Morris_dance" title="Morris dance">Morris dancing</a>), Pump House Jazz (jazz club), Open House (live open mic music), <a href="/wiki/Woodside_Morris_Men" title="Woodside Morris Men">Woodside Morris Men</a> (men's Morris dancing), child, youth and adult theatre groups and also the Giggle Inn comedy club.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the venue hosted the inaugural Watford Short Film Festival alongside Watford Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Watford_Colosseum">Watford Colosseum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Watford Colosseum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watford_Colosseum_in_February_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Watford_Colosseum_in_February_2020.jpg/220px-Watford_Colosseum_in_February_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Watford_Colosseum_in_February_2020.jpg/330px-Watford_Colosseum_in_February_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Watford_Colosseum_in_February_2020.jpg/440px-Watford_Colosseum_in_February_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2776" data-file-height="1429" /></a><figcaption>Watford Colosseum was the venue for the <a href="/wiki/Snooker_Shoot_Out" title="Snooker Shoot Out">Snooker Shoot Out</a> from 2017-2020.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Watford_Colosseum" title="Watford Colosseum">Watford Colosseum</a> is an entertainment venue in the town. Established in 1938, as the Assembly Rooms for <a href="/wiki/Watford_Town_Hall" title="Watford Town Hall">Watford Town Hall</a>, the complex was extended in 2011 with improvements which included new meeting spaces, a new restaurant and new bar facilities. Performers at the venue have included the <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a> in September 1954<sup id="cite_ref-presto_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presto-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a> in June 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Colosseum has been used to record various film soundtracks and is regularly used to host concerts by the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Concert_Orchestra" title="BBC Concert Orchestra">BBC Concert Orchestra</a>, including <i><a href="/wiki/Friday_Night_is_Music_Night" class="mw-redirect" title="Friday Night is Music Night">Friday Night is Music Night</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also housed performances by performers including <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">The Who</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Williams" title="Robbie Williams">Robbie Williams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oasis_(band)" title="Oasis (band)">Oasis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Colosseum is also an important venue for boxing matches with <a href="/wiki/Heavyweight" title="Heavyweight">heavyweight</a> boxer <a href="/wiki/Tyson_Fury" title="Tyson Fury">Tyson Fury</a> building on his reputation, shortly after turning professional, in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The venue also has seen some important and highly popular plays taking place and it regularly holds events in support of charities. The <a href="/wiki/2020_Snooker_Shoot_Out" title="2020 Snooker Shoot Out">2020 Snooker Shoot Out</a> professional <a href="/wiki/Snooker" title="Snooker">snooker</a> tournament was held at the Colosseum between 20 and 23 February 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-snoo_Cale_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snoo_Cale-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museums">Museums</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Watford_Museum" title="Watford Museum">Watford Museum</a>, housed in a former brewery building on the Lower High Street, is home to a collection of fine art and sculpture which includes works by <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Epstein" title="Jacob Epstein">Jacob Epstein</a>. The museum also hold special collections related to the Cassiobury Estate, Watford Football Club, and local heritage, as well as an archive collection of documents, printed ephemera, photographs and diaries related to Watford townsfolk, local government, nobility and businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_(7528994480).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%287528994480%29.jpg/220px-The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%287528994480%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%287528994480%29.jpg/330px-The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%287528994480%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%287528994480%29.jpg/440px-The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%287528994480%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><i>Making of Harry Potter</i> studio tour at Leavesden</figcaption></figure> <p>The Hertfordshire Fire Museum is dedicated to the history of <a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">firefighting</a> in the county. It is based in a purpose-built building at Watford Fire Station, on the same street as Watford Museum. The Museum includes a wide range of vehicles, equipment, uniforms and archive material.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Studios,_Leavesden" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden">Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden</a> is an 80-hectare film studio complex which has been used for a wide range of Hollywood film productions. Part of the site is open to the public and houses the <i><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Studio_Tour_London_%E2%80%93_The_Making_of_Harry_Potter" title="Warner Bros. Studio Tour London – The Making of Harry Potter">Warner Bros. Studio Tour London – The Making of Harry Potter</a></i>, displaying costumes and sets from the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)"><i>Harry Potter</i> films</a> which were produced at Leavesden. The studio complex is to the north of the borough, around 2.5 miles (4.0 km) from the town centre, and a special shuttle bus provides a connection from Watford Junction station to the studios.<sup id="cite_ref-wb_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wb-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Watford is located 15 miles (24 km) north-west of <a href="/wiki/Central_London" title="Central London">central London</a>. Post <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> road-building has resulted in Watford being close to several <a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">motorway junctions</a> on both the <a href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1 motorway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/M25_motorway" title="M25 motorway">M25 London Orbital Motorway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buses">Buses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Buses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Watford is served by a number of different bus operators, including <a href="/wiki/Arriva_Kent_Thameside" title="Arriva Kent Thameside">Arriva Kent Thameside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arriva_Shires_%26_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Arriva Shires & Essex">Arriva Shires & Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carousel_Buses" title="Carousel Buses">Carousel</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Sovereign" title="London Sovereign">London Sovereign</a>, Lucketts of Watford, <a href="/wiki/Mullanys_Coaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Mullanys Coaches">Mullanys Coaches</a>, Red Eagle Buses, Red Rose Travel, <a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Buses" title="Sullivan Buses">Sullivan Buses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uno_(bus_company)" title="Uno (bus company)">Uno</a> and Vale Travel.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oyster Cards are accepted on TfL routes <a href="/wiki/London_Buses_route_142" title="London Buses route 142">142</a> (towards Brent Cross) and <a href="/wiki/London_Buses_route_258" class="mw-redirect" title="London Buses route 258">258</a> (towards Harrow) into London. <i>Intalink Explorer</i> and <i>Hertfordshire SaverCard</i> are accepted on all but the London Bus routes.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hourly <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_bus_route_724" title="Green Line bus route 724">Green Line bus route 724</a> connects Watford Junction station and the town centre to <a href="/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="London Heathrow Airport">London Heathrow Airport</a> on weekdays, with a service once every two hours at weekends and on bank holidays.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regular bus services run between Watford and <a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a>, but not directly to <a href="/wiki/Luton_Airport" title="Luton Airport">Luton Airport</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watford_Junction_stn_Overground_signage.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Watford_Junction_stn_Overground_signage.JPG/220px-Watford_Junction_stn_Overground_signage.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Watford_Junction_stn_Overground_signage.JPG/330px-Watford_Junction_stn_Overground_signage.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Watford_Junction_stn_Overground_signage.JPG/440px-Watford_Junction_stn_Overground_signage.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Watford Junction, the northern terminus of London Overground</figcaption></figure> <p>Watford is served by five railway stations and a <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> station. <a href="/wiki/Watford_Junction_railway_station" title="Watford Junction railway station">Watford Junction</a> is on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line" title="West Coast Main Line">West Coast Main Line</a> with trains from <a href="/wiki/London_Euston_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="London Euston railway station">London Euston</a> to the <a href="/wiki/The_Midlands,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="The Midlands, England">Midlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North-West_England" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West England">North West</a> and Scotland. Journey time to London Euston is typically 16 minutes non-stop. The station is mainly served by frequent suburban and regional trains operated by <a href="/wiki/London_Northwestern" class="mw-redirect" title="London Northwestern">London Northwestern</a>, which run to <a href="/wiki/Tring_railway_station" title="Tring railway station">Tring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Central_railway_station" title="Milton Keynes Central railway station">Milton Keynes</a> and the cross-London <a href="/wiki/Southern_(train_operating_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern (train operating company)">Southern</a> service to <a href="/wiki/Clapham_Junction_railway_station" title="Clapham Junction railway station">Clapham Junction</a> via <a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_Bush_railway_station" title="Shepherd's Bush railway station">Shepherd's Bush</a>. Two all-stations services terminate at Watford Junction: the suburban service operated by <a href="/wiki/London_Overground" title="London Overground">London Overground</a>, which runs to Euston; and the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_Line" title="Abbey Line">Abbey Line</a> shuttle service to <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Abbey_railway_station" title="St Albans Abbey railway station">St Albans Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The London Overground service from Watford Junction runs south via a suburban loop and stops at <a href="/wiki/Watford_High_Street_railway_station" title="Watford High Street railway station">Watford High Street</a>, before continuing via <a href="/wiki/Bushey_railway_station" title="Bushey railway station">Bushey</a> to London Euston.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Watford_tube_station" title="Watford tube station">Watford tube station</a> is the terminus of the Watford branch of <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_line" title="Metropolitan line">Metropolitan line</a>. The station is located outside the centre of Watford, close to <a href="/wiki/Cassiobury_Park" title="Cassiobury Park">Cassiobury Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Direct train services run from Watford Junction to <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_International_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham International station">Birmingham International station</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Airport" title="Birmingham Airport">Birmingham Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watford_railways.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Watford_railways.png/220px-Watford_railways.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Watford_railways.png/330px-Watford_railways.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Watford_railways.png/440px-Watford_railways.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1304" /></a><figcaption>Map of railways around Watford (2013)</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Stations in Central Watford </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pic</th> <th>Station</th> <th>Services</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Watford_Junction_Railway_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_23584.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Watford_Junction_Railway_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_23584.jpg/75px-Watford_Junction_Railway_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_23584.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Watford_Junction_Railway_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_23584.jpg/113px-Watford_Junction_Railway_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_23584.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Watford_Junction_Railway_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_23584.jpg/150px-Watford_Junction_Railway_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_23584.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Watford_Junction_railway_station" title="Watford Junction railway station">Watford Junction</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail"><img alt="National Rail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail">National Rail</a><br /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/London_Overground" title="London Overground"><img alt="London Overground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/10px-Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/15px-Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/20px-Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="520" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/London_Overground" title="London Overground">London Overground</a> </p> </td> <td>West Coast Main Line local and regional services<br /> <p>Abbey Line<br /> Cross-London service to Clapham Junction<br /> Watford DC Line </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Watford_High_Street_stn_building.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Watford_High_Street_stn_building.JPG/75px-Watford_High_Street_stn_building.JPG" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Watford_High_Street_stn_building.JPG/113px-Watford_High_Street_stn_building.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Watford_High_Street_stn_building.JPG/150px-Watford_High_Street_stn_building.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Watford_High_Street_railway_station" title="Watford High Street railway station">Watford High Street</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/London_Overground" title="London Overground"><img alt="London Overground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/10px-Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/15px-Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/20px-Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="520" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/London_Overground" title="London Overground">London Overground</a></td> <td>Watford DC Line </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Watford_North_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Watford_North_entrance.jpg/75px-Watford_North_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Watford_North_entrance.jpg/113px-Watford_North_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Watford_North_entrance.jpg/150px-Watford_North_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Watford_North_railway_station" title="Watford North railway station">Watford North</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail"><img alt="National Rail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail">National Rail</a></td> <td>Abbey Line </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garston_station_east_entrance.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Garston_station_east_entrance.JPG/75px-Garston_station_east_entrance.JPG" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Garston_station_east_entrance.JPG/113px-Garston_station_east_entrance.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Garston_station_east_entrance.JPG/150px-Garston_station_east_entrance.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Garston_(Hertfordshire)_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Garston (Hertfordshire) railway station">Garston</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail"><img alt="National Rail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail">National Rail</a></td> <td>Abbey Line </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Watford_Tube_Station.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Watford_Tube_Station.JPG/75px-Watford_Tube_Station.JPG" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Watford_Tube_Station.JPG/113px-Watford_Tube_Station.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Watford_Tube_Station.JPG/150px-Watford_Tube_Station.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="1506" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Watford_tube_station" title="Watford tube station">Watford tube station</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground"><img alt="London Underground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Underground_%28no_text%29.svg/10px-Underground_%28no_text%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Underground_%28no_text%29.svg/15px-Underground_%28no_text%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Underground_%28no_text%29.svg/20px-Underground_%28no_text%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="406" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a></td> <td>Metropolitan line </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abandoned_railway_schemes">Abandoned railway schemes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Abandoned railway schemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, a proposal was made that <a href="/wiki/Regional_Eurostar" title="Regional Eurostar">Regional Eurostar</a> services could run via Watford to <a href="/wiki/Gare_du_Nord" title="Gare du Nord">Paris</a> via <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Olympia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kensington Olympia">Kensington Olympia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_committees_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of committees of the Parliament of the United Kingdom">Select Committee on Environment, Transport and the Regions</a> took the view that Watford was "well placed to become an integrated transport hub" and it recommended that "services from Watford to Paris should commence as soon as possible."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Regional Eurostar scheme eventually came to nothing and was put on hold indefinitely.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A scheme to introduce <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> to Watford was conceived in 2009, when it was proposed that the Abbey Line should be converted to <a href="/wiki/Tram-train" title="Tram-train">tram-train</a> operation and run by <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire_County_Council" title="Hertfordshire County Council">Hertfordshire County Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tram_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tram-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project was cancelled due to the complications and expense of transferring the line from National Rail to the county council.<sup id="cite_ref-herts-tram_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herts-tram-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Croxley_Rail_Link" title="Croxley Rail Link">Croxley Rail Link</a> project was approved to extend the London Underground Metropolitan line to Watford Junction by reinstating a stretch of the former <a href="/wiki/Watford_and_Rickmansworth_Railway" title="Watford and Rickmansworth Railway">Watford and Rickmansworth Railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the scheme, Watford Metropolitan station would have closed to passengers and been replaced by new stations on the reopened route at <a href="/wiki/Cassiobridge_tube_station" title="Cassiobridge tube station">Cassiobridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Watford_Vicarage_Road_tube_station" title="Watford Vicarage Road tube station">Watford Vicarage Road</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Croxley_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croxley-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project did not go ahead due to funding problems.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2014, the transport secretary <a href="/wiki/Patrick_McLoughlin" title="Patrick McLoughlin">Patrick McLoughlin</a> indicated that the government was actively evaluating the extension of <a href="/wiki/Crossrail" title="Crossrail">Crossrail</a> as far as <a href="/wiki/Tring_railway_station" title="Tring railway station">Tring</a>, with potential Crossrail stops at <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Central_station" title="Wembley Central station">Wembley Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrow_%26_Wealdstone_station" title="Harrow & Wealdstone station">Harrow & Wealdstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bushey_railway_station" title="Bushey railway station">Bushey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watford_Junction_railway_station" title="Watford Junction railway station">Watford Junction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kings_Langley_railway_station" title="Kings Langley railway station">Kings Langley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apsley_railway_station" title="Apsley railway station">Apsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead_railway_station" title="Hemel Hempstead railway station">Hemel Hempstead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berkhamsted_railway_station" title="Berkhamsted railway station">Berkhamsted</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crossrail_Tring_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossrail_Tring-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian-crossrail-0814_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-crossrail-0814-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proposal was subsequently shelved in August 2016 due to "poor overall value for money to the taxpayer".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Elstree_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Elstree Airfield">Elstree Airfield</a> is 3 miles (5 km) east of Watford. Several private charter companies and flying clubs are based there. Watford is the base for 2F (Watford) Squadron, <a href="/wiki/Air_Training_Corps" title="Air Training Corps">Air Training Corps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waterways">Waterways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Waterways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Union_Canal_look_east_near_Watford.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Grand_Union_Canal_look_east_near_Watford.JPG/220px-Grand_Union_Canal_look_east_near_Watford.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Grand_Union_Canal_look_east_near_Watford.JPG/330px-Grand_Union_Canal_look_east_near_Watford.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Grand_Union_Canal_look_east_near_Watford.JPG/440px-Grand_Union_Canal_look_east_near_Watford.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Grand Union Canal, seen from the Metropolitan line</figcaption></figure> <p>Watford is on the main <a href="/wiki/Grand_Union_Canal" title="Grand Union Canal">Grand Union Canal</a> route northwards from London. It now sees little commercial use, since the advent of the motorways, but the canal is used for recreational purposes. The <a href="/wiki/River_Gade" title="River Gade">River Gade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/River_Colne,_Hertfordshire" title="River Colne, Hertfordshire">River Colne</a> flow through Watford.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cycling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Watford town centre and the surrounding area is relatively compact and the terrain is generally quite flat. Over 9 miles (14 km) of new cycle routes have been developed in the town since 2003 and a range of cycle maps are available locally. In Watford, cycling to work makes up 2.2% of all journeys compared with 1.6% across the whole of Hertfordshire.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/National_Cycle_Route_6" title="National Cycle Route 6">National Cycle Routes 6</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Cycle_Route_61" title="National Cycle Route 61">61</a> run across the eastern and southern sides of the town, using the off-road Ebury Way and Abbey Way. There is a continuous cycle route through the north–south axis of the town centre, including the pedestrianised parts along The Parade and High Street. Cycle parking is provided at intermittent points in the town centre and at local centres in the wider town.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_of_Watford_expression"><i>North of Watford</i> expression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: North of Watford expression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is an expression, <i>North of Watford</i>, meaning locations north of <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, <i>North of Watford Junction</i> was used with similar meaning referring to <a href="/wiki/Watford_Junction_railway_station" title="Watford Junction railway station">Watford Junction railway station</a>'s position as the last urban stop on the main railway line out of Euston.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase's original use pre-dates the M1 motorway's <a href="/wiki/Watford_Gap_services" title="Watford Gap services">Watford Gap services</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but current use may refer to either Watford or the Watford Gap services.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watford_Free_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Watford_Free_School.jpg/220px-Watford_Free_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Watford_Free_School.jpg/330px-Watford_Free_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Watford_Free_School.jpg/440px-Watford_Free_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Watford Free School, built 1705, closed 1882</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Watford_Grammar_School_for_Boys#History_of_the_Watford_Grammar_Schools" title="Watford Grammar School for Boys">Watford Grammar School for Boys § History of the Watford Grammar Schools</a></div> <p>The earliest records of schooling in Watford are of a schoolmaster named George Redhead in 1595, and of a Free School receiving an annual donation of £10 in 1640. The school consisted of "a room over two houses belonging to the Church Estate, nearest the churchyard."<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1704, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Fuller_(school_founder)" title="Elizabeth Fuller (school founder)">Elizabeth Fuller</a> of Watford Place built a new Free School for forty boys and twenty girls on her land next to the churchyard, with rooms for a master and a mistress.<sup id="cite_ref-Page-Introduction_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Page-Introduction-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-19th century, the recorded schools in Watford were Fuller's Free School, by now in a poor state, and the separate boys and girls <a href="/wiki/National_school_(England_and_Wales)" title="National school (England and Wales)">national schools</a> of St Mary's in Church Street. All offered elementary education.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Free School closed in 1882, and its endowment contributed to founding the Watford Endowed Schools, which provided secondary education and charged fees.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After these schools, now called the <a href="/wiki/Watford_Grammar_School_for_Boys" title="Watford Grammar School for Boys">Watford Grammar School for Boys</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Watford_Grammar_School_for_Girls" title="Watford Grammar School for Girls">Watford Grammar School for Girls</a>, moved to new sites in 1907 and 1912, the building housed the Watford <a href="/wiki/Central_school" title="Central school">Central school</a>, which taught pupils up to the age of 14. St Mary's National Schools closed in 1922, and the site is now a car park.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/London_Orphan_Asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="London Orphan Asylum">London Orphan Asylum</a>, later Reed's School, was located near <a href="/wiki/Watford_Junction_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Watford Junction station">Watford Junction station</a> between 1871 and 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only independent secondary school in the borough is <a href="/wiki/Stanborough_School,_Watford" title="Stanborough School, Watford">Stanborough School</a>, a day and boarding school operated by the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>. There are several independent schools nearby, including <a href="/wiki/Purcell_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Purcell School">Purcell School</a>, a specialist music school.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All the state-funded <a href="/wiki/Primary_schools_in_Watford" title="Primary schools in Watford">primary schools in Watford</a> are <a href="/wiki/Mixed-sex_education" title="Mixed-sex education">co-educational</a>. Under an earlier system, schools were divided into infant schools, covering Reception and Years 1 and 2, and junior schools, covering Years 3 to 6. Most such schools have amalgamated to form Junior Mixed Infant schools or (equivalently) primary schools, and all new schools are of this type.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although all state-funded secondary schools in <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a> are <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">comprehensive</a>, there is a great deal of differentiation in the southwestern corner of the county, centred on Watford but also including most of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Rivers (district)">Three Rivers</a> district and <a href="/wiki/Bushey" title="Bushey">Bushey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hertsmere" title="Hertsmere">Hertsmere</a> district. Within this area, there are:<sup id="cite_ref-Moving_On_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moving_On-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partially_selective_school_(England)" title="Partially selective school (England)">partially selective schools</a>, which offer a proportion of places according to ability or aptitude, and the rest to siblings or those living near the school: <a href="/wiki/Parmiter%27s_School" title="Parmiter's School">Parmiter's School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queens%27_School" title="Queens' School">Queens' School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rickmansworth_School" title="Rickmansworth School">Rickmansworth School</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Clement_Danes_School" title="St Clement Danes School">St Clement Danes School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watford_Grammar_School_for_Boys" title="Watford Grammar School for Boys">Watford Grammar School for Boys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Watford_Grammar_School_for_Girls" title="Watford Grammar School for Girls">Watford Grammar School for Girls</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushey_Meads_School" title="Bushey Meads School">Bushey Meads School</a>, which selects 10% for technological aptitude and uses banded admissions to ensure a comprehensive intake for the remainder.</li> <li>non-selective <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> schools, whose intake is evenly spread: <a href="/wiki/St_Joan_of_Arc_Catholic_School,_Rickmansworth" title="St Joan of Arc Catholic School, Rickmansworth">St Joan of Arc Catholic School</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Catholic_High_School" title="St Michael's Catholic High School">St Michael's Catholic High School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>other non-selective schools, whose intake is markedly affected by the above partially selective schools: <a href="/wiki/Future_Academies_Watford" title="Future Academies Watford">Future Academies Watford</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Grange_Academy,_Bushey" title="The Grange Academy, Bushey">The Grange Academy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westfield_Academy" title="Westfield Academy">Westfield Academy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconer_School" title="Falconer School">Falconer School</a>, a school for boys with emotional and behavioural difficulties.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_technical_college" title="University technical college">University Technical College</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Watford_UTC" title="The Watford UTC">The Watford UTC</a> was a school for 14-19 year olds that operated between 2014 and 2023.</li></ul> <p>The partially selective schools and <a href="/wiki/Bushey_Meads_School" title="Bushey Meads School">Bushey Meads School</a> operate common admissions tests in mathematics and non-verbal reasoning each autumn. In addition to those seeking selective places, all applicants to Bushey Meads and <a href="/wiki/Queens%27_School" title="Queens' School">Queens' School</a> are required to take the tests, so they are taken by the majority of Year 6 children in the area. The partially selective schools also operate a common test and audition procedure to select children for specialist music places.<sup id="cite_ref-Moving_On_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moving_On-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Results achieved by the schools at <a href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSE</a> are also widely spread, including the three highest and the two lowest scoring state schools within <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area also has by far the highest incidence in the county of children allocated to schools to which they had not applied.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Watford Campus of <a href="/wiki/West_Herts_College" title="West Herts College">West Herts College</a> is the only grade 1 further education college in the United Kingdom according to a 2011 <a href="/wiki/Ofsted" title="Ofsted">Ofsted</a> report. The <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Missional_Leadership" title="Centre for Missional Leadership">Centre for Missional Leadership</a> (CML) is the Watford branch of the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Theology" title="London School of Theology">London School of Theology</a>, Europe's largest evangelical theological college.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Watford is within the <a href="/wiki/BBC_London" title="BBC London">BBC London</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITV_London" title="ITV London">ITV London</a> region. Television signals are received from the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Palace_transmitting_station" title="Crystal Palace transmitting station">Crystal Palace</a> TV transmitter <sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the local relay transmitter situated in <a href="/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead" title="Hemel Hempstead">Hemel Hempstead</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Local radio stations are <a href="/wiki/BBC_Three_Counties_Radio" title="BBC Three Counties Radio">BBC Three Counties Radio</a> on 92.1 FM, <a href="/wiki/Heart_Hertfordshire" title="Heart Hertfordshire">Heart Hertfordshire</a> has its studios in The Metro Centre in the town which broadcast on 96.6 FM and community based stations: Vibe 107.6 <sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 107.6 FM and Watford Hospital Radio known as The Pulse Hospital Radio broadcasts to patients from the <a href="/wiki/Watford_General_Hospital" title="Watford General Hospital">Watford General Hospital</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Watford_Observer" title="Watford Observer">Watford Observer</a></i> is the town's local weekly newspaper. <sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vicarage_Road_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vicarage_Road_2015.jpg/220px-Vicarage_Road_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vicarage_Road_2015.jpg/330px-Vicarage_Road_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vicarage_Road_2015.jpg/440px-Vicarage_Road_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vicarage_Road" title="Vicarage Road">Vicarage Road</a>, home of <a href="/wiki/Watford_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Watford FC">Watford FC</a> in 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>The professional football team <a href="/wiki/Watford_F.C." title="Watford F.C.">Watford F.C.</a> competes in the <a href="/wiki/EFL_Championship" title="EFL Championship">EFL Championship</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_EFL_Championship" title="2022–23 EFL Championship">2022–2023 season</a>. Watford reached the <a href="/wiki/1984_FA_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="1984 FA Cup Final">1984</a> and <a href="/wiki/2019_FA_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 FA Cup Final">2019</a> FA Cup Finals, also finishing as league Division One (now the <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a>) runners-up in <a href="/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_in_English_football" title="1982–83 in English football">1983</a>. They were relegated from Division One in 1988. In 1996, Watford was relegated from the new Division One (now the <a href="/wiki/Football_League_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League Championship">Football League Championship</a>). Watford won the then <a href="/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division" title="Football League Second Division">Nationwide Division Two</a> championship in 1998, then the following season (1998–99) reached the Premier League. The club was relegated the next season. After five years, Watford won the <a href="/wiki/Football_League_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League Championship">Football League Championship</a> play-off final achieving promotion to the Premier League in 2006, this time beating <a href="/wiki/Leeds_United_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeds United FC">Leeds United FC</a> by three goals to nil.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The club was relegated to the Football League Championship after a single season (<a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_FA_Premier_League" title="2006–07 FA Premier League">2006–2007</a>) in the Premier League. It was promoted to the Premier League in 2015, after finishing second in the Championship. The singer-songwriter, Sir <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>, is a keen, long-term supporter of Watford FC and a former club chairman. He still maintains his links with Watford as Honorary Life President.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1997 and 2013, the club shared its ground, <a href="/wiki/Vicarage_Road" title="Vicarage Road">Vicarage Road</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Saracens_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Saracens FC">Saracens Rugby Football Club</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other sports teams include a <a href="/wiki/Non-League_football" title="Non-League football">non-League football</a> team, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Sports_FC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun Sports FC (page does not exist)">Sun Sports FC</a>, which plays at The Sun Postal Sports & Social Club, the <a href="/wiki/Watford_Cheetahs" class="mw-redirect" title="Watford Cheetahs">Watford Cheetahs</a>, an American football team which played home games at Fullerians RFC between 2008 and 2012, Glen Rovers, who play both hurling and <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association" title="Gaelic Athletic Association">Gaelic football</a>, and Watford Town Cricket Club.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Watford" title="List of people from Watford">List of people from Watford</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_the_Borough">Freedom of the Borough</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Freedom of the Borough"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following people and military units have received the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the Borough</a> of Watford. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individuals">Individuals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Individuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_6th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 6th Earl of Clarendon">George Villiers, 6th Earl of Clarendon</a>: 28 July 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-who_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Herbert,_1st_Baron_Hemingford" title="Dennis Herbert, 1st Baron Hemingford">Dennis Herbert, 1st Baron Hemingford</a>: 22 March 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-who_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Sir Elton John</a>: 6 October 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-who_134-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Tuck" title="Raphael Tuck">Sir Raphael Tuck</a>: 15 November 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-who_134-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Taylor" title="Graham Taylor">Graham Taylor</a>: 25 June 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-who_134-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Blissett" title="Luther Blissett">Luther Blissett</a>: 18 October 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_Units">Military Units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Military Units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_East_Anglian_Regiment" title="1st East Anglian Regiment">1st East Anglian Regiment</a>: 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-who_134-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Anglian_Regiment" title="Royal Anglian Regiment">Royal Anglian Regiment</a>: 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-who_134-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2021_Nomis-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCensus_2021E07000103" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">UK Census</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2021/report?compare=E07000103">"2021 Census Area Profile – Watford Local Authority (E07000103)"</a>. <i>Nomis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom)">Office for National Statistics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nomis&rft.atitle=2021+Census+Area+Profile+%E2%80%93+Watford+Local+Authority+%28E07000103%29&rft.date=2021&rft.au=UK+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fsources%2Fcensus_2021%2Freport%3Fcompare%3DE07000103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian.co.uk-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlie_Skelton2013" class="citation web cs1">Charlie Skelton (2 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/02/week-ahead-bilderberg-2013-watford">"The week ahead: Bilderberg 2013 comes to ... the Grove hotel, Watford"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+week+ahead%3A+Bilderberg+2013+comes+to+...+the+Grove+hotel%2C+Watford&rft.date=2013-06-02&rft.au=Charlie+Skelton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fjun%2F02%2Fweek-ahead-bilderberg-2013-watford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forsyth-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forsyth_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forsyth_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forsyth_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forsyth_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Forsyth2008" class="citation book cs1">Mary Forsyth (1 December 2008). T. R. Slater, Nigel Goose (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fY-Yoru2dTQC&pg=PA276"><i>A County of Small Towns: The Development of Hertfordshire's Urban Landscape</i></a>. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781905313440" title="Special:BookSources/9781905313440"><bdi>9781905313440</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+County+of+Small+Towns%3A+The+Development+of+Hertfordshire%27s+Urban+Landscape&rft.pub=Univ+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft.isbn=9781905313440&rft.au=Mary+Forsyth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfY-Yoru2dTQC%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Page1908" class="citation book cs1">William Page (1908). "Watford". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=43307"><i>A History of the County of Hertford: volume 2</i></a>. pp. 446–451<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Watford&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Hertford%3A+volume+2&rft.pages=446-451&rft.date=1908&rft.au=William+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.aspx%3Fcompid%3D43307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saunders-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saunders_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW.R._Saunders1931" class="citation book cs1">W.R. Saunders (1931). <i>History of Watford</i>. Watford: Peacock.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Watford&rft.place=Watford&rft.pub=Peacock&rft.date=1931&rft.au=W.R.+Saunders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Page1908" class="citation book cs1">William Page (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=43286"><i>The hundred of Cashio – Introduction | A History of the County of Hertford: volume 2 (pp. 319–322)</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+hundred+of+Cashio+%E2%80%93+Introduction+%26%23124%3B+A+History+of+the+County+of+Hertford%3A+volume+2+%28pp.+319%E2%80%93322%29&rft.date=1908&rft.au=William+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.aspx%3Fcompid%3D43286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Page-Manors-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Page-Manors_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Page-Manors_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Page1908" class="citation book cs1">William Page (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=43308">"Watford: Manors"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=305"><i>A History of the County of Hertford: volume 2</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_County_History" title="Victoria County History">Victoria County History</a>. pp. 451–464<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Watford%3A+Manors&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Hertford%3A+volume+2&rft.series=Victoria+County+History&rft.pages=451-464&rft.date=1908&rft.au=William+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.asp%3Fcompid%3D43308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1250997" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1250997?section=official-list-entry">"Sparrow Herne Trust Turnpike Marker, Lower High Street, Watford (1250997)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Sparrow+Herne+Trust+Turnpike+Marker%2C+Lower+High+Street%2C+Watford+%281250997%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1250997%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-british-history.ac.uk-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-british-history.ac.uk_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-british-history.ac.uk_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-british-history.ac.uk_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=43307&strquery=Watford">"Watford: Introduction"</a>. <i>british-history.ac.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=british-history.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Watford%3A+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.aspx%3Fcompid%3D43307%26strquery%3DWatford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1101109" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1101109?section=official-list-entry">"The Old Station House (formerly the booking office to Watford Station) (1101109)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=The+Old+Station+House+%28formerly+the+booking+office+to+Watford+Station%29+%281101109%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1101109%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NWHG-oldstation-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NWHG-oldstation_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413170528/http://north-watford-history.org.uk/pages/railways/original-watford-station.html">"The original Watford station"</a>. <i>North Watford History Group</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Watford+History+Group&rft.atitle=The+original+Watford+station&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnorth-watford-history.org.uk%2Fpages%2Frailways%2Foriginal-watford-station.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WBC-listed-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WBC-listed_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WBC-listed_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306223404/http://www.watford.gov.uk/ccm/cms-service/download/asset/?asset_id=19342003">"Nationally Listed Buildings in Watford"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nationally+Listed+Buildings+in+Watford&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Watford+Borough+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.watford.gov.uk%2Fccm%2Fcms-service%2Fdownload%2Fasset%2F%3Fasset_id%3D30425112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Page-Introduction-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Page-Introduction_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Page-Introduction_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Page1908" class="citation book cs1">William Page, ed. (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=43307">"Watford: Introduction"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=305"><i>A History of the County of Hertford: volume 2</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_County_History" title="Victoria County History">Victoria County History</a>. pp. 446–451<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Watford%3A+Introduction&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Hertford%3A+volume+2&rft.series=Victoria+County+History&rft.pages=446-451&rft.date=1908&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.asp%3Fcompid%3D43307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haberdashers-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haberdashers_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101115040832/http://www.habsboys.org.uk/Departments/Geography/Watford/history_of_watford.htm">"The History of Watford"</a>. Haberdashers' Aske's Boys School – Geography Department. 4 February 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.habsboys.org.uk/Departments/Geography/Watford/history_of_watford.htm">the original</a> on 15 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Watford&rft.pub=Haberdashers%27+Aske%27s+Boys+School+%E2%80%93+Geography+Department&rft.date=2008-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.habsboys.org.uk%2FDepartments%2FGeography%2FWatford%2Fhistory_of_watford.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Page-Churches-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Page-Churches_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Page1908" class="citation book cs1">William Page, ed. (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=43309">"Watford: Churches and Charities"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=305"><i>A History of the County of Hertford: volume 2</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_County_History" title="Victoria County History">Victoria County History</a>. pp. 464–469<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Watford%3A+Churches+and+Charities&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Hertford%3A+volume+2&rft.series=Victoria+County+History&rft.pages=464-469&rft.date=1908&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.asp%3Fcompid%3D43309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppitz2000" class="citation book cs1">Oppitz, Leslie (2000). "3. Lord Ebury's Line". <i>Lost railways of the Chilterns</i>. Newbury: Countryside Books. pp. 40–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853066436" title="Special:BookSources/9781853066436"><bdi>9781853066436</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.+Lord+Ebury%27s+Line&rft.btitle=Lost+railways+of+the+Chilterns&rft.place=Newbury&rft.pages=40-48&rft.pub=Countryside+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781853066436&rft.aulast=Oppitz&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hertsmemories.org.uk/page_id__544_path__0p34p118p.aspx">"Slum housing in Watford, 1850s to 1930s"</a>. <i>hertsmemories.org.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hertsmemories.org.uk&rft.atitle=Slum+housing+in+Watford%2C+1850s+to+1930s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hertsmemories.org.uk%2Fpage_id__544_path__0p34p118p.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407091449/http://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/nostalgia/crimelibrary/watfordriot/">"Coronation celebration postponed"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/nostalgia/crimelibrary/watfordriot/">the original</a> on 7 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coronation+celebration+postponed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.watfordobserver.co.uk%2Fnostalgia%2Fcrimelibrary%2Fwatfordriot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsyth2015" class="citation book cs1">Forsyth, Mary (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UcSQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA72"><i>Watford: A History</i></a>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0750961592" title="Special:BookSources/978-0750961592"><bdi>978-0750961592</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watford%3A+A+History&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0750961592&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUcSQCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Lavin" class="citation web cs1">Peter Lavin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunprintershistory.com/factlose.html">"Why did Watford lose the print?"</a>. <i>sunprintershistory.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sunprintershistory.com&rft.atitle=Why+did+Watford+lose+the+print%3F&rft.au=Peter+Lavin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunprintershistory.com%2Ffactlose.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wolmar-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wolmar_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolmar2009" class="citation book cs1">Wolmar, Christian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bYG-QY-DBHkC&q=%22metropolitan%20railway%22%20watford%20station%20%22high%20street%22&pg=RA1-PT137"><i>The Subterranean Railway How the London Underground Was Built and How it Changed the City Forever</i></a>. London: Atlantic Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848872530" title="Special:BookSources/9781848872530"><bdi>9781848872530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Subterranean+Railway+How+the+London+Underground+Was+Built+and+How+it+Changed+the+City+Forever&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Atlantic+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781848872530&rft.aulast=Wolmar&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbYG-QY-DBHkC%26q%3D%2522metropolitan%2520railway%2522%2520watford%2520station%2520%2522high%2520street%2522%26pg%3DRA1-PT137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goudie-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goudie_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoudieStuckey,_Douglas1990" class="citation book cs1">Goudie, F. W.; Stuckey, Douglas (1990). <i>West of Watford : L.N.W.R., L.M.S., Metropolitan, L.N.E.R., Bakerloo, Watford, Croxley Green, Rickmansworth</i>. Bracknell: Forge Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780904662184" title="Special:BookSources/9780904662184"><bdi>9780904662184</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+of+Watford+%3A+L.N.W.R.%2C+L.M.S.%2C+Metropolitan%2C+L.N.E.R.%2C+Bakerloo%2C+Watford%2C+Croxley+Green%2C+Rickmansworth&rft.place=Bracknell&rft.pub=Forge+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780904662184&rft.aulast=Goudie&rft.aufirst=F.+W.&rft.au=Stuckey%2C+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hille-history-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hille-history_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hille.co.uk/history">"History of Hille"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Hille&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hille.co.uk%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahams1999" class="citation news cs1">Abrahams, Charlotte (13 March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1999/mar/13/weekend7.weekend2">"The people's chair"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+people%27s+chair&rft.date=1999-03-13&rft.aulast=Abrahams&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheguardian%2F1999%2Fmar%2F13%2Fweekend7.weekend2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NWHG-hille-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NWHG-hille_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061318/http://north-watford-history.org.uk/pages/buildings/hille-house.html">"Hille House and Business Centre"</a>. <i>North Watford History Group</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://north-watford-history.org.uk/pages/buildings/hille-house.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Watford+History+Group&rft.atitle=Hille+House+and+Business+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnorth-watford-history.org.uk%2Fpages%2Fbuildings%2Fhille-house.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrozier2014" class="citation news cs1">Crozier, David (10 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/news/11462139.September_10__1965/">"September 10, 1965"</a>. <i>Watford Observer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Watford+Observer&rft.atitle=September+10%2C+1965&rft.date=2014-09-10&rft.aulast=Crozier&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.watfordobserver.co.uk%2Fnews%2F11462139.September_10__1965%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wb-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wb_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wb_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wbstudiotour.co.uk/getting-here/">"Getting Here"</a>. Warner Brothers Studios<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Watford+Authority+Monitoring+Reports&rft.atitle=Watford+Monitoring+Report+2017&rft.pages=21-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.watford.gov.uk%2Fdownloads%2Ffile%2F241%2Fauthority-monitoring-report-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-areas-in-the-south-east/urban-areas-in-the-south-east-part-1.pdf">Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas in the South East</a>, Office for National Statistics.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/censusareachanges/E07000103/">"How life has changed in Watford: Census 2021"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+life+has+changed+in+Watford%3A+Census+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fvisualisations%2Fcensusareachanges%2FE07000103%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Wright2012" class="citation news cs1">Mike Wright (30 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105212356/http://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/news/9501153.Mayor_picks_up_MBE/r/?ref=rss">"Mayor picks up MBE"</a>. <i>Watford Observer</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Watford+Observer&rft.atitle=Mayor+picks+up+MBE&rft.date=2012-01-30&rft.au=Mike+Wright&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.watfordobserver.co.uk%2Fnews%2F9501153.Mayor_picks_up_MBE%2Fr%2F%3Fref%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIain_Dale2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Iain_Dale" title="Iain Dale">Iain Dale</a> (13 September 2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/liberaldemocrats/2824165/The-50-most-influential-Liberal-Democrats-41-50.html">"The 50 most influential Liberal Democrats: 41–50"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49632006">49632006</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/liberaldemocrats/2824165/The-50-most-influential-Liberal-Democrats-41-50.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Cheslyn+Gardens&rft.pub=Watford+Borough+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.watford.gov.uk%2Finfo%2F20013%2Fparks_and_recreation%2F113%2Fthe_history_of_watfords_parks%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greenourherts.org.uk/page/?id=69467">"Cheslyn House and Gardens"</a>. Green Our Herts<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Watford%27s+Woodside+Stadium+to+host+British+Milers+Club+Grand+Prix+tomorrow&rft.pub=Watford+Observer&rft.date=2017-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.watfordobserver.co.uk%2Fsport%2F15367169.watfords-woodside-stadium-to-host-british-milers-club-grand-prix-tomorrow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pevsner-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pevsner_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPevsnerrevised_by_Cherry2002" class="citation book cs1">Pevsner, Nikolaus; revised by Cherry, Bridget (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v9nm4_WewXQC&q=pevsner%20hertfordshire&pg=PA385">"Watford – Churches"</a>. <i>The Buildings of England: Hertfordshire</i> (2nd ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Bushey+Arches+Railway+Viaduct+%281101094%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1101094%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1101110" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1101110?section=official-list-entry">"Five Arches Railway Viaduct 200 Metres North of Water Lane (1101110)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Watford+Tunnel%2C+South+Entrance+to+West+Tunnel+%281101159%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1101159%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-local-listing-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-local-listing_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305230820/http://www.watford.gov.uk/ccm/cms-service/download/asset/?asset_id=19343002">"Locally Listed Buildings in Watford"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Locally+Listed+Buildings+in+Watford&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Watford+Borough+Council&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.watford.gov.uk%2Fccm%2Fcms-service%2Fdownload%2Fasset%2F%3Fasset_id%3D29651101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200713220731/https://watfordpalacetheatre.co.uk/whats-on/film-live-delayed-live-screening/">"Film - Live/ Delayed Live Screening Events"</a>. Watford Palace Theatre. 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Musical Times Publications Ltd.: 247–248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1002780">10.2307/1002780</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1002780">1002780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Times&rft.atitle=States+of+Independence&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=1814&rft.pages=247-248&rft.date=1994-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1002780&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1002780%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Nigel%2C+and+Cox%2C+Neil&rft.au=Cox%2C+Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://niceareas.co.uk/best-primary-schools/in/watford/">"Best Primary Schools in Watford, East of England"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Best+Primary+Schools+in+Watford%2C+East+of+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fniceareas.co.uk%2Fbest-primary-schools%2Fin%2Fwatford%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moving_On-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moving_On_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moving_On_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hertsdirect.org/scholearn/admissions/movingon/">Moving On – Applying for a Secondary or Upper School place</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516210949/http://www.hertsdirect.org/scholearn/admissions/movingon/">Archived</a> 16 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Hertfordshire County Council, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ofsted" title="Ofsted">Ofsted</a> reports for these schools describe their intake.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ofsted" title="Ofsted">Ofsted</a> reports for these schools discuss the effect on their intake.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/cgi-bin/performancetables/group_07.pl?Mode=Z&No=919&Base=b&Type=LA&Phase=1&Year=07&F=51&L=100">Hertfordshire: GCSE (and equivalent) results</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100913055009/http%3A//www.dcsf.gov.uk/cgi%2Dbin/performancetables/group_07.pl?Mode%3DZ%26Type%3DLA%26No%3D919%26Base%3Db%26Year%3D07%26Phase%3D1%26F%3D51%26L%3D100">Archived</a> 13 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/UK_Government_Web_Archive" title="UK Government Web Archive">UK Government Web Archive</a>, Secondary School achievement and attainment tables 2007, <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Children,_Schools_and_Families" title="Department for Children, Schools and Families">Department for Children, Schools and Families</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/education/07/school_tables/secondary_schools/html/919_gcse_lea.stm">"Secondary schools in Hertfordshire: GCSE-level"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 10 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Secondary+schools+in+Hertfordshire%3A+GCSE-level&rft.date=2008-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fshared%2Fbsp%2Fhi%2Feducation%2F07%2Fschool_tables%2Fsecondary_schools%2Fhtml%2F919_gcse_lea.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hertsdirect.org/infobase/docs/pdfstore/agen4adup.pdf">Admissions Update 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025955/http://www.hertsdirect.org/infobase/docs/pdfstore/agen4adup.pdf">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Agenda Item No. 4, Hertfordshire County Council Admissions Forum, 14 June 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Journal LST Insight Autumn 2009, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Crystal_Palace">"Full Freeview on the Crystal Palace (Greater London, England) transmitter"</a>. <i>UK Free TV</i>. 1 May 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Free+TV&rft.atitle=Full+Freeview+on+the+Crystal+Palace+%28Greater+London%2C+England%29+transmitter&rft.date=2004-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukfree.tv%2Ftransmitters%2Ftv%2FCrystal_Palace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Hemel_Hempstead">"Full Freeview on the Hemel Hempstead (Hertfordshire, England) transmitter"</a>. <i>UK Free TV</i>. 1 May 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Free+TV&rft.atitle=Full+Freeview+on+the+Hemel+Hempstead+%28Hertfordshire%2C+England%29+transmitter&rft.date=2004-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukfree.tv%2Ftransmitters%2Ftv%2FHemel_Hempstead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vibe1076.co.uk/">"Vibe 107.6"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vibe+107.6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vibe1076.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepulsehr.co.uk/">"The Pulse Hospital Radio"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pulse+Hospital+Radio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepulsehr.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishpapers.co.uk/england-eang/watford-observer/">"Watford Observer"</a>. <i>British Papers</i>. 30 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Papers&rft.atitle=Watford+Observer&rft.date=2013-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishpapers.co.uk%2Fengland-eang%2Fwatford-observer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_1/4771857.stm">"Leeds 0-3 Watford"</a>. BBC News. 21 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leeds+0-3+Watford&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2006-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport1%2Fhi%2Ffootball%2Feng_div_1%2F4771857.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watfordfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/History/0,,10400~65917,00.html">They Shaped the Club</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203170637/http://www.watfordfc.com/page/History/0%2C%2C10400~65917%2C00.html">Archived</a> 3 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Watford F.C. History, 3 February 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/sport/rugby/rugby-football-collide-groundsharing-work-7801739">"When rugby and football collide: does groundsharing work?"</a>. <i>Coventry Telegraph</i>. 19 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coventry+Telegraph&rft.atitle=When+rugby+and+football+collide%3A+does+groundsharing+work%3F&rft.date=2014-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coventrytelegraph.net%2Fsport%2Frugby%2Frugby-football-collide-groundsharing-work-7801739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.watfordtowncricketclub.com/">"Welcome"</a>. Watford Town Cricket Club<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome&rft.pub=Watford+Town+Cricket+Club&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.watfordtowncricketclub.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-who-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-who_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-who_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-who_134-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-who_134-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-who_134-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-who_134-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-who_134-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil" class="citation web cs1">Council, Watford Borough. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200311064655/https://www.watford.gov.uk/info/20017/councillors_and_decision_making/126/who_is_the_chairman/4">"Who is the Chairman?"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+is+the+Chairman%3F&rft.pub=Government+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.aulast=Council&rft.aufirst=Watford+Borough&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.watford.gov.uk%2Finfo%2F20017%2Fcouncillors_and_decision_making%2F126%2Fwho_is_the_chairman%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/news/19150245.watford-legend-luther-blissett-made-freeman-borough/">"Watford legend Luther Blissett made Freeman of the borough"</a>. <i>Watford Observer</i>. 10 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Watford+Observer&rft.atitle=Watford+legend+Luther+Blissett+made+Freeman+of+the+borough&rft.date=2021-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.watfordobserver.co.uk%2Fnews%2F19150245.watford-legend-luther-blissett-made-freeman-borough%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-56359137">"Luther Blissett: Ex-Watford striker given freedom of the town"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 11 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Luther+Blissett%3A+Ex-Watford+striker+given+freedom+of+the+town&rft.date=2021-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-beds-bucks-herts-56359137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/sport/19665674.luther-blissett-worthy-recipient-freedom-watford/">"Luther Blissett a worthy recipient of the Freedom of Watford"</a>. <i>The Watford Observer</i>. 23 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Watford+Observer&rft.atitle=Luther+Blissett+a+worthy+recipient+of+the+Freedom+of+Watford&rft.date=2021-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.watfordobserver.co.uk%2Fsport%2F19665674.luther-blissett-worthy-recipient-freedom-watford%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Watford</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Watford" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Watford">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Watford" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Watford">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Watford" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Watford">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Watford" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Watford">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Watford" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Watford">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Watford" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Watford">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Watford" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Watford">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Watford" class="extiw" title="voy:Watford">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watford.gov.uk/">Watford Borough Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watfordobserver.co.uk"><i>Watford Observer</i> newspaper</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/place/place_page.jsp?p_id=1026&st=watford">Watford, Hertfordshire</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/">A Vision of Britain Through Time</a>, Department of Geography, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Portsmouth" title="University of Portsmouth">University of Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hertfordshire-genealogy.co.uk/links/watford.htm">Watford Genealogy on <i>A Guide to Old Hertfordshire</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Watford" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Watford" title="Template:Watford"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Watford" title="Template talk:Watford"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Watford" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Watford"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Watford" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Watford</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas of<br />Watford</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassiobridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassiobridge">Cassiobridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiobury" title="Cassiobury">Cassiobury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colney_Butts" title="Colney Butts">Colney Butts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garston,_Hertfordshire" title="Garston, Hertfordshire">Garston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holywell,_Hertfordshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Holywell, Hertfordshire">Holywell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingswood,_Hertfordshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingswood, Hertfordshire (page does not exist)">Kingswood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leavesden,_Hertfordshire" title="Leavesden, Hertfordshire">Leavesden Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nascot_Wood" title="Nascot Wood">Nascot Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Watford" title="North Watford">North Watford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxhey" title="Oxhey">Oxhey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rookery,_Watford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Rookery, Watford (page does not exist)">The Rookery</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rounton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rounton (page does not exist)">Rounton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russells,_Hertfordshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russells, Hertfordshire (page does not exist)">Russells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Oxhey" title="South Oxhey">South Oxhey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford_Heath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watford Heath (page does not exist)">Watford Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Watford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Watford (page does not exist)">West Watford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woodside,_Hertfordshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woodside, Hertfordshire (page does not exist)">Woodside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarage_Road" title="Vicarage Road">Vicarage Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Rail transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Railway lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_Line" title="Abbey Line">Abbey Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_line" title="Metropolitan line">Metropolitan line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_DC_line" title="Watford DC line">Watford DC line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line" title="West Coast Main Line">West Coast Main Line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Open stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushey_railway_station" title="Bushey railway station">Bushey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpenders_Park_railway_station" title="Carpenders Park railway station">Carpenders Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garston_railway_station_(Hertfordshire)" title="Garston railway station (Hertfordshire)">Garston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_tube_station" title="Watford tube station">Watford (LU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_High_Street_railway_station" title="Watford High Street railway station">Watford High Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_Junction_railway_station" title="Watford Junction railway station">Watford Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_North_railway_station" title="Watford North railway station">Watford North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Train operating companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avanti_West_Coast" title="Avanti West Coast">Avanti West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Overground" title="London Overground">London Overground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Trains" title="West Midlands Trains">West Midlands Trains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Closed &<br />abandoned stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watford_railway_station_(1837%E2%80%931858)" title="Watford railway station (1837–1858)">Watford railway station (1837–1858)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_Central_tube_station" title="Watford Central tube station">Watford Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_Stadium_Halt_railway_station" title="Watford Stadium Halt railway station">Watford Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_West_railway_station" title="Watford West railway station">Watford West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Disused railways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watford_and_Rickmansworth_Railway#Extension_to_Croxley_Green" title="Watford and Rickmansworth Railway">Croxley Green Branch Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_and_Rickmansworth_Railway" title="Watford and Rickmansworth Railway">Watford and Rickmansworth Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watford_North_Curve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watford North Curve (page does not exist)">Watford North Curve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Disasters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Watford_rail_crash" title="Watford rail crash">Watford rail crash</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Future projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassiobridge_tube_station" title="Cassiobridge tube station">Cassiobridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croxley_Rail_Link" title="Croxley Rail Link">Croxley Rail Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_Vicarage_Road_tube_station" title="Watford Vicarage Road tube station">Watford Vicarage Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Bus transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arriva_Herts_%26_Essex" title="Arriva Herts & Essex">Arriva Herts & Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriva_London" title="Arriva London">Arriva London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carousel_Buses" title="Carousel Buses">Carousel Buses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Line_bus_route_724" title="Green Line bus route 724">Green Line bus route 724</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullany%27s_Buses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mullany's Buses">Mullany's Buses</a></li> <li>Redline Buses</li> <li>Red Rose Travel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uno_(bus_company)" title="Uno (bus company)">Uno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Cycling & walking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebury_Way" title="Ebury Way">Ebury Way</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Union_Canal_Path&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Union Canal Path (page does not exist)">Grand Union Canal Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire_Way" title="Hertfordshire Way">Hertfordshire Way</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ver-Colne_Valley_Way&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ver-Colne Valley Way (page does not exist)">Ver-Colne Valley Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attractions &<br />amenities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Sports_Watford_F.C." title="Sun Sports Watford F.C.">Sun Sports Watford F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_F.C." title="Watford F.C.">Watford F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_F.C._Ladies" class="mw-redirect" title="Watford F.C. Ladies">Watford F.C. Ladies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_Town_Cricket_Club_Ground" title="Watford Town Cricket Club Ground">Watford Town Cricket Club Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarage_Road" title="Vicarage Road">Vicarage Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Grove,_Watford" title="The Grove, Watford">The Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pumphouse_Theatre_and_Arts_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Pumphouse Theatre and Arts Centre (page does not exist)">The Pumphouse Theatre and Arts Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Studios,_Leavesden" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden">Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_Colosseum" title="Watford Colosseum">Watford Colosseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_Palace_Theatre" title="Watford Palace Theatre">Watford Palace Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_Museum" title="Watford Museum">Watford Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Parks & woodland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albans_Wood" title="Albans Wood">Albans Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiobury_Park" title="Cassiobury Park">Cassiobury Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garston_Park" title="Garston Park">Garston Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harebreaks_Wood" title="Harebreaks Wood">Harebreaks Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lairage_Land" title="The Lairage Land">The Lairage Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whippendell_Wood" title="Whippendell Wood">Whippendell Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Watford_General_Hospital" title="Watford General Hospital">Watford General Hospital</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Shopping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atria_Watford" title="Atria Watford">Atria Watford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Canals & rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Colne,_Hertfordshire" title="River Colne, Hertfordshire">River Colne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Gade" title="River Gade">River Gade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction_Canal" title="Grand Junction Canal">Grand Junction Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Union_Canal" title="Grand Union Canal">Grand Union Canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Heritage &<br />architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassiobury_House" title="Cassiobury House">Cassiobury House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Rood_Church,_Watford" title="Holy Rood Church, Watford">Holy Rood Church, Watford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Church,_Watford" title="St John's Church, Watford">St John's Church, Watford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Watford" title="St Mary's Church, Watford">St Mary's Church, Watford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_Museum" title="Watford Museum">Watford Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_Town_Hall" title="Watford Town Hall">Watford Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Watford" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Watford">Grade II* listed buildings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Primary schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_schools_in_Watford" title="Primary schools in Watford">Primary schools in Watford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Secondary schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_Academies_Watford" title="Future Academies Watford">Future Academies Watford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmiter%27s_School" title="Parmiter's School">Parmiter's School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Catholic_High_School" title="St Michael's Catholic High School">St Michael's Catholic High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_Grammar_School_for_Boys" title="Watford Grammar School for Boys">Watford Grammar School for Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_Grammar_School_for_Girls" title="Watford Grammar School for Girls">Watford Grammar School for Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_Academy" title="Westfield Academy">Westfield Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Colleges & universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Missional_Leadership" title="Centre for Missional Leadership">Centre for Missional Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Herts_College" title="West Herts College">West Herts College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watford_Borough_Council" title="Watford Borough Council">Watford Borough Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_District" title="Three Rivers District">Three Rivers District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_Rural" title="Watford Rural">Watford Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Watford" title="Mayor of Watford">Mayor of Watford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Watford (UK Parliament constituency)">Watford (UK Parliament constituency)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Watford_Observer" title="Watford Observer">Watford Observer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceremonial_county_of_Hertfordshire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hertfordshire" title="Template:Hertfordshire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hertfordshire" title="Template talk:Hertfordshire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hertfordshire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hertfordshire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceremonial_county_of_Hertfordshire" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></span> of <span class="fn org region"><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boroughs or districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Broxbourne" title="Borough of Broxbourne">Broxbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacorum" title="Dacorum">Dacorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hertfordshire" title="East Hertfordshire">East Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertsmere" title="Hertsmere">Hertsmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Hertfordshire" title="North Hertfordshire">North Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_and_District" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City and District">City of St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevenage" title="Stevenage">Stevenage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_District" title="Three Rivers District">Three Rivers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Watford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Hatfield" title="Welwyn Hatfield">Welwyn Hatfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements<br />(cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baldock" title="Baldock">Baldock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkhamsted" title="Berkhamsted">Berkhamsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Stortford" title="Bishop's Stortford">Bishop's Stortford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borehamwood" title="Borehamwood">Borehamwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broxbourne" title="Broxbourne">Broxbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buntingford" title="Buntingford">Buntingford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushey" title="Bushey">Bushey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshunt" title="Cheshunt">Cheshunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorleywood" title="Chorleywood">Chorleywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpenden" title="Harpenden">Harpenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatfield,_Hertfordshire" title="Hatfield, Hertfordshire">Hatfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead" title="Hemel Hempstead">Hemel Hempstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertford" title="Hertford">Hertford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchin" title="Hitchin">Hitchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoddesdon" title="Hoddesdon">Hoddesdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letchworth" title="Letchworth">Letchworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potters_Bar" title="Potters Bar">Potters Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickmansworth" title="Rickmansworth">Rickmansworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royston,_Hertfordshire" title="Royston, Hertfordshire">Royston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawbridgeworth" title="Sawbridgeworth">Sawbridgeworth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevenage" title="Stevenage">Stevenage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tring" title="Tring">Tring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltham_Cross" title="Waltham Cross">Waltham Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ware,_Hertfordshire" title="Ware, Hertfordshire">Ware</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Watford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Garden_City" title="Welwyn Garden City">Welwyn Garden City</a><br /><i>See also:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Hertfordshire" title="List of civil parishes in Hertfordshire">List of civil parishes in Hertfordshire</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire_County_Council" title="Hertfordshire County Council">Hertfordshire County Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire_County_Council_elections" title="Hertfordshire County Council elections">Elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hertfordshire" title="Flag of Hertfordshire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Hertfordshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary constituencies in Hertfordshire">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Hertfordshire (European Parliament constituency)">European Parliament constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hertfordshire_boundary_changes" title="List of Hertfordshire boundary changes">Boundary changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Hertfordshire" title="List of places in Hertfordshire">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Hertfordshire_by_population" title="List of settlements in Hertfordshire by population">Settlements by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_settlements_in_Hertfordshire" title="List of lost settlements in Hertfordshire">Lost settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Hertfordshire" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Hertfordshire">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Hertfordshire" title="Grade I listed buildings in Hertfordshire">Grade I listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Hertfordshire" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Hertfordshire">Grade II* listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Hertfordshire" title="Scheduled monuments in Hertfordshire">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hertfordshire" title="History of Hertfordshire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Hertfordshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Hertfordshire" title="High Sheriff of Hertfordshire">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Hertfordshire" title="List of schools in Hertfordshire">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Hertfordshire" title="List of museums in Hertfordshire">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_Hertfordshire" title="List of windmills in Hertfordshire">Windmills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_King_George_V_Playing_Fields_in_Hertfordshire" title="List of King George V Playing Fields in Hertfordshire">King George V Playing Fields</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_the_East_of_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:East_of_England" title="Template:East of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:East_of_England" title="Template talk:East of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:East_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:East of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_the_East_of_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Bedford" title="Borough of Bedford">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bedfordshire" title="Central Bedfordshire">Central Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:East_of_England_districts_2011_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/East_of_England_districts_2011_map.svg/100px-East_of_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/East_of_England_districts_2011_map.svg/150px-East_of_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/East_of_England_districts_2011_map.svg/200px-East_of_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="1266" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Cambridgeshire" title="East Cambridgeshire">East Cambridgeshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenland_District" title="Fenland District">Fenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdonshire" title="Huntingdonshire">Huntingdonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Cambridgeshire" title="South Cambridgeshire">South Cambridgeshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Basildon" title="Borough of Basildon">Basildon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braintree_District" title="Braintree District">Braintree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Brentwood" title="Borough of Brentwood">Brentwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Point" title="Castle Point">Castle Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Colchester" title="City of Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest_District" title="Epping Forest District">Epping Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow" title="Harlow">Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldon_District" title="Maldon District">Maldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochford_District" title="Rochford District">Rochford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Southend-on-Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendring_District" title="Tendring District">Tendring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurrock" title="Thurrock">Thurrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttlesford" title="Uttlesford">Uttlesford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Broxbourne" title="Borough of Broxbourne">Broxbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacorum" title="Dacorum">Dacorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hertfordshire" title="East Hertfordshire">East Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertsmere" title="Hertsmere">Hertsmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Hertfordshire" title="North Hertfordshire">North Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_and_District" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City and District">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevenage" title="Stevenage">Stevenage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_District" title="Three Rivers District">Three Rivers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Watford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Hatfield" title="Welwyn Hatfield">Welwyn Hatfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breckland_District" title="Breckland District">Breckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadland" title="Broadland">Broadland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Great_Yarmouth" title="Borough of Great Yarmouth">Great Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn_and_West_Norfolk" title="King's Lynn and West Norfolk">King's Lynn and West Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Norfolk" title="North Norfolk">North Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Norfolk" title="South Norfolk">South Norfolk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babergh_District" title="Babergh District">Babergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Suffolk_District" title="East Suffolk District">East Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Suffolk" title="Mid Suffolk">Mid Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Suffolk_District" title="West Suffolk District">West Suffolk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Civil_parishes_in_Hertfordshire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_parishes_of_Hertfordshire" title="Template:Civil parishes of Hertfordshire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_parishes_of_Hertfordshire" title="Template talk:Civil parishes of Hertfordshire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_parishes_of_Hertfordshire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil parishes of Hertfordshire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_parishes_in_Hertfordshire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Hertfordshire" title="List of civil parishes in Hertfordshire">Civil parishes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dacorum" title="Dacorum">Dacorum</a> <span class="nobold">(partly parished)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldbury" title="Aldbury">Aldbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkhamsted" title="Berkhamsted">Berkhamsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovingdon" title="Bovingdon">Bovingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipperfield" title="Chipperfield">Chipperfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamstead" title="Flamstead">Flamstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaunden" title="Flaunden">Flaunden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Gaddesden" title="Great Gaddesden">Great Gaddesden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_Langley" title="Kings Langley">Kings Langley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Gaddesden" title="Little Gaddesden">Little Gaddesden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markyate" title="Markyate">Markyate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Mills" title="Nash Mills">Nash Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettleden_with_Potten_End" title="Nettleden with Potten End">Nettleden with Potten End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northchurch" title="Northchurch">Northchurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tring" title="Tring">Tring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tring_Rural" title="Tring Rural">Tring Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigginton,_Hertfordshire" title="Wigginton, Hertfordshire">Wigginton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Hertfordshire" title="East Hertfordshire">East Hertfordshire</a> <span class="nobold">(wholly parished)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albury,_Hertfordshire" title="Albury, Hertfordshire">Albury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anstey,_Hertfordshire" title="Anstey, Hertfordshire">Anstey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardeley" title="Ardeley">Ardeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspenden" title="Aspenden">Aspenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aston,_Hertfordshire" title="Aston, Hertfordshire">Aston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayford,_Hertfordshire" title="Bayford, Hertfordshire">Bayford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengeo_Rural" title="Bengeo Rural">Bengeo Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benington,_Hertfordshire" title="Benington, Hertfordshire">Benington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Stortford" title="Bishop's Stortford">Bishop's Stortford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bramfield,_Hertfordshire" title="Bramfield, Hertfordshire">Bramfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braughing" title="Braughing">Braughing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Pelham" title="Brent Pelham">Brent Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brickendon" title="Brickendon">Brickendon Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckland,_Hertfordshire" title="Buckland, Hertfordshire">Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buntingford" title="Buntingford">Buntingford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottered" title="Cottered">Cottered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datchworth" title="Datchworth">Datchworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastwick,_Hertfordshire" title="Eastwick, Hertfordshire">Eastwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilston" title="Gilston">Gilston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furneux_Pelham" title="Furneux Pelham">Furneux Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Amwell" title="Great Amwell">Great Amwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Munden" title="Great Munden">Great Munden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertford" title="Hertford">Hertford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertford_Heath" title="Hertford Heath">Hertford Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertingfordbury" title="Hertingfordbury">Hertingfordbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Wych" title="High Wych">High Wych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormead" title="Hormead">Hormead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsdon" title="Hunsdon">Hunsdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Berkhamsted" title="Little Berkhamsted">Little Berkhamsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Hadham" title="Little Hadham">Little Hadham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Munden" title="Little Munden">Little Munden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meesden" title="Meesden">Meesden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Much_Hadham" title="Much Hadham">Much Hadham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacombe" title="Sacombe">Sacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawbridgeworth" title="Sawbridgeworth">Sawbridgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standon,_Hertfordshire" title="Standon, Hertfordshire">Standon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanstead_Abbotts" title="Stanstead Abbotts">Stanstead Abbots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanstead_St_Margarets" title="Stanstead St Margarets">Stanstead St Margarets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stapleford,_Hertfordshire" title="Stapleford, Hertfordshire">Stapleford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stocking_Pelham" title="Stocking Pelham">Stocking Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewin" title="Tewin">Tewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorley,_Hertfordshire" title="Thorley, Hertfordshire">Thorley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thundridge" title="Thundridge">Thundridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkern" title="Walkern">Walkern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ware,_Hertfordshire" title="Ware, Hertfordshire">Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wareside" title="Wareside">Wareside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watton-at-Stone" title="Watton-at-Stone">Watton-at-Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmill" title="Westmill">Westmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widford,_Hertfordshire" title="Widford, Hertfordshire">Widford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyddial" title="Wyddial">Wyddial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hertsmere" title="Hertsmere">Hertsmere</a> <span class="nobold">(partly parished)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldenham" title="Aldenham">Aldenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elstree_and_Borehamwood" title="Elstree and Borehamwood">Elstree and Borehamwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldenham#Hertsmere_Meriden" title="Aldenham">Hertsmere Meriden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenley" title="Shenley">Shenley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mimms" title="South Mimms">South Mimms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ridge,_Hertfordshire" title="Ridge, Hertfordshire">Ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Hertfordshire" title="North Hertfordshire">North Hertfordshire</a> <span class="nobold">(partly parished)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashwell,_Hertfordshire" title="Ashwell, Hertfordshire">Ashwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkway" title="Barkway">Barkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley,_Hertfordshire" title="Barley, Hertfordshire">Barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bygrave" title="Bygrave">Bygrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldecote,_Hertfordshire" title="Caldecote, Hertfordshire">Caldecote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothall" title="Clothall">Clothall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codicote" title="Codicote">Codicote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graveley,_Hertfordshire" title="Graveley, Hertfordshire">Graveley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ashby" title="Great Ashby">Great Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexton" title="Hexton">Hexton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinxworth" title="Hinxworth">Hinxworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holwell,_Hertfordshire" title="Holwell, Hertfordshire">Holwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ickleford" title="Ickleford">Ickleford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelshall" title="Kelshall">Kelshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimpton,_Hertfordshire" title="Kimpton, Hertfordshire">Kimpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Walden" title="King's Walden">King's Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knebworth" title="Knebworth">Knebworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langley,_Hertfordshire" title="Langley, Hertfordshire">Langley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilley,_Hertfordshire" title="Lilley, Hertfordshire">Lilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newnham,_Hertfordshire" title="Newnham, Hertfordshire">Newnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuthampstead" title="Nuthampstead">Nuthampstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offley" title="Offley">Offley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirton,_Hertfordshire" title="Pirton, Hertfordshire">Pirton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston,_Hertfordshire" title="Preston, Hertfordshire">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radwell,_Hertfordshire" title="Radwell, Hertfordshire">Radwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed,_Hertfordshire" title="Reed, Hertfordshire">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royston,_Hertfordshire" title="Royston, Hertfordshire">Royston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushden,_Hertfordshire" title="Rushden, Hertfordshire">Rushden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandon,_Hertfordshire" title="Sandon, Hertfordshire">Sandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Ippolyts" title="St Ippolyts">St Ippolyts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Walden" title="St Paul's Walden">St Paul's Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therfield" title="Therfield">Therfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallington,_Hertfordshire" title="Wallington, Hertfordshire">Wallington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weston,_Hertfordshire" title="Weston, Hertfordshire">Weston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymondley" title="Wymondley">Wymondley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_and_District" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City and District">St Albans</a> <span class="nobold">(partly parished)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colney_Heath" title="Colney Heath">Colney Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpenden" title="Harpenden">Harpenden Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpenden_Rural" title="Harpenden Rural">Harpenden Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Colney" title="London Colney">London Colney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbourn" title="Redbourn">Redbourn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandridge" title="Sandridge">Sandridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael,_Hertfordshire" title="St Michael, Hertfordshire">St Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Stephen,_Hertfordshire" title="St Stephen, Hertfordshire">St Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheathampstead" title="Wheathampstead">Wheathampstead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_District" title="Three Rivers District">Three Rivers</a> <span class="nobold">(partly parished)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbots_Langley" title="Abbots Langley">Abbots Langley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batchworth" title="Batchworth">Batchworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorleywood" title="Chorleywood">Chorleywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croxley_Green" title="Croxley Green">Croxley Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarratt" title="Sarratt">Sarratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_Rural" title="Watford Rural">Watford Rural</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Hatfield" title="Welwyn Hatfield">Welwyn Hatfield</a> <span class="nobold">(partly parished)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayot_St_Lawrence" title="Ayot St Lawrence">Ayot St Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayot_St_Peter" title="Ayot St Peter">Ayot St Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essendon,_Hertfordshire" title="Essendon, Hertfordshire">Essendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatfield,_Hertfordshire" title="Hatfield, Hertfordshire">Hatfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Mymms" title="North Mymms">North Mymms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northaw_and_Cuffley" title="Northaw and Cuffley">Northaw and Cuffley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welwyn" title="Welwyn">Welwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolmer_Green" title="Woolmer Green">Woolmer Green</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wholly unparished boroughs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Broxbourne" title="Borough of Broxbourne">Broxbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevenage" title="Stevenage">Stevenage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Watford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Hertfordshire" title="List of places in Hertfordshire">List of places in Hertfordshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2598#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2598#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2598#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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