Planetary Physical Parameters

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class="fixed-content-margin"></div> </div>  <div id="main_content" tabindex="-1" class="container-fluid hide-tabindex">   <noscript> <div class="alert alert-danger"> <h4>Please enable JavaScript for this website.</h4> <p> This website makes extensive use of JavaScript. The top menus will not function without it and most tools will also not work. </p> <p> If you do not know how to enable JavaScript in your web browser, you should be able find instructions by searching the web for "enable javascript in my browser" (or similar). </p> </div> </noscript> <h1 class="no-top-margin">Planetary Physical Parameters</h1> <p>The following tables contain selected physical characteristics of the planets and dwarf planets, respectively. Table <a href="#legend">column headings</a> are described below.</p> <table class="planet-phys-par"> <thead> <tr> <th> <br>Planet</th> <th class="text-nowrap text-center" >Equatorial<br>Radius</th> <th class="text-nowrap text-center" >Mean<br>Radius</th> <th class="text-nowrap text-center" > <br>Mass</th> <th class="text-nowrap text-center" >Bulk<br>Density</th> <th class="text-nowrap text-center" >Sidereal<br>Rotation Period</th> <th class="text-nowrap text-center" >Sidereal<br>Orbital Period</th> <th class="text-nowrap text-center" > <br>V(1,0)</th> <th class="text-nowrap text-center" >Geometric<br>Albedo</th> <th class="text-nowrap text-center" >Equatorial<br>Gravity</th> <th class="text-nowrap text-center" >Escape<br>Velocity</th> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-center" > (km) </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-center" > (km) </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-center" > (×10<sup>24</sup> kg) </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-center" > (g cm<sup>-3</sup>) </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-center" > (d) </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-center" > (y) </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-center" > (mag) </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-center" >   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-center" > (m s<sup>-2</sup>) </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-center" > (km s<sup>-1</sup>) </td> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>Mercury</b></td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 2440.53 [<a href="#refs">D</a>] <br> ±0.04     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 2439.4 [<a href="#refs">D</a>] <br> ±0.1     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.330103 [<a href="#refs">F</a>] <br> ±0.000021     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 5.4289 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br> ±0.0007     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 58.6462 [<a href="#refs">C</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.2408467 [<a href="#refs">B</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> -0.60 [<a href="#refs">E</a>] <br> ±0.10     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.106 [<a href="#refs">B</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 3.70 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 4.25 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Venus</b></td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 6051.8 [<a href="#refs">D</a>] <br> ±1.0     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 6051.8 [<a href="#refs">D</a>] <br> ±1.0     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 4.86731 [<a href="#refs">G</a>] <br> ±0.00023     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 5.243 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br> ±0.003     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> -243.018 [<a href="#refs">C</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.61519726 [<a href="#refs">B</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> -4.47 [<a href="#refs">E</a>] <br> ±0.07     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.65 [<a href="#refs">B</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 8.87 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 10.36 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Earth</b></td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 6378.1366 [<a href="#refs">D</a>] <br> ±0.0001     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 6371.0084 [<a href="#refs">D</a>] <br> ±0.0001     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 5.97217 [<a href="#refs">H</a>] <br> ±0.00028     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 5.5134 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br> ±0.0003     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.99726968 [<a href="#refs">B</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 1.0000174 [<a href="#refs">B</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> -3.86 [<a href="#refs">B</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.367 [<a href="#refs">B</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 9.80 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 11.19 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Mars</b></td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 3396.19 [<a href="#refs">D</a>] <br> ±0.1     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 3389.50 [<a href="#refs">D</a>] <br> ±0.2     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.641691 [<a href="#refs">I</a>] <br> ±0.000030     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 3.9340 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br> ±0.0007     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 1.02595676 [<a href="#refs">C</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 1.8808476 [<a href="#refs">B</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> -1.52 [<a href="#refs">B</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.150 [<a href="#refs">B</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 3.71 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 5.03 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Jupiter</b></td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 71492 [<a href="#refs">D</a>] <br> ±4     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 69911 [<a href="#refs">D</a>] <br> ±6     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 1898.125 [<a href="#refs">J</a>] <br> ±0.088     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 1.3262 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br> ±0.0003     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.41354 [<a href="#refs">C</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 11.862615 [<a href="#refs">B</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> -9.40 [<a href="#refs">B</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.52 [<a href="#refs">B</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 24.79 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 60.20 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Saturn</b></td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 60268 [<a href="#refs">D</a>] <br> ±4     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 58232 [<a href="#refs">D</a>] <br> ±6     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 568.317 [<a href="#refs">K</a>] <br> ±0.026     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.6871 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br> ±0.0002     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.44401 [<a href="#refs">C</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 29.447498 [<a href="#refs">B</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> -8.88 [<a href="#refs">B</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.47 [<a href="#refs">B</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 10.44 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 36.09 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Uranus</b></td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 25559 [<a href="#refs">D</a>] <br> ±4     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 25362 [<a href="#refs">D</a>] <br> ±7     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 86.8099 [<a href="#refs">L</a>] <br> ±0.0040     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 1.270 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br> ±0.001     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> -0.71833 [<a href="#refs">C</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 84.016846 [<a href="#refs">B</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> -7.19 [<a href="#refs">B</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.51 [<a href="#refs">B</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 8.87 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 21.38 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Neptune</b></td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 24764 [<a href="#refs">D</a>] <br> ±15     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 24622 [<a href="#refs">D</a>] <br> ±19     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 102.4092 [<a href="#refs">M</a>] <br> ±0.0048     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 1.638 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br> ±0.004     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.67125 [<a href="#refs">C</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 164.79132 [<a href="#refs">B</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> -6.87 [<a href="#refs">B</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.41 [<a href="#refs">B</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 11.15 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 23.56 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> </tr> <tbody> </table> <table class="planet-phys-par space-above"> <thead> <tr> <th>Dwarf<br>Planet</th> <th class="text-nowrap text-center" >Equatorial<br>Radius</th> <th class="text-nowrap text-center" >Mean<br>Radius</th> <th class="text-nowrap text-center" > <br>Mass</th> <th class="text-nowrap text-center" >Bulk<br>Density</th> <th class="text-nowrap text-center" >Sidereal<br>Rotation Period</th> <th class="text-nowrap text-center" >Sidereal<br>Orbital Period</th> <th class="text-nowrap text-center" > <br>V(1,0)</th> <th class="text-nowrap text-center" >Geometric<br>Albedo</th> <th class="text-nowrap text-center" >Equatorial<br>Gravity</th> <th class="text-nowrap text-center" >Escape<br>Velocity</th> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-center" > (km) </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-center" > (km) </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-center" > (×10<sup>18</sup> kg) </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-center" > (g cm<sup>-3</sup>) </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-center" > (d) </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-center" > (y) </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-center" > (mag) </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-center" >   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-center" > (m s<sup>-2</sup>) </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-center" > (km s<sup>-1</sup>) </td> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>Ceres</b></td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 482.1 [<a href="#refs">O</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 469.7 [<a href="#refs">O</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 938.416 [<a href="#refs">O</a>] <br> ±0.013     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 2.162 [<a href="#refs">O</a>] <br> ±0.008     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.37809042 [<a href="#refs">Q</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 4.61 [<a href="#refs">Q</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 3.34 [<a href="#refs">R</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.090 [<a href="#refs">P</a>] <br> ±0.003     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.27 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.51 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Pluto</b></td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 1188.3 [<a href="#refs">D</a>] <br> ±1.6     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 1188.3 [<a href="#refs">D</a>] <br> ±1.6     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 13029. [<a href="#refs">N</a>] <br> ±27     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 1.85 [<a href="#refs">N</a>] <br> ±0.06     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> -6.3872 [<a href="#refs">C</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 247.92065 [<a href="#refs">B</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> -1.0 [<a href="#refs">Q</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.3 [<a href="#refs">B</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.62 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 1.21 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Eris</b></td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 1200 [<a href="#refs">S</a>] <br> ±50     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 1200 [<a href="#refs">S</a>] <br> ±50     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 16600 [<a href="#refs">S</a>] <br> ±200     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 2.3 [<a href="#refs">S</a>] <br> ±0.3     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 1.079 [<a href="#refs">Y</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 557.56 [<a href="#refs">Q</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> -1.1 [<a href="#refs">Q</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.84 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.77 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 1.36 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Makemake</b></td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 717 [<a href="#refs">T</a>] <br> ±7     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 714 [<a href="#refs">T</a>] <br> ±7     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 3100 [<a href="#refs">U</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 2.1 [<a href="#refs">U</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.937 [<a href="#refs">Q</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 307.54 [<a href="#refs">Q</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> -0.2 [<a href="#refs">Q</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.81 [<a href="#refs">T</a>] <br> ±0.02     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.40 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.76 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Haumea</b></td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 870 [<a href="#refs">W</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 715 [<a href="#refs">W</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 4006 [<a href="#refs">V</a>] <br> ±40     </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 2.6 [<a href="#refs">W</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.1631 [<a href="#refs">X</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 284.81 [<a href="#refs">Q</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.2 [<a href="#refs">Q</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.72 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.35 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> <td class="text-nowrap text-right value-sigma-cell"> 0.78 [<a href="#refs">*</a>] <br>   </td> </tr> <tbody> </table> <a id="legend" class="anchor"></a> <div class="panel panel-default space-above"> <div class="panel-heading"> <h3 class="panel-title">Table Column Descriptions</h3> </div> <div class="panel-body horiz-scroll"> <table class="legend table-hover table-striped"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Equatorial Radius</th> <td>Radius of the planet at the equator.</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Mean Radius</th> <td>Radius of a sphere with the equivalent volume of the planet.</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Mass</th> <td>Total mass of the planet.</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Bulk Density</th> <td>Density computed using the total volume and mass of the planet.</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Sidereal Rotation Period</th> <td>Time required for a full rotation of the planet relate to fixed stars.</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Sidereal Orbital Period</th> <td>Time required for the planet to make one complete orbit around the sun relative to fixed stars.</td> </tr> <tr> <th>V(1,0)</th> <td>The visual magitude of the planet as seen at a distance of 1 au from both the Sun and observer.</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Geometric Albedo</th> <td>See <a href="/glossary/albedo.html">glossary definition of albedo</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Equatorial Gravity</th> <td>The gravitational acceleration on the planet's surface at the equator.</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Escape Velocity</th> <td>The minimum velocity required for an object to escape the gravitational influence of the planet.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <a id="refs" class="anchor"></a> <h3>References</h3> <p><span class="planet-phys-par-ref">[*]</span> <i>Value and uncertainty derived from other referenced values and uncertainties in this table</i>. Bulk Density computed based on the volume of a sphere with the published mean radius. </p> <p><span class="planet-phys-par-ref">[B]</span> <i>Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac</i>. 1992. K. P. Seidelmann, Ed., p.706 (Table 15.8) and p.316 (Table 5.8.1), University Science Books, Mill Valley, California. </p> <p><span class="planet-phys-par-ref">[C]</span> Seidelmann, P.K. et al. 2007. "Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006" <i>Celestial Mech. Dyn. Astr.</i> <b>98</b>:155-180. </p> <p><span class="planet-phys-par-ref">[D]</span> Archinal, B.A. et al. 2018. "Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2015" <i>Celestial Mech. Dyn. Astr.</i> <b>130</b>:22. </p> <p><span class="planet-phys-par-ref">[E]</span> Hilton, J.L. 2005. "Improving the Visual Magnitudes of the Planets in <i>The Astronomical Almanac.</i> I. Mercury and Venus" <i>Astron. J</i> <b>129</b>:2902-2906. </p> <p><span class="planet-phys-par-ref">[F]</span> Anderson, J.D., et al. 1987. "The mass, gravity field, and ephemeris of Mercury" <i>Icarus</i> <b>71</b>:337-349. </p> <p><span class="planet-phys-par-ref">[G]</span> Konopliv, A.S., et al. 1999. "Venus gravity: 180th degree and order model" <i>Icarus</i> <b>139</b>:3-18. </p> <p><span class="planet-phys-par-ref">[H]</span> Folkner, W.M. and Williams, J.G. 2008. "Mass parameters and uncertainties in planetary ephemeris DE421." Interoffice Memo. 343R-08-004 (internal document), Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA. </p> <p><span class="planet-phys-par-ref">[I]</span> Jacobson, R.A. 2008. "Ephemerides of the Martian Satellites - MAR080" Interoffice Memo. 343R-08-006 (internal document), Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA. </p> <p><span class="planet-phys-par-ref">[J]</span> Jacobson, R.A. 2013. "Jovian Satellite ephemeris - JUP310" private communication. </p> <p><span class="planet-phys-par-ref">[K]</span> Jacobson, R.A., et al. 2006. "The gravity field of the Saturnian system from satellite observations and spacecraft tracking data" <i>AJ</i> <b>132</b>(6):2520-2526. </p> <p><span class="planet-phys-par-ref">[L]</span> Jacobson, R.A. 2014. "The Orbits of the Uranian Satellites and Rings, the Gravity Field of the Uranian System, and the Orientation of the Pole of Uranus" <i>AJ</i> <b>148</b>:76-88. </p> <p><span class="planet-phys-par-ref">[M]</span> Jacobson, R.A. 2009. "The orbits of the Neptunian satellites and the orientation of the pole of Neptune" <i>AJ</i> <b>137</b>:4322. </p> <p><span class="planet-phys-par-ref">[N]</span> Brozovic, M. et al. 2015. "The orbits and masses of satellites of Pluto" <i>Icarus</i> <b>246</b>:317-329. </p> <p><span class="planet-phys-par-ref">[O]</span> R.S. Park, et al. (2016) "A partially differentiated interior for (1) Ceres deduced from its gravity field and shape" <i>Nature</i> <b>537</b>:515-517 </p> <p><span class="planet-phys-par-ref">[P]</span> Li et al. (2006) <i>Icarus</i> <b>182</b>143-160 </p> <p><span class="planet-phys-par-ref">[Q]</span> JPL Small-Body Database. 2019. </p> <p><span class="planet-phys-par-ref">[R]</span> IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0 </p> <p><span class="planet-phys-par-ref">[S]</span> Brown, Michael E.; Schaller, Emily L. (2007) <i>Science</i> <b>316</b>:1585. </p> <p><span class="planet-phys-par-ref">[T]</span> Brown, Michael E. (2013) <i>ApJ</i> <b>767</b>, article id. L7. </p> <p><span class="planet-phys-par-ref">[U]</span> Parker, Alex et al. (2018) DPS meeting# 50 id. 509.02. </p> <p><span class="planet-phys-par-ref">[V]</span> Ragozzine, D.; Brown, M. E. (2009) <i>AJ</i> <b>137</b>:4766-4776. </p> <p><span class="planet-phys-par-ref">[W]</span> Lockwood, Alexandra C.; Brown, Michael E.; Stansberry, John. (2014) <i>Earth, Moon, Planets</i> <b>111</b>:127-137. </p> <p><span class="planet-phys-par-ref">[X]</span> Ortiz, J.L.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Sicardy, B.; Benedetti-Rossi, G.; et al. (2017) <i>Nature</i> <b>550</b>:219-223. </p> <p><span class="planet-phys-par-ref">[Y]</span> Roe, H. G.; Pike, R.E.; Brown, M.E. (2008) <i>Icarus</i> <b>198</b>:459-464. </p> <h3>Change Log</h3> <h5>2019-Dec-12</h5> <p class="indent">A second table for dwarf planets was added. Mass values were updated from current estimates of GM (referenced above). The value of G (Newtonian gravitational constant) was taken from the current best estimate (CODATA 2018) available from the <a href="http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?bg" target="_blank">NIST website</a>, <span class="text-nowrap">G=6.67430 (±0.00015) × 10<sup>-11</sup> kg<sup>-1</sup> m<sup>3</sup> s<sup>-2</sup></span>. </p> <h5>2018-Mar-28</h5> <p class="indent">Mass values were updated from current estimates of GM (referenced above). The value of G (Newtonian gravitational constant) was taken from the current best estimate (CODATA 2014) available from the <a href="http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?bg" target="_blank">NIST website</a>, <span class="text-nowrap">G=6.67408 (±0.00031) × 10<sup>-11</sup> kg<sup>-1</sup> m<sup>3</sup> s<sup>-2</sup></span>. Bulk density values (and uncertainties) were computed based on updated mass values and computed volumes (based on a sphere of the published mean radius). Equatorial surface gravity values were computed from updated mass and equatorial radius values. Escape velocities were also updated based on computed values using updated masses and mean radii. </p> <h5>2008-Nov-05</h5> <p class="indent">Mass values were updated from current estimates of GM (referenced above). The value of G (Newtonian gravitational constant) was taken from the current best estimate (CODATA 2006) available from the <a href="http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html" target="_blank">NIST website</a>, <span class="text-nowrap">G=6.67428 (±0.00067) × 10<sup>-11</sup> kg<sup>-1</sup> m<sup>3</sup> s<sup>-2</sup></span>. Mean radius values were added. Bulk density values (and uncertainties) were computed based on updated mass values and computed volumes (based on a sphere of the published mean radius). Equatorial surface gravity values were computed from updated mass and equatorial radius values. Escape velocities were also updated based on computed values using updated masses and mean radii. </p> <h5>2008-Oct-24</h5> <p class="indent">Sidereal rotation periods were updated using improved values from the "Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006" published in 2007. Rotation rates were significantly improved for Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Visual magnitude parameter V(1,0) values were improved for Mercury and Venus using reference [E] listed above. </p> <h5>2006-Mar-14</h5> <p class="indent">A previous reference ("Astrometric and Geodetic Properties of Earth and the Solar System" in Global Earth Physics, A Handbook of Physical Constants, AGU Reference Shelf 1, 1995, American Geophysical Union, Tables 6,7,10.) had a few erroneous values. Those values have been replaced using data from the current reference list. </p> <h5>2002-Nov-22</h5> <p class="indent">Pluto's mass and density were updated using a more current reference. It should be noted that Pluto's radius ranges from about 1150 to 1206 km in the literature. </p> <h5>2001-May-22</h5> <p class="indent">Sidereal orbit period data were corrected. Previous values were taken from p.704 in reference [B] where they were incorrectly labeled as Sidereal instead of Tropical. The corrected values are derived from the mean longitude rates shown in Table 5.8.1 in reference [B]. </p>  <div id="footer" class="container-fluid footer"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-5 col-xs-12"> <img class="ssd-logo" src="/images/ssd_logo.png" alt="SSD Logo" /> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 col-xs-12"> <div class="link-inv"> <a href="/sitemap.html"><i class="fa-fw fa fa-list-alt"></i> Site Map</a> </div> <div class="link-inv"> <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/caltechjpl-privacy-policies-and-important-notices"><i class="fa-fw fa fa-user-secret"></i> Privacy</a> </div> <div class="link-inv"> <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/jpl-image-use-policy"><i class="fa-fw fa fa-picture-o"></i> Image Policy</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-4 col-xs-12"> <div class=" link-inv"> <a href="/contact/"><i class="fa-fw fa fa-envelope"></i> Contact Us</a> </div> <div class="text-smaller"> <span class="footer-label text-nowrap">Site Manager:</span> <span class="text-nowrap">Ryan Park</span> </div> <div class="text-smaller2"> <span class="footer-label text-nowrap">Site Design:</span> <span class="text-nowrap">Alan B. 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