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id="toc-Adulthood,_Howard_and_Cornell_years,_and_editing_career:_1949–1975" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adulthood,_Howard_and_Cornell_years,_and_editing_career:_1949–1975"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Adulthood, Howard and Cornell years, and editing career: 1949–1975 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adulthood,_Howard_and_Cornell_years,_and_editing_career:_1949–1975-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_writings_and_teaching,_1970–1986" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_writings_and_teaching,_1970–1986"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 First writings and teaching, 1970–1986 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_writings_and_teaching,_1970–1986-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beloved_trilogy_and_the_Nobel_Prize:_1987–1998" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beloved_trilogy_and_the_Nobel_Prize:_1987–1998"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Beloved trilogy and the Nobel Prize: 1987–1998 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beloved_trilogy_and_the_Nobel_Prize:_1987–1998-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beloved_onscreen_and_"the_Oprah_effect"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beloved_onscreen_and_"the_Oprah_effect""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Beloved onscreen and "the Oprah effect" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beloved_onscreen_and_"the_Oprah_effect"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Early 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Princeton_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Princeton_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Princeton years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Princeton_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years:_2010–2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years:_2010–2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Final years: 2010–2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years:_2010–2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics,_literary_reception,_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics,_literary_reception,_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Politics, literary reception, and legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics,_literary_reception,_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics, literary reception, and legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics,_literary_reception,_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Relationship to feminism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions_to_Black_feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_to_Black_feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Contributions to Black feminism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_to_Black_feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Memorial_for_Peace_and_Justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Memorial_for_Peace_and_Justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 National Memorial for Peace and Justice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Memorial_for_Peace_and_Justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Papers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Day_and_halls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_and_halls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Day and halls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day_and_halls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentary_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentary_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Documentary films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentary_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Awards </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Awards subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Nomination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Novels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children's_books_(with_Slade_Morrison)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children's_books_(with_Slade_Morrison)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Children's books (with Slade Morrison) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children's_books_(with_Slade_Morrison)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Short_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Short fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Plays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libretto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libretto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Libretto </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libretto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Non-fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Toni Morrison</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 105 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-105" aria-hidden="true" > 105 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Моррисон, Тони – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Моррисон, Тони" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B6%E1%8A%92_%E1%88%9E%E1%88%AA%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%95" title="ቶኒ ሞሪሰን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቶኒ ሞሪሰን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="توني موريسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توني موريسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A8" title="টনি মৰিছন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="টনি মৰিছন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="تونی موریسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تونی موریسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="টনি মরিসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টনি মরিসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тони Моррисон – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тони Моррисон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тоні Морысан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тоні Морысан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тоні Морысан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тоні Морысан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Тони Морисън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тони Морисън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrisonov%C3%A1" title="Toni Morrisonová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Toni Morrisonová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9_%CE%9C%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Τόνι Μόρρισον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τόνι Μόρρισον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="تونی موریسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تونی موریسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%8B%88_%EB%AA%A8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A8" title="토니 모리슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토니 모리슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Թոնի Մորիսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թոնի Մորիսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="टोनी मॉरिसन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टोनी मॉरिसन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="טוני מוריסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טוני מוריסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტონი მორისონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტონი მორისონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тони Моррисон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тони Моррисон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тони Моррисон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тони Моррисон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Моррисон, Тони – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Моррисон, Тони" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonia_Morrison" title="Antonia Morrison – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Antonia Morrison" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonija_Morisone" title="Tonija Morisone – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tonija Morisone" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тони Морисон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тони Морисон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title="ടോണി മോറിസൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടോണി മോറിസൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="टोनी मॉरिसन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टोनी मॉरिसन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტონი მორისონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტონი მორისონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="تونى موريسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تونى موريسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="تونی موریسون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تونی موریسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%B3" title="トニ・モリスン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トニ・モリスン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8" title="ਟੋਨੀ ਮੌਰੀਸਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੋਨੀ ਮੌਰੀਸਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ٹونی موریسن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹونی موریسن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="توني موريسون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توني موريسون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Моррисон, Тони – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Моррисон, Тони" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrisonov%C3%A1" title="Toni Morrisonová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Toni Morrisonová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86" title="تۆنی مۆریسۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆنی مۆریسۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тони Морисон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тони Морисон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="டோனி மாரிசன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டோனி மாரிசன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тони Моррисон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тони Моррисон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="โทนี มอร์ริสัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โทนี มอร์ริสัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Моррисон, Тони – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Моррисон, Тони" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тоні Моррісон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тоні Моррісон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ٹونی موریسن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹونی موریسن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%A6%AE%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E6%A3%AE" title="托妮·莫里森 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="托妮·莫里森" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Toni Morrison" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%A6%AE%E6%91%A9%E7%90%86%E8%87%A3" title="東妮摩理臣 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="東妮摩理臣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the rugby league footballer, see <a href="/wiki/Tony_Morrison" title="Tony Morrison">Tony Morrison</a>. For the American politician, see <a href="/wiki/DeLesseps_Morrison_Jr." title="DeLesseps Morrison Jr.">deLesseps Morrison Jr.</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Toni Morrison</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Toni_Morrison.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Morrison in 1998"><img alt="Morrison in 1998" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Toni_Morrison.jpg/220px-Toni_Morrison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Toni_Morrison.jpg/330px-Toni_Morrison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Toni_Morrison.jpg/440px-Toni_Morrison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="2195" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Morrison in 1998</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Chloe Ardelia Wofford (1931-02-18)February 18, 1931<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lorain,_Ohio" title="Lorain, Ohio">Lorain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">August 5, 2019(2019-08-05) (aged 88) <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a>, New York City, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Novelist</li> <li>essayist</li> <li>children's writer</li> <li>professor</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Literary_fiction" title="Literary fiction">Literary fiction</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bluest_Eye" title="The Bluest Eye">The Bluest Eye</a> (1970)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sula_(novel)" title="Sula (novel)">Sula</a> (1973)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Solomon_(novel)" title="Song of Solomon (novel)">Song of Solomon</a> (1977)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tar_Baby_(novel)" title="Tar Baby (novel)">Tar Baby</a> (1981)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Beloved_(novel)" title="Beloved (novel)">Beloved</a> (1987)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Harold Morrison</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1958; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1964)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Toni_Morrison_(signature).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Toni_Morrison_%28signature%29.svg/150px-Toni_Morrison_%28signature%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Toni_Morrison_%28signature%29.svg/225px-Toni_Morrison_%28signature%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Toni_Morrison_%28signature%29.svg/300px-Toni_Morrison_%28signature%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="105" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Toni_Morrison" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a> at Wikiquote</td></tr></tbody></table> Chloe Anthony Wofford Morrison (née Chloe Ardelia Wofford; February 18, 1931 – August 5, 2019), known as Toni Morrison, was an American novelist and editor. Her first novel, <a href="/wiki/The_Bluest_Eye" title="The Bluest Eye">The Bluest Eye</a>, was published in 1970. The critically acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Solomon_(novel)" title="Song of Solomon (novel)">Song of Solomon</a> (1977) brought her national attention and won the <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Circle_Award" title="National Book Critics Circle Award">National Book Critics Circle Award</a>. In 1988, Morrison won the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize</a> for <a href="/wiki/Beloved_(novel)" title="Beloved (novel)">Beloved</a> (1987); she was awarded the <a href="/wiki/1993_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1993 Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Born and raised in <a href="/wiki/Lorain,_Ohio" title="Lorain, Ohio">Lorain, Ohio</a>, Morrison graduated from <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a> in 1953 with a B.A. in English. Morrison earned a master's degree in American Literature from <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> in 1955. In 1957 she returned to Howard University, was married, and had two children before divorcing in 1964. Morrison became the first black female editor for fiction at <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a> in New York City in the late 1960s. She developed her own reputation as an author in the 1970s and '80s. Her novel Beloved was made into a <a href="/wiki/Beloved_(1998_film)" title="Beloved (1998 film)">film</a> in 1998. Morrison's works are praised for addressing the harsh consequences of <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism in the United States</a> and the Black American experience. The <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a> selected Morrison for the <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Lecture" title="Jefferson Lecture">Jefferson Lecture</a>, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities, in 1996. She was honored with the <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Foundation" title="National Book Foundation">National Book Foundation</a>'s Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters the same year. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> presented her with the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> on May 29, 2012. She received the <a href="/wiki/PEN/Saul_Bellow_Award_for_Achievement_in_American_Fiction" title="PEN/Saul Bellow Award for Achievement in American Fiction">PEN/Saul Bellow Award for Achievement in American Fiction</a> in 2016. Morrison was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a> in 2020. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</div> Toni Morrison was born Chloe Ardelia Wofford,<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> the second of four children from a working-class, Black family, in <a href="/wiki/Lorain,_Ohio" title="Lorain, Ohio">Lorain, Ohio</a>, to Ramah (née Willis) and George Wofford.<a href="#cite_note-wofford-4">[4]</a> Her mother was born in <a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Alabama" title="Greenville, Alabama">Greenville, Alabama</a>, and moved north with her family as a child. She was a homemaker and a devout member of the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-5">[5]</a> George Wofford grew up in <a href="/wiki/Cartersville,_Georgia" title="Cartersville, Georgia">Cartersville, Georgia</a>. When Wofford was about 15 years old, a group of white people <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">lynched</a> two African-American businessmen who lived on his street. Morrison later said: "He never told us that he'd seen bodies. But he had seen them. And that was too traumatic, I think, for him."<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a> Soon after the lynching, George Wofford moved to the racially integrated town of Lorain, Ohio, in the hope of escaping racism and securing gainful employment in Ohio's burgeoning industrial economy. He worked odd jobs and as a welder for <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a>. In a 2015 interview Morrison said that her father, traumatized by his experiences of racism, hated whites so much he would not let them in the house.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> When Morrison was about two years old, her family's landlord set fire to the house in which they lived, while they were home, because her parents could not afford to pay rent. Her family responded to what she called this "bizarre form of evil" by laughing at the landlord rather than falling into despair. Morrison later said her family's response demonstrated how to keep your integrity and claim your own life in the face of acts of such "monumental crudeness".<a href="#cite_note-:3-8">[8]</a> Morrison's parents instilled in her a sense of heritage and language through telling traditional African-American folktales, ghost stories, and singing songs.<a href="#cite_note-:7-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mote-9">[9]</a> She read frequently as a child; among her favorite authors were <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nola-10">[10]</a> Morrison became a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> at the age of 12<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and took the <a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">baptismal name</a> Anthony (after <a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a>), which led to her nickname, Toni.<a href="#cite_note-Brockes-12">[12]</a> Attending <a href="/wiki/Lorain_High_School" title="Lorain High School">Lorain High School</a>, she was on the debate team, the yearbook staff, and in the drama club.<a href="#cite_note-:7-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adulthood,_Howard_and_Cornell_years,_and_editing_career:_1949–1975">Adulthood, Howard and Cornell years, and editing career: 1949–1975</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Adulthood, Howard and Cornell years, and editing career: 1949–1975">edit</a>]</div> In 1949, she enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, seeking the company of fellow black intellectuals.<a href="#cite_note-:9-13">[13]</a> She was the first person in her family to attend college, meaning that she was a <a href="/wiki/First-generation_college_students_in_the_United_States" title="First-generation college students in the United States">first-generation college student</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Initially a student in the drama program at Howard, she studied theatre with celebrated drama teachers <a href="/wiki/Anne_Cooke_Reid" title="Anne Cooke Reid">Anne Cooke Reid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Owen_Dodson" title="Owen Dodson">Owen Dodson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> It was while at Howard that she encountered <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racially segregated</a> restaurants and buses for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a> She graduated in 1953 with a B.A. in English and a minor in Classics, and was able to work with key members of the Harlem Renaissance era such as <a href="/wiki/Alain_LeRoy_Locke" title="Alain LeRoy Locke">Alain Lock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Allen_Brown" title="Sterling Allen Brown">Sterling Brown</a>. Additionally, she participated in the university's theater group, known as the Howard Players, where she had the opportunity to travel the Deep South, which was a defining experience of her life.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Morrison went on to earn a Master of Arts degree in 1955 from <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca</a>, New York.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Her master's thesis was titled "<a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a>'s treatment of the alienated".<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> She taught English, first at <a href="/wiki/Texas_Southern_University" title="Texas Southern University">Texas Southern University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> from 1955 to 1957, and then at Howard University for the next seven years. While teaching at Howard, she met Harold Morrison, a Jamaican architect, whom she married in 1958. Their first son was born in 1961 and she was pregnant with their second son when she and Harold divorced in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-Mote-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-20">[20]</a> After her divorce and the birth of her son Slade in 1965, Morrison began working as an editor for L. W. Singer, a textbook division of publisher <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:7-5">[5]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse</a>, New York. Two years later, she transferred to Random House in New York City, where she became their first black woman senior editor in the fiction department.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-22">[22]</a> In that capacity, Morrison played a vital role in bringing <a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Black literature</a> into the mainstream. One of the first books she worked on was the groundbreaking Contemporary African Literature (1972), a collection that included work by Nigerian writers <a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Chinua Achebe</a>, and South African playwright <a href="/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard">Athol Fugard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-5">[5]</a> She fostered a new generation of Afro-American writers,<a href="#cite_note-:7-5">[5]</a> including poet and novelist <a href="/wiki/Toni_Cade_Bambara" title="Toni Cade Bambara">Toni Cade Bambara</a>, radical activist <a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther</a> <a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey Newton</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> and novelist <a href="/wiki/Gayl_Jones" title="Gayl Jones">Gayl Jones</a>, whose writing Morrison discovered. She also brought to publication the 1975 <a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a> of the outspoken boxing champion <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Greatest:_My_Own_Story" title="The Greatest: My Own Story">The Greatest: My Own Story</a>. In addition, she published and promoted the work of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dumas" title="Henry Dumas">Henry Dumas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> a little-known novelist and poet who in 1968 had been shot to death by a transit officer in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-paradise-25">[25]</a> Among other books that Morrison developed and edited is <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_(Morrison_book)" title="The Black Book (Morrison book)">The Black Book</a> (1974), an anthology of photographs, illustrations, essays, and documents of Black life in the United States from the time of slavery to the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a> Random House had been uncertain about the project but its publication met with a good reception. Alvin Beam reviewed the anthology for the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Plain_Dealer" title="The Plain Dealer">Plain Dealer</a>, writing: "Editors, like novelists, have brain children – books they think up and bring to life without putting their own names on the title page. Mrs. Morrison has one of these in the stores now, and magazines and newsletters in the publishing trade are ecstatic, saying it will go like hotcakes."<a href="#cite_note-:7-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_writings_and_teaching,_1970–1986">First writings and teaching, 1970–1986</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First writings and teaching, 1970–1986">edit</a>]</div> Morrison had begun writing fiction as part of an informal group of poets and writers at Howard University who met to discuss their work. She attended one meeting with a short story about a Black girl who longed to have <a href="/wiki/Blue_eyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue eyes">blue eyes</a>. Morrison later developed the story as her first novel, <a href="/wiki/The_Bluest_Eye" title="The Bluest Eye">The Bluest Eye</a>, getting up every morning at 4 am to write, while raising two children on her own.<a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toni_Morrison_(The_Bluest_Eye_author_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Toni_Morrison_%28The_Bluest_Eye_author_portrait%29.jpg/170px-Toni_Morrison_%28The_Bluest_Eye_author_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Toni_Morrison_%28The_Bluest_Eye_author_portrait%29.jpg/255px-Toni_Morrison_%28The_Bluest_Eye_author_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Toni_Morrison_%28The_Bluest_Eye_author_portrait%29.jpg/340px-Toni_Morrison_%28The_Bluest_Eye_author_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="1386" /></a><figcaption>Morrison's portrait on the first-edition <a href="/wiki/Dust_jacket" title="Dust jacket">dust jacket</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Bluest_Eye" title="The Bluest Eye">The Bluest Eye</a> (1970)</figcaption></figure> The Bluest Eye was published by <a href="/wiki/Holt,_Rinehart,_and_Winston" class="mw-redirect" title="Holt, Rinehart, and Winston">Holt, Rinehart, and Winston</a> in 1970, when Morrison was aged 39.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-22">[22]</a> It was favorably reviewed in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Leonard_(critic)" title="John Leonard (critic)">John Leonard</a>, who praised Morrison's writing style as being "a prose so precise, so faithful to speech and so charged with pain and wonder that the novel becomes poetry ... But The Bluest Eye is also history, sociology, folklore, nightmare and music."<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The novel did not sell well at first, but the <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a> put The Bluest Eye on its reading list for its new <a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a> department, as did other colleges, which boosted sales.<a href="#cite_note-Kachka-27">[27]</a> The book also brought Morrison to the attention of the acclaimed editor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gottlieb" title="Robert Gottlieb">Robert Gottlieb</a> at <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Knopf</a>, an imprint of the publisher Random House. Gottlieb later edited all but one of Morrison's novels.<a href="#cite_note-Kachka-27">[27]</a> In 1975, Morrison's second novel <a href="/wiki/Sula_(novel)" title="Sula (novel)">Sula</a> (1973), about a friendship between two Black women, was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award" title="National Book Award">National Book Award</a>. Her third novel, <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Solomon_(novel)" title="Song of Solomon (novel)">Song of Solomon</a> (1977), follows the life of Macon "Milkman" Dead III, from birth to adulthood, as he discovers his heritage. This novel brought her national acclaim, being a main selection of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Month_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of the Month Club">Book of the Month Club</a>, the first novel by a Black writer to be so chosen since <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Native_Son" title="Native Son">Native Son</a> in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Song of Solomon also won the <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Circle_Award" title="National Book Critics Circle Award">National Book Critics Circle Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> At its 1979 commencement ceremonies, <a href="/wiki/Barnard_College" title="Barnard College">Barnard College</a> awarded Morrison its highest honor, the <a href="/wiki/Barnard_Medal_of_Distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnard Medal of Distinction">Barnard Medal of Distinction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Morrison gave her next novel, <a href="/wiki/Tar_Baby_(novel)" title="Tar Baby (novel)">Tar Baby</a> (1981), a contemporary setting. In it, a looks-obsessed fashion model, Jadine, falls in love with Son, a penniless drifter who feels at ease with being Black.<a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[19]</a> Resigning from Random House in 1983,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Morrison left publishing to devote more time to writing, while living in a converted boathouse on the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nyack,_New_York" title="Nyack, New York">Nyack</a>, New York.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> She taught English at two branches of the <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">State University of New York</a> (SUNY) and at <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University%E2%80%93New_Brunswick" title="Rutgers University–New Brunswick">Rutgers University's New Brunswick campus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In 1984, she was appointed to an <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a> chair at the <a href="/wiki/University_at_Albany,_SUNY" title="University at Albany, SUNY">University at Albany, SUNY</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Morrison's first play, <a href="/wiki/Dreaming_Emmett" title="Dreaming Emmett">Dreaming Emmett</a>, is about the 1955 murder by white men of Black teenager <a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a>. The play was commissioned by the New York State Writers Institute at the State University of New York at Albany, where she was teaching at the time. It was produced in 1986 by <a href="/wiki/Capital_Repertory_Theatre" title="Capital Repertory Theatre">Capital Repertory Theatre</a> and directed by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Moses" title="Gilbert Moses">Gilbert Moses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-playwriting-36">[36]</a> Morrison was also a visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/Bard_College" title="Bard College">Bard College</a> from 1986 to 1988.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFultz2003xii-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beloved_trilogy_and_the_Nobel_Prize:_1987–1998">Beloved trilogy and the Nobel Prize: 1987–1998</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Beloved trilogy and the Nobel Prize: 1987–1998">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toni_Morrison_and_sons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Toni_Morrison_and_sons.jpg/220px-Toni_Morrison_and_sons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Toni_Morrison_and_sons.jpg/330px-Toni_Morrison_and_sons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Toni_Morrison_and_sons.jpg/440px-Toni_Morrison_and_sons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Morrison, with her sons Ford (left) and Slade (right) at their upstate New York home, between 1980 and 1987</figcaption></figure> In 1987, Morrison published her most celebrated novel, <a href="/wiki/Beloved_(novel)" title="Beloved (novel)">Beloved</a>. It was inspired by the true story of an enslaved African-American woman, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Garner" title="Margaret Garner">Margaret Garner</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Aug87NYTinterview-38">[38]</a> whose story Morrison had discovered when compiling The Black Book. Garner had escaped slavery but was pursued by slave hunters. Facing a return to slavery, Garner killed her two-year-old daughter but was captured before she could kill herself.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Morrison's novel imagines the dead baby returning as a ghost, Beloved, to haunt her mother and family.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Beloved was a critical success and a bestseller for 25 weeks. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> book reviewer <a href="/wiki/Michiko_Kakutani" title="Michiko Kakutani">Michiko Kakutani</a> wrote that the scene of the mother killing her baby is "so brutal and disturbing that it appears to warp time before and after into a single unwavering line of fate".<a href="#cite_note-Hevesi-41">[41]</a> Canadian writer <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a> wrote in a review for The New York Times, "Ms. Morrison's versatility and technical and emotional range appear to know no bounds. If there were any doubts about her stature as a pre-eminent American novelist, of her own or any other generation, Beloved will put them to rest."<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Some critics panned Beloved. African-American conservative social critic <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Crouch" title="Stanley Crouch">Stanley Crouch</a>, for instance, complained in his review in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> that the novel "reads largely like a melodrama lashed to the structural conceits of the miniseries", and that Morrison "perpetually interrupts her narrative with maudlin ideological commercials".<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Despite overall high acclaim, Beloved failed to win the prestigious <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award" title="National Book Award">National Book Award</a> or the <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Circle_Award" title="National Book Critics Circle Award">National Book Critics Circle Award</a>. Forty-eight Black critics and writers,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> among them <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a>, protested the omission in a statement that <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> published on January 24, 1988.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-glitters-49">[49]</a> "Despite the international stature of Toni Morrison, she has yet to receive the national recognition that her five major works of fiction entirely deserve", they wrote.<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a> Two months later, Beloved won the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hevesi-41">[41]</a> It also won an <a href="/wiki/Anisfield-Wolf_Book_Award" title="Anisfield-Wolf Book Award">Anisfield-Wolf Book Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anisfield-50">[50]</a> Beloved is the first of three novels about love and African-American history, sometimes called the Beloved Trilogy.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Morrison said they are intended to be read together, explaining: "The conceptual connection is the search for the beloved – the part of the self that is you, and loves you, and is always there for you."<a href="#cite_note-:3-8">[8]</a> The second novel in the trilogy, <a href="/wiki/Jazz_(novel)" title="Jazz (novel)">Jazz</a>, came out in 1992. Told in language that imitates the rhythms of jazz music, the novel is about a love triangle during the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> in New York City. According to <a href="/wiki/Lyn_Innes" title="Lyn Innes">Lyn Innes</a>, "Morrison sought to change not just the content and audience for her fiction; her desire was to create stories which could be lingered over and relished, not 'consumed and gobbled as fast food', and at the same time to ensure that these stories and their characters had a strong historical and cultural base."<a href="#cite_note-Lyn_Innes,_Guardian_obituary-52">[52]</a> In 1992, Morrison also published her first book of literary criticism, <a href="/wiki/Playing_in_the_Dark:_Whiteness_and_the_Literary_Imagination" class="mw-redirect" title="Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination">Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination</a> (1992), an examination of the African-American presence in White American literature.<a href="#cite_note-Anisfield-50">[50]</a> (In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine noted that Playing in the Dark was among Morrison's most-assigned texts on U.S. college campuses, together with several of her novels and her 1993 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> lecture.)<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Lyn Innes wrote in the <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">Guardian</a> obituary of Morrison, "Her 1990 series of Massey lectures at Harvard were published as Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (1992), and explore the construction of a 'non-white Africanist presence and personae' in the works of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Melville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Cather</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Hemingway</a>, arguing that 'all of us are bereft when criticism remains too polite or too fearful to notice a disrupting darkness before its eyes'."<a href="#cite_note-Lyn_Innes,_Guardian_obituary-52">[52]</a> Before the third novel of the Beloved Trilogy was published, Morrison was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1993. The citation praised her as an author "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality".<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> She was the first Black woman of any nationality to win the prize.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In her acceptance speech, Morrison said: "We die. That may be the meaning of life. But we do language. That may be the measure of our lives."<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In her Nobel lecture, Morrison talked about the power of storytelling. To make her point, she told a story. She spoke about a blind, old, Black woman who is approached by a group of young people. They demand of her, "Is there no context for our lives? No song, no literature, no poem full of vitamins, no history connected to experience that you can pass along to help us start strong? ... Think of our lives and tell us your particularized world. Make up a story."<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In 1996, the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a> selected Morrison for the <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Lecture" title="Jefferson Lecture">Jefferson Lecture</a>, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for "distinguished intellectual achievement in the humanities".<a href="#cite_note-jefflect-58">[58]</a> Morrison's lecture, entitled "The Future of Time: Literature and Diminished Expectations",<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> began with the aphorism: "Time, it seems, has no future." She cautioned against the misuse of history to diminish expectations of the future.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Morrison was also honored with the 1996 <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award#Medal_of_Distinguished_Contribution_to_American_Letters" title="National Book Award">National Book Foundation's Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters</a>, which is awarded to a writer "who has enriched our literary heritage over a life of service, or a corpus of work".<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The third novel of her Beloved Trilogy, <a href="/wiki/Paradise_(Morrison_novel)" title="Paradise (Morrison novel)">Paradise</a>, about citizens of an all-Black town, came out in 1997. The following year, Morrison was on the cover of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine, making her only the second female writer of fiction and second Black writer of fiction to appear on what was perhaps the most significant U.S. magazine cover of the era.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beloved_onscreen_and_"the_Oprah_effect"">Beloved onscreen and "the Oprah effect"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Beloved onscreen and "the Oprah effect"">edit</a>]</div> Also in 1998, the movie adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Beloved_(1998_film)" title="Beloved (1998 film)">Beloved</a> was released, directed by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Demme" title="Jonathan Demme">Jonathan Demme</a> and co-produced by <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a>, who had spent ten years bringing it to the screen. Winfrey also stars as the main character, Sethe, alongside <a href="/wiki/Danny_Glover" title="Danny Glover">Danny Glover</a> as Sethe's lover, Paul D, and <a href="/wiki/Thandiwe_Newton" title="Thandiwe Newton">Thandiwe Newton</a> as Beloved.<a href="#cite_note-RogerEbert-63">[63]</a> The movie flopped at the box office. A review in <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> opined that "most audiences are not eager to endure nearly three hours of a cerebral film with an original storyline featuring supernatural themes, murder, rape, and slavery".<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Film critic <a href="/wiki/Janet_Maslin" title="Janet Maslin">Janet Maslin</a>, in her New York Times review "No Peace from a Brutal Legacy", called it a "transfixing, deeply felt adaptation of Toni Morrison's novel. ... Its linchpin is of course Oprah Winfrey, who had the clout and foresight to bring 'Beloved' to the screen and has the dramatic presence to hold it together."<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Film critic <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a> suggested that Beloved was not a genre ghost story but the supernatural was used to explore deeper issues and the non-linear structure of Morrison's story had a purpose.<a href="#cite_note-RogerEbert-63">[63]</a> In 1996, television talk-show host Oprah Winfrey selected Song of Solomon for her newly launched <a href="/wiki/Oprah%27s_Book_Club" title="Oprah's Book Club">Book Club</a>, which became a popular feature on her <a href="/wiki/The_Oprah_Winfrey_Show" title="The Oprah Winfrey Show">Oprah Winfrey Show</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> An average of 13 million viewers watched the show's book club segments.<a href="#cite_note-:8-67">[67]</a> As a result, when Winfrey selected Morrison's earliest novel The Bluest Eye in 2000, it sold another 800,000 paperback copies.<a href="#cite_note-:7-5">[5]</a> John Young wrote in the <a href="/wiki/African_American_Review" title="African American Review">African American Review</a> in 2001 that Morrison's career experienced the boost of "<a href="/wiki/Oprah_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Oprah effect">The Oprah Effect</a>, ... enabling Morrison to reach a broad, popular audience."<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Winfrey selected a total of four of Morrison's novels over six years, giving Morrison's works a bigger sales boost than they received from her Nobel Prize win in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The novelist also appeared three times on Winfrey's show. Winfrey said, "For all those who asked the question 'Toni Morrison again?'... I say with certainty there would have been no Oprah's Book Club if this woman had not chosen to share her love of words with the world."<a href="#cite_note-:8-67">[67]</a> Morrison called the book club a "reading revolution".<a href="#cite_note-:8-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_21st_century">Early 21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early 21st century">edit</a>]</div> Morrison continued to explore different art forms, such as providing texts for original scores of classical music. She collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Previn" title="André Previn">André Previn</a> on the song cycle Honey and Rue, which premiered with <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Battle" title="Kathleen Battle">Kathleen Battle</a> in January 1992, and on Four Songs, premiered at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_McNair" title="Sylvia McNair">Sylvia McNair</a> in November 1994. Both Sweet Talk: Four Songs on Text and Spirits In the Well (1997) were written for <a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a> with music by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Danielpour" title="Richard Danielpour">Richard Danielpour</a>, and, alongside <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clarissa_Pinkola_Est%C3%A9s" title="Clarissa Pinkola Estés">Clarissa Pinkola Estés</a>, Morrison provided the text for composer <a href="/wiki/Judith_Weir" title="Judith Weir">Judith Weir</a>'s woman.life.song commissioned by Carnegie Hall for Jessye Norman, which premiered in April 2000.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Morrison returned to Margaret Garner's life story, the basis of her novel Beloved, to write the <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> for a new opera, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Garner_(opera)" title="Margaret Garner (opera)">Margaret Garner</a>. Completed in 2002, with music by Richard Danielpour, the opera was premièred on May 7, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Opera_House" title="Detroit Opera House">Detroit Opera House</a> with <a href="/wiki/Denyce_Graves" title="Denyce Graves">Denyce Graves</a> in the title role.<a href="#cite_note-Norman-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Love_(Morrison_novel)" title="Love (Morrison novel)">Love</a>, Morrison's first novel since Paradise, came out in 2003. In 2004, she put together a children's book called Remember to mark the 50th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> Supreme Court decision in 1954 that declared racially segregated public schools to be unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[73]</a> From 1997 to 2003, Morrison was an Andrew D. White Professor-at-Large at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In 2004, Morrison was invited by <a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley College</a> to deliver the <a href="/wiki/Commencement_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Commencement address">commencement address</a>, which has been described as "among the greatest commencement addresses of all time and a courageous counterpoint to the entire genre".<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In June 2005, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> awarded Morrison an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary</a> <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Letters" title="Doctor of Letters">Doctor of Letters</a> degree.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In the spring 2006, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review" title="The New York Times Book Review">The New York Times Book Review</a> named Beloved the best work of American fiction published in the previous 25 years, as chosen by a selection of prominent writers, literary critics, and editors.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In his essay about the choice, "In Search of the Best", critic <a href="/wiki/A._O._Scott" title="A. O. Scott">A. O. Scott</a> said: "Any other outcome would have been startling since Morrison's novel has inserted itself into the American canon more completely than any of its potential rivals. With remarkable speed, 'Beloved' has, less than 20 years after its publication, become a staple of the college literary curriculum, which is to say a classic. This triumph is commensurate with its ambition since it was Morrison's intention in writing it precisely to expand the range of classic American literature, to enter, as a living Black woman, the company of dead White males like <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">Faulkner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Melville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Twain</a>."<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In November 2006, Morrison visited the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> museum in Paris as the second in its "Grand Invité" program to guest-curate a month-long series of events across the arts on the theme of "The Foreigner's Home", about which The New York Times said: "In tapping her own African-American culture, Ms. Morrison is eager to credit 'foreigners' with enriching the countries where they settle."<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Morrison's novel <a href="/wiki/A_Mercy" title="A Mercy">A Mercy</a>, released in 2008, is set in the Virginia colonies of 1682. <a href="/wiki/Diane_Johnson" title="Diane Johnson">Diane Johnson</a>, in her review in <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a>, called A Mercy "a poetic, visionary, mesmerizing tale that captures, in the cradle of our present problems and strains, the natal curse put on us back then by the Indian tribes, Africans, Dutch, Portuguese, and English competing to get their footing in the New World against a hostile landscape and the essentially tragic nature of human experience."<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Princeton_years">Princeton years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Princeton years">edit</a>]</div> From 1989 until her retirement in 2006, Morrison held the <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Goheen" title="Robert F. Goheen">Robert F. Goheen</a> Chair in the Humanities at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nola-10">[10]</a> She said she did not think much of modern fiction writers who reference their own lives instead of inventing new material, and she used to tell her creative writing students, "I don't want to hear about your little life, OK?" Similarly, she chose not to write about her own life in a memoir or autobiography.<a href="#cite_note-:9-13">[13]</a> Though based in the Creative Writing Program at Princeton, Morrison did not regularly offer writing workshops to students after the late 1990s, a fact that earned her some criticism. Rather, she conceived and developed the Princeton Atelier, a program that brings together students with writers and performing artists. Together the students and the artists produce works of art that are presented to the public after a semester of collaboration.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toni_Morrison_2008-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Toni_Morrison_2008-2.jpg/220px-Toni_Morrison_2008-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Toni_Morrison_2008-2.jpg/330px-Toni_Morrison_2008-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Toni_Morrison_2008-2.jpg/440px-Toni_Morrison_2008-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2108" data-file-height="2004" /></a><figcaption>Morrison speaking in 2008</figcaption></figure> Inspired by her curatorship at the Louvre Museum, Morrison returned to Princeton in the fall 2008 to lead a small seminar, also entitled "The Foreigner's Home".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-21">[21]</a> On November 17, 2017, Princeton University dedicated Morrison Hall (a building previously called West College) in her honor.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years:_2010–2019">Final years: 2010–2019</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Final years: 2010–2019">edit</a>]</div> In May 2010, Morrison appeared at <a href="/wiki/PEN_World_Voices" title="PEN World Voices">PEN World Voices</a> for a conversation with <a href="/wiki/Marlene_van_Niekerk" title="Marlene van Niekerk">Marlene van Niekerk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">Kwame Anthony Appiah</a> about <a href="/wiki/South_African_literature" title="South African literature">South African literature</a> and specifically van Niekerk's 2004 novel Agaat.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Morrison wrote books for children with her younger son, Slade Morrison, who was a painter and a musician. Slade died of <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a> on December 22, 2010, aged 45,<a href="#cite_note-Kachka-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> when Morrison's novel <a href="/wiki/Home_(Morrison_novel)" title="Home (Morrison novel)">Home</a> (2012) was half-completed.<a href="#cite_note-Kachka-27">[27]</a> In May 2011, Morrison received an Honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Letters" title="Doctor of Letters">Doctor of Letters</a> degree from <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University%E2%80%93New_Brunswick" title="Rutgers University–New Brunswick">Rutgers University–New Brunswick</a>. During the commencement ceremony,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> she delivered a speech on the "pursuit of life, liberty, meaningfulness, integrity, and truth". <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ToniMorrison_WestPointLecture_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/ToniMorrison_WestPointLecture_2013.jpg/200px-ToniMorrison_WestPointLecture_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/ToniMorrison_WestPointLecture_2013.jpg/300px-ToniMorrison_WestPointLecture_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/ToniMorrison_WestPointLecture_2013.jpg/400px-ToniMorrison_WestPointLecture_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Morrison in 2013</figcaption></figure> In 2011, Morrison worked with opera director <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellars" title="Peter Sellars">Peter Sellars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Malian</a> singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Rokia_Traor%C3%A9" title="Rokia Traoré">Rokia Traoré</a> on <a href="/wiki/Desdemona_(play)" title="Desdemona (play)">Desdemona</a>, taking a fresh look at <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s tragedy <a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a>. The trio focused on the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Othello_(character)" title="Othello (character)">Othello</a>'s wife <a href="/wiki/Desdemona" title="Desdemona">Desdemona</a> and her African nursemaid, Barbary, who is only briefly referenced in Shakespeare. The play, a mix of words, music and song, premiered in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Morrison had stopped working on her latest novel when her son died in 2010, later explaining, "I stopped writing until I began to think, He would be really put out if he thought that he had caused me to stop. 'Please, Mom, I'm dead, could you keep going ...?'"<a href="#cite_note-:5-89">[89]</a> She completed <a href="/wiki/Home_(Morrison_novel)" title="Home (Morrison novel)">Home</a> and dedicated it to her son Slade.<a href="#cite_note-Brockes-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Published in 2012, it is the story of a <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> veteran in the segregated United States of the 1950s who tries to save his sister from brutal medical experiments at the hands of a white doctor.<a href="#cite_note-:5-89">[89]</a> In August 2012, <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a> became the home base of the Toni Morrison Society,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> an international literary society founded in 1993, dedicated to scholarly research of Morrison's work.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Morrison's eleventh novel, <a href="/wiki/God_Help_the_Child" title="God Help the Child">God Help the Child</a>, was published in 2015. It follows Bride, an executive in the fashion and beauty industry whose mother tormented her as a child for being dark-skinned, a trauma that has continued to dog Bride.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Morrison was a member of the editorial advisory board of <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a>, a magazine started in 1865 by Northern abolitionists.<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> While teaching at Howard University from 1957 to 1964, she met Harold Morrison, a Jamaican architect, whom she married in 1958. She took his last name and became known as Toni Morrison. Their first son, Harold Ford, was born in 1961. She was pregnant when she and Harold divorced in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-Mote-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-20">[20]</a> Her second son, Slade Kevin, was born in 1965. Her son Slade Morrison died of <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a> on December 22, 2010,<a href="#cite_note-Kachka-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> when Morrison was halfway through writing her novel <a href="/wiki/Home_(Morrison_novel)" title="Home (Morrison novel)">Home</a>. She stopped work on the novel for a year or two before completing it; that novel was published in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> Morrison died at <a href="/wiki/Montefiore_Medical_Center" title="Montefiore Medical Center">Montefiore Medical Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a>, New York City, on August 5, 2019, from complications of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>. She was 88 years old.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Obit-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> A memorial tribute was held on November 21, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._John_the_Divine" title="Cathedral of St. John the Divine">Cathedral of St. John the Divine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Morningside_Heights" title="Morningside Heights">Morningside Heights</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> in New York City. Morrison was eulogized by, among others, <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ondaatje" title="Michael Ondaatje">Michael Ondaatje</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Remnick" title="David Remnick">David Remnick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran_Lebowitz" title="Fran Lebowitz">Fran Lebowitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ta-Nehisi_Coates" title="Ta-Nehisi Coates">Ta-Nehisi Coates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edwidge_Danticat" title="Edwidge Danticat">Edwidge Danticat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The jazz saxophonist <a href="/wiki/David_Murray_(saxophonist)" title="David Murray (saxophonist)">David Murray</a> performed a musical tribute.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics,_literary_reception,_and_legacy">Politics, literary reception, and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Politics, literary reception, and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitoria_-_Graffiti_%26_Murals_0392.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Vitoria_-_Graffiti_%26_Murals_0392.JPG/220px-Vitoria_-_Graffiti_%26_Murals_0392.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Vitoria_-_Graffiti_%26_Murals_0392.JPG/330px-Vitoria_-_Graffiti_%26_Murals_0392.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Vitoria_-_Graffiti_%26_Murals_0392.JPG/440px-Vitoria_-_Graffiti_%26_Murals_0392.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Street art depicting Morrison in <a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure> Morrison spoke openly about American politics and race relations. In writing about the 1998 <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">impeachment of Bill Clinton</a>, she claimed that since <a href="/wiki/Whitewater_controversy" title="Whitewater controversy">Whitewater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> was being mistreated in the same way Black people often are: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%">Years ago, in the middle of the Whitewater investigation, one heard the first murmurs: white skin notwithstanding, this is our first black President. Blacker than any actual black person who could ever be elected in our children's lifetime. After all, Clinton displays almost every trope of blackness: single-parent household, born poor, working-class, saxophone-playing, McDonald's-and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></blockquote> The phrase "our first Black president" was adopted as a positive by Bill Clinton supporters. When the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a> honored the former president at its dinner in Washington, D.C., on September 29, 2001, for instance, Rep. <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Bernice_Johnson" title="Eddie Bernice Johnson">Eddie Bernice Johnson</a> (D-TX), the chair, told the audience that Clinton "took so many initiatives he made us think for a while we had elected the first black president".<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In the context of the <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2008 Democratic Primary campaign</a>, Morrison stated to <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine: "People misunderstood that phrase. I was deploring the way in which President Clinton was being treated, vis-à-vis the sex scandal that was surrounding him. I said he was being treated like a black on the street, already guilty, already a perp. I have no idea what his real instincts are, in terms of race."<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> primary contest for the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 presidential race</a>, Morrison endorsed Senator <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> over Senator <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> though expressing admiration and respect for the latter.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> When he won, Morrison said she felt like an American for the first time. She said, "I felt very powerfully patriotic when I went to the inauguration of Barack Obama. I felt like a kid."<a href="#cite_note-Brockes-12">[12]</a> In April 2015, speaking of the deaths of <a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Michael_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Michael Brown">Michael Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Eric_Garner" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Eric Garner">Eric Garner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Walter_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> – three unarmed Black men killed by white police officers – Morrison said: "People keep saying, 'We need to have a conversation about race.' This is the conversation. I want to see a cop shoot a white unarmed teenager in the back. And I want to see a white man convicted for raping a Black woman. Then when you ask me, 'Is it over?', I will say yes."<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> After the 2016 election of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> as President of the United States, Morrison wrote an essay, "Mourning for Whiteness", published in the November 21, 2016 issue of <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. In it she argues that white Americans are so afraid of losing privileges afforded them by their race that white voters elected Trump, whom she described as being "endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>", in order to keep the idea of <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> alive.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_feminism">Relationship to feminism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Relationship to feminism">edit</a>]</div> Although her novels typically concentrate on black women, Morrison did not identify her works as <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a>. When asked in a 1998 interview, "Why distance oneself from feminism?" she replied: "In order to be as free as I possibly can, in my own imagination, I can't take positions that are closed. Everything I've ever done, in the writing world, has been to expand articulation, rather than to close it, to open doors, sometimes, not even closing the book – leaving the endings open for reinterpretation, revisitation, a little ambiguity."<a href="#cite_note-salon-113">[113]</a> She went on to state that she thought it "off-putting to some readers, who may feel that I'm involved in writing some kind of feminist tract. I don't subscribe to patriarchy, and I don't think it should be substituted with matriarchy. I think it's a question of equitable access, and opening doors to all sorts of things."<a href="#cite_note-salon-113">[113]</a> In 2012, she responded to a question about the difference between black and white feminists in the 1970s. "<a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanists</a> is what black feminists used to call themselves", she explained. "They were not the same thing. And also the relationship with men. Historically, black women have always sheltered their men because they were out there, and they were the ones that were most likely to be killed."<a href="#cite_note-:5-89">[89]</a> W. S. Kottiswari writes in Postmodern Feminist Writers (2008) that Morrison exemplifies characteristics of "<a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">postmodern feminism</a>" by "altering Euro-American dichotomies by rewriting a history written by mainstream historians" and by her usage of shifting narration in Beloved and Paradise. Kottiswari states: "Instead of western logocentric abstractions, Morrison prefers the powerful vivid language of women of color ... She is essentially postmodern since her approach to myth and folklore is re-visionist."<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contributions_to_Black_feminism">Contributions to Black feminism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Contributions to Black feminism">edit</a>]</div> Many of Toni Morrison's works have been cited by scholars as significant contributions to <a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black feminism</a>, reflecting themes of race, gender, and sexual identity within her narratives.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Smith" title="Barbara Smith">Barbara Smith</a>'s 1977 essay "Toward a Black Feminist Criticism" argues that Toni Morrison's Sula is a work of Black feminism, as it presents a lesbian perspective that challenges heterosexual relationships and the conventional family unit. Smith states, “Consciously or not, Morrison's work poses both lesbian and feminist questions about Black women's autonomy and their impact upon each other's lives."<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Als" title="Hilton Als">Hilton Als</a>'s 2003 profile in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> notes that “Before the late sixties, there was no real Black Studies curriculum in the academy—let alone a post-colonial-studies program or a feminist one. As an editor and author, Morrison, backed by the institutional power of Random House, provided the material for those discussions to begin.”<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Toni Morrison consistently advocated for feminist ideas that challenge the dominance of the white patriarchal system, frequently rejecting the notion of writing from the perspective of the "white male gaze."<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Feminist political activist <a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a> notes that “Toni Morrison's project resides precisely in the effort to discredit the notion that this white male gaze must be omnipresent.”<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In a 1998 episode of <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Rose_(talk_show)" title="Charlie Rose (talk show)">Charlie Rose</a>, Toni Morrison responded to a review of Sula, stating, “I remember a review of Sula in which the reviewer said, 'One day, she,' meaning me, 'will have to face up 'to the real responsibilities, and get mature, 'and write about the real confrontation 'for black people, which is white people.' As though our lives have no meaning and no depth without the white gaze, and I have spent my entire writing life trying to make sure that the white gaze was not the dominant one in any of my books.”<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In a 2015 interview with <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a>, Toni Morrison reiterated her intention to write without the white gaze, stating, “What I’m interested in is writing without the gaze, without the white gaze. In so many earlier books by African-American writers, particularly the men, I felt that they were not writing to me. But what interested me was the African-American experience throughout whichever time I spoke of. It was always about African-American culture and people — good, bad, indifferent, whatever — but that was, for me, the universe.”<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Regarding the racial environment in which she wrote, Toni Morrison stated, “Navigating a white male world was not threatening. It wasn’t even interesting. I was more interesting than they were. I knew more than they did. And I wasn’t afraid to show it.”<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In a 1986 interview with <a href="/wiki/Sandi_Russell" title="Sandi Russell">Sandi Russell</a>, Toni Morrison stated that she wrote primarily for Black women, explaining, “I write for black women. We are not addressing the men, as some white female writers do. We are not attacking each other, as both black and white men do. Black women writers look at things in an unforgiving/loving way. They are writing to repossess, re-name, re-own.”<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In a 2003 interview, when asked about the labels "black" and "female" being attached to her work, Toni Morrison replied, "I can accept the labels because being a black woman writer is not a shallow place but a rich place to write from. It doesn’t limit my imagination; it expands it. It’s richer than being a white male writer because I know more and I’ve experienced more.”<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In a 1987 article in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, Toni Morrison argued for the greatness of being a Black woman, stating, “I really think the range of emotions and perceptions I have had access to as a black person and as a female person are greater than those of people who are neither. I really do. So it seems to me that my world did not shrink because I was a black female writer. It just got bigger.''<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Memorial_for_Peace_and_Justice">National Memorial for Peace and Justice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: National Memorial for Peace and Justice">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toni_Morisson_quote_at_National_Memorial_for_Peace_and_Justice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Toni_Morisson_quote_at_National_Memorial_for_Peace_and_Justice.jpg/220px-Toni_Morisson_quote_at_National_Memorial_for_Peace_and_Justice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Toni_Morisson_quote_at_National_Memorial_for_Peace_and_Justice.jpg/330px-Toni_Morisson_quote_at_National_Memorial_for_Peace_and_Justice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Toni_Morisson_quote_at_National_Memorial_for_Peace_and_Justice.jpg/440px-Toni_Morisson_quote_at_National_Memorial_for_Peace_and_Justice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>A quote from Morrison at the <a href="/wiki/National_Memorial_for_Peace_and_Justice" title="National Memorial for Peace and Justice">National Memorial for Peace and Justice</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/The_National_Memorial_for_Peace_and_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Memorial for Peace and Justice">The National Memorial for Peace and Justice</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>, includes writing by Morrison.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Visitors can see her quote after they have walked through the section commemorating individual victims of lynching.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papers">Papers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Papers">edit</a>]</div> The Toni Morrison Papers are part of the permanent library collections of Princeton University, where they are held in the Manuscripts Division, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections.<a href="#cite_note-:11-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Morrison's decision to offer her papers to Princeton instead of to her alma mater Howard University was criticized by some within the <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">historically black colleges and universities</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Opening in February 2023, an exhibition titled Toni Morrison: Sites of Memory, which was curated from her archives at Princeton University, commemorated the 30th anniversary of her winning the Nobel Prize.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Running from the week after her birthday until June 4, the exhibition featured rare manuscripts, correspondence between Morrison and others, and unfinished projects, taking its name from a 1995 essay by Morrison in which she spoke of a "journey to a site to see what remains were left behind and to reconstruct the world that these remains imply."<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Day_and_halls">Day and halls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Day and halls">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morrison_Dining_Hall,_Cornell_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Morrison_Dining_Hall%2C_Cornell_University.jpg/220px-Morrison_Dining_Hall%2C_Cornell_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Morrison_Dining_Hall%2C_Cornell_University.jpg/330px-Morrison_Dining_Hall%2C_Cornell_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Morrison_Dining_Hall%2C_Cornell_University.jpg/440px-Morrison_Dining_Hall%2C_Cornell_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2457" /></a><figcaption>Morrison Dining</figcaption></figure> In 2019, a resolution was passed in her hometown of <a href="/wiki/Lorain,_Ohio" title="Lorain, Ohio">Lorain, Ohio</a>, to designate February 18, her birthday, as Toni Morrison Day. Additional legislation was introduced to also proclaim that date as "Toni Morrison Day" throughout the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Ohio">State of Ohio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The legislation, HB 325, was passed by the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_House_of_Representatives" title="Ohio House of Representatives">Ohio House of Representatives</a> on December 2, 2020,<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> and signed into law by Governor <a href="/wiki/Mike_DeWine" title="Mike DeWine">Mike DeWine</a> on December 21.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In 2021, Cornell University opened Toni Morrison Hall, a 178,869 square-foot residence hall and Morrison Dining in 2022, an adjacent dining hall designed by ikon.5 Architects.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilensky-141">[141]</a> During December 2023, the Toni Morrison Collective at Cornell University to celebrate the 30th anniversary of Morrison's <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel</a> win partnered with Calvary Baptist Church to give away free copies of two of Morrison's books and hold book talks in various locations. As explained by Anne V. Adams, professor emerita of Africana studies and comparative literature and chair of the Toni Morrison Collective: “The fact that Toni Morrison, during her first year as a master’s student, lodged at a house just a couple of doors up the street from historic Calvary Baptist Church created a perfect context for a collaboration."<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentary_films">Documentary films</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Documentary films">edit</a>]</div> Morrison was interviewed by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Busby" title="Margaret Busby">Margaret Busby</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> for a 1988 documentary film by Sindamani Bridglal, entitled Identifiable Qualities, shown on <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Morrison was the subject of a film titled Imagine – Toni Morrison Remembers, directed by <a href="/wiki/Jill_Nicholls" title="Jill Nicholls">Jill Nicholls</a> and shown on <a href="/wiki/BBC_One" title="BBC One">BBC One</a> television on July 15, 2015, in which Morrison talked to <a href="/wiki/Alan_Yentob" title="Alan Yentob">Alan Yentob</a> about her life and work.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In 2016, Oberlin College received a grant to complete a documentary film begun in 2014, The Foreigner's Home, about Morrison's intellectual and artistic vision,<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> explored in the context of the 2006 exhibition she guest-curated at the Louvre.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The film's executive producer was <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Demme" title="Jonathan Demme">Jonathan Demme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> It was directed by Oberlin College Cinema Studies faculty Geoff Pingree and Rian Brown,<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> and incorporates footage shot by Morrison's first-born son Harold Ford Morrison, who also consulted on the film.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Greenfield-Sanders" title="Timothy Greenfield-Sanders">Timothy Greenfield-Sanders</a>' documentary <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison:_The_Pieces_I_Am" title="Toni Morrison: The Pieces I Am">Toni Morrison: The Pieces I Am</a> premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival" title="Sundance Film Festival">Sundance Film Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Those featured in the film include Morrison, Angela Davis, Oprah Winfrey, Fran Lebowitz, <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sanchez" title="Sonia Sanchez">Sonia Sanchez</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mosley" title="Walter Mosley">Walter Mosley</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1975: Ohioana Book Award for <a href="/wiki/Sula_(novel)" title="Sula (novel)">Sula</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Circle_Award" title="National Book Critics Circle Award">National Book Critics Circle Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Solomon_(novel)" title="Song of Solomon (novel)">Song of Solomon</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters">American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters</a> Award<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Ohio Women's Hall of Fame">Ohio Women's Hall of Fame</a> inductee<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></li> <li>1986: New York State Governor's Arts Award<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights#Book_Award" title="Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights">Robert F. Kennedy Book Award</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Helmerich_Award" title="Helmerich Award">Helmerich Award</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/American_Book_Awards" title="American Book Awards">American Book Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Beloved_(novel)" title="Beloved (novel)">Beloved</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Anisfield-Wolf_Book_Award" title="Anisfield-Wolf Book Award">Anisfield-Wolf Book Award</a> in Race Relations for Beloved<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a> for Beloved<a href="#cite_note-Hevesi-41">[41]</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Frederic_G._Melcher" title="Frederic G. Melcher">Frederic G. Melcher</a> Book Award for Beloved<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[a]</a></li> <li>1988: Honorary Doctor of Laws at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a></li> <li>1989: Honorary Doctor of Letters at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres" title="Ordre des Arts et des Lettres">Commander of the Arts and Letters, Paris</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-128">[128]</a></li> <li>1994: Condorcet Medal, Paris<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a></li> <li>1994: Rhegium Julii Prize for Literature<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Lecture" title="Jefferson Lecture">Jefferson Lecture</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award#Medal_of_Distinguished_Contribution_to_American_Letters" title="National Book Award">National Book Foundation's Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a></li> <li>1997: Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_College" title="Gustavus Adolphus College">Gustavus Adolphus College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Audie_Award_for_Narration_by_the_Author" title="Audie Award for Narration by the Author">Audie Award for Narration by the Author</a> for Sula<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medal</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_African_Americans" title="100 Greatest African Americans">100 Greatest African Americans</a>, list by <a href="/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante">Molefi Kete Asante</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a></li> <li>2005: Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a></li> <li>2005: Honorary Doctorate of Letters from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King_Award" title="Coretta Scott King Award">Coretta Scott King Award</a> for Remember: The Journey to School Integration<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Hall_of_Fame" title="New Jersey Hall of Fame">New Jersey Hall of Fame</a> inductee<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer_Prize" title="Norman Mailer Prize">Norman Mailer Prize</a>, Lifetime Achievement<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a></li> <li>2010: Officier de la <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Légion d'Honneur</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a></li> <li>2010: Institute for Arts and Humanities Medal for Distinguished Contributions to the Arts and Humanities from the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Prize_for_American_Fiction" title="Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction">Library of Congress Creative Achievement Award for Fiction</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a></li> <li>2011: Honorary Doctor of Letters at <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> Graduation Commencement<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a></li> <li>2011: Honorary Doctorate of Letters from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Geneva" title="University of Geneva">University of Geneva</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/The_Nichols-Chancellor%27s_Medal" title="The Nichols-Chancellor's Medal">The Nichols-Chancellor's Medal</a> awarded by <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt University</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a></li> <li>2013: Honorary Doctorate of Literature awarded by <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/PEN_Oakland_awards" title="PEN Oakland awards">PEN Oakland – Josephine Miles Literary Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Home_(Morrison_novel)" title="Home (Morrison novel)">Home</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a></li> <li>2013: Writer in Residence at the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_in_Rome" title="American Academy in Rome">American Academy in Rome</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sandrof_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Ivan Sandrof Lifetime Achievement Award">Ivan Sandrof Lifetime Achievement Award</a> given by the <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Circle" title="National Book Critics Circle">National Book Critics Circle</a><a href="#cite_note-nbcc2014-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/PEN/Saul_Bellow_Award_for_Achievement_in_American_Fiction" title="PEN/Saul Bellow Award for Achievement in American Fiction">PEN/Saul Bellow Award for Achievement in American Fiction</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eliot_Norton_Lectures" title="Charles Eliot Norton Lectures">The Charles Eliot Norton Professorship in Poetry (The Norton Lectures)</a>, Harvard University<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell_Medal" title="Edward MacDowell Medal">The Edward MacDowell Medal</a>, awarded by the <a href="/wiki/MacDowell_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="MacDowell Colony">MacDowell Colony</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Medal_for_Distinguished_Achievement_in_the_Arts,_Humanities,_and_Social_Sciences" title="Thomas Jefferson Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences">The Thomas Jefferson Medal</a>, awarded by <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">The American Philosophical Society</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a> inductee<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a></li> <li>2020: Designation of "Toni Morrison Day" in Ohio, to be celebrated annually on her birthday, February 18<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a></li> <li>2021: Featured on "Cleveland is the Reason" mural in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cleveland" title="Downtown Cleveland">downtown Cleveland</a> (with other notable Cleveland area figures)<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a></li> <li>2023: Featured on a <a href="/wiki/USPS" class="mw-redirect" title="USPS">USPS</a> <a href="/wiki/Forever_stamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Forever stamp">Forever stamp</a>, designed by art director Ethel Kessler with photography by Deborah Feingold<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomination">Nomination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nomination">edit</a>]</div> Who's Got Game? The Ant or the Grasshopper? The Lion or the Mouse? Poppy or the Snake? was a <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album_for_Children" title="Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children">Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children</a> nominee in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Novels">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Bluest_Eye" title="The Bluest Eye">The Bluest Eye</a>. Knopf. 1970. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0452287065" title="Special:BookSources/0452287065"><bdi>0452287065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bluest+Eye&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0452287065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sula_(novel)" title="Sula (novel)">Sula</a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. 1973. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/140003343-8" title="Special:BookSources/140003343-8"><bdi>140003343-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sula&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=140003343-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Solomon_(novel)" title="Song of Solomon (novel)">Song of Solomon</a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. 1977. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/140003342X" title="Special:BookSources/140003342X"><bdi>140003342X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Song+of+Solomon&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=140003342X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tar_Baby_(novel)" title="Tar Baby (novel)">Tar Baby</a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. 1981. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1400033446" title="Special:BookSources/1400033446"><bdi>1400033446</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tar+Baby&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=1400033446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Beloved_(novel)" title="Beloved (novel)">Beloved</a>. Knopf. 1987. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1400033411" title="Special:BookSources/1400033411"><bdi>1400033411</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beloved&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=1400033411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jazz_(novel)" title="Jazz (novel)">Jazz</a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. 1992. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1400076218" title="Special:BookSources/1400076218"><bdi>1400076218</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jazz&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1400076218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paradise_(Morrison_novel)" title="Paradise (Morrison novel)">Paradise</a>. Knopf. 1998. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0679433740" title="Special:BookSources/0679433740"><bdi>0679433740</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradise&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0679433740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Love_(Morrison_novel)" title="Love (Morrison novel)">Love</a>. Knopf. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0375409440" title="Special:BookSources/0375409440"><bdi>0375409440</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0375409440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A_Mercy" title="A Mercy">A Mercy</a>. Knopf. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307264237" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307264237"><bdi>978-0307264237</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mercy&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0307264237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Home_(Morrison_novel)" title="Home (Morrison novel)">Home</a>. Knopf. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307594167" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307594167"><bdi>978-0307594167</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0307594167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/God_Help_the_Child" title="God Help the Child">God Help the Child</a>. Knopf. 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307594174" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307594174"><bdi>978-0307594174</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Help+the+Child&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0307594174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children's_books_(with_Slade_Morrison)">Children's books (with Slade Morrison)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Children's books (with Slade Morrison)">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Big Box (1999). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786823642" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786823642">978-0786823642</a>.</li> <li>The Book of Mean People (2002). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786805402" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786805402">978-0786805402</a>.</li> <li>Remember: The Journey to School Integration (2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0618397402" title="Special:BookSources/978-0618397402">978-0618397402</a>.</li> <li>Who's Got Game? The Ant or the Grasshopper?, The Lion or the Mouse?, Poppy or the Snake? (2007). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743283915" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743283915">978-0743283915</a>.</li> <li>Peeny Butter Fudge (2009). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442459007" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442459007">978-1442459007</a>.</li> <li>Little Cloud and Lady Wind (2010). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1416985239" title="Special:BookSources/1416985239">1416985239</a>.</li> <li>Please, Louise (2014). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1416983385" title="Special:BookSources/978-1416983385">978-1416983385</a>.</li> <li>A Toni Morrison Treasury: The Big Box; The Ant or the Grasshopper?; The Lion or the Mouse?; Poppy or the Snake?; Peeny Butter Fudge; The Tortoise or the Hare; Little Cloud and Lady Wind; Please, Louise (2023). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781665915540" title="Special:BookSources/9781665915540">9781665915540</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_fiction">Short fiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Short fiction">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Recitatif" title="Recitatif">Recitatif</a>", in <a href="/wiki/Amiri_Baraka" title="Amiri Baraka">Amiri Baraka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amina_Baraka" title="Amina Baraka">Amina Baraka</a> (eds), Confirmation: An Anthology of African American Women (1983).<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> A hardback book version, with an introduction by <a href="/wiki/Zadie_Smith" title="Zadie Smith">Zadie Smith</a>, was published in February 2022 (US: Knopf; UK: Chatto & Windus).<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plays">Plays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Plays">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_(musical)" title="New Orleans (musical)">N'Orleans: The Storyville Musical (aka New Orleans)</a> (performed 1982) with <a href="/wiki/Donald_McKayle" title="Donald McKayle">Donald McKayle</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreaming_Emmett" title="Dreaming Emmett">Dreaming Emmett</a> (performed 1986)<a href="#cite_note-playwriting-36">[36]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desdemona_(play)" title="Desdemona (play)">Desdemona</a> (first performed May 15, 2011, in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>)<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Poetry">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Five Poems (2002, limited edition book with illustrations by <a href="/wiki/Kara_Walker" title="Kara Walker">Kara Walker</a>)<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libretto">Libretto</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Libretto">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Garner_(opera)" title="Margaret Garner (opera)">Margaret Garner</a> (first performed May 2005)<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Obit-100">[100]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Non-fiction">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Foreword, The Black Photographers Annual Volume 1, edited by Joe Crawford (1973), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1783715">1783715</a></li> <li>Foreword and Preface, The Black Book edited by Harris, Levitt, Furman and Smith. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a> (1974), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400068487" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400068487">978-1400068487</a></li> <li>Foreword, Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality. Pantheon Books (1992), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679741459" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679741459">978-0679741459</a></li> <li>Co-editor, Birth of a Nation'hood: Gaze, Script, and Spectacle in the O.J. Simpson Case (1997), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307482266" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307482266">978-0307482266</a></li> <li>Remember: The Journey to School Integration (2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0618397402" title="Special:BookSources/978-0618397402">978-0618397402</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_in_the_Dark:_Whiteness_and_the_Literary_Imagination" class="mw-redirect" title="Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination">Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination</a> (1992, 2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307388636" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307388636">978-0307388636</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a></li> <li>What Moves at the Margin: Selected Nonfiction, edited by Carolyn C. Denard (2008), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1604730173" title="Special:BookSources/978-1604730173">978-1604730173</a></li> <li>Editor (2009), <a href="/wiki/Burn_This_Book:_PEN_Writers_Speak_Out_on_the_Power_of_the_Word" class="mw-redirect" title="Burn This Book: PEN Writers Speak Out on the Power of the Word">Burn This Book: PEN Writers Speak Out on the Power of the Word</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061878817" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061878817">978-0061878817</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_Others" title="The Origin of Others">The Origin of Others</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eliot_Norton_Lectures" title="Charles Eliot Norton Lectures">Charles Eliot Norton Lectures</a>, Harvard University Press (2017), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674976450" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674976450">978-0674976450</a></li> <li>Goodness and the Literary Imagination: Harvard Divinity School's 95th Ingersoll Lecture: With Essays on Morrison's Moral and Religious Vision. Edited by <a href="/wiki/David_Carrasco" title="David Carrasco">David Carrasco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Paulsell" title="Stephanie Paulsell">Stephanie Paulsell</a>, and Mara Willard. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Source_of_Self-Regard:_Selected_Essays,_Speeches,_and_Meditations" title="The Source of Self-Regard: Selected Essays, Speeches, and Meditations">The Source of Self-Regard: Selected Essays, Speeches, and Meditations</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf (2019), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0525521037" title="Special:BookSources/978-0525521037">978-0525521037</a>. UK edition published as Mouth Full of Blood: Essays, Speeches, Meditations, London: Chatto & Windus (2019), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1784742850" title="Special:BookSources/978-1784742850">978-1784742850</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Articles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>"Introduction." <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finn" title="Adventures of Huckleberry Finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</a>. [1885] The Oxford Mark Twain, edited by <a href="/wiki/Shelley_Fisher_Fishkin" title="Shelley Fisher Fishkin">Shelley Fisher Fishkin</a>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. xxxii–xli.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">American literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">African-American literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_Nobel_laureates" title="List of black Nobel laureates">List of black Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Nobel_laureates" title="List of female Nobel laureates">List of female Nobel laureates</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> A remark in her acceptance speech that "there is no suitable memorial or plaque or wreath or wall or park or skyscraper lobby" honoring the memory of the human beings forced into slavery and brought to the United States – "There's no small bench by the road" – led the Toni Morrison Society to begin installing benches at significant sites in the history of slavery in America; the first "bench by the road" was dedicated July 26, 2008, on <a href="/wiki/Sullivan%27s_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Sullivan's Island, South Carolina">Sullivan's Island, South Carolina</a>, the point of entry for about 40 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">enslaved Africans</a> brought to <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2013/04/14/us/toni-morrison-fast-facts/index.html">"Toni Morrison Fast Facts"</a>. CNN. August 8, 2019. Retrieved August 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Toni+Morrison+Fast+Facts&rft.date=2019-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F04%2F14%2Fus%2Ftoni-morrison-fast-facts%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOV_Digital_Desk2023" class="citation web cs1">OV Digital Desk (February 17, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observervoice.com/18-february-remembering-toni-morrison-on-birth-anniversary-14532/">"18 February: Remembering Toni Morrison on Birth Anniversary"</a>. Observer Voice. Retrieved March 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Observer+Voice&rft.atitle=18+February%3A+Remembering+Toni+Morrison+on+Birth+Anniversary&rft.date=2023-02-17&rft.au=OV+Digital+Desk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobservervoice.com%2F18-february-remembering-toni-morrison-on-birth-anniversary-14532%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuvall2000" class="citation book cs1">Duvall, John N. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHbeC1I_aWUC&pg=PA38">The Identifying Fictions of Toni Morrison: Modernist Authenticity and Postmodern Blackness</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312234027" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312234027"><bdi>978-0312234027</bdi></a>. <q>After all the published biographical information on Morrison agrees that her full name is Chloe Anthony Wofford, so that the adoption of 'Toni' as a substitute for 'Chloe' still honors her given name, if somewhat obliquely. Morrison's middle name, however, was not Anthony; her birth certificate indicates her full name as Chloe Ardelia Wofford, which reveals that Ramah and George Wofford named their daughter for her maternal grandmother, Ardelia Willis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Identifying+Fictions+of+Toni+Morrison%3A+Modernist+Authenticity+and+Postmodern+Blackness&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0312234027&rft.aulast=Duvall&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHbeC1I_aWUC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wofford-4"><a href="#cite_ref-wofford_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreifus1994" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Dreifus" title="Claudia Dreifus">Dreifus, Claudia</a> (September 11, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.en.utexas.edu/amlit/amlitprivate/texts/morrison1.html">"Chloe Wofford Talks About Toni Morrison"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050115083953/http://www.en.utexas.edu/amlit/amlitprivate/texts/morrison1.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2005. Retrieved June 11, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Chloe+Wofford+Talks+About+Toni+Morrison&rft.date=1994-09-11&rft.aulast=Dreifus&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.en.utexas.edu%2Famlit%2Famlitprivate%2Ftexts%2Fmorrison1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/11/magazine/chloe-wofford-talks-about-toni-morrison.html">Alt URL</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_5-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAls2003" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Als" title="Hilton Als">Als, Hilton</a> (October 27, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2003/10/27/ghosts-in-the-house">"Ghosts in the House: How Toni Morrison Fostered a Generation of Black Writers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. Retrieved May 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Ghosts+in+the+House%3A+How+Toni+Morrison+Fostered+a+Generation+of+Black+Writers&rft.date=2003-10-27&rft.aulast=Als&rft.aufirst=Hilton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2003%2F10%2F27%2Fghosts-in-the-house&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhansah2015" class="citation news cs1">Ghansah, Rachel Kaadzi (April 8, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/12/magazine/the-radical-vision-of-toni-morrison.html">"The Radical Vision of Toni Morrison"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved April 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Radical+Vision+of+Toni+Morrison&rft.date=2015-04-08&rft.aulast=Ghansah&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Kaadzi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F04%2F12%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-radical-vision-of-toni-morrison.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b062mp6k">"Toni Morrison Remembers"</a>. BBC. Summer 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Toni+Morrison+Remembers&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb062mp6k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreitfeld1993" class="citation news cs1">Streitfeld, David (October 8, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1993/10/08/the-laureatess-life-song/10d3b79b-52f2-4685-a6dd-c57f7dde08d2/">"The Laureates's Life Song"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved April 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Laureates%27s+Life+Song&rft.date=1993-10-08&rft.aulast=Streitfeld&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2F1993%2F10%2F08%2Fthe-laureatess-life-song%2F10d3b79b-52f2-4685-a6dd-c57f7dde08d2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mote-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mote_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mote_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mote_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMote1997" class="citation book cs1">Mote, Dave, ed. (1997). "Toni Morrison". Contemporary Popular Writers. Detroit: St. James Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1558622166" title="Special:BookSources/978-1558622166"><bdi>978-1558622166</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Toni+Morrison&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Popular+Writers&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=St.+James+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1558622166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nola-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nola_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nola_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson2007" class="citation news cs1">Larson, Susan (April 11, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181626/http://www.nola.com/living/t-p/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fliving-8%2F1176268522309540.xml&coll=1">"Awaiting Toni Morrison"</a>. The Times-Picayune. NOLA.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nola.com/living/t-p/index.ssf?/base/living-8/1176268522309540.xml&coll=1">the original</a> on September 30, 2007. Retrieved June 11, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times-Picayune&rft.atitle=Awaiting+Toni+Morrison&rft.date=2007-04-11&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nola.com%2Fliving%2Ft-p%2Findex.ssf%3F%2Fbase%2Fliving-8%2F1176268522309540.xml%26coll%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRipatrazone2020" class="citation web cs1">Ripatrazone, Nick (March 2, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lithub.com/on-the-paradoxes-of-toni-morrisons-catholicism/">"On the Paradoxes of Toni Morrison's Catholicism"</a>. Literary Hub. Retrieved February 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Literary+Hub&rft.atitle=On+the+Paradoxes+of+Toni+Morrison%27s+Catholicism&rft.date=2020-03-02&rft.aulast=Ripatrazone&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flithub.com%2Fon-the-paradoxes-of-toni-morrisons-catholicism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brockes-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brockes_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brockes_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brockes_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockes2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Brockes" title="Emma Brockes">Brockes, Emma</a> (April 13, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/apr/13/toni-morrison-home-son-love">"Toni Morrison: 'I want to feel what I feel. Even if it's not happiness'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved February 14, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Toni+Morrison%3A+%27I+want+to+feel+what+I+feel.+Even+if+it%27s+not+happiness%27&rft.date=2012-04-13&rft.aulast=Brockes&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2012%2Fapr%2F13%2Ftoni-morrison-home-son-love&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2015" class="citation news cs1">Cummings, Pip (August 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/i-didnt-want-to-come-back-toni-morrison-on-life-death-and-desdemona-20150803-giqaxu.html">"'I didn't want to come back': Toni Morrison on life, death and Desdemona"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a>. Retrieved May 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=%27I+didn%27t+want+to+come+back%27%3A+Toni+Morrison+on+life%2C+death+and+Desdemona&rft.date=2015-08-07&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Pip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fentertainment%2Fi-didnt-want-to-come-back-toni-morrison-on-life-death-and-desdemona-20150803-giqaxu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scalar.lehigh.edu/toni-morrison/toni-morrison-biographical-note">"Toni Morrison: Toni Morrison: Biographical Note"</a>. Toni Morrison: A Teaching and Learning Resource Collection. Retrieved October 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toni+Morrison%3A+A+Teaching+and+Learning+Resource+Collection&rft.atitle=Toni+Morrison%3A+Toni+Morrison%3A+Biographical+Note&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscalar.lehigh.edu%2Ftoni-morrison%2Ftoni-morrison-biographical-note&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2014" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Dana A. (August 12, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7v4aBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT43">"To Make A Humanist Black: Toni Wofford's Howard Years"</a>. In Adrienne Lanier Seward, Justine Tally (ed.). 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I don't have to apologize'"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved April 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Toni+Morrison%3A+%27I%27m+writing+for+black+people+...+I+don%27t+have+to+apologize%27&rft.date=2015-04-25&rft.aulast=Hoby&rft.aufirst=Hermione&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2015%2Fapr%2F25%2Ftoni-morrison-books-interview-god-help-the-child&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie2007" class="citation book cs1">Gillespie, Carmen (2007). Critical Companion to Toni Morrison: A Literary Reference to Her Life and Work. 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Retrieved November 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Galerie&rft.atitle=Toni+Morrison%27s+Personal+Library+Is+Now+Available+to+Purchase&rft.date=2020-10-30&rft.aulast=Colman&rft.aufirst=Michelle+Sinclair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.galeriemagazine.com%2Ftoni-morrison-library-for-sale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1993/morrison-lecture.html">"Toni Morrison – Nobel Lecture"</a>. nobelprize.org. December 7, 1993. 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Retrieved January 22, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Morrison, Toni, "The Future of Time, Literature and Diminished Expectations," reprinted in Toni Morrison, What Moves at the Margin: Selected Nonfiction (University Press of Mississippi, 2008), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1604730173" title="Special:BookSources/978-1604730173">978-1604730173</a>, pp. 170–186. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Hawkins, B. 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Brown to replace Jessye Norman in World Premiere Production of Margaret Garner"</a>, Michigan Opera Theater, April 1, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029220805/http://www.margaretgarner.org/brown_normanrelease.html">Archived</a> October 29, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/toni-morrison-cornel-west-politics/">"'We Better Do Something': Toni Morrison and Cornel West in Conversation"</a>. The Nation. 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Retrieved June 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cornell+University&rft.atitle=All+Professors+at+Large+1965+to+June+30%2C+2023&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadwhiteprofessors.cornell.edu%2Fall-professors-at-large-1965-to-june-30-20222%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopova2015" class="citation web cs1">Popova, Maria (July 21, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themarginalian.org/2015/07/21/toni-morrison-wellesley-commencement/">"Toni Morrison on How to Be Your Own Story and Reap the Rewards of Adulthood in a Culture That Fetishizes Youth"</a>. The Marginalian. Retrieved October 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Marginalian&rft.atitle=Toni+Morrison+on+How+to+Be+Your+Own+Story+and+Reap+the+Rewards+of+Adulthood+in+a+Culture+That+Fetishizes+Youth&rft.date=2015-07-21&rft.aulast=Popova&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themarginalian.org%2F2015%2F07%2F21%2Ftoni-morrison-wellesley-commencement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2008" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, Toni (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eV9_8v4pTzsC&pg=PR23">Toni Morrison: Conversations</a>. University Press of Mississippi. p. xxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1604730197" title="Special:BookSources/978-1604730197"><bdi>978-1604730197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toni+Morrison%3A+Conversations&rft.pages=xxiii&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1604730197&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Toni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeV9_8v4pTzsC%26pg%3DPR23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/ref/books/fiction-25-years.html">"What Is the Best Work of American Fiction of the Last 25 Years?"</a>. 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November 8, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Denver+Post&rft.atitle=Toni+Morrison+puts+slam+poetry+in+Louvre&rft.date=2006-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.denverpost.com%2F2006%2F11%2F08%2Ftoni-morrison-puts-slam-poetry-in-louvre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiding2006" class="citation news cs1">Riding, Alan (November 21, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/21/books/21morr.html">"Rap and Film at the Louvre? What's Up With That?"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rap+and+Film+at+the+Louvre%3F+What%27s+Up+With+That%3F&rft.date=2006-11-21&rft.aulast=Riding&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F11%2F21%2Fbooks%2F21morr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artnews.com/art-news/retrospective/toni-morrison-louvre-13088/">"Toni Morrison on Looking for 'Wordless Forms' at the Louvre, in 2006: From the Archives"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ARTnews" title="ARTnews">ARTnews</a>. August 8, 2019. Retrieved February 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARTnews&rft.atitle=Toni+Morrison+on+Looking+for+%27Wordless+Forms%27+at+the+Louvre%2C+in+2006%3A+From+the+Archives&rft.date=2019-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artnews.com%2Fart-news%2Fretrospective%2Ftoni-morrison-louvre-13088%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Johnson, Diane (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2008/12/morrison200812">"Voice of America"</a>. Vanity Fair. Retrieved May 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=Voice+of+America&rft.date=2008-12&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fculture%2F2008%2F12%2Fmorrison200812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie2007" class="citation book cs1">Gillespie, Carmen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo5h9LqqanAC&q=morrison+princeton+atelier&pg=PA377">Critical Companion to Toni Morrison: A Literary Reference to Her Life and Work</a>. 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Oberlin College. July 29, 2016. 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Retrieved November 3, 2024 – via www.pbs.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toni+Morrison+On+Writing+Without+the+%22White+Gaze%22+%7C+American+Masters+%7C+PBS&rft.date=2020-06-18&rft.aulast=Polk&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Famericanmasters%2Ftoni-morrison-on-writing-without-the-white-gaze%2F14874%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlie_Rose2015" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Charlie Rose (September 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Kgq3F8wbYA&list=PLp5tTe4zF5R4174o7G9WvHpiYP-np__9f&index=2">Toni Morrison Beautifully Answers an "Illegitimate" Question on Race (Jan. 19, 1998) | Charlie Rose</a>. Retrieved November 3, 2024 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toni+Morrison+Beautifully+Answers+an+%22Illegitimate%22+Question+on+Race+%28Jan.+19%2C+1998%29+%7C+Charlie+Rose&rft.date=2015-09-04&rft.au=Charlie+Rose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D-Kgq3F8wbYA%26list%3DPLp5tTe4zF5R4174o7G9WvHpiYP-np__9f%26index%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhansah2015" class="citation news cs1">Ghansah, Rachel (April 8, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/12/magazine/the-radical-vision-of-toni-morrison.html">"The Radical Vision of Toni Morrison"</a>. 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Retrieved November 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Radical+Vision+of+Toni+Morrison&rft.date=2015-04-08&rft.aulast=Ghansah&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F04%2F12%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-radical-vision-of-toni-morrison.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmin2020" class="citation web cs1">Amin, Aisha (June 23, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/15-toni-morrison-quotes-about-race-writing-and-love/14901/">"15 Toni Morrison Quotes About Race, Writing and Love | American Masters | PBS"</a>. American Masters. 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Princeton University Office of Communication. October 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toni+Morrison+papers+to+reside+at+Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Office+of+Communication&rft.date=2014-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2Fmain%2Fnews%2Farchive%2FS41%2F34%2F81I56%2Findex.xml%3Fsection%3Dtopstories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Skemer, Don, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.princeton.edu/news/2016/06/08/toni-morrison-papers-open-students-scholars-princeton-university-library">"Toni Morrison Papers open to students, scholars at Princeton University Library"</a>, Princeton University, June 8, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranch2014" class="citation web cs1">Branch, Chris (October 23, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/toni-morrison-papers-princeton-howard_n_6035026">"Do Toni Morrison's Papers Belong at Princeton or Howard?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a>. 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Academy of Achievement. 2007. <q>Hal Prince receives the Golden Plate Award from Awards Council member and Nobel laureate Toni Morrison during the American Academy of Achievement's 2007 Banquet of the Golden Plate gala ceremonies in Washington, D.C.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Achievement&rft.atitle=Summit+Overview+Photo&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Fsummit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/2004-5/weekly/100205/agen.htm">"Oxford University Gazette, February 10, 2005: University Agenda"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610020252/http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/2004-5/weekly/100205/agen.htm">Archived</a> June 10, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, University of Oxford, February 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ala.org/cskbart/coretta-scott-king-book-awards-all-recipients-1970-present#2005">"Coretta Scott King Book Awards - All Recipients, 1970-Present | Coretta Scott King Roundtable"</a>. www.ala.org. 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Retrieved November 9, 2016. <q>Harvard's preeminent lecture series in the arts and humanities, the Norton Lectures recognize individuals of extraordinary talent who, in addition to their particular expertise, have the gift of wide dissemination and wise expression. The term 'poetry' is interpreted in the broadest sense to encompass all poetic expression in language, music, or the fine arts. Past Norton Professors have included <a href="/wiki/T.S._Eliot" class="mw-redirect" title="T.S. Eliot">T.S. Eliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czeslaw_Milosz" class="mw-redirect" title="Czeslaw Milosz">Czeslaw Milosz</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer" title="Nadine Gordimer">Nadine Gordimer</a>. The Norton Professor in 2016 is Toni Morrison.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard.edu&rft.atitle=Norton+Lectures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmahindrahumanities.fas.harvard.edu%2Fcontent%2Fnorton-lectures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/books/2016/04/08/toni-morrison-wins-macdowell-medal-for-lifetime-achievement/5px9373cxWj9LI78n0XTKO/story.html">"Toni Morrison wins MacDowell medal for lifetime achievement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. April 8, 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festwochen.at/index.php?id=eventdetail&L=1&detail=629">the original</a> on March 18, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wiener+Festwochen%3A+Desdemona&rft.pub=Festwochen.at&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festwochen.at%2Findex.php%3Fid%3Deventdetail%26L%3D1%26detail%3D629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiessen2011" class="citation web cs1">Thiessen, Erin Russell (May 26, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kalamu.posthaven.com/review-theatretoni-morrisons-desdemona-delive">"Toni Morrison's Desdemona delivers a haunting, powerful 're-membering'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Expatica" title="Expatica">Expatica</a> – via Neo-Griot.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toni+Morrison%27s+Desdemona+delivers+a+haunting%2C+powerful+%27re-membering%27&rft.pub=Expatica&rft.date=2011-05-26&rft.aulast=Thiessen&rft.aufirst=Erin+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkalamu.posthaven.com%2Freview-theatretoni-morrisons-desdemona-delive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinn2011" class="citation web cs1">Winn, Steven (October 20, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/10/19/DDUE1LGVNH.DTL">"Toni Morrison adds twist to 'Desdemona'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SF_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="SF Gate">SF Gate</a>. Retrieved October 21, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SF+Gate&rft.atitle=Toni+Morrison+adds+twist+to+%27Desdemona%27&rft.date=2011-10-20&rft.aulast=Winn&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2011%2F10%2F19%2FDDUE1LGVNH.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2011" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Stephanie (Summer 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/callaloo/v034/34.3.li.html">"Five Poems: The Gospel According to Toni Morrison"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Callaloo_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Callaloo (journal)">Callaloo</a>. 34 (3): 899–914. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcal.2011.0173">10.1353/cal.2011.0173</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1080-6512">1080-6512</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162544646">162544646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Callaloo&rft.atitle=Five+Poems%3A+The+Gospel+According+to+Toni+Morrison&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=899-914&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162544646%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1080-6512&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcal.2011.0173&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fcontent%2Fcrossref%2Fjournals%2Fcallaloo%2Fv034%2F34.3.li.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://believermag.com/five-poems-by-toni-morrison/">"Five Poems by Toni Morrison"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Believer_(magazine)" title="The Believer (magazine)">The Believer</a>. August 6, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Believer&rft.atitle=Five+Poems+by+Toni+Morrison&rft.date=2019-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbelievermag.com%2Ffive-poems-by-toni-morrison%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2007" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, Toni (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2dVas48cQNgC">Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination</a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307388636" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307388636"><bdi>978-0307388636</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Playing+in+the+Dark%3A+Whiteness+and+the+Literary+Imagination&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0307388636&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Toni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2dVas48cQNgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Morrison&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Toni Morrison <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=109406177">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=109406177&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Toni Morrison <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=109406177">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=109406177&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Toni_Morrison" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Toni_Morrison" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kcrw.com/culture/shows/bookworm/toni-morrison-beloved">"Toni Morrison: Beloved"</a>. From the Bookworm archives, August 15, 2019.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kcrw.com/etc/programs/bw">Bookworm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140607063918/http://www.kcrw.com/etc/programs/bw">Archived</a> June 7, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Interviews (Audio) with <a href="/wiki/Michael_Silverblatt" title="Michael Silverblatt">Michael Silverblatt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchappellClaudia_Brodsky_Lacour1993" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Elissa_Schappell" title="Elissa Schappell">Schappell, Elissa</a>; Claudia Brodsky Lacour (Fall 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/1888/the-art-of-fiction-no-134-toni-morrison">"Toni Morrison, The Art of Fiction No. 134"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Paris_Review" title="The Paris Review">The Paris Review</a>. Fall 1993 (128).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=Toni+Morrison%2C+The+Art+of+Fiction+No.+134&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=Fall+1993&rft.issue=128&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Schappell&rft.aufirst=Elissa&rft.au=Claudia+Brodsky+Lacour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F1888%2Fthe-art-of-fiction-no-134-toni-morrison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToni+Morrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0607339/">Toni Morrison</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72334#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?tonimorrison">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72334#P2190" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charlierose.com/guests/1194">Toni Morrison</a> on <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Rose_(talk_show)" title="Charlie Rose (talk show)">Charlie Rose</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/670">Toni Morrison</a> on Nobelprize.org <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72334#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cornell.edu/video/toni-morrison-on-language-evil-and-the-white-gaze">"Reading the Writing: A Conversation with Toni Morrison"</a> (Cornell University video, March 7, 2013)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.randomhouse.com.au/Authors/Default.aspx?Page=Author&ID=Morrison,%20Toni">Toni Morrison at Random House Australia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080726080411/http://www.randomhouse.com.au/Authors/Default.aspx?Page=Author&ID=Morrison,%20Toni">Archived</a> July 26, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/tonimorrison">Toni Morrison</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72334#P3106" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/toni-morrison">Toni Morrison</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionaryproject.com/morrisontoni">Toni Morrison's oral history video excerpts</a> at The National Visionary Leadership Project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/pacscl/detail.html?id=PACSCL_PRIN_MUDD_C1491">Toni Morrison Papers</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.princeton.edu/special-collections/">Princeton University Library Special Collections</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tonimorrisonsociety.org/">Toni Morrison Society</a> based at Oberlin College</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL31120A">Works by Toni Morrison</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Toni_Morrison" title="Template:Toni Morrison"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Toni_Morrison" title="Template talk:Toni Morrison"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Toni_Morrison" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Toni Morrison"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_by_Toni_Morrison" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toni Morrison</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bluest_Eye" title="The Bluest Eye">The Bluest Eye</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sula_(novel)" title="Sula (novel)">Sula</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Solomon_(novel)" title="Song of Solomon (novel)">Song of Solomon</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_Baby_(novel)" title="Tar Baby (novel)">Tar Baby</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beloved_(novel)" title="Beloved (novel)">Beloved</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_(novel)" title="Jazz (novel)">Jazz</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_(Morrison_novel)" title="Paradise (Morrison novel)">Paradise</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_(Morrison_novel)" title="Love (Morrison novel)">Love</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Mercy" title="A Mercy">A Mercy</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_(Morrison_novel)" title="Home (Morrison novel)">Home</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Help_the_Child" title="God Help the Child">God Help the Child</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Recitatif" title="Recitatif">Recitatif</a>" (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_(musical)" title="New Orleans (musical)">New Orleans</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreaming_Emmett" title="Dreaming Emmett">Dreaming Emmett</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desdemona_(play)" title="Desdemona (play)">Desdemona</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_(Morrison_book)" title="The Black Book (Morrison book)">The Black Book</a> (compiled materials) (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_in_the_Dark:_Whiteness_and_the_Literary_Imagination" class="mw-redirect" title="Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination">Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race-ing_Justice,_En-Gendering_Power:_Essays_on_Anita_Hill,_Clarence_Thomas_and_the_Construction_of_Social_Reality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Race-ing Justice, En-Gendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas and the Construction of Social Reality (page does not exist)">Race-ing Justice, En-Gendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas and the Construction of Social Reality</a> (edited collection) (1992)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_of_a_Nation%27hood:_Gaze,_Script,_and_Spectacle_in_the_O._J._Simpson_Case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birth of a Nation'hood: Gaze, Script, and Spectacle in the O. J. Simpson Case (page does not exist)">Birth of a Nation'hood: Gaze, Script, and Spectacle in the O. J. Simpson Case</a> (co-edited with Claudia Brodsky Lacour) (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remember:_The_Journey_to_School_Integration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Remember: The Journey to School Integration (page does not exist)">Remember: The Journey to School Integration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_Others" title="The Origin of Others">The Origin of Others</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Source_of_Self-Regard:_Selected_Essays,_Speeches,_and_Meditations" title="The Source of Self-Regard: Selected Essays, Speeches, and Meditations">The Source of Self-Regard: Selected Essays, Speeches, and Meditations</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Garner_(opera)" title="Margaret Garner (opera)">Margaret Garner</a> (2005 libretto)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beloved_(1998_film)" title="Beloved (1998 film)">Beloved</a> (1998 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Book_Awards_winners_(1980–1999)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Book_Awards" title="Template:American Book Awards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Book_Awards" title="Template talk:American Book Awards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Book_Awards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Book Awards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Book_Awards_winners_(1980–1999)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Book_Awards" title="American Book Awards">American Book Awards</a> winners (1980–1999)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Woolf" title="Douglas Woolf">Douglas Woolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Dorn" title="Ed Dorn">Edward Dorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayne_Cortez" title="Jayne Cortez">Jayne Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Marmon_Silko" title="Leslie Marmon Silko">Leslie Marmon Silko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mei-mei_Berssenbrugge" title="Mei-mei Berssenbrugge">Mei-mei Berssenbrugge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Murayama" title="Milton Murayama">Milton Murayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Troupe" title="Quincy Troupe">Quincy Troupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolfo_Anaya" title="Rudolfo Anaya">Rudolfo Anaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alta_(poet)" title="Alta (poet)">Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Chong_Lau" title="Alan Chong Lau">Alan Chong Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bienvenido_N._Santos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bienvenido N. Santos">Bienvenido N. Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Adam" title="Helen Adam">Helen Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Mitchell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lionel Mitchell (page does not exist)">Lionel Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Algar%C3%ADn" title="Miguel Algarín">Miguel Algarín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholasa_Mohr" title="Nicholasa Mohr">Nicholasa Mohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Blue_Cloud" title="Peter Blue Cloud">Peter Blue Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kelly_(poet)" title="Robert Kelly (poet)">Robert Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_Drachler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rose Drachler (page does not exist)">Rose Drachler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Howe" title="Susan Howe">Susan Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Cade_Bambara" title="Toni Cade Bambara">Toni Cade Bambara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Young" title="Al Young">Al Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duane_Niatum" title="Duane Niatum">Duane Niatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._L._Mayo" title="E. L. Mayo">E. L. Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chin" title="Frank Chin">Frank Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Obenzinger" title="Hilton Obenzinger">Hilton Obenzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Him_Mark_Lai" title="Him Mark Lai">Him Mark Lai</a> / <a href="/wiki/Genny_Lim" title="Genny Lim">Genny Lim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judy_Yung" title="Judy Yung">Judy Yung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Rothenberg" title="Jerome Rothenberg">Jerome Rothenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Thomas" title="Joyce Carol Thomas">Joyce Carol Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leroy_Quintana" title="Leroy Quintana">Leroy Quintana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Dee_Cervantes" title="Lorna Dee Cervantes">Lorna Dee Cervantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Phillip_Tanaka" title="Ronald Phillip Tanaka">Ronald Phillip Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Banks" title="Russell Banks">Russell Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tato_Laviera" title="Tato Laviera">Tato Laviera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Christian" title="Barbara Christian">Barbara Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecilia_Liang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cecilia Liang (page does not exist)">Cecilia Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelina_Vigil-Pi%C3%B1%C3%B3n" title="Evangelina Vigil-Piñón">Evangelina Vigil-Piñón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Rohmer" title="Harriet Rohmer">Harriet Rohmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Houston" title="James D. Houston">James D. Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Tarahata_Hagedorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Jessica Tarahata Hagedorn">Jessica Tarahata Hagedorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Williams" title="John A. Williams">John A. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Kogawa" title="Joy Kogawa">Joy Kogawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Grahn" title="Judy Grahn">Judy Grahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Candelaria" title="Nash Candelaria">Nash Candelaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Guralnick" title="Peter Guralnick">Peter Guralnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Tuama" title="Seán Ó Tuama">Seán Ó Tuama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Brown_(writer)" title="Cecil Brown (writer)">Cecil Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Schwartz_(writer_and_editor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Schwartz (writer and editor)">Howard Schwartz</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Mark_Podwal" title="Mark Podwal">Mark Podwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamu_Amiri_Baraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamu Amiri Baraka">Imamu Amiri Baraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Col%C3%B3n" title="Jesús Colón">Jesús Colón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bruchac" title="Joseph Bruchac">Joseph Bruchac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Kenny" title="Maurice Kenny">Maurice Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mei-mei_Berssenbrugge" title="Mei-mei Berssenbrugge">Mei-mei Berssenbrugge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min%C3%A9_Okubo" title="Miné Okubo">Miné Okubo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paule_Marshall" title="Paule Marshall">Paule Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthanne_Lum_McCunn" title="Ruthanne Lum McCunn">Ruthanne Lum McCunn</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=You-shan_Tang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="You-shan Tang (page does not exist)">You-shan Tang</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellen_Lai-shan_Yeung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellen Lai-shan Yeung (page does not exist)">Ellen Lai-shan Yeung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McGrath_(poet)" title="Thomas McGrath (poet)">Thomas McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkatesh_Kulkarni" title="Venkatesh Kulkarni">Venkatesh Kulkarni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(author)" title="William Kennedy (author)">William J. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1985</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Jackson" title="Angela Jackson">Angela Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Genthe" title="Arnold Genthe">Arnold Genthe</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Kuo_Wei_Tchen" title="John Kuo Wei Tchen">John Kuo Wei Tchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleen_J._McElroy" title="Colleen J. McElroy">Colleen J. McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Soto" title="Gary Soto">Gary Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Irons" title="Peter Irons">Peter Irons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiho_Soga" title="Keiho Soga">Keiho Soga</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taisanboku_Mori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taisanboku Mori (page does not exist)">Taisanboku Mori</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sojin_Takei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sojin Takei (page does not exist)">Sojin Takei</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muin_Ozaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muin Ozaki (page does not exist)">Muin Ozaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Erdrich" title="Louise Erdrich">Louise Erdrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maureen_Owen" title="Maureen Owen">Maureen Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Sarton" title="May Sarton">May Sarton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Duncan_(poet)" title="Robert Duncan (poet)">Robert Edward Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Jones_(teacher)" title="Ron Jones (teacher)">Ron Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Cisneros" title="Sandra Cisneros">Sandra Cisneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sanchez" title="Sonia Sanchez">Sonia Sanchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Vinograd" title="Julia Vinograd">Julia Vinograd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Oandasan" title="William Oandasan">William Oandasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Lee_Walters" title="Anna Lee Walters">Anna Lee Walters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherr%C3%ADe_Moraga" title="Cherríe Moraga">Cherríe Moraga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gloria_E._Anzald%C3%BAa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloria E. Anzaldúa">Gloria E. Anzaldúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Barolini" title="Helen Barolini">Helen Barolini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Hannusch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeff Hannusch (page does not exist)">Jeff Hannusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Hogan_(writer)" title="Linda Hogan (writer)">Linda Hogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Algar%C3%ADn" title="Miguel Algarín">Miguel Algarín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natasha_Borovsky" title="Natasha Borovsky">Natasha Borovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Federman" title="Raymond Federman">Raymond Federman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Howe" title="Susan Howe">Susan Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Winch" title="Terence Winch">Terence Winch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshio_Mori" title="Toshio Mori">Toshio Mori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1987</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai_(poet)" title="Ai (poet)">Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Castillo" title="Ana Castillo">Ana Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyn_Zarco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyn Zarco (page does not exist)">Cyn Zarco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_McGuire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel McGuire (page does not exist)">Daniel McGuire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bryant" title="Dorothy Bryant">Dorothy Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etheridge_Knight" title="Etheridge Knight">Etheridge Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Giddins" title="Gary Giddins">Gary Giddins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Pekar" title="Harvey Pekar">Harvey Pekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Welch_(writer)" title="James Welch (writer)">James Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wieners" title="John Wieners">John Wieners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Felipe_Herrera" title="Juan Felipe Herrera">Juan Felipe Herrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucia_Chiavola_Birnbaum" title="Lucia Chiavola Birnbaum">Lucia Chiavola Birnbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mayo_(poet)" title="Michael Mayo (poet)">Michael Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septima_Poinsette_Clark" title="Septima Poinsette Clark">Septima Poinsette Clark</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Stokes_Brown" title="Cynthia Stokes Brown">Cynthia Stokes Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McMillan" title="Terry McMillan">Terry McMillan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Blakely" title="Allison Blakely">Allison Blakely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Olson" title="Charles Olson">Charles Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(civil_rights_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisy Bates (civil rights activist)">Daisy Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Sanders" title="Ed Sanders">Edward Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor" title="Gerald Vizenor">Gerald Vizenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Santiago_Baca" title="Jimmy Santiago Baca">Jimmy Santiago Baca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesho_Y._Scott" title="Kesho Y. Scott">Kesho Y. Scott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Muhanji" title="Cherry Muhanji">Cherry Muhanji</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyirba_High&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egyirba High (page does not exist)">Egyirba High</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marlon_K._Hom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marlon K. Hom (page does not exist)">Marlon K. Hom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hoff" title="Benjamin Hoff">Benjamin Hoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Sukenick" title="Ronald Sukenick">Ronald Sukenick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_La_Puma" title="Salvatore La Puma">Salvatore La Puma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Tek_Lum" title="Wing Tek Lum">Wing Tek Lum</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tek_Lum_Lum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tek Lum Lum (page does not exist)">Tek Lum Lum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1989</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Luz_Villanueva" title="Alma Luz Villanueva">Alma Luz Villanueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askia_M._Tour%C3%A9" title="Askia M. Touré">Askia M. Touré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Audre Lorde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Lau" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolyn Lau">Carolyn Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_Elliott" title="Emory Elliott">Emory Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Galeano" title="Eduardo Galeano">Eduardo Galeano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chin" title="Frank Chin">Frank Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Louis Gates">Henry Louis Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Allende" title="Isabel Allende">Isabel Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._California_Cooper" title="J. California Cooper">J. California Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Stone_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jennifer Stone (writer) (page does not exist)">Jennifer Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Gattuso_Hendin" title="Josephine Gattuso Hendin">Josephine Gattuso Hendin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Scalapino" title="Leslie Scalapino">Leslie Scalapino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuntaro_Tanikawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuntaro Tanikawa">Shuntaro Tanikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fanning" title="Charles Fanning">Charles Fanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Minoru_Hohri" class="mw-redirect" title="William Minoru Hohri">William Minoru Hohri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Kennedy" title="Adrienne Kennedy">Adrienne Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Grizzuti_Harrison" title="Barbara Grizzuti Harrison">Barbara Grizzuti Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniela_Gioseffi" title="Daniela Gioseffi">Daniela Gioseffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woody" title="Elizabeth Woody">Elizabeth Woody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualing_Nieh_Engle" title="Hualing Nieh Engle">Hualing Nieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabari_Njeri" title="Itabari Njeri">Itabari Njeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Freeman" title="James M. Freeman">James M. Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Walter" title="John C. Walter">John C. Walter</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Raymond_Jones" title="J. Raymond Jones">J. Raymond Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Norton_(author)" title="John Norton (author)">John Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Emilio_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="José Emilio González">José Emilio González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kan" title="Sergei Kan">Sergei Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_A._Thompson" title="Lloyd A. Thompson">Lloyd A. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bernal" title="Martin Bernal">Martin Bernal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_T._Clinton" title="Michelle T. Clinton">Michelle T. Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sesshu_Foster" title="Sesshu Foster">Sesshu Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Gunn_Allen" title="Paula Gunn Allen">Paula Gunn Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Geok-lin_Lim" title="Shirley Geok-lin Lim">Shirley Geok-lin Lim</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayumi_Tsutakawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayumi Tsutakawa (page does not exist)">Mayumi Tsutakawa</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarita_Donnelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margarita Donnelly (page does not exist)">Margarita Donnelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Murgu%C3%ADa" title="Alejandro Murguía">Alejandro Murguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Wright" title="Bruce M. Wright">Bruce Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charley_Trujillo" title="Charley Trujillo">Charley Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Melhem" title="D. H. Melhem">D. H. Melhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Keenan" title="Deborah Keenan">Deborah Keenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Hagedorn" title="Jessica Hagedorn">Jessica Hagedorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edgar_Wideman" title="John Edgar Wideman">John Edgar Wideman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Harjo" title="Joy Harjo">Joy Harjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Tei_Yamashita" title="Karen Tei Yamashita">Karen Tei Yamashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucia_Berlin" title="Lucia Berlin">Lucia Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Crow_Dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Crow Dog">Mary Crow Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridel_Le_Sueur" title="Meridel Le Sueur">Meridel Le Sueur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mill_Hunk_Herald_Collective&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mill Hunk Herald Collective (page does not exist)">Mill Hunk Herald Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_Marks_Dauenhauer" title="Nora Marks Dauenhauer">Nora Marks Dauenhauer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dauenhauer" title="Richard Dauenhauer">Richard Dauenhauer</a></li> <li>R. Baxter Miller</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Centolella" title="Thomas Centolella">Thomas Centolella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%27Lelia_Bundles" title="A'Lelia Bundles">A'Lelia Perry Bundles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Spiegelman" title="Art Spiegelman">Art Spiegelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Alire_S%C3%A1enz" title="Benjamin Alire Sáenz">Benjamin Alire Sáenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_J._Haraway" class="mw-redirect" title="Donna J. Haraway">Donna J. Haraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritjof_Capra" title="Fritjof Capra">Fritjof Capra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Burciaga" title="José Antonio Burciaga">José Antonio Burciaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Gilyard" title="Keith Gilyard">Keith Gilyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Thompson" title="Lucy Thompson">Lucy Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norma_Field" title="Norma Field">Norma Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bacho" title="Peter Bacho">Peter Bacho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kalifornsky" title="Peter Kalifornsky">Peter Kalifornsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Andrews" title="Raymond Andrews">Raymond Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Scofield" title="Sandra Scofield">Sandra Scofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Hamanaka" title="Sheila Hamanaka">Sheila Hamanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Klinkenborg" title="Verlyn Klinkenborg">Verlyn Klinkenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Branch" title="William B. Branch">William B. Branch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amiri_Baraka" title="Amiri Baraka">Amiri Baraka</a> / <a href="/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson">August Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asake_Bomani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asake Bomani (page does not exist)">Asake Bomani</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belvie_Rooks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belvie Rooks (page does not exist)">Belvie Rooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Mogil" title="Christopher Mogil">Christopher Mogil</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Woodrow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Woodrow (page does not exist)">Peter Woodrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Giardina" title="Denise Giardina">Denise Giardina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Glancy" title="Diane Glancy">Diane Glancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_B._Redmond" title="Eugene B. Redmond">Eugene B. Redmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_X._Alarc%C3%B3n" title="Francisco X. Alarcón">Francisco X. Alarcón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Graff" title="Gerald Graff">Gerald Graff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Beatty" title="Jack Beatty">Jack Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leroy_V._Quintana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leroy V. Quintana (page does not exist)">Leroy V. Quintana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katherine_Peter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katherine Peter (page does not exist)">Katherine Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_George" title="Nelson George">Nelson George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninotchka_Rosca" title="Ninotchka Rosca">Ninotchka Rosca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giose_Rimanelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giose Rimanelli (page does not exist)">Giose Rimanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Drooker" title="Eric Drooker">Eric Drooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graciela_Lim%C3%B3n" title="Graciela Limón">Graciela Limón</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_J._Reed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory J. Reed (page does not exist)">Gregory J. Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Campbell_Hale" title="Janet Campbell Hale">Janet Campbell Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Nelson" title="Jill Nelson">Jill Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawson_Fusao_Inada" title="Lawson Fusao Inada">Lawson Fusao Inada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Blackman" title="Nicole Blackman">Nicole Blackman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gilroy" title="Paul Gilroy">Paul Gilroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Takaki" title="Ronald Takaki">Ronald Takaki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_L._Glickman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rose L. Glickman (page does not exist)">Rose L. Glickman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tino_Villanueva" title="Tino Villanueva">Tino Villanueva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_L._Kroll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia L. Kroll (page does not exist)">Virginia L. Kroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Rodriguez_(novelist)" title="Abraham Rodriguez (novelist)">Abraham Rodriguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Boyd" title="Herb Boyd">Herb Boyd</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Allen" title="Robert L. Allen">Robert L. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Chavez" class="mw-redirect" title="Denise Chavez">Denise Chavez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Egerton_(journalist)" title="John Egerton (journalist)">John Egerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(activist)" title="John Ross (activist)">John Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Avena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Avena (page does not exist)">Thomas Avena</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linda_Raymond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linda Raymond (page does not exist)">Linda Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li-Young_Lee" title="Li-Young Lee">Li-Young Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marianna_De_Marco_Torgovnick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marianna De Marco Torgovnick (page does not exist)">Marianna De Marco Torgovnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marnie_Mueller" title="Marnie Mueller">Marnie Mueller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Quinn_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Quinn (author) (page does not exist)">Peter Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Martz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandra Martz (page does not exist)">Sandra Martz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Henry_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Henry Jr.">Gordon Henry Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricia_Rose" title="Tricia Rose">Tricia Rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate_Nesaule" title="Agate Nesaule">Agate Nesaule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sze" title="Arthur Sze">Arthur Sze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang-Rae_Lee" title="Chang-Rae Lee">Chang-Rae Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitra_Banerjee_Divakaruni" title="Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni">Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.J._Miller_Laino" class="mw-redirect" title="E.J. Miller Laino">E.J. Miller Laino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_C._Loury" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn C. Loury">Glenn C. Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Loewen" title="James W. Loewen">James W. Loewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Sacco" title="Joe Sacco">Joe Sacco</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimiko_Hahn" title="Kimiko Hahn">Kimiko Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Espinosa" title="Maria Espinosa">Maria Espinosa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Viscusi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Viscusi (page does not exist)">Robert Viscusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Alexie" title="Sherman Alexie">Sherman Alexie</a></li> <li>Ron Sakolsky / <a href="/wiki/Fred_Weihan_Ho" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Weihan Ho">Fred Weihan Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephanie_Cowell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephanie Cowell (page does not exist)">Stephanie Cowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Gass" title="William H. Gass">William H. Gass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1997</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alurista" title="Alurista">Alurista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derrick_Bell" title="Derrick Bell">Derrick Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Barresi" title="Dorothy Barresi">Dorothy Barresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_G%C3%B3mez-Pe%C3%B1a" title="Guillermo Gómez-Peña">Guillermo Gómez-Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Owens" title="Louis Owens">Louis Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Espada" title="Martín Espada">Martín Espada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montserrat_Fontes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montserrat Fontes (page does not exist)">Montserrat Fontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Ignatiev" title="Noel Ignatiev">Noel Ignatiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Geok-lin_Lim" title="Shirley Geok-lin Lim">Shirley Geok-lin Lim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunaina_Maira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunaina Maira (page does not exist)">Sunaina Maira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulani_Davis" title="Thulani Davis">Thulani Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_De_Haven" title="Tom De Haven">Tom De Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Banks_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William M. Banks (author) (page does not exist)">William M. Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brenda_Knight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brenda Knight (page does not exist)">Brenda Knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Adelle_Hedge_Coke" class="mw-redirect" title="Allison Adelle Hedge Coke">Allison Adelle Hedge Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Y._Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Angela Y. Davis">Angela Y. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Marie_Osbey" title="Brenda Marie Osbey">Brenda Marie Osbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_DeLillo" title="Don DeLillo">Don DeLillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Barnes_(writer)" title="Jim Barnes (writer)">Jim Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Williams" title="John A. Williams">John A. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Rawles" title="Nancy Rawles">Nancy Rawles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_Okja_Keller" title="Nora Okja Keller">Nora Okja Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Benitez" title="Sandra Benitez">Sandra Benitez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scott_DeVeaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scott DeVeaux (page does not exist)">Scott DeVeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lynch_(poet)" title="Thomas Lynch (poet)">Thomas Lynch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_McDermott" title="Alice McDermott">Alice McDermott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Linzer" title="Anna Linzer">Anna Linzer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Ward_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Ward (author) (page does not exist)">Brian Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiori_Santiago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiori Santiago (page does not exist)">Chiori Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Donald_Two-Rivers" title="E. Donald Two-Rivers">E. Donald Two-Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwidge_Danticat" title="Edwidge Danticat">Edwidge Danticat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Roche" title="Judith Roche">Judith Roche</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meg_McHutchison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meg McHutchison (page does not exist)">Meg McHutchison</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gioia_Timpanelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gioia Timpanelli (page does not exist)">Gioia Timpanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Naylor" title="Gloria Naylor">Gloria Naylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Houston" title="James D. Houston">James D. Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Lipka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerry Lipka (page does not exist)">Jerry Lipka</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_V._Mohatt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald V. Mohatt (page does not exist)">Gerald V. Mohatt</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciulistet_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciulistet Group (page does not exist)">Ciulistet Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trey_Ellis" title="Trey Ellis">Trey Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Novakovich" title="Josip Novakovich">Josip Novakovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauro_Flores" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauro Flores">Lauro Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Alberto_Urrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Luís Alberto Urrea">Luís Alberto Urrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_George" title="Nelson George">Nelson George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speer_Morgan" title="Speer Morgan">Speer Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gach" title="Gary Gach">Gary Gach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiori_Santiago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiori Santiago (page does not exist)">Chiori Santiago</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judith_Lowry" title="Judith Lowry">Judith Lowry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Literary_Work_–_Nonfiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Literary_Work_%E2%80%93_Nonfiction" title="Template:NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work – Nonfiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Literary_Work_%E2%80%93_Nonfiction" title="Template talk:NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work – Nonfiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Literary_Work_%E2%80%93_Nonfiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work – Nonfiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Literary_Work_–_Nonfiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Literary_Work_%E2%80%93_Nonfiction" title="NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work – Nonfiction">NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work – Nonfiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By Any Means Necessary: The Trials and Tribulations of the Making of 'Malcolm X – <a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Wiley" title="Ralph Wiley">Ralph Wiley</a> (1993)</li> <li>No Award (1994)</li> <li>When We Were Colored – <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Taulbert" title="Clifton Taulbert">Clifton Taulbert</a> (1995)</li> <li>No Award (1996)</li> <li>No Award (1997)</li> <li>With Ossie & Ruby: In This Life Together – <a href="/wiki/Ossie_Davis" title="Ossie Davis">Ossie Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a> (1998)</li> <li>No Award (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>No Award (2000)</li> <li>Sally Hemmings, An American Scandal – <a href="/wiki/Tina_Andrews" title="Tina Andrews">Tina Andrews</a> (2001)</li> <li>Keeping the Faith: Stories of Love, Courage, Healing, and Hope from Black America – <a href="/wiki/Tavis_Smiley" title="Tavis Smiley">Tavis Smiley</a> (2002)</li> <li>Why I Love Black Women – <a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Michael Eric Dyson</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallelujah!_The_Welcome_Table" title="Hallelujah! The Welcome Table">Hallelujah! The Welcome Table</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a> (2004)</li> <li>Is Bill Cosby Right? Or Has the Black Middle Class Lost Its Mind? – <a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Michael Eric Dyson</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_on_Our_Watch" title="Not on Our Watch">Not on Our Watch</a> – <a href="/wiki/Don_Cheadle" title="Don Cheadle">Don Cheadle</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Prendergast_(activist)" title="John Prendergast (activist)">John Prendergast</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_My_Daughter" title="Letter to My Daughter">Letter to My Daughter</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a> (2008)</li> <li>In Search of Our Roots – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr." title="Henry Louis Gates Jr.">Henry Louis Gates Jr.</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Jim_Crow" title="The New Jim Crow">The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Alexander" title="Michelle Alexander">Michelle Alexander</a> (2010)</li> <li>The Wealth Cure: Putting Money in Its Place – <a href="/wiki/Hill_Harper" title="Hill Harper">Hill Harper</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oath:_The_Obama_White_House_and_the_Supreme_Court" title="The Oath: The Obama White House and the Supreme Court">The Oath: The Obama White House and the Supreme Court</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Toobin" title="Jeffrey Toobin">Jeffrey Toobin</a> (2012)</li> <li>Envisioning Emancipation: Black Americans and the End of Slavery – <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Willis_(author)" title="Deborah Willis (author)">Deborah Willis</a> and Barbara Krauthamer (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_Mercy_(book)" title="Just Mercy (book)">Just Mercy: A Story of Justice and Redemption</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Stevenson" title="Bryan Stevenson">Bryan Stevenson</a> (2014)</li> <li>Spectacle: The Astonishing Life of Ota Benga – Pamela Newkirk (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Figures_(book)" title="Hidden Figures (book)">Hidden Figures</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margot_Lee_Shetterly" title="Margot Lee Shetterly">Margot Lee Shetterly</a> (2016)</li> <li>Defining Moments in Black History: Reading Between the Lies – <a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a> (2017)</li> <li>For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Politics – <a href="/wiki/Donna_Brazile" title="Donna Brazile">Donna Brazile</a>, Yolanda Caraway, <a href="/wiki/Leah_D._Daughtry" title="Leah D. Daughtry">Leah D. Daughtry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minyon_Moore" title="Minyon Moore">Minyon Moore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Chambers" title="Veronica Chambers">Veronica Chambers</a> (2018)</li> <li>The Source of Self-Regard: Selected Essays, Speeches, and Meditations – <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toni Morrison</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Promised_Land" title="A Promised Land">A Promised Land</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2020)</li> <li>The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story – <a href="/wiki/Nikole_Hannah-Jones" title="Nikole Hannah-Jones">Nikole Hannah-Jones</a> (2021)</li> <li>Finding Me – <a href="/wiki/Viola_Davis" title="Viola Davis">Viola Davis</a> (2022)</li> <li>The New Brownies’ Book: A Love Letter to Black Families – Karida L. Brown and Charly Palmer (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inductees to the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1970–1979" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1970–1979</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1973</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell" title="Elizabeth Blackwell">Elizabeth Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Mary Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Earhart" title="Amelia Earhart">Amelia Earhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hamilton" title="Alice Hamilton">Alice Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_R._Sabin" title="Florence R. Sabin">Florence Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_B._Taussig" title="Helen B. Taussig">Helen Brooke Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babe_Didrikson_Zaharias" title="Babe Didrikson Zaharias">Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Dix" title="Dorothea Dix">Dorothea Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Gordon_Low" title="Juliette Gordon Low">Juliette Gordon Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Seton" title="Elizabeth Ann Seton">Elizabeth Bayley Seton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1980–1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1980–1989</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mary "Mother" Harris Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Gwendolyn Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Risteau" title="Mary Risteau">Mary Risteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells-Barnett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990–1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990–1999</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_B._Seibert" title="Florence B. Seibert">Florence B. Seibert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude Belle Elion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Percy_Andrus" title="Ethel Percy Andrus">Ethel Percy Andrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Antoinette Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Blackwell" title="Emily Blackwell">Emily Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Cochran" title="Jacqueline Cochran">Jacqueline Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Johnson_Colvin" title="Ruth Johnson Colvin">Ruth Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Wright_Edelman" title="Marian Wright Edelman">Marian Wright Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Catherine_Evans" title="Alice Catherine Evans">Alice Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Martha Wright Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Dolores Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Putnam_Jacobi" title="Mary Putnam Jacobi">Mary Putnam Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Jemison" title="Mae Jemison">Mae Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eliza_Mahoney" title="Mary Eliza Mahoney">Mary Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller" title="Wilma Mankiller">Wilma Mankiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Peterson" title="Esther Peterson">Esther Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Roulet" title="Elaine Roulet">Elaine Roulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Siva_Saubel" title="Katherine Siva Saubel">Katherine Siva Saubel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Stephens" title="Helen Stephens">Helen Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madam_C._J._Walker" title="Madam C. J. Walker">Madam C. J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Wattleton" title="Faye Wattleton">Faye Wattleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn S. Yalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Yerkovich" title="Gloria Yerkovich">Gloria Yerkovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Bradwell" title="Myra Bradwell">Myra Bradwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie Jump Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Cunningham_Croly" title="Jane Cunningham Croly">Jane Cunningham Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Shipe_East" title="Catherine Shipe East">Catherine East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_LaKelly_Hunt" title="Helen LaKelly Hunt">Helen LaKelly Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wisebart_Jacobs" title="Frances Wisebart Jacobs">Frances Wisebart Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susette_La_Flesche" title="Susette La Flesche">Susette La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_McManus" title="Louise McManus">Louise McManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Novello" title="Antonia Novello">Antonia Novello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Richards" title="Linda Richards">Linda Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Rudolph" title="Wilma Rudolph">Wilma Rudolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bone_Schiess" title="Betty Bone Schiess">Betty Bone Schiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Siebert" title="Muriel Siebert">Muriel Siebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettie_Stevens" title="Nettie Stevens">Nettie Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Winnemucca" title="Sarah Winnemucca">Sarah Winnemucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wright" title="Frances Wright">Fanny Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Apgar" title="Virginia Apgar">Virginia Apgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Bancroft" title="Ann Bancroft">Ann Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Bloomer" title="Amelia Bloomer">Amelia Bloomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Carson_Breckinridge" title="Mary Carson Breckinridge">Mary Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Hanford Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dallas_Dudley" title="Anne Dallas Dudley">Anne Dallas Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth" title="Lillian Moller Gilbreth">Lillian Moller Gilbreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannerl_O._Keohane" title="Nannerl O. Keohane">Nannerl O. Keohane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Kuhn" title="Maggie Kuhn">Maggie Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_St._Pierre_Ruffin" title="Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin">Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Schroeder" title="Pat Schroeder">Pat Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_G._Solomon" title="Hannah G. Solomon">Hannah Greenebaum Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bunch" title="Charlotte Bunch">Charlotte Anne Bunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Xavier_Cabrini" title="Frances Xavier Cabrini">Frances Xavier Cabrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hallaren" title="Mary Hallaren">Mary A. Hallaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby">Oveta Culp Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Holladay" title="Wilhelmina Holladay">Wilhelmina Cole Holladay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Morrow_Lindbergh" title="Anne Morrow Lindbergh">Anne Morrow Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Rose" title="Ernestine Rose">Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tallchief" title="Maria Tallchief">Maria Tallchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Bly" title="Nellie Bly">Nellie Bly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Moss_Bradley" title="Lydia Moss Bradley">Lydia Moss Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Calderone" title="Mary Calderone">Mary Steichen Calderone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Shadd" title="Mary Ann Shadd">Mary Ann Shadd Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Ganz_Cooney" title="Joan Ganz Cooney">Joan Ganz Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Moore_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Sarah Moore Grimké">Sarah Grimké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_McCormick" title="Katharine McCormick">Katharine Dexter McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozanne_L._Ridgway" title="Rozanne L. Ridgway">Rozanne L. Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">Edith Nourse Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Schwartz" title="Felice Schwartz">Felice Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Sills" title="Beverly Sills">Beverly Sills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Wald" title="Florence Wald">Florence Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelina_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Angelina Grimké">Angelina Grimké Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000–2009" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000–2009</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Glenn_Abdellah" title="Faye Glenn Abdellah">Faye Glenn Abdellah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith_DeVoe" title="Emma Smith DeVoe">Emma Smith DeVoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjory_Stoneman_Douglas" title="Marjory Stoneman Douglas">Marjory Stoneman Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer">Mary Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia A. Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman">Crystal Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_M._Holm" title="Jeanne M. Holm">Jeanne Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontine_T._Kelly" title="Leontine T. Kelly">Leontine T. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Oldham_Kelsey" title="Frances Oldham Kelsey">Frances Oldham Kelsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Mullany" title="Kate Mullany">Kate Mullany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Howard_Shaw" title="Anna Howard Shaw">Anna Howard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Smith_(Smith_College)" title="Sophia Smith (Smith College)">Sophia Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Tarbell" title="Ida Tarbell">Ida Tarbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Vaught" title="Wilma Vaught">Wilma L. Vaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Edwards_Walker" title="Mary Edwards Walker">Mary Edwards Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Dodge_Wauneka" title="Annie Dodge Wauneka">Annie Dodge Wauneka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances E. Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hansine_Andersen" title="Dorothy Hansine Andersen">Dorothy H. Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child" title="Lydia Maria Child">Lydia Maria Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Coleman" title="Bessie Coleman">Bessie Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_de_Forest" title="Marian de Forest">Marian de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althea_Gibson" title="Althea Gibson">Althea Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Hicks" title="Beatrice Hicks">Beatrice A. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Holdridge" title="Barbara Holdridge">Barbara Holdridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Williams_Russell_Strong" title="Harriet Williams Russell Strong">Harriet Williams Russell Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howell_Warner" title="Emily Howell Warner">Emily Howell Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulina_Kellogg_Wright_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis">Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Holt" title="Bertha Holt">Bertha Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Engle_Pennington" title="Mary Engle Pennington">Mary Engle Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren">Mercy Otis Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_G._Alvarado" title="Linda G. Alvarado">Linda G. Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_de_Varona" title="Donna de Varona">Donna de Varona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Ederle" title="Gertrude Ederle">Gertrude Ederle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Matilda_Harper" title="Martha Matilda Harper">Martha Matilda Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie L. Kwolek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Robbins_Leet" title="Mildred Robbins Leet">Mildred Robbins Leet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Takemoto Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sullivan" title="Anne Sullivan">Anne Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Widnall" title="Sheila Widnall">Sheila E. Widnall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_E._Allen" title="Florence E. Allen">Florence E. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Fulton Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bumpers" title="Betty Bumpers">Betty Bumpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita Rossi Colwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cope" title="Marianne Cope">Mother Marianne Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Lin" title="Maya Lin">Maya Y. Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Locke" title="Patricia Locke">Patricia A. Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanche Scott">Blanche Stuart Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_K._Baum" title="Eleanor K. Baum">Eleanor K. Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Child" title="Julia Child">Julia Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Coffin_Wright" title="Martha Coffin Wright">Martha Coffin Pelham Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanee_Hunt" title="Swanee Hunt">Swanee Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_K%C3%BCbler-Ross" title="Elisabeth Kübler-Ross">Elisabeth Kübler-Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Pipher" title="Judith Pipher">Judith L. Pipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Filene_Shouse" title="Catherine Filene Shouse">Catherine Filene Shouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Szold" title="Henrietta Szold">Henrietta Szold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_DeCrow" title="Karen DeCrow">Karen DeCrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Kelly-Dreiss" title="Susan Kelly-Dreiss">Susan Kelly-Dreiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allie_B._Latimer" title="Allie B. Latimer">Allie B. Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Lazarus" title="Emma Lazarus">Emma Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Talbot_Perkins" title="Rebecca Talbot Perkins">Rebecca Talbot Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Stoneman" title="Kate Stoneman">Kate Stoneman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010–2019" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010–2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Drexel" title="Katharine Drexel">St. Katharine Drexel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Harrison_Eustis" title="Dorothy Harrison Eustis">Dorothy Harrison Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ford" title="Loretta Ford">Loretta C. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Kelley_Foster" title="Abby Kelley Foster">Abby Kelley Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Murray_Free" title="Helen Murray Free">Helen Murray Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter" title="Lilly Ledbetter">Lilly Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara A. Mikulski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Shalala" title="Donna Shalala">Donna E. Shalala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathrine_Switzer" title="Kathrine Switzer">Kathrine Switzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ina_May_Gaskin" title="Ina May Gaskin">Ina May Gaskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Krone" title="Julie Krone">Julie Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Joseph_Rogers" title="Mary Joseph Rogers">Mary Joseph Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Sandler" title="Bernice Sandler">Bernice Sandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenley_Albright" title="Tenley Albright">Tenley Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Brinker" title="Nancy Brinker">Nancy Brinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Greenberger" title="Marcia Greenberger">Marcia Greenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Iglewski" title="Barbara Iglewski">Barbara Iglewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kilbourne" title="Jean Kilbourne">Jean Kilbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlotta_Walls_LaNier" title="Carlotta Walls LaNier">Carlotta Walls LaNier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Marrack" title="Philippa Marrack">Philippa Marrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Harriman_Rumsey" title="Mary Harriman Rumsey">Mary Harriman Rumsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Smeal" title="Eleanor Smeal">Eleanor Smeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Cuomo" title="Matilda Cuomo">Matilda Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Hansberry" title="Lorraine Hansberry">Lorraine Hansberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Jackson_(entrepreneur)" title="Victoria Jackson (entrepreneur)">Victoria Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Lansing" title="Sherry Lansing">Sherry Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Clare Boothe Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Mullins" title="Aimee Mullins">Aimee Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Mutter" title="Carol Mutter">Carol Mutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Waters" title="Alice Waters">Alice Waters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Allred" title="Gloria Allred">Gloria Allred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Deer" title="Sarah Deer">Sarah Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Malachowski" title="Nicole Malachowski">Nicole Malachowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill" title="Rose O'Neill">Rose O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">Louise Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossie_Wong-Staal" title="Flossie Wong-Staal">Flossie Wong-Staal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020–2029" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020–2029</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hillary_(adventurer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Hillary (adventurer)">Barbara Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church Terrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia E. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Chicago" title="Judy Chicago">Judy Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_S._Halstead" title="Rebecca S. Halstead">Rebecca S. Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Hamm" title="Mia Hamm">Mia Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Harjo" title="Joy Harjo">Joy Harjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howland" title="Emily Howland">Emily Howland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson" title="Katherine Johnson">Katherine Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Nooyi" title="Indra Nooyi">Indra Nooyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Bath" title="Patricia Bath">Patricia Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elouise_P._Cobell" title="Elouise P. Cobell">Elouise P. Cobell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">Peggy McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Plaskow" title="Judith Plaskow">Judith Plaskow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ross" title="Loretta Ross">Loretta Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Stone_(artist)" title="Sandy Stone (artist)">Sandy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Wessels_Williams" title="Anna Wessels Williams">Anna Wessels Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1920</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1901 Nobel Prize in Literature">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sully_Prudhomme" title="Sully Prudhomme">Sully Prudhomme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1902 Nobel Prize in Literature">1902</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1903 Nobel Prize in Literature">1903</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1904 Nobel Prize in Literature">1904</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Mistral" title="Frédéric Mistral">Frédéric Mistral</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Echegaray" title="José Echegaray">José Echegaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1905 Nobel Prize in Literature">1905</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1906 Nobel Prize in Literature">1906</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1907 Nobel Prize in Literature">1907</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1908 Nobel Prize in Literature">1908</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken">Rudolf Eucken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1909 Nobel Prize in Literature">1909</a>: <a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1910 Nobel Prize in Literature">1910</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1911 Nobel Prize in Literature">1911</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1912 Nobel Prize in Literature">1912</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1913 Nobel Prize in Literature">1913</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1914 Nobel Prize in Literature">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1915 Nobel Prize in Literature">1915</a>: <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1916 Nobel Prize in Literature">1916</a>: <a href="/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam" title="Verner von Heidenstam">Verner von Heidenstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1917 Nobel Prize in Literature">1917</a>: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Adolph_Gjellerup" title="Karl Adolph Gjellerup">Karl Gjellerup</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Pontoppidan" title="Henrik Pontoppidan">Henrik Pontoppidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1918 Nobel Prize in Literature">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1919 Nobel Prize in Literature">1919</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitteler" title="Carl Spitteler">Carl Spitteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1920 Nobel Prize in Literature">1920</a>: <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1921–1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1921_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1921 Nobel Prize in Literature">1921</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole France">Anatole France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1922 Nobel Prize in Literature">1922</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Benavente" title="Jacinto Benavente">Jacinto Benavente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1923 Nobel Prize in Literature">1923</a>: <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1923 Nobel Prize in Literature">1924</a>: <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont" title="Władysław Reymont">Władysław Reymont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1925 Nobel Prize in Literature">1925</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1926 Nobel Prize in Literature">1926</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grazia_Deledda" title="Grazia Deledda">Grazia Deledda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1927 Nobel Prize in Literature">1927</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1928 Nobel Prize in Literature">1928</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Undset" title="Sigrid Undset">Sigrid Undset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1929 Nobel Prize in Literature">1929</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1930 Nobel Prize in Literature">1930</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1931 Nobel Prize in Literature">1931</a>: <a href="/wiki/Erik_Axel_Karlfeldt" title="Erik Axel Karlfeldt">Erik Axel Karlfeldt</a> (posthumously)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1932 Nobel Prize in Literature">1932</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1933 Nobel Prize in Literature">1933</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bunin" title="Ivan Bunin">Ivan Bunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1934 Nobel Prize in Literature">1934</a>: <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Luigi Pirandello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1935 Nobel Prize in Literature">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1936 Nobel Prize in Literature">1936</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1937 Nobel Prize in Literature">1937</a>: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Martin_du_Gard" title="Roger Martin du Gard">Roger Martin du Gard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1938 Nobel Prize in Literature">1938</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1939 Nobel Prize in Literature">1939</a>: <a href="/wiki/Frans_Eemil_Sillanp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Frans Eemil Sillanpää">Frans Eemil Sillanpää</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1940 Nobel Prize in Literature">1940</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1941–1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1941_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1941 Nobel Prize in Literature">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1942 Nobel Prize in Literature">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1943 Nobel Prize in Literature">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1944 Nobel Prize in Literature">1944</a>: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_V._Jensen" title="Johannes V. Jensen">Johannes V. Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1945 Nobel Prize in Literature">1945</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Mistral" title="Gabriela Mistral">Gabriela Mistral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1946 Nobel Prize in Literature">1946</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1947 Nobel Prize in Literature">1947</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1948 Nobel Prize in Literature">1948</a>: <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1949 Nobel Prize in Literature">1949</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1950 Nobel Prize in Literature">1950</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1951 Nobel Prize in Literature">1951</a>: <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Lagerkvist" title="Pär Lagerkvist">Pär Lagerkvist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1952 Nobel Prize in Literature">1952</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mauriac" title="François Mauriac">François Mauriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1953 Nobel Prize in Literature">1953</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1954 Nobel Prize in Literature">1954</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1955 Nobel Prize in Literature">1955</a>: <a href="/wiki/Halld%C3%B3r_Laxness" title="Halldór Laxness">Halldór Laxness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1956 Nobel Prize in Literature">1956</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Juan Ramón Jiménez">Juan Ramón Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1957 Nobel Prize in Literature">1957</a>: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1958 Nobel Prize in Literature">1958</a>: <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1959 Nobel Prize in Literature">1959</a>: <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1960 Nobel Prize in Literature">1960</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saint-John_Perse" title="Saint-John Perse">Saint-John Perse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1961–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1961_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1961 Nobel Prize in Literature">1961</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87" title="Ivo Andrić">Ivo Andrić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1962 Nobel Prize in Literature">1962</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1963 Nobel Prize in Literature">1963</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Giorgos Seferis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1964 Nobel Prize in Literature">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> (declined award)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1965 Nobel Prize in Literature">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Sholokhov" title="Mikhail Sholokhov">Mikhail Sholokhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1966 Nobel Prize in Literature">1966</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Yosef_Agnon" title="Shmuel Yosef Agnon">Shmuel Yosef Agnon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1967 Nobel Prize in Literature">1967</a>: <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1968 Nobel Prize in Literature">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yasunari_Kawabata" title="Yasunari Kawabata">Yasunari Kawabata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1969 Nobel Prize in Literature">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1970 Nobel Prize in Literature">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1971 Nobel Prize in Literature">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1972 Nobel Prize in Literature">1972</a>: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1973 Nobel Prize in Literature">1973</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_White" title="Patrick White">Patrick White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1974 Nobel Prize in Literature">1974</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eyvind_Johnson" title="Eyvind Johnson">Eyvind Johnson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Martinson" title="Harry Martinson">Harry Martinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1975 Nobel Prize in Literature">1975</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Montale" title="Eugenio Montale">Eugenio Montale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1976 Nobel Prize in Literature">1976</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1977 Nobel Prize in Literature">1977</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Aleixandre" title="Vicente Aleixandre">Vicente Aleixandre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1978 Nobel Prize in Literature">1978</a>: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1979 Nobel Prize in Literature">1979</a>: <a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Odysseas Elytis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1980 Nobel Prize in Literature">1980</a>: <a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1981_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1981 Nobel Prize in Literature">1981</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1982 Nobel Prize in Literature">1982</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1983 Nobel Prize in Literature">1983</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Golding" title="William Golding">William Golding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1984 Nobel Prize in Literature">1984</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Seifert" title="Jaroslav Seifert">Jaroslav Seifert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1985 Nobel Prize in Literature">1985</a>: <a href="/wiki/Claude_Simon" title="Claude Simon">Claude Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1986 Nobel Prize in Literature">1986</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1987 Nobel Prize in Literature">1987</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky">Joseph Brodsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1988 Nobel Prize in Literature">1988</a>: <a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1989 Nobel Prize in Literature">1989</a>: <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Camilo José Cela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1990 Nobel Prize in Literature">1990</a>: <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1991 Nobel Prize in Literature">1991</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer" title="Nadine Gordimer">Nadine Gordimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1992 Nobel Prize in Literature">1992</a>: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Derek Walcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1993 Nobel Prize in Literature">1993</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1994 Nobel Prize in Literature">1994</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce" title="Kenzaburō Ōe">Kenzaburō Ōe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1995 Nobel Prize in Literature">1995</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1996 Nobel Prize in Literature">1996</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska" title="Wisława Szymborska">Wisława Szymborska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1997 Nobel Prize in Literature">1997</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1998 Nobel Prize in Literature">1998</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1999 Nobel Prize in Literature">1999</a>: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2000 Nobel Prize in Literature">2000</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian">Gao Xingjian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2001 Nobel Prize in Literature">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul">V. S. Naipaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2002 Nobel Prize in Literature">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Imre_Kert%C3%A9sz" title="Imre Kertész">Imre Kertész</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2003 Nobel Prize in Literature">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2004 Nobel Prize in Literature">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2005 Nobel Prize in Literature">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2006 Nobel Prize in Literature">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2007 Nobel Prize in Literature">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2008 Nobel Prize in Literature">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/J._M._G._Le_Cl%C3%A9zio" title="J. M. G. Le Clézio">J. M. G. Le Clézio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2009 Nobel Prize in Literature">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2010 Nobel Prize in Literature">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2011 Nobel Prize in Literature">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Transtr%C3%B6mer" title="Tomas Tranströmer">Tomas Tranströmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2012 Nobel Prize in Literature">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mo_Yan" title="Mo Yan">Mo Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2013 Nobel Prize in Literature">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alice_Munro" title="Alice Munro">Alice Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2014 Nobel Prize in Literature">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Modiano" title="Patrick Modiano">Patrick Modiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2015 Nobel Prize in Literature">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich" title="Svetlana Alexievich">Svetlana Alexievich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2016 Nobel Prize in Literature">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2017 Nobel Prize in Literature">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro" title="Kazuo Ishiguro">Kazuo Ishiguro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2018 Nobel Prize in Literature">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Olga_Tokarczuk" title="Olga Tokarczuk">Olga Tokarczuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2019 Nobel Prize in Literature">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Literature">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Louise_Gl%C3%BCck" title="Louise Glück">Louise Glück</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Literature">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abdulrazak_Gurnah" title="Abdulrazak Gurnah">Abdulrazak Gurnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Literature">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Annie_Ernaux" title="Annie Ernaux">Annie Ernaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Literature">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jon_Fosse" title="Jon Fosse">Jon Fosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2024 Nobel Prize in Literature">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Han_Kang" title="Han Kang">Han Kang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1993_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1993_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1993 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1993_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1993 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1993_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1993 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1993_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1993 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kary_Mullis" title="Kary Mullis">Kary B. Mullis</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(chemist)" title="Michael Smith (chemist)">Michael Smith</a> (Canada)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1993_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1993 Nobel Prize in Literature">1993</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toni Morrison</a> (United States)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">Frederik Willem de Klerk</a> (South Africa)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Russell Alan Hulse</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Roberts" title="Richard J. Roberts">Richard J. Roberts</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Phillip A. Sharp</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert Fogel</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglass_North" title="Douglass North">Douglass North</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1988_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1988 Nobel Prize winners">1988</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1989_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1989 Nobel Prize winners">1989</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1990_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1990 Nobel Prize winners">1990</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1991_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1991 Nobel Prize winners">1991</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1992_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1992 Nobel Prize winners">1992</a></dd> <dd>1993 </dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1994_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1994 Nobel Prize winners">1994</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1995_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1995 Nobel Prize winners">1995</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1996_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1996 Nobel Prize winners">1996</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1997_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1997 Nobel Prize winners">1997</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1998_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1998 Nobel Prize winners">1998</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ohio_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ohio_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:Ohio Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ohio_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:Ohio Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ohio_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ohio Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ohio_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Ohio Women's Hall of Fame">Ohio Women's Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1970–1979" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1970–1979</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1978</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_E._Allen" title="Florence E. Allen">Florence E. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Chatfield_Black" title="Helen Chatfield Black">Helen Chatfield Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Bolton" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Bolton">Frances Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_M._Boyer" title="Elizabeth M. Boyer">Elizabeth Boyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Bracken" title="Harriet Bracken">Harriet Bracken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Kinney_Cooper" title="Martha Kinney Cooper">Martha Kinney Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Donahey" class="mw-redirect" title="Gertrude Donahey">Gertrude Donahey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Edna_Hunter" title="Jane Edna Hunter">Jane Edna Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolata_Kline" title="Consolata Kline">Consolata Kline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Kunkle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia Kunkle (page does not exist)">Virginia Kunkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_A._Mahoney" title="Margaret A. Mahoney">Margaret A. Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Grace_McClelland" title="Helen Grace McClelland">Helen Grace McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agnes_Merritt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agnes Merritt (page does not exist)">Agnes Merritt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Papier" title="Rose Papier">Rose Papier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lottie_Randolph" title="Lottie Randolph">Lottie Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_P._Stewart" title="Ella P. Stewart">Ella P. Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marigene_Valiquette" title="Marigene Valiquette">Marigene Valiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_B._Walker" title="Ann B. Walker">Ann B. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82awa_Walasiewicz" title="Stanisława Walasiewicz">Stella Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_Wells&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marion Wells (page does not exist)">Marion Wells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jobe_Akeley" title="Mary Jobe Akeley">Mary Jobe Akeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Bickerdyke" title="Mary Ann Bickerdyke">Mary Ann Bickerdyke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beatrice_Cleveland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beatrice Cleveland (page does not exist)">Beatrice Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_Edna_Earley" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity Edna Earley">Charity Edna Earley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eleanor_Jammal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eleanor Jammal (page does not exist)">Eleanor Jammal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernice_Kochan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernice Kochan (page does not exist)">Bernice Kochan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emily_Leedy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emily Leedy (page does not exist)">Emily Leedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Lyons_(broadcaster)" title="Ruth Lyons (broadcaster)">Ruth Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerrie_Mock" title="Jerrie Mock">Jerrie Mock</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emma_Phaler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emma Phaler (page does not exist)">Emma Phaler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Redinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rachel Redinger (page does not exist)">Rachel Redinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobbie_L._Sterne" title="Bobbie L. Sterne">Bobbie L. Sterne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Swanbeck" title="Ethel Swanbeck">Ethel Swanbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Weisenborn" title="Clara Weisenborn">Clara Weisenborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_M._Whiteman" title="Marjorie M. Whiteman">Marjorie Whiteman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1980–1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1980–1989</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Berlin" title="Grace Berlin">Grace Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erma_Bombeck" title="Erma Bombeck">Erma Bombeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_M._Byrne" title="Patricia M. Byrne">Patricia M. Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Crawford_Seeger" title="Ruth Crawford Seeger">Ruth Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Fast" title="Louisa Fast">Louisa Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Fuldheim" title="Dorothy Fuldheim">Dorothy Fuldheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gish" title="Lillian Gish">Lillian Gish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Greisheimer" title="Esther Greisheimer">Esther Greisheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Keller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edith Keller (page does not exist)">Edith Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tella_Kitchen" title="Tella Kitchen">Tella Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Krupansky" title="Blanche Krupansky">Blanche Krupansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattie_Larlham" title="Hattie Larlham">Hattie Larlham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Louise_Nemeth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Louise Nemeth (page does not exist)">Mary Louise Nemeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Martha_Weber" title="Doris Martha Weber">Doris Martha Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Bayer" title="Mildred Bayer">Mildred Bayer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tina_Bischoff_Lovin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tina Bischoff Lovin (page does not exist)">Tina Bischoff Lovin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cornelius" title="Dorothy Cornelius">Dorothy Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Day" title="Doris Day">Doris Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Diller" title="Phyllis Diller">Phyllis Diller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebia_Hunkins" title="Eusebia Hunkins">Eusebia Hunkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton" title="Andre Norton">Andre Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Starr_Untermeyer" title="Jean Starr Untermeyer">Jean Starr Untermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Taylor_Upton" title="Harriet Taylor Upton">Harriet Taylor Upton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Wilson_(jazz_singer)" title="Nancy Wilson (jazz singer)">Nancy Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._Margaret_Boyd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. Margaret Boyd (page does not exist)">A. Margaret Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Eriksson_(Ohio)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ann Eriksson (Ohio) (page does not exist)">Ann Eriksson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernice_Foley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernice Foley (page does not exist)">Bernice Foley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelma_Watson_George" title="Zelma Watson George">Zelma Watson George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Goulder_Izant" title="Grace Goulder Izant">Grace Goulder Izant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phyllis_Sewell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phyllis Sewell (page does not exist)">Phyllis Sewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayne_Spain" title="Jayne Spain">Jayne Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Zelkowitz" title="Helen Zelkowitz">Helen Zelkowitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harriet_J._Anderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harriet J. Anderson (page does not exist)">Harriet J. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ione_Biggs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ione Biggs (page does not exist)">Ione Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eula_Bingham" title="Eula Bingham">Eula Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_O._Boyle" title="Mary O. Boyle">Mary O. Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariwyn_Heath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariwyn Heath (page does not exist)">Mariwyn Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Irwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josephine Irwin (page does not exist)">Josephine Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Janis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara Janis (page does not exist)">Barbara Janis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minnie_Player&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minnie Player (page does not exist)">Minnie Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freda_Winning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freda Winning (page does not exist)">Freda Winning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_E._Miller_Young&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary E. Miller Young (page does not exist)">Mary E. Miller Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sally_Cooper_(American_actress)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sally Cooper (American actress) (page does not exist)">Sally Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarah_E._Harris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarah E. Harris (page does not exist)">Sarah E. Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cindy_Noble_Hauserman" class="mw-redirect" title="Cindy Noble Hauserman">Cindy Noble Hauserman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcy_Kaptur" title="Marcy Kaptur">Marcy Kaptur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Nussbaum" title="Karen Nussbaum">Karen Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Rose_Oakar" title="Mary Rose Oakar">Mary Rose Oakar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Pinkerton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catherine Pinkerton (page does not exist)">Catherine Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willa_Beatrice_Player" title="Willa Beatrice Player">Willa Beatrice Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Resnik" title="Judith Resnik">Judith Resnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hooven_Santmyer" title="Helen Hooven Santmyer">Helen Hooven Santmyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_Trimble&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marian Trimble (page does not exist)">Marian Trimble</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joyce_Wollenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joyce Wollenberg (page does not exist)">Joyce Wollenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1985</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lois_Anna_Barr_Cook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lois Anna Barr Cook (page does not exist)">Lois Anna Barr Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercedes_Cotner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercedes Cotner (page does not exist)">Mercedes Cotner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zell_Draz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zell Draz (page does not exist)">Zell Draz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Easterling" title="Barbara Easterling">Barbara Easterling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikki_Giovanni" title="Nikki Giovanni">Nikki Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurora_Gonzalez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurora Gonzalez (page does not exist)">Aurora Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_K._Lazarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary K. Lazarus (page does not exist)">Mary K. Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mandel" title="Barbara Mandel">Barbara Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norma_Marcere" title="Norma Marcere">Norma Marcere</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Mulholland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen Mulholland (page does not exist)">Helen Mulholland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauretta_Schimmoler" title="Lauretta Schimmoler">Lauretta Schimmoler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marge_Schott" title="Marge Schott">Marge Schott</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Jen_Steinbrenner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Jen Steinbrenner (page does not exist)">Mary Jen Steinbrenner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Andrew" title="Margaret Andrew">Margaret Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_L._Barber" title="Kathleen L. Barber">Kathleen L. Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fay_Biles" title="Fay Biles">Fay Biles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell" title="Elizabeth Blackwell">Elizabeth Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Clarke" title="Marie Clarke">Marie Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eva_Mae_Crosby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eva Mae Crosby (page does not exist)">Eva Mae Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynthia_Drennan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cynthia Drennan (page does not exist)">Cynthia Drennan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hooker_Glendinning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hooker Glendinning (page does not exist)">Hooker Glendinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Herring" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Herring">Louise Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katherine_LeVeque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katherine LeVeque (page does not exist)">Katherine LeVeque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Ratner_Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruth Ratner Miller (page does not exist)">Ruth Ratner Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Nava" title="Amelia Nava">Amelia Nava</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arline_Webb_Pratt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arline Webb Pratt (page does not exist)">Arline Webb Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anastasia_Ann_Przelomski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anastasia Ann Przelomski (page does not exist)">Anastasia Ann Przelomski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Purdy_(Ohio)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia Purdy (Ohio) (page does not exist)">Virginia Purdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_Lois_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Selma Lois Walker">Selma Lois Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Montgomery_Walsh" title="Julia Montgomery Walsh">Julia Montgomery Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Wattleton" title="Faye Wattleton">Faye Wattleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Withrow" title="Mary Ellen Withrow">Mary Ellen Withrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Biggins" title="Anna Biggins">Anna Biggins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patricia_Clonch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patricia Clonch (page does not exist)">Patricia Clonch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Craden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norma Craden (page does not exist)">Norma Craden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewel_Freeman_Graham" title="Jewel Freeman Graham">Jewel Freeman Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Guisewite" title="Cathy Guisewite">Cathy Guisewite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_D._Jackson" title="Rebecca D. Jackson">Rebecca D. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Heiss_Jenkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Carol Heiss Jenkins">Carol Heiss Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Kane" title="Carol Kane">Carol Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bea_Larsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bea Larsen (page does not exist)">Bea Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alice_Raful_Lev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alice Raful Lev (page does not exist)">Alice Raful Lev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linda_Rocker_Sogg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linda Rocker Sogg (page does not exist)">Linda Rocker Sogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Smeal" title="Eleanor Smeal">Eleanor Smeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Utz" title="Carolyn Utz">Carolyn Utz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anita_Smith_Ward&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anita Smith Ward (page does not exist)">Anita Smith Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1989</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Grasselli_Brown" title="Jeanette Grasselli Brown">Jeanette Grasselli Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxine_Carnahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxine Carnahan (page does not exist)">Maxine Carnahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy_Chapman" title="Tracy Chapman">Tracy Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_Mix_Cowles" title="Betsy Mix Cowles">Betsy Mix Cowles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Gazelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ann Gazelle (page does not exist)">Ann Gazelle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michelle_Graves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michelle Graves (page does not exist)">Michelle Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_Harshman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florence Harshman (page does not exist)">Florence Harshman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=June_Hutt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="June Hutt (page does not exist)">June Hutt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geraldine_Jensen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geraldine Jensen (page does not exist)">Geraldine Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Mahoney" title="Carolyn Mahoney">Carolyn Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_James_Myers" title="Linda James Myers">Linda James Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Porter" title="Jennie Porter">Jennie Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diane_Poulton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diane Poulton (page does not exist)">Diane Poulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renee_Powell" title="Renee Powell">Renee Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Spretnak" title="Charlene Spretnak">Charlene Spretnak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlene_Ventura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlene Ventura (page does not exist)">Charlene Ventura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990–1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990–1999</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Gaston" title="Marilyn Gaston">Marilyn Gaston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_Jackson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorothy Jackson (page does not exist)">Dorothy Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luella_Talmadge_Jackson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luella Talmadge Jackson (page does not exist)">Luella Talmadge Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Kalven" title="Janet Kalven">Janet Kalven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosabeth_Moss_Kanter" title="Rosabeth Moss Kanter">Rosabeth Kanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Kuhn" title="Maggie Kuhn">Maggie Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joan_Lamson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joan Lamson (page does not exist)">Joan Lamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Lin" title="Maya Lin">Maya Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Variano_Macko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne Variano Macko (page does not exist)">Anne Variano Macko</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alicia_Mott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alicia Mott (page does not exist)">Alicia Mott</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludel_Sauvageot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludel Sauvageot (page does not exist)">Ludel Sauvageot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fanchon_bat-Lillian_Shur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fanchon bat-Lillian Shur (page does not exist)">Fanchon bat-Lillian Shur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phebe_Temperance_Sutliff" title="Phebe Temperance Sutliff">Phebe Temperance Sutliff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grayce_Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grayce Williams (page does not exist)">Grayce Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Abbott" title="Berenice Abbott">Berenice Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earladeen_Badger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earladeen Badger (page does not exist)">Earladeen Badger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallie_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallie Brown">Hallie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Ann_Davidson" title="Jo Ann Davidson">JoAnn Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raquel_Diaz-Sprague&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raquel Diaz-Sprague (page does not exist)">Raquel Diaz-Sprague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Dove" title="Rita Dove">Rita Dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ignatia_Gavin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Ignatia Gavin">Mary Ignatia Gavin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_J._Harper" title="Sara J. Harper">Sara J. Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donna_Hawk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donna Hawk (page does not exist)">Donna Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=June_Holley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="June Holley (page does not exist)">June Holley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_C._Moore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martha C. Moore (page does not exist)">Martha C. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darlene_Owens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darlene Owens (page does not exist)">Darlene Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_H._Peterson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen H. Peterson (page does not exist)">Helen H. Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Pituch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martha Pituch (page does not exist)">Martha Pituch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yvonne_Pointer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yvonne Pointer (page does not exist)">Yvonne Pointer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Ruehlmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia Ruehlmann (page does not exist)">Virginia Ruehlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Schwarz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josephine Schwarz (page does not exist)">Josephine Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzanne_Timken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suzanne Timken (page does not exist)">Suzanne Timken</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nancy_Vertrone_Bieniek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nancy Vertrone Bieniek (page does not exist)">Nancy Vertrone Bieniek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stella_Marie_Zannoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stella Marie Zannoni (page does not exist)">Stella Marie Zannoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_of_the_Annunciation_Beaumont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary of the Annunciation Beaumont (page does not exist)">Mary of the Annunciation Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoinette_Eaton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoinette Eaton (page does not exist)">Antoinette Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubie_McCullough&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubie McCullough (page does not exist)">Rubie McCullough</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nancy_Oakley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nancy Oakley (page does not exist)">Nancy Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harriet_Parker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harriet Parker (page does not exist)">Harriet Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_Porter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan Porter (page does not exist)">Susan Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Steiner_Rice" title="Helen Steiner Rice">Helen Steiner Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Schille" title="Alice Schille">Alice Schille</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louella_Thompson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louella Thompson (page does not exist)">Louella Thompson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Benson" title="Mildred Benson">Mildred Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Bingham" title="Amelia Bingham">Amelia Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Coffey" title="Virginia Coffey">Virginia Coffey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_Famiano_Colombi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viola Famiano Colombi (page does not exist)">Viola Famiano Colombi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Gunter" title="Ivy Gunter">Ivy Gunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Hamilton" title="Virginia Hamilton">Virginia Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Webb_Hayes" title="Lucy Webb Hayes">Lucy Webb Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Alice_Hintz" title="Joy Alice Hintz">Joy Alice Hintz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Macelwane" title="Geraldine Macelwane">Geraldine Macelwane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_O%27Hare_McCormick" title="Anne O'Hare McCormick">Anne O'Hare McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rena_Olshansky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rena Olshansky (page does not exist)">Rena Olshansky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edna_Pincham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edna Pincham (page does not exist)">Edna Pincham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxine_Plummer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxine Plummer (page does not exist)">Maxine Plummer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Reilly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Reilly (page does not exist)">Jean Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_Riel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pauline Riel (page does not exist)">Pauline Riel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christine_M._Cook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christine M. Cook (page does not exist)">Christine M. Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudia_Coulton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claudia Coulton (page does not exist)">Claudia Coulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Walker_Craig-Jones" title="Ellen Walker Craig-Jones">Ellen Walker Craig-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanette_Ferrall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanette Ferrall (page does not exist)">Nanette Ferrall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jill_Harms_Griesse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jill Harms Griesse (page does not exist)">Jill Harms Griesse</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_Griffith_(journalist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgia Griffith (journalist) (page does not exist)">Georgia Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Melton" title="Florence Melton">Florence Melton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucille_Nussdorfer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucille Nussdorfer (page does not exist)">Lucille Nussdorfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Reece_(photographer)" title="Jane Reece (photographer)">Jane Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Ann_Reynolds" title="Emma Ann Reynolds">Emma Ann Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carol_Scott_(Ohio)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carol Scott (Ohio) (page does not exist)">Carol Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paula_Spence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paula Spence (page does not exist)">Paula Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deanna_Tribe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deanna Tribe (page does not exist)">Deanna Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Beckwith" title="Sandra Beckwith">Sandra Beckwith</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daeida_Hartell_Wilcox_Beveridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daeida Hartell Wilcox Beveridge (page does not exist)">Daeida Hartell Wilcox Beveridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patricia_Ann_Blackmon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patricia Ann Blackmon (page does not exist)">Patricia Ann Blackmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bowermaster" title="Mary Bowermaster">Mary Bowermaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Brennan" title="Christine Brennan">Christine Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joy_Garrison_Cauffman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joy Garrison Cauffman (page does not exist)">Joy Garrison Cauffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunny_Cowan_Clark" title="Bunny Cowan Clark">Bunny Cowan Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_L._Drake" title="Grace L. Drake">Grace L. Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naomi_J._Evans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naomi J. Evans (page does not exist)">Naomi J. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Dana_Gage" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Dana Gage">Frances Dana Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Kirkham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jane Kirkham (page does not exist)">Jane Kirkham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Lewis_(community_activist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sylvia Lewis (community activist) (page does not exist)">Sylvia Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tami_Longaberger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tami Longaberger (page does not exist)">Tami Longaberger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donna_Moon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donna Moon (page does not exist)">Donna Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gratia_Murphy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gratia Murphy (page does not exist)">Gratia Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Robie_Resnick" title="Alice Robie Resnick">Alice Robie Resnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Siebert" title="Muriel Siebert">Muriel Siebert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Cartwright" title="Carol Cartwright">Carol Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liz_Evans_(broadcaster)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liz Evans (broadcaster) (page does not exist)">Elizabeth Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae_Natalie_Prosser_de_Goodall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rae Natalie Prosser de Goodall">Rae Natalie Prosser de Goodall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Hauser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Hauser (page does not exist)">Elizabeth Hauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadine_Healy" title="Bernadine Healy">Bernadine Healy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carol_Kelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carol Kelly (page does not exist)">Carol Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lewis" title="Fannie Lewis">Fannie Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Montgomery" title="Betty Montgomery">Betty Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Taft" class="mw-redirect" title="Hope Taft">Hope Taft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1997</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carol_Ball&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carol Ball (page does not exist)">Carol Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marilyn_Byers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marilyn Byers (page does not exist)">Marilyn Byers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Murrell_Capers" title="Jean Murrell Capers">Jean Murrell Capers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Dorsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martha Dorsey (page does not exist)">Martha Dorsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joan_Heidelberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joan Heidelberg (page does not exist)">Joan Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clarice_Herbert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clarice Herbert (page does not exist)">Clarice Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beatrice_Lampkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beatrice Lampkin (page does not exist)">Beatrice Lampkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquelyn_Mayer" title="Jacquelyn Mayer">Jacquelyn Mayer Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_O%27Rourke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ann O'Rourke (page does not exist)">Ann O'Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beryl_Rothschild&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beryl Rothschild (page does not exist)">Beryl Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thekla_Shackelford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thekla Shackelford (page does not exist)">Thekla Shackelford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marianne_Boggs_Campbell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marianne Boggs Campbell (page does not exist)">Marianne Boggs Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carole_Garrison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carole Garrison (page does not exist)">Carole Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Hollister" title="Nancy Hollister">Nancy Hollister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_J._Jones" title="Stephanie J. Jones">Stephanie J. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bettye_Ruth_Kay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bettye Ruth Kay (page does not exist)">Bettye Ruth Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ross-Lee" title="Barbara Ross-Lee">Barbara Ross-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audrey_Mackiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audrey Mackiewicz (page does not exist)">Audrey Mackiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathy_Palasics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathy Palasics (page does not exist)">Kathy Palasics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Diane_Quinn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret Diane Quinn (page does not exist)">Margaret Diane Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Seiberling" class="mw-redirect" title="Henrietta Seiberling">Henrietta Seiberling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Emily_Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Emily Taylor (page does not exist)">Mary Emily Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Varga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia Varga (page does not exist)">Virginia Varga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacqueline_Woods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacqueline Woods (page does not exist)">Jacqueline Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_L._Zimpher" title="Nancy L. Zimpher">Nancy L. Zimpher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Jo_Behrensmeyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Jo Behrensmeyer (page does not exist)">Mary Jo Behrensmeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvina_Costilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alvina Costilla (page does not exist)">Alvina Costilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Deal" title="Sarah Deal">Sarah Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electra_Doren" class="mw-redirect" title="Electra Doren">Electra Doren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daisy_Flowers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daisy Flowers (page does not exist)">Daisy Flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Glenn" title="Annie Glenn">Annie Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Hamilton_(artist)" title="Ann Hamilton (artist)">Ann Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carole_Hoover&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carole Hoover (page does not exist)">Carole Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheryl_Han_Horn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheryl Han Horn (page does not exist)">Cheryl Han Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carol_Latham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carol Latham (page does not exist)">Carol Latham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nancy_Linenkugel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nancy Linenkugel (page does not exist)">Nancy Linenkugel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Barrett_Marsh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie Barrett Marsh (page does not exist)">Marie Barrett Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marjorie_Parham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marjorie Parham (page does not exist)">Marjorie Parham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Regula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Regula (page does not exist)">Mary Regula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_Lenore_Rubin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lee Lenore Rubin (page does not exist)">Lee Lenore Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Sue_Thornton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerry Sue Thornton (page does not exist)">Jerry Sue Thornton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Voinovich#Personal_life_and_death" title="George Voinovich">Janet Voinovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000–2009" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000–2009</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paige_Palmer-Ashbaugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paige Palmer-Ashbaugh (page does not exist)">Paige Palmer-Ashbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maude_Collins" title="Maude Collins">Maude Charles Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faye_Dambrot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faye Dambrot (page does not exist)">Faye Dambrot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarita_De_Leon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margarita De Leon (page does not exist)">Margarita De Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patricia_Louise_Fletcher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patricia Louise Fletcher (page does not exist)">Patricia Louise Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Patrice_Harrington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Patrice Harrington (page does not exist)">Jean Patrice Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Hoffman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shirley Hoffman (page does not exist)">Shirley Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Kazel" title="Dorothy Kazel">Dorothy Kazel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farah_Majidzadeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farah Majidzadeh (page does not exist)">Farah Majidzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ada_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ada Martin (page does not exist)">Ada Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorle_Porter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorle Porter (page does not exist)">Lorle Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanna_Samaniego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanna Samaniego (page does not exist)">Lanna Samaniego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Walker-Taylor" title="Yvonne Walker-Taylor">Yvonne Walker-Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_W._Wong" title="Margaret W. Wong">Margaret W. Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Zane" title="Betty Zane">Betty Zane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebecca_Boreczky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rebecca Boreczky (page does not exist)">Rebecca Boreczky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Jennings_Casement" title="Frances Jennings Casement">Frances Jennings Casement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_L._Davis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruth L. Davis (page does not exist)">Ruth L. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucille_Ford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucille Ford (page does not exist)">Lucille Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_F._Gray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan F. Gray (page does not exist)">Susan F. Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathleen_V._Harrison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathleen V. Harrison (page does not exist)">Kathleen V. Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adella_Prentiss_Hughes" title="Adella Prentiss Hughes">Adella Prentiss Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_E._Jackson" title="Janet E. Jackson">Janet E. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Kamenshek" title="Dorothy Kamenshek">Dorothy Kamenshek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxine_Levin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxine Levin (page does not exist)">Maxine Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_D._Long" title="Irene D. Long">Irene D. Long</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_MacDonell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martha MacDonell (page does not exist)">Martha MacDonell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Andrew_Matesich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Andrew Matesich (page does not exist)">Mary Andrew Matesich</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Powell_(Reverend_Mother)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Powell (Reverend Mother) (page does not exist)">Elizabeth Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Pryce" title="Deborah Pryce">Deborah Pryce</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Sexton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Sexton (page does not exist)">Maria Sexton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farah_Walters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farah Walters (page does not exist)">Farah Walters</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgeta_Blebea_Washington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgeta Blebea Washington (page does not exist)">Georgeta Blebea Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judy_Barker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judy Barker (page does not exist)">Judy Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Seiberling_Buchholzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frances Seiberling Buchholzer (page does not exist)">Frances Seiberling Buchholzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Brown_Campbell" title="Joan Brown Campbell">Joan Brown Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nancy_Frankenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nancy Frankenberg (page does not exist)">Nancy Frankenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zell_Hart-Deming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zell Hart-Deming (page does not exist)">Zell Hart-Deming</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsie_Helsel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elsie Helsel (page does not exist)">Elsie Helsel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katie_T._Horstman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katie T. Horstman (page does not exist)">Katie T. Horstman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Hwang" title="Jennie Hwang">Jennie Hwang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathy_Monroe_Lewis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cathy Monroe Lewis (page does not exist)">Cathy Monroe Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_Startzman_Robertson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viola Startzman Robertson (page does not exist)">Viola Startzman Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefanie_Spielman" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefanie Spielman">Stefanie Spielman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_D._Sullivan" title="Kathryn D. Sullivan">Kathryn D. Sullivan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheila_G._Bailey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheila G. Bailey (page does not exist)">Sheila G. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeraldyne_Kilborn_Blunden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeraldyne Kilborn Blunden (page does not exist)">Jeraldyne Kilborn Blunden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shannon_K._Carter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shannon K. Carter (page does not exist)">Shannon K. Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luceille_Fleming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luceille Fleming (page does not exist)">Luceille Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_D._Gonz%C3%A1lez-Sanabria" title="Olga D. González-Sanabria">Olga González-Sanabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Janis" title="Elsie Janis">Elsie Janis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_Lenski" title="Lois Lenski">Lois Lenski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Mosley-Thompson" title="Ellen Mosley-Thompson">Ellen Mosley-Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathy_Nelson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cathy Nelson (page does not exist)">Cathy Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evlyn_Gray_Scott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evlyn Gray Scott (page does not exist)">Evlyn Gray Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Williams" title="Yvonne Williams">Yvonne Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Brugler_Rogers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret Brugler Rogers (page does not exist)">Margaret Brugler Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Chatfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julia Chatfield (page does not exist)">Julia Chatfield</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucille_Hastings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucille Hastings (page does not exist)">Lucille Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lillie_Howard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lillie Howard (page does not exist)">Lillie Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Ann_Jorgenson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Ann Jorgenson (page does not exist)">Mary Ann Jorgenson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joyce_%22Snowfeather%22_Mahaney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joyce "Snowfeather" Mahaney (page does not exist)">Joyce "Snowfeather" Mahaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozella_M._Schlotfeldt" title="Rozella M. Schlotfeldt">Rozella M. Schlotfeldt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katherine_May_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katherine May Smith (page does not exist)">Katherine May Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_Wang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florence Wang (page does not exist)">Florence Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_Baunach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorothy Baunach (page does not exist)">Dorothy Baunach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carrie_Nelson_Black&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carrie Nelson Black (page does not exist)">Carrie Black</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caro_Bosca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caro Bosca (page does not exist)">Caro Bosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvette_McGee_Brown" title="Yvette McGee Brown">Yvette McGee Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loann_Crane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loann Crane (page does not exist)">Loann Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joan_Durgin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joan Durgin (page does not exist)">Joan Durgin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carol_Gibbs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carol Gibbs (page does not exist)">Carol Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billie_Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Billie Johnson (page does not exist)">Billie Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jih-Fen_Lei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jih-Fen Lei (page does not exist)">Jih-Fen Lei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Stewart_Magee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Stewart Magee (page does not exist)">Elizabeth Stewart Magee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasturi_Rajadhyaksha" title="Kasturi Rajadhyaksha">Kasturi Rajadhyaksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Salamon" title="Julie Salamon">Julie Salamon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michele_G._Wheatly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michele G. Wheatly (page does not exist)">Michele G. Wheatly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gail_Collins" title="Gail Collins">Gail Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_B._Davis" title="Pamela B. Davis">Pamela B. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_de_Groh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim de Groh (page does not exist)">Kim de Groh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beverly_J._Gray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beverly J. Gray (page does not exist)">Beverly J. Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharon_Howard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sharon Howard (page does not exist)">Sharon Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carol_Kuhre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carol Kuhre (page does not exist)">Carol Kuhre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Manning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia Manning (page does not exist)">Virginia Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Moss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen Moss (page does not exist)">Helen Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judith_Rycus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judith Rycus (page does not exist)">Judith Rycus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Adelaide_Sandusky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Adelaide Sandusky (page does not exist)">Mary Adelaide Sandusky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glenna_Watson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glenna Watson (page does not exist)">Glenna Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernett_Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernett Williams (page does not exist)">Bernett Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celia_Williamson" title="Celia Williamson">Celia Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010–2019" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010–2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvarene_Owens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alvarene Owens (page does not exist)">Alvarene Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gayle_Channing_Tenenbaum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gayle Channing Tenenbaum (page does not exist)">Gayle Channing Tenenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Maguire" title="Dorothy Maguire">Dorothy Maguire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Fergus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara Fergus (page does not exist)">Barbara Fergus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merle_G._Kearns" title="Merle G. Kearns">Merle G. Kearns</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebecca_J._Lee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rebecca J. Lee (page does not exist)">Rebecca J. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_McClelland" title="Nina McClelland">Nina McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lana_Moresky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lana Moresky (page does not exist)">Lana Moresky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Potter_Otto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martha Potter Otto (page does not exist)">Martha Potter Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ruppert" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Ruppert">Elizabeth Ruppert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rita_Singh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rita Singh (page does not exist)">Rita Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheryl_A._Boyce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheryl A. Boyce (page does not exist)">Cheryl A. Boyce</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_H._Flick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth H. Flick (page does not exist)">Elizabeth H. Flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Harper" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Harper">Frances Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Hollis" title="Brenda Hollis">Brenda Hollis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_C._Juhas" title="Mary C. Juhas">Mary C. Juhas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kleia_R._Luckner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kleia R. Luckner (page does not exist)">Kleia R. Luckner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valerie_J._Lyons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valerie J. Lyons (page does not exist)">Valerie J. Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linda_S._Noelker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linda S. Noelker (page does not exist)">Linda S. Noelker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carrie_Vonderhaar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carrie Vonderhaar (page does not exist)">Carrie Vonderhaar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Template:Pulitzer Prize for Fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Template talk:Pulitzer Prize for Fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pulitzer Prize for Fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Previously the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel from 1917–1947</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1918–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Family" title="His Family">His Family</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Poole" title="Ernest Poole">Ernest Poole</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magnificent_Ambersons" title="The Magnificent Ambersons">The Magnificent Ambersons</a> by <a href="/wiki/Booth_Tarkington" title="Booth Tarkington">Booth Tarkington</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence" title="The Age of Innocence">The Age of Innocence</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Adams_(novel)" title="Alice Adams (novel)">Alice Adams</a> by <a href="/wiki/Booth_Tarkington" title="Booth Tarkington">Booth Tarkington</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_of_Ours" title="One of Ours">One of Ours</a> by <a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Able_McLaughlins" title="The Able McLaughlins">The Able McLaughlins</a> by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wilson_(novelist)" title="Margaret Wilson (novelist)">Margaret Wilson</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/So_Big_(novel)" title="So Big (novel)">So Big</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edna_Ferber" title="Edna Ferber">Edna Ferber</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1110" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1101" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowsmith_(novel)" title="Arrowsmith (novel)">Arrowsmith</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a> (1926; declined)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Autumn" title="Early Autumn">Early Autumn</a> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bromfield" title="Louis Bromfield">Louis Bromfield</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_of_San_Luis_Rey" title="The Bridge of San Luis Rey">The Bridge of San Luis Rey</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Thornton Wilder</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_Sister_Mary" title="Scarlet Sister Mary">Scarlet Sister Mary</a> by <a href="/wiki/Julia_Peterkin" title="Julia Peterkin">Julia Peterkin</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laughing_Boy_(novel)" title="Laughing Boy (novel)">Laughing Boy</a> by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_La_Farge" title="Oliver La Farge">Oliver La Farge</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Grace" title="Years of Grace">Years of Grace</a> by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Ayer_Barnes" title="Margaret Ayer Barnes">Margaret Ayer Barnes</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Earth" title="The Good Earth">The Good Earth</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Store_(novel)" title="The Store (novel)">The Store</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sigismund_Stribling" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Sigismund Stribling">Thomas Sigismund Stribling</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_in_His_Bosom" title="Lamb in His Bosom">Lamb in His Bosom</a> by <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Pafford_Miller" title="Caroline Pafford Miller">Caroline Pafford Miller</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now_in_November" title="Now in November">Now in November</a> by <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Johnson" title="Josephine Johnson">Josephine Winslow Johnson</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_in_the_Horn" title="Honey in the Horn">Honey in the Horn</a> by <a href="/wiki/H._L._Davis" title="H. L. Davis">Harold L. Davis</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(novel)" title="Gone with the Wind (novel)">Gone with the Wind</a> by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mitchell" title="Margaret Mitchell">Margaret Mitchell</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Late_George_Apley" title="The Late George Apley">The Late George Apley</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_P._Marquand" title="John P. Marquand">John Phillips Marquand</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Yearling" title="The Yearling">The Yearling</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Kinnan_Rawlings" title="Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings">Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath" title="The Grapes of Wrath">The Grapes of Wrath</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_This_Our_Life_(novel)" title="In This Our Life (novel)">In This Our Life</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Glasgow" title="Ellen Glasgow">Ellen Glasgow</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_Teeth_(novel)" title="Dragon's Teeth (novel)">Dragon's Teeth</a> by <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_in_the_Dark" title="Journey in the Dark">Journey in the Dark</a> by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Flavin" title="Martin Flavin">Martin Flavin</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Bell_for_Adano_(novel)" title="A Bell for Adano (novel)">A Bell for Adano</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Hersey" title="John Hersey">John Hersey</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_King%27s_Men" title="All the King's Men">All the King's Men</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Penn_Warren" title="Robert Penn Warren">Robert Penn Warren</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_the_South_Pacific" title="Tales of the South Pacific">Tales of the South Pacific</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_A._Michener" title="James A. Michener">James A. Michener</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_of_Honor" title="Guard of Honor">Guard of Honor</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Gould_Cozzens" title="James Gould Cozzens">James Gould Cozzens</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_West" title="The Way West">The Way West</a> by <a href="/wiki/A._B._Guthrie_Jr." title="A. B. Guthrie Jr.">A. B. Guthrie Jr.</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Town_(Richter_novel)" title="The Town (Richter novel)">The Town</a> by <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Richter" title="Conrad Richter">Conrad Richter</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caine_Mutiny" title="The Caine Mutiny">The Caine Mutiny</a> by <a href="/wiki/Herman_Wouk" title="Herman Wouk">Herman Wouk</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea" title="The Old Man and the Sea">The Old Man and the Sea</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Fable" title="A Fable">A Fable</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andersonville_(novel)" title="Andersonville (novel)">Andersonville</a> by <a href="/wiki/MacKinlay_Kantor" title="MacKinlay Kantor">MacKinlay Kantor</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Death_in_the_Family" title="A Death in the Family">A Death in the Family</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Agee" title="James Agee">James Agee</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Jaimie_McPheeters" title="The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters">The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lewis_Taylor" title="Robert Lewis Taylor">Robert Lewis Taylor</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advise_and_Consent" title="Advise and Consent">Advise and Consent</a> by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Drury" title="Allen Drury">Allen Drury</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Kill_a_Mockingbird" title="To Kill a Mockingbird">To Kill a Mockingbird</a> by <a href="/wiki/Harper_Lee" title="Harper Lee">Harper Lee</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Edge_of_Sadness" title="The Edge of Sadness">The Edge of Sadness</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_O%27Connor" title="Edwin O'Connor">Edwin O'Connor</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reivers" title="The Reivers">The Reivers</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Keepers_of_the_House" title="The Keepers of the House">The Keepers of the House</a> by <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Grau" title="Shirley Ann Grau">Shirley Ann Grau</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Stories_of_Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter">The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter</a> by <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Katherine Anne Porter</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fixer_(novel)" title="The Fixer (novel)">The Fixer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Malamud" title="Bernard Malamud">Bernard Malamud</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Nat_Turner" title="The Confessions of Nat Turner">The Confessions of Nat Turner</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron">William Styron</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Made_of_Dawn" title="House Made of Dawn">House Made of Dawn</a> by <a href="/wiki/N._Scott_Momaday" title="N. Scott Momaday">N. Scott Momaday</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Stories_of_Jean_Stafford" title="The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford">The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Stafford" title="Jean Stafford">Jean Stafford</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_Repose" title="Angle of Repose">Angle of Repose</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stegner" title="Wallace Stegner">Wallace Stegner</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Optimist%27s_Daughter" title="The Optimist's Daughter">The Optimist's Daughter</a> by <a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">No award given</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Killer_Angels" title="The Killer Angels">The Killer Angels</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shaara" title="Michael Shaara">Michael Shaara</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt%27s_Gift" title="Humboldt's Gift">Humboldt's Gift</a> by <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_River_Runs_Through_It_(novel)#Pulitzer_Prize" title="A River Runs Through It (novel)">No award given</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_Room_(short_story_collection)" title="Elbow Room (short story collection)">Elbow Room</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Alan_McPherson" title="James Alan McPherson">James Alan McPherson</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stories_of_John_Cheever" title="The Stories of John Cheever">The Stories of John Cheever</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Cheever" title="John Cheever">John Cheever</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Executioner%27s_Song" title="The Executioner's Song">The Executioner's Song</a> by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Confederacy_of_Dunces" title="A Confederacy of Dunces">A Confederacy of Dunces</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Kennedy_Toole" title="John Kennedy Toole">John Kennedy Toole</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_Is_Rich" title="Rabbit Is Rich">Rabbit Is Rich</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Color_Purple" title="The Color Purple">The Color Purple</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alice_Walker" title="Alice Walker">Alice Walker</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironweed_(novel)" title="Ironweed (novel)">Ironweed</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(author)" title="William Kennedy (author)">William Kennedy</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_(novel)" title="Foreign Affairs (novel)">Foreign Affairs</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alison_Lurie" title="Alison Lurie">Alison Lurie</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonesome_Dove" title="Lonesome Dove">Lonesome Dove</a> by <a href="/wiki/Larry_McMurtry" title="Larry McMurtry">Larry McMurtry</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Summons_to_Memphis" title="A Summons to Memphis">A Summons to Memphis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Matthew_Hillsman_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Matthew Hillsman Taylor">Peter Taylor</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beloved_(novel)" title="Beloved (novel)">Beloved</a> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toni Morrison</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_Lessons" title="Breathing Lessons">Breathing Lessons</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Tyler" title="Anne Tyler">Anne Tyler</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mambo_Kings_Play_Songs_of_Love" title="The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love">The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love</a> by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hijuelos" title="Oscar Hijuelos">Oscar Hijuelos</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_at_Rest" title="Rabbit at Rest">Rabbit at Rest</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Thousand_Acres" title="A Thousand Acres">A Thousand Acres</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Smiley" title="Jane Smiley">Jane Smiley</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Good_Scent_from_a_Strange_Mountain" title="A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain">A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Olen_Butler" title="Robert Olen Butler">Robert Olen Butler</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shipping_News" title="The Shipping News">The Shipping News</a> by <a href="/wiki/Annie_Proulx" title="Annie Proulx">E. Annie Proulx</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stone_Diaries" title="The Stone Diaries">The Stone Diaries</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carol_Shields" title="Carol Shields">Carol Shields</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Ford_novel)" title="Independence Day (Ford novel)">Independence Day</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ford" title="Richard Ford">Richard Ford</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Dressler:_The_Tale_of_an_American_Dreamer" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer">Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Millhauser" title="Steven Millhauser">Steven Millhauser</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Pastoral" title="American Pastoral">American Pastoral</a> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hours_(novel)" title="The Hours (novel)">The Hours</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cunningham" title="Michael Cunningham">Michael Cunningham</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_of_Maladies" title="Interpreter of Maladies">Interpreter of Maladies</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jhumpa_Lahiri" title="Jhumpa Lahiri">Jhumpa Lahiri</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Adventures_of_Kavalier_%26_Clay" title="The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay">The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chabon" title="Michael Chabon">Michael Chabon</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Falls" title="Empire Falls">Empire Falls</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Russo" title="Richard Russo">Richard Russo</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_(novel)" title="Middlesex (novel)">Middlesex</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Eugenides" title="Jeffrey Eugenides">Jeffrey Eugenides</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Known_World" title="The Known World">The Known World</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Jones" title="Edward P. Jones">Edward P. Jones</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilead_(novel)" title="Gilead (novel)">Gilead</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marilynne_Robinson" title="Marilynne Robinson">Marilynne Robinson</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_(novel)" title="March (novel)">March</a> by <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Brooks_(writer)" title="Geraldine Brooks (writer)">Geraldine Brooks</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road" title="The Road">The Road</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy" title="Cormac McCarthy">Cormac McCarthy</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Brief_Wondrous_Life_of_Oscar_Wao" title="The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao">The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao</a> by <a href="/wiki/Junot_D%C3%ADaz" title="Junot Díaz">Junot Díaz</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Kitteridge" title="Olive Kitteridge">Olive Kitteridge</a> by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Strout" title="Elizabeth Strout">Elizabeth Strout</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinkers_(novel)" title="Tinkers (novel)">Tinkers</a> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Harding_(author)" title="Paul Harding (author)">Paul Harding</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_the_Goon_Squad" title="A Visit from the Goon Squad">A Visit from the Goon Squad</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Egan" title="Jennifer Egan">Jennifer Egan</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Pulitzer_Prize" title="2012 Pulitzer Prize">No award given</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Orphan_Master%27s_Son" title="The Orphan Master's Son">The Orphan Master's Son</a> by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Johnson_(writer)" title="Adam Johnson (writer)">Adam Johnson</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Goldfinch_(novel)" title="The Goldfinch (novel)">The Goldfinch</a> by <a href="/wiki/Donna_Tartt" title="Donna Tartt">Donna Tartt</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_Light_We_Cannot_See" title="All the Light We Cannot See">All the Light We Cannot See</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Doerr" title="Anthony Doerr">Anthony Doerr</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sympathizer" title="The Sympathizer">The Sympathizer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Viet_Thanh_Nguyen" title="Viet Thanh Nguyen">Viet Thanh Nguyen</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(novel)" title="The Underground Railroad (novel)">The Underground Railroad</a> by <a href="/wiki/Colson_Whitehead" title="Colson Whitehead">Colson Whitehead</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Less_(novel)" title="Less (novel)">Less</a> by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sean_Greer" title="Andrew Sean Greer">Andrew Sean Greer</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Overstory" title="The Overstory">The Overstory</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Powers" title="Richard Powers">Richard Powers</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nickel_Boys" title="The Nickel Boys">The Nickel Boys</a> by <a href="/wiki/Colson_Whitehead" title="Colson Whitehead">Colson Whitehead</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Night_Watchman_(novel)" title="The Night Watchman (novel)">The Night Watchman</a> by <a href="/wiki/Louise_Erdrich" title="Louise Erdrich">Louise Erdrich</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Netanyahus" title="The Netanyahus">The Netanyahus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Cohen_(writer)" title="Joshua Cohen (writer)">Joshua Cohen</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon_Copperhead" title="Demon Copperhead">Demon Copperhead</a> by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kingsolver" title="Barbara Kingsolver">Barbara Kingsolver</a> / <a href="/wiki/Trust_(novel)" title="Trust (novel)">Trust</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hernan_Diaz_(writer)" title="Hernan Diaz (writer)">Hernan Diaz</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Watch_(Phillips_novel)" title="Night Watch (Phillips novel)">Night Watch</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jayne_Anne_Phillips" title="Jayne Anne Phillips">Jayne Anne Phillips</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72334#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72334#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368636040">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121037927">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/109406177">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/62028/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJymvHmTFRDGy9C8fFx7HC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118911627">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80131379">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120171656">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120171656">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00450600">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV072007">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35364206">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20010082967&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02006609?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6d1da69e-4274-4e5c-a975-89b2601358ac">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/artists/toni-morrison/5536">Grammy Awards</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/926478">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118911627.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118911627">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029364361">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sv8gt5">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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[\"CITEREFJeffers2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoy2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKachka2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennicott2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKikta2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKottiswara2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawson1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeaCain2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMangan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaslin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathieson1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatus1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDowell1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenand2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrison1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrison2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrison2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrison2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMote1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNichols2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Keeffe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOV_Digital_Desk2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatterson2013\"] = 1,\n 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