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<li id="toc-Colonial_and_early_U.S._history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_and_early_U.S._history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Colonial and early U.S. history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_and_early_U.S._history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letters_from_the_presidents_of_the_United_States_on_Indian_reservations_(1825–1837)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters_from_the_presidents_of_the_United_States_on_Indian_reservations_(1825–1837)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Letters from the presidents of the United States on Indian reservations (1825–1837)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letters_from_the_presidents_of_the_United_States_on_Indian_reservations_(1825–1837)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_land_sales_in_Virginia_(1705–1713)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_land_sales_in_Virginia_(1705–1713)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early land sales in Virginia (1705–1713)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_land_sales_in_Virginia_(1705–1713)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_beginning_of_the_Indigenous_Reservation_System_in_America_(1763–1834)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_beginning_of_the_Indigenous_Reservation_System_in_America_(1763–1834)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>The beginning of the Indigenous Reservation System in America (1763–1834)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_beginning_of_the_Indigenous_Reservation_System_in_America_(1763–1834)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_between_America_and_the_Menominee_Nation_(1831)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_between_America_and_the_Menominee_Nation_(1831)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Treaty between America and the Menominee Nation (1831)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_between_America_and_the_Menominee_Nation_(1831)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1834_Trade_and_Intercourse_Act_(1834)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1834_Trade_and_Intercourse_Act_(1834)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1834 Trade and Intercourse Act (1834)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1834_Trade_and_Intercourse_Act_(1834)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_Reservation_System_in_Texas_(1845)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_Reservation_System_in_Texas_(1845)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Indigenous Reservation System in Texas (1845)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_Reservation_System_in_Texas_(1845)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Indian_removal_policy_(1830–1868)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Indian_removal_policy_(1830–1868)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Rise of Indian removal policy (1830–1868)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Indian_removal_policy_(1830–1868)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_assimilation_(1868–1887)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_assimilation_(1868–1887)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Forced assimilation (1868–1887)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_assimilation_(1868–1887)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individualized_reservations_(1887–1934)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individualized_reservations_(1887–1934)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Individualized reservations (1887–1934)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individualized_reservations_(1887–1934)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_New_Deal_(1934–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_New_Deal_(1934–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Indian New Deal (1934–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_New_Deal_(1934–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Land_tenure_and_federal_Indian_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_tenure_and_federal_Indian_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Land tenure and federal Indian law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_tenure_and_federal_Indian_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Gaming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement_and_crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Law enforcement and crime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Violence_and_substance_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_and_substance_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Violence and substance abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence_and_substance_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputes_over_land_sovereignty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputes_over_land_sovereignty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Disputes over land sovereignty</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disputes_over_land_sovereignty-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Disputes over land sovereignty subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Disputes_over_land_sovereignty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Black_Hills_land_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_Hills_land_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Black Hills land dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_Hills_land_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iroquois_land_claims_in_Upstate_New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iroquois_land_claims_in_Upstate_New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Iroquois land claims in Upstate New York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iroquois_land_claims_in_Upstate_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navajo–Hopi_land_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navajo–Hopi_land_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Navajo–Hopi land dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navajo–Hopi_land_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Oklahoma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Oklahoma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Eastern Oklahoma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Oklahoma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Life and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Environmental issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian reservation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westendlondisc_Eardf%C3%A6stfolc_Becorenland" title="Westendlondisc Eardfæstfolc Becorenland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Westendlondisc Eardfæstfolc Becorenland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المحميات الهندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المحميات الهندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindular%C4%B1n_rezervasiyas%C4%B1" title="Hinduların rezervasiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hinduların rezervasiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Индейҙар резервациялары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Индейҙар резервациялары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Індзейская рэзервацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Індзейская рэзервацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Индиански резерват – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Индиански резерват" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserva_%C3%ADndia" title="Reserva índia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reserva índia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indi%C3%A1nsk%C3%A1_rezervace" title="Indiánská rezervace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Indiánská rezervace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neilldir_Indiaidd" title="Neilldir Indiaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Neilldir Indiaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianerreservat" title="Indianerreservat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Indianerreservat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianerreservat" title="Indianerreservat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indianerreservat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserva_india" title="Reserva india – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reserva india" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_rezervejo" title="Indiana rezervejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Indiana rezervejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerindiar_erreserba" title="Amerindiar erreserba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Amerindiar erreserba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B5%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="منطقه اختصاصی سرخپوستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منطقه اختصاصی سرخپوستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9serve_indienne_(%C3%89tats-Unis)" title="Réserve indienne (États-Unis) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réserve indienne (États-Unis)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yndianereservaat" title="Yndianereservaat – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Yndianereservaat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserva_india" title="Reserva india – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reserva india" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%94%94%EC%96%B8_%EB%B3%B4%ED%98%B8%EA%B5%AC%EC%97%AD" title="인디언 보호구역 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인디언 보호구역" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ռեզերվացիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռեզերվացիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="अमेरिकी इंडियन आरक्षित क्षेत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अमेरिकी इंडियन आरक्षित क्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservasi_Indian" title="Reservasi Indian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reservasi Indian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riserva_indiana_(Stati_Uniti_d%27America)" title="Riserva indiana (Stati Uniti d'America) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riserva indiana (Stati Uniti d'America)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שמורת אינדיאנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שמורת אינדיאנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Үндіс резервациясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үндіс резервациясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_reservata_Indiana" title="Terra reservata Indiana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Terra reservata Indiana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C4%97n%C5%B3_rezervatas" title="Indėnų rezervatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Indėnų rezervatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indi%C3%A1n_rezerv%C3%A1tumok" title="Indián rezervátumok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Indián rezervátumok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianenreservaat" title="Indianenreservaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Indianenreservaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E5%B1%85%E7%95%99%E5%9C%B0" title="インディアン居留地 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インディアン居留地" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserwatsion" title="Reserwatsion – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Reserwatsion" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianerreservat" title="Indianerreservat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Indianerreservat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezerwat_Indian" title="Rezerwat Indian – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rezerwat Indian" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserva_ind%C3%ADgena_(Estados_Unidos)" title="Reserva indígena (Estados Unidos) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reserva indígena (Estados Unidos)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezerva%C8%9Bie_amerindian%C4%83_(Statele_Unite_ale_Americii)" title="Rezervație amerindiană (Statele Unite ale Americii) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rezervație amerindiană (Statele Unite ale Americii)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индейская резервация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индейская резервация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Indian reservation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indi%C3%A1nska_rezerv%C3%A1cia_v_USA" title="Indiánska rezervácia v USA – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Indiánska rezervácia v USA" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%86%DB%95_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاراستنی ناوچە ھیندییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاراستنی ناوچە ھیندییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Индијански резерват – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Индијански резерват" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intiaanireservaatti" title="Intiaanireservaatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Intiaanireservaatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianreservat" title="Indianreservat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Indianreservat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="தொல்குடி அமெரிக்கர்களுக்காக ஒதுக்கப்பட்ட பகுதி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொல்குடி அமெரிக்கர்களுக்காக ஒதுக்கப்பட்ட பகுதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="เขตสงวนอินเดียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เขตสงวนอินเดียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lderili_rezervasyonu" title="Kızılderili rezervasyonu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kızılderili rezervasyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Індіанська резервація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індіанська резервація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BB%87t_khu_th%E1%BB%95_d%C3%A2n_ch%C3%A2u_M%E1%BB%B9" title="Biệt khu thổ dân châu Mỹ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biệt khu thổ dân châu Mỹ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserbasyon_Indyano" title="Reserbasyon Indyano – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Reserbasyon Indyano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E4%BF%9D%E7%95%99%E5%9C%B0" title="印第安保留地 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="印第安保留地" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E4%BF%9D%E7%95%99%E5%9C%B0" title="印第安保留地 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印第安保留地" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5398059#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Land managed by Native American nations under the US Bureau of Indian Affairs</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Native American reservations in the United States of America. For similar entities in Canada, see <a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a>. For similar terms, see <a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Indian reserve (disambiguation)">Indian reserve (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservation in India</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="float: right; width: ;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #F0F0F0; vertical-align: middle">Indian reservations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span style="font-weight: normal;">Also known as:</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Domestic dependent nation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_reservations_in_the_Continental_United_States.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Indian_reservations_in_the_Continental_United_States.png/330px-Indian_reservations_in_the_Continental_United_States.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Indian_reservations_in_the_Continental_United_States.png/495px-Indian_reservations_in_the_Continental_United_States.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Indian_reservations_in_the_Continental_United_States.png/660px-Indian_reservations_in_the_Continental_United_States.png 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Category</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Political division">Political divisions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Created</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1758 (Brotherton)–Present</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Number</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">326<sup id="cite_ref-Department_of_the_Interior_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Department_of_the_Interior-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Populations</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">About 1 million (total)<sup id="cite_ref-1million_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1million-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1million2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1million2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> Largest: <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a> (165,158)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Areas</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Ranging from the 1.32-acre (0.534 hectare) <a href="/wiki/Likely_Rancheria" title="Likely Rancheria">cemetery</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pit_River_Tribe" title="Pit River Tribe">Pit River Tribe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">California</a> to the 17 million–acre (64,750 square kilometer) <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation Reservation</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a><sup id="cite_ref-Department_of_the_Interior_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Department_of_the_Interior-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b>This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #000000);">a series</span></a> on</b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#002868; border: 1px double #8C959A;"><a href="/wiki/United_States#Government_and_politics" title="United States"><span style="color:white;">Political divisions of<br />the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the United States"><img alt="Coat of arms of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States"><span style="color:white;">First level</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. state)">Commonwealth</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">Commonwealth</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian reservation</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a>) / <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Alaska Native tribal entity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Off-reservation_trust_land" title="Off-reservation trust land">Off-reservation trust land</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tribal_Jurisdictional_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Jurisdictional Area">Tribal Jurisdictional Area</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Second level</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_parishes_in_Louisiana" title="List of parishes in Louisiana">Parish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Borough_(United_States)" title="Borough (United States)">Borough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unorganized_Borough,_Alaska" title="Unorganized Borough, Alaska">Unorganized Borough</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_boroughs_and_census_areas_in_Alaska" title="List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska">Census area</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of populated places in Guam">Villages</a> / <a href="/wiki/Districts_and_sub-districts_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Districts and sub-districts of the United States Virgin Islands">District (USVI)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_American_Samoa" title="Administrative divisions of American Samoa">District (AS)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Municipalities of Puerto Rico">Municipality (PR)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_American_Samoa" title="Administrative divisions of American Samoa">Unorganized atoll</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Third level</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">Cities, towns, and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">Census-designated place</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Barrios of Puerto Rico">Barrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_house_(Navajo_Nation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter house (Navajo Nation)">Chapter</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Fourth level</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ward_(United_States)" title="Ward (United States)">Ward</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Other areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Protected areas of the United States">Protected areas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conservation_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation district">Conservation district</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">National monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_United_States" title="List of national parks of the United States">National park</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">Congressional district</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a> (<a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">school district</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeowner_association" title="Homeowner association">Homeowner association</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_of_Free_Association" title="Compact of Free Association">Associated state</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">Military base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">Federal enclave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Political divisions of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Political divisions of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political divisions of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An American <b>Indian reservation</b> is an area of land <a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">held</a> and governed by a <a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States#Description" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">U.S. federal government-recognized Native American tribal nation</a>, whose government is <a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">autonomous</a>, subject to regulations passed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> and administered by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Bureau of Indian Affairs">United States Bureau of Indian Affairs</a>, and not to the <a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">U.S. state government</a> in which it is located. Some of the country's 574<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_Tribal_Entities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Native American Tribal Entities">federally recognized tribes</a> govern more than one of the 326<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">Indian reservations in the United States</a>, while some share reservations, and others have no reservation at all. Historical piecemeal land allocations under the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Act" title="Dawes Act">Dawes Act</a> facilitated sales to non–Native Americans, resulting in some reservations becoming severely fragmented, with pieces of tribal and privately held land being treated as separate enclaves. This intersection of private and public real estate creates significant administrative, political, and legal difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The total area of all reservations is 56,200,000 acres (22,700,000 ha; 87,800 sq mi; 227,000 km<sup>2</sup>), approximately 2.3% of the total area of the United States and about the size of the state of <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most reservations are small compared to the average U.S. state, twelve Indian reservations are larger than the state of <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>. The largest reservation, the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation Reservation</a>, is similar in size to the state of <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>. Reservations are unevenly distributed throughout the country, the majority being situated west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> and occupying lands that were first reserved by treaty (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Land_Grants" title="Indian Land Grants">Indian Land Grants</a>) from the public domain.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because recognized Native American nations possess <a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal sovereignty">tribal sovereignty</a>, albeit of a limited degree, laws within tribal lands may vary from those of the surrounding and adjacent states.<sup id="cite_ref-reservations_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reservations-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, these laws can permit <a href="/wiki/Native_American_gambling_enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American gambling enterprises">casinos</a> on reservations located within states which do not allow gambling, thus attracting tourism. The tribal council generally has jurisdiction over the reservation, not the U.S. state it is located in, but is subject to federal law. <a href="/wiki/Indian_country_jurisdiction" title="Indian country jurisdiction">Court jurisdiction in Indian country</a> is shared between tribes and the federal government, depending on the tribal affiliation of the parties involved and the specific crime or civil matter. Different reservations have different systems of government, which may or may not replicate the forms of government found outside the reservation. Most Native American reservations were established by the federal government but a small number, mainly in the East, owe their origin to <a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">state recognition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "reservation" is a legal designation. It comes from the conception of the Native American nations as independent sovereigns at the time the U.S. Constitution was ratified. Thus, early peace treaties (often signed under conditions of <a href="/wiki/Duress_in_American_law" title="Duress in American law">duress</a> or fraud), in which Native American nations surrendered large portions of their land to the United States, designated parcels which the nations, as sovereigns, "<a href="/wiki/Reservation_(law)" title="Reservation (law)">reserved</a>" to themselves, and those parcels came to be called "reservations".<sup id="cite_ref-Frantz_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frantz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term remained in use after the federal government began to forcibly relocate nations to parcels of land to which they often had no historical or cultural connection. Compared to other population centers in the U.S., reservations are disproportionately located on or near toxic sites hazardous to the health of those living or working in close proximity, including nuclear testing grounds and contaminated mines.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of American Indians and <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Natives</a> live outside the reservations, mainly in the larger western cities such as <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, there were more than 2.5 million <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>, with 1 million living on reservations.<sup id="cite_ref-1million_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1million-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1million2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1million2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_and_early_U.S._history">Colonial and early U.S. history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Colonial and early U.S. history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a>, Europeans often removed Indigenous peoples from their homelands. The means varied, including treaties made under considerable duress, forceful ejection, violence, and in a few cases voluntary moves based on mutual agreement. The removal caused many problems such as tribes losing the means of livelihood by being restricted to a defined area, poor quality of land for agriculture, and hostility between tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first reservation was established by <a href="/wiki/Easton_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Easton Treaty">Easton Treaty</a> with the colonial governments of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> on August 29, 1758. Located in <a href="/wiki/South_Jersey" title="South Jersey">southern New Jersey</a>, it was called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brotherton_Indian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brotherton Indian (page does not exist)">Brotherton Indian</a> Reservation<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also <i>Edgepillock</i><sup id="cite_ref-AccessibleArchives_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AccessibleArchives-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Edgepelick</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kepharts_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kepharts-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area was 3,284 acres (13.29 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-AccessibleArchives_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AccessibleArchives-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today it is called <a href="/wiki/Indian_Mills,_New_Jersey" title="Indian Mills, New Jersey">Indian Mills</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shamong_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Shamong Township, New Jersey">Shamong Township</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AccessibleArchives_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AccessibleArchives-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kepharts_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kepharts-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1764 the British government's Board of Trade proposed the "Plan for the Future Management of Indian Affairs".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although never adopted formally, the plan established the British government's expectation that land would only be bought by colonial governments, not individuals, and that land would only be purchased at public meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, this plan dictated that the Indians would be properly consulted when ascertaining and defining the boundaries of colonial settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The private contracts that once characterized the sale of Indian land to various individuals and groups—from farmers to towns—were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaties">treaties</a> between sovereigns.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This protocol was adopted by the United States Government after the American Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 11, 1824, U.S. Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Office of Indian Affairs</a> (now the Bureau of Indian Affairs) as a division of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">United States Department of War</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>), to solve the land problem with 38 treaties with American Indian tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letters_from_the_presidents_of_the_United_States_on_Indian_reservations_(1825–1837)"><span id="Letters_from_the_presidents_of_the_United_States_on_Indian_reservations_.281825.E2.80.931837.29"></span>Letters from the presidents of the United States on Indian reservations (1825–1837)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Letters from the presidents of the United States on Indian reservations (1825–1837)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indian Treaties, and Laws and Regulations Relating to Indian Affairs (1825) was a document signed by President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which he states that "we have placed the land reserves in a better state for the benefit of society" with approval of Indigenous reservations before 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter is signed by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Shelby" title="Isaac Shelby">Isaac Shelby</a> and Jackson. It discusses several regulations regarding the Native Americans and the approval of Indigenous segregation and the reservation system. </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> negotiated a treaty with the Saginaw Chippewas in 1837 to build a lighthouse. The President of the United States of America was directly involved in the creation of new <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a> regarding Indian Reservations before 1850. Van Buren stated that indigenous reservations are "all their reserves of land in the state of Michigan, on the principle of said reserves being sold at the public land offices for their benefit and the actual proceeds being paid to them."<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_Van_Buren_1837_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_Van_Buren_1837-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement dictated that the indigenous tribe sell their land to build a lighthouse.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_Van_Buren_1837_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_Van_Buren_1837-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A treaty signed by John Forsyth, the Secretary of State on behalf of Van Buren, also dictates where indigenous peoples must live in terms of the reservation system in America between the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida People</a> in 1838. This treaty allows the indigenous peoples five years on a specific reserve "the west shores of Saganaw bay".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creation of reservations for indigenous people of America could be as little as a five-year approval before 1850. Article two of the treaty claims "the reserves on the river Angrais and at Rifle river, of which said Indians are to have the usufruct and occupancy for five years." Indigenous people had restraints pushed on them by the five-year allowance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_land_sales_in_Virginia_(1705–1713)"><span id="Early_land_sales_in_Virginia_.281705.E2.80.931713.29"></span>Early land sales in Virginia (1705–1713)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early land sales in Virginia (1705–1713)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholarly author Buck Woodard used executive papers from Governor <a href="/wiki/William_H._Cabell" title="William H. Cabell">William H. Cabell</a> in his article, "Indian Land sales and allotment in Antebellum Virginia" to discuss Indigenous reservations in America before 1705, specifically in Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-Buck_Woodard_2016_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buck_Woodard_2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He claims "the colonial government again recognized the Nottoway's land rights by treaty in 1713, at the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_War" title="Tuscarora War">Tuscaro War</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Buck_Woodard_2016_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buck_Woodard_2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The indigenous peoples of America had land treaty agreements as early as 1713.<sup id="cite_ref-Buck_Woodard_2016_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buck_Woodard_2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_beginning_of_the_Indigenous_Reservation_System_in_America_(1763–1834)"><span id="The_beginning_of_the_Indigenous_Reservation_System_in_America_.281763.E2.80.931834.29"></span>The beginning of the Indigenous Reservation System in America (1763–1834)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The beginning of the Indigenous Reservation System in America (1763–1834)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_colonies_1763-76_shepherd1923.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/British_colonies_1763-76_shepherd1923.PNG/290px-British_colonies_1763-76_shepherd1923.PNG" decoding="async" width="290" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/British_colonies_1763-76_shepherd1923.PNG/435px-British_colonies_1763-76_shepherd1923.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/British_colonies_1763-76_shepherd1923.PNG/580px-British_colonies_1763-76_shepherd1923.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>The British colonies in North America from 1763 to 1775, at the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, including the locations of Indian Reserve (highlighted in grey) and the proposed colonies of <a href="/wiki/Charlotiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotiana">Charlotiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transylvania_Colony" title="Transylvania Colony">Transylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vandalia_(colony)" title="Vandalia (colony)">Vandalia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The American Indigenous Reservation system started with "the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> set aside an enormous resource for Indians in the territory of the present United States."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States put forward another act when "Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a> in 1830".<sup id="cite_ref-Immigrants_1988_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immigrants_1988-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third act pushed through was "the federal government relocated "portions of [the] 'Five Civilized Tribes' from the southeastern states in the <a href="/wiki/Nonintercourse_Act" title="Nonintercourse Act">Non-Intercourse Act of 1834</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All three of these laws set into motion the Indigenous Reservation system in the United States of America, resulting in the forceful removal of Indigenous peoples into specific land Reservations.<sup id="cite_ref-Immigrants_1988_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immigrants_1988-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_between_America_and_the_Menominee_Nation_(1831)"><span id="Treaty_between_America_and_the_Menominee_Nation_.281831.29"></span>Treaty between America and the Menominee Nation (1831)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Treaty between America and the Menominee Nation (1831)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholarly author James Oberly discusses "The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington,_with_Menominee_(1831)" title="Treaty of Washington, with Menominee (1831)">Treaty of 1831</a> between the Menominee Nation and the United States"<sup id="cite_ref-James_Oberly_1996_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_Oberly_1996-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in his article, "Decision on Duck Creek: Two Green Bay Reservations and Their Boundaries, 1816–1996", showing yet another treaty regarding Indigenous Reservations before 1850. There is a conflict between the Menomee Nation and the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">State of Wisconsin</a> and "the 1831 Menomee Treaty … ran the boundary between the lands of the Oneida, known in the Treaty as the "New York Indians".<sup id="cite_ref-James_Oberly_1996_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_Oberly_1996-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Treaty from 1831 is the cause of conflicts and is disputed because the land was good hunting grounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1834_Trade_and_Intercourse_Act_(1834)"><span id="1834_Trade_and_Intercourse_Act_.281834.29"></span>1834 Trade and Intercourse Act (1834)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1834 Trade and Intercourse Act (1834)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Country-Territory_1834.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_Country-Territory_1834.jpg/220px-Indian_Country-Territory_1834.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_Country-Territory_1834.jpg/330px-Indian_Country-Territory_1834.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_Country-Territory_1834.jpg/440px-Indian_Country-Territory_1834.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>The Indian Country (highlighted in red) in 1834</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nonintercourse_Act" title="Nonintercourse Act">Trade and Intercourse Act of 1834</a> says "In the 1834 Indian Trade and Intercourse Act, the United States defined the boundaries of Indian County."<sup id="cite_ref-William_J_Bauer_1855_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_J_Bauer_1855-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, "For Unrau, Indigenous Country is less on Indigenous homeland and more a place where the U.S. removed Indians from east of the Mississippi River and applied unique laws."<sup id="cite_ref-William_J_Bauer_1855_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_J_Bauer_1855-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States of America applied laws on Indigenous Reservations depending on where they were located like the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. This act came too, because "the federal government began to compress Indigenous lands because it needed to send troops to Texas during the Mexican-American War and protect American immigration traveling to Oregon and California."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Federal Government of America had their own needs and desires for Indigenous Land Reservations. He says, "the reconnaissance of explorers and other American officials understood that Indigenous Country possessed good land, bountiful game, and potential mineral resources."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American Government claimed Indigenous land for their own benefits with these creations of Indigenous Land Reservations . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_Reservation_System_in_Texas_(1845)"><span id="Indigenous_Reservation_System_in_Texas_.281845.29"></span>Indigenous Reservation System in Texas (1845)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Indigenous Reservation System in Texas (1845)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>States such as <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> had their own policy when it came to Indian Reservations in America before 1850. Scholarly author George D. Harmon discusses Texas' own reservation system which "Prior to 1845, Texas had inaugurated and pursued her own Indian Policy of the U.S."<sup id="cite_ref-George_D_Harmon_1860_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-George_D_Harmon_1860-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Texas was one of the States before 1850 that chose to create their own reservation system as seen in Harmon's article, "The United States Indian Policy in Texas, 1845–1860."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The State of "Texas had given only a few hundred acres of land in 1840, for the purpose of colonization".<sup id="cite_ref-George_D_Harmon_1860_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-George_D_Harmon_1860-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, "In March 1847, … [a] special agent [was sent] to Texas to manage the Indian affairs in the State until Congress should take some definite and final action."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States of America allowed its states to make up their own treaties such as this one in Texas for the purpose of colonization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_Indian_removal_policy_(1830–1868)"><span id="Rise_of_Indian_removal_policy_.281830.E2.80.931868.29"></span>Rise of Indian removal policy (1830–1868)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rise of Indian removal policy (1830–1868)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></div> <p>The passage of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a> of 1830 marked the systematization of a U.S. federal government policy of moving Native populations away from European-populated areas, whether forcibly or voluntarily. </p><p>One example was the <a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a>, who were removed from their historical homelands in the Southeastern United States and moved to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>, in a forced mass migration that came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a>. Some of the lands these tribes were given to inhabit following the removals eventually became Indian reservations. </p><p>In 1851, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Appropriations_Act" title="Indian Appropriations Act">Indian Appropriations Act</a> which authorized the creation of Indian reservations in Indian Territory (which became Oklahoma). Relations between white settlers and Natives had grown increasingly worse as the settlers encroached on territory and natural resources in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_assimilation_(1868–1887)"><span id="Forced_assimilation_.281868.E2.80.931887.29"></span>Forced assimilation (1868–1887)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Forced assimilation (1868–1887)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New-mexico-rez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/New-mexico-rez.jpg/220px-New-mexico-rez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/New-mexico-rez.jpg/330px-New-mexico-rez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/New-mexico-rez.jpg/440px-New-mexico-rez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4717" data-file-height="3521" /></a><figcaption>Most Indian reservations, like the <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Indian_Reservation,_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Laguna Indian Reservation, New Mexico">Laguna Indian reservation</a> in New Mexico (pictured here in March 1943), are in the western United States, often in regions suitable more for <a href="/wiki/Ranching" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranching">ranching</a> than farming.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Showing_the_Location_of_the_Indian_Reservations_1885_UTA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Map_Showing_the_Location_of_the_Indian_Reservations_1885_UTA.jpg/220px-Map_Showing_the_Location_of_the_Indian_Reservations_1885_UTA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Map_Showing_the_Location_of_the_Indian_Reservations_1885_UTA.jpg/330px-Map_Showing_the_Location_of_the_Indian_Reservations_1885_UTA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Map_Showing_the_Location_of_the_Indian_Reservations_1885_UTA.jpg/440px-Map_Showing_the_Location_of_the_Indian_Reservations_1885_UTA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3926" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>Paul Brodie's <i>Map Showing the Location of the Indian Reservations within the Limits of the United States and Territories</i>, 1885</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1868, President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> pursued a "Peace Policy" as an attempt to avoid violence.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policy included a reorganization of the Indian Service, with the goal of relocating various tribes from their ancestral homes to parcels of lands established specifically for their inhabitation. The policy called for the replacement of government officials by religious men, nominated by churches, to oversee the Indian agencies on reservations in order to teach Christianity to the Native American tribes. The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Friends">Quakers</a> were especially active in this policy on reservations.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The policy was controversial from the start. Reservations were generally established by <a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive order (United States)">executive order</a>. In many cases, white settlers objected to the size of land parcels, which were subsequently reduced. A report submitted to Congress in 1868 found widespread corruption among the federal Native American agencies and generally poor conditions among the relocated tribes. </p><p>Many tribes ignored the relocation orders at first and were forced onto their limited land parcels. Enforcement of the policy required the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> to restrict the movements of various tribes. The pursuit of tribes in order to force them back onto reservations led to a number of wars with Native Americans which included some massacres. The most well-known conflict was the <a href="/wiki/Sioux_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sioux War">Sioux War</a> on the northern <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>, between 1876 and 1881, which included the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Little_Bighorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Little Bighorn">Battle of Little Bighorn</a>. Other famous wars in this regard included the <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_War" title="Nez Perce War">Nez Perce War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Modoc_War" title="Modoc War">Modoc War</a>, which marked the last conflict officially declared a war. </p><p>By the late 1870s, the policy established by President Grant was regarded as a failure, primarily because it had resulted in some of the bloodiest wars between Native Americans and the United States. By 1877, President <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> began phasing out the policy, and by 1882 all religious organizations had relinquished their authority to the federal Indian agency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individualized_reservations_(1887–1934)"><span id="Individualized_reservations_.281887.E2.80.931934.29"></span>Individualized reservations (1887–1934)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Individualized reservations (1887–1934)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1887, Congress undertook a significant change in reservation policy by the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Act" title="Dawes Act">Dawes Act</a>, or General Allotment (Severalty) Act. The act ended the general policy of granting land parcels to tribes as-a-whole by granting small parcels of land to individual tribe members. In some cases, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Umatilla_Indian_Reservation" title="Umatilla Indian Reservation">Umatilla Indian Reservation</a>, after the individual parcels were granted out of reservation land, the reservation area was reduced by giving the "excess land" to white settlers. The individual allotment policy continued until 1934 when it was terminated by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act" title="Indian Reorganization Act">Indian Reorganization Act</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_New_Deal_(1934–present)"><span id="Indian_New_Deal_.281934.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Indian New Deal (1934–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Indian New Deal (1934–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act" title="Indian Reorganization Act">Indian Reorganization Act</a> of 1934, also known as the <i>Howard-Wheeler Act</i>, was sometimes called the <i>Indian New Deal</i> and was initiated by <a href="/wiki/John_Collier_(sociologist)" title="John Collier (sociologist)">John Collier</a>. It laid out new rights for Native Americans, reversed some of the earlier privatization of their common holdings, and encouraged <a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal sovereignty">tribal sovereignty</a> and land management by tribes. The act slowed the assignment of tribal lands to individual members and reduced the assignment of "extra" holdings to nonmembers. </p><p>For the following 20 years, the U.S. government invested in infrastructure, health care, and education on the reservations. Likewise, over two million acres (8,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of land were returned to various tribes. Within a decade of Collier's retirement the government's position began to swing in the opposite direction. The new Indian Commissioners Myers and Emmons introduced the idea of the "withdrawal program" or "<a href="/wiki/Indian_termination_policy" title="Indian termination policy">termination</a>", which sought to end the government's responsibility and involvement with Indians and to force their assimilation. </p><p>The Indians would lose their lands but were to be compensated, although many were not. Even though discontent and <a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">social rejection</a> killed the idea before it was fully implemented, five tribes were terminated—the <a href="/wiki/Coushatta" title="Coushatta">Coushatta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ute_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute Tribe">Ute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paiute_Indian_Tribe_of_Utah" title="Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah">Paiute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Klamath_people" title="Klamath people">Klamath</a>—and 114 groups in California lost their federal recognition as tribes. Many individuals were also relocated to cities, but one-third returned to their tribal reservations in the decades that followed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Federally recognized Native American tribes possess limited <a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal sovereignty">tribal sovereignty</a> and are able to exercise the right of self-governance, including but not limited to the ability to pass laws, regulate power and energy, create treaties, and hold tribal court hearings.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laws on tribal lands may vary from those of the surrounding area.<sup id="cite_ref-reservations_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reservations-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The laws passed can, for example, permit legal <a href="/wiki/Native_American_gambling_enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American gambling enterprises">casinos</a> on reservations. The tribal council, not the local government or the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States federal government</a>, often has jurisdiction over reservations. Different reservations have different systems of government, which may or may not replicate the forms of government found outside the reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_tenure_and_federal_Indian_law">Land tenure and federal Indian law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Land tenure and federal Indian law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the establishment of reservations, tribal territories diminished to a fraction of their original areas; customary Native American practices of land tenure were sustained only for a time, and not in every instance. Instead, the federal government established regulations that subordinated tribes to the authority, first, of the military, and then of the Bureau (Office) of Indian Affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under federal law, the government patented reservations to tribes, which became legal entities that at later times have operated in a corporate manner. Tribal tenure identifies jurisdiction over <a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">land-use planning</a> and zoning, negotiating (with the close participation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs) leases for timber harvesting and mining.<sup id="cite_ref-Tiller_1996_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiller_1996-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tribes generally have authority over other forms of economic development such as ranching, agriculture, tourism, and casinos. Tribes hire both members, other Indians and non-Indians in varying capacities; they may run tribal stores, gas stations, and develop museums (e.g., there is a gas station and general store at Fort Hall Indian Reservation, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, and a museum at Foxwoods, on the Mashantucket Pequot Indian Reservation in <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Tiller_1996_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiller_1996-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tribal citizens may utilize several resources held in tribal tenures such as grazing range and some cultivable lands. They may also construct homes on tribally held lands. As such, members are <a href="/wiki/Tenants-in-common" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenants-in-common">tenants-in-common</a>, which may be likened to communal tenure. Even if some of this pattern emanates from pre-reservation tribal customs, generally the tribe has the authority to modify tenant-in-common practices. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wagon_loaded_with_squash_-_NARA_-_285663.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Wagon_loaded_with_squash_-_NARA_-_285663.jpg/220px-Wagon_loaded_with_squash_-_NARA_-_285663.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Wagon_loaded_with_squash_-_NARA_-_285663.jpg/330px-Wagon_loaded_with_squash_-_NARA_-_285663.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Wagon_loaded_with_squash_-_NARA_-_285663.jpg/440px-Wagon_loaded_with_squash_-_NARA_-_285663.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1688" /></a><figcaption>Wagon loaded with squash, <a href="/wiki/Rosebud_Indian_Reservation" title="Rosebud Indian Reservation">Rosebud Indian Reservation</a>, ca. 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Act" title="Dawes Act">General Allotment Act (Dawes)</a>, 1887, the government sought to individualize tribal lands by authorizing allotments held in individual tenure.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, the allocation process led to grouping family holdings and, in some cases, this sustained pre-reservation clan or other patterns. There had been a few allotment programs ahead of the Dawes Act. However, the vast fragmentation of reservations occurred from the enactment of this act up to 1934, when the Indian Reorganization Act was passed. However, Congress authorized some allotment programs in the ensuing years, such as on the Palm Springs/Agua Caliente Indian Reservation in California.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allotment set in motion a number of circumstances: </p> <ul><li>individuals could sell (alienate) the allotment – under the Dawes Act, it was not to happen until after twenty-five years.</li> <li>individual allottees who would die intestate would encumber the land under prevailing state devisement laws, leading to complex patterns of heirship. Congress has attempted to mollify the impact of heirship by granting tribes the capacity to acquire fragmented allotments owing to heirship by financial grants. Tribes may also include such parcels in long-range <a href="/wiki/Land_use_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Land use planning">land use planning</a>.</li> <li>With alienation to non-Indians, their increased presence on numerous reservations has changed the demography of Indian Country. One of many implications of this fact is that tribes can not always effectively embrace the total management of a reservation, for non-Indian owners and users of allotted lands contend that tribes have no authority over lands that fall within the tax and law-and-order jurisdiction of local government.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The demographic factor, coupled with landownership data, led, for example, to litigation between the Devils Lake Sioux and the State of North Dakota, where non-Indians owned more acreage than tribal members even though more Native Americans resided on the reservation than non-Indians. The court decision turned, in part, on the perception of <i>Indian character</i>, contending that the tribe did not have jurisdiction over the alienated allotments. In a number of instances—e.g., the Yakama Indian Reservation—tribes have identified <i>open</i> and <i>closed</i> areas within reservations. One finds the majority of non-Indian landownership and residence in the open areas and, contrariwise, closed areas represent exclusive tribal residence and related conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SPRING_ROUNDUP_OF_PAIUTE-OWNED_CATTLE_BEGINS_AT_SUTCLIFFE_PYRAMID_LAKE_INDIAN_RESERVATION._CORALLING_AND_BRANDING_IS..._-_NARA_-_553104_color_corrected.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/SPRING_ROUNDUP_OF_PAIUTE-OWNED_CATTLE_BEGINS_AT_SUTCLIFFE_PYRAMID_LAKE_INDIAN_RESERVATION._CORALLING_AND_BRANDING_IS..._-_NARA_-_553104_color_corrected.tif/lossy-page1-220px-SPRING_ROUNDUP_OF_PAIUTE-OWNED_CATTLE_BEGINS_AT_SUTCLIFFE_PYRAMID_LAKE_INDIAN_RESERVATION._CORALLING_AND_BRANDING_IS..._-_NARA_-_553104_color_corrected.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/SPRING_ROUNDUP_OF_PAIUTE-OWNED_CATTLE_BEGINS_AT_SUTCLIFFE_PYRAMID_LAKE_INDIAN_RESERVATION._CORALLING_AND_BRANDING_IS..._-_NARA_-_553104_color_corrected.tif/lossy-page1-330px-SPRING_ROUNDUP_OF_PAIUTE-OWNED_CATTLE_BEGINS_AT_SUTCLIFFE_PYRAMID_LAKE_INDIAN_RESERVATION._CORALLING_AND_BRANDING_IS..._-_NARA_-_553104_color_corrected.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/SPRING_ROUNDUP_OF_PAIUTE-OWNED_CATTLE_BEGINS_AT_SUTCLIFFE_PYRAMID_LAKE_INDIAN_RESERVATION._CORALLING_AND_BRANDING_IS..._-_NARA_-_553104_color_corrected.tif/lossy-page1-440px-SPRING_ROUNDUP_OF_PAIUTE-OWNED_CATTLE_BEGINS_AT_SUTCLIFFE_PYRAMID_LAKE_INDIAN_RESERVATION._CORALLING_AND_BRANDING_IS..._-_NARA_-_553104_color_corrected.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2039" /></a><figcaption>Spring roundup of <a href="/wiki/Paiute_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Paiute people">Paiute</a>-owned cattle begins at <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Lake_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid Lake Indian Reservation">Pyramid Lake Indian Reservation</a>, 1973.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Indian_country" title="Indian country">Indian country</a> today consists of tripartite government—i. e., federal, state and/or local, and tribal. Where state and local governments may exert some, but limited, law-and-order authority, tribal sovereignty is diminished. This situation prevails in connection with Indian gaming, because federal legislation makes the state a party to any contractual or <a href="/wiki/Statutory" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory">statutory</a> agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, occupancy on reservations can be by virtue of tribal or individual tenure. There are many churches on reservations; most would occupy tribal land by consent of the federal government or the tribe. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)</a> agency offices, hospitals, schools, and other facilities usually occupy residual federal parcels within reservations. Many reservations include one or more sections (about 640 acres) of land for schools, but such land typically remains part of the reservation (e.g., Enabling Act of 1910 at Section 20<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). As a general practice, such land may sit idle or be used for cattle grazing by tribal ranchers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaming">Gaming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Native_American_gaming" title="Native American gaming">Native American gaming</a></div> <p>In 1979, the Seminole tribe in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> opened a high-stakes <a href="/wiki/Bingo_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bingo (US)">bingo</a> operation on its reservation in Florida. The state attempted to close the operation down but was stopped in the courts. In the 1980s, the case of <i><a href="/wiki/California_v._Cabazon_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="California v. Cabazon Band">California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians</a></i> established the right of reservations to operate other forms of gambling operations. In 1988, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Gaming_Regulatory_Act" title="Indian Gaming Regulatory Act">Indian Gaming Regulatory Act</a>, which recognized the right of Native American tribes to establish gambling and gaming facilities on their reservations as long as the states in which they are located have some form of legalized gambling. </p><p>Today, many Native American casinos are used as <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourist</a> attractions, including as the basis for hotel and conference facilities, to draw visitors and revenue to reservations. Successful gaming operations on some reservations have greatly increased the economic wealth of some tribes, enabling their investment to improve infrastructure, education, and health for their people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement_and_crime">Law enforcement and crime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Law enforcement and crime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_country_jurisdiction" title="Indian country jurisdiction">Indian country jurisdiction</a></div> <p>Serious crime on Indian reservations has historically been required (by the 1885 <a href="/wiki/Major_Crimes_Act" title="Major Crimes Act">Major Crimes Act</a>, 18 U.S.C. §§1153, 3242, and court decisions) to be investigated by the federal government, usually the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>, and prosecuted by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">United States Attorneys</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_judicial_district" title="United States federal judicial district">United States federal judicial district</a> in which the reservation lies.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tribal courts were limited to sentences of one year or less,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until on July 29, 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Tribal_Law_and_Order_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Law and Order Act">Tribal Law and Order Act</a> was enacted which in some measure reforms the system permitting tribal courts to impose sentences of up to three years provided proceedings are recorded and additional rights are extended to defendants.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Justice Department on January 11, 2010, initiated the Indian Country Law Enforcement Initiative which recognizes problems with law enforcement on Indian reservations and assigns top priority to solving existing problems. </p> <blockquote><p>The Department of Justice recognizes the unique legal relationship that the United States has with federally recognized tribes. As one aspect of this relationship, in much of Indian Country, the Justice Department alone has the authority to seek a conviction that carries an appropriate potential sentence when a serious crime has been committed. Our role as the primary prosecutor of serious crimes makes our responsibility to citizens in Indian Country unique and mandatory. Accordingly, public safety in tribal communities is a top priority for the Department of Justice.</p></blockquote> <p>Emphasis was placed on improving prosecution of crimes involving domestic violence and sexual assault.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Passed in 1953, Public Law 280 (PL 280) gave jurisdiction over criminal offenses involving Indians in Indian Country to certain States and allowed other States to assume jurisdiction. Subsequent legislation allowed States to retrocede jurisdiction, which has occurred in some areas. Some PL 280 reservations have experienced jurisdictional confusion, tribal discontent, and litigation, compounded by the lack of data on crime rates and law enforcement response.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>As of 2012, a high incidence of <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> continued to impact Native American women.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTRape2012_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTRape2012-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Violence_and_substance_abuse">Violence and substance abuse</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Violence and substance abuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Native_Americans" title="Alcohol and Native Americans">Alcohol and Native Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine_and_Native_Americans" title="Methamphetamine and Native Americans">Methamphetamine and Native Americans</a></div> <p>A survey of death certificates over a four-year period showed that deaths among Indians due to alcohol are about four times as common as in the general U.S. population and are often due to <a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision" title="Traffic collision">traffic collisions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liver_disease" title="Liver disease">liver disease</a> with <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Falling_(accident)" title="Falling (accident)">falls</a> also contributing. Deaths due to alcohol among American Indians are more common in men and among Northern Plains Indians. Alaska Natives showed the least incidence of death.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under federal law, alcohol sales are prohibited on Indian reservations unless the tribal councils allow it.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gang violence has become a major social problem.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A December 13, 2009, article in <i>The New York Times</i> about growing <a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_the_United_States" title="Gangs in the United States">gang</a> violence on the <a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge Indian Reservation</a> estimated that there were 39 gangs with 5,000 members on that reservation alone.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As opposed to traditional "Most Wanted" lists, Native Americans are often placed on regional <a href="/wiki/Crime_Stoppers" title="Crime Stoppers">Crime Stoppers</a> lists offering rewards for their whereabouts.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disputes_over_land_sovereignty">Disputes over land sovereignty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Disputes over land sovereignty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the Europeans encountered the New World, the American colonial government determined a precedent of establishing the land sovereignty of North America through treaties between countries. This precedent was upheld by the United States government. As a result, most Native American land was purchased by the United States government, a portion of which was designated to remain under Native sovereignty. The United States government and Native Peoples do not always agree on how land should be governed, which has resulted in a series of disputes over sovereignty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_Hills_land_dispute">Black Hills land dispute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Black Hills land dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seizure_of_the_Black_Hills" title="Seizure of the Black Hills">Seizure of the Black Hills</a></div> <p>The Federal Government and <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">The Lakota Sioux</a> tribe members have been involved in sorting out a legal claim for the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a> since signing the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which created what is known today as the Great Sioux Nation covering the Black Hills and nearly half of western South Dakota.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This treaty was acknowledged and respected until 1874 when General George Custer discovered gold,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sending a wave of settlers into the area and leading to the realization of the value of the land from United States President Grant.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Grant used tactical military force to remove the Sioux from the land and assisted in the development of the Congressional appropriations bill for Indian Services in 1876, a "starve or sell" treaty signed by only 10% of the 75% tribal men required based on specifications from the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)">Fort Laramie Treaty</a> that relinquished the Sioux's rights to the Black Hills.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this treaty, the Agreement of 1877 was passed by Congress to remove the Sioux from the Black Hills, stating that the land was purchased from the Sioux despite the insufficient number of signatures,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the lack of transaction records, and the tribe's claim that the land was never for sale.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Black Hills are sacred to the Sioux as a place central to their spirituality and identity,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contest of ownership of the land has been pressured in the courts by the Sioux Nation since they were allowed legal avenue in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 1923, the Sioux made a legal claim that their relinquishment from the Black Hills was illegal under the Fifth Amendment, and no amount of money can make up for the loss of their sacred land.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This claim went all the way up to the Supreme Court <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Sioux_Nation_of_Indians" title="United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians">United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians</a></i> case in 1979 after being revived by Congress, and the Sioux were awarded over $100 million as they ruled that the seizure of the Black Hills was in fact illegal. The Sioux have continually rejected the money, and since then the award has been accruing interest in trust accounts and amounts to about $1 billion in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During President Barack Obama's campaign, he made indications that the case of the Black Hills was going to be solved with innovative solutions and consultation,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this was questioned when White House Counsel Leonard Garment sent a note to The Ogala people saying, "The days of treaty-making with the American Indians ended in 1871; ...only Congress can rescind or change in any way statutes enacted since 1871."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The He Sapa Reparations Alliance<sup id="cite_ref-:3_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was established after Obama's inauguration to educate the Sioux people and propose a bill to Congress that would allocate 1.3 million acres of federal land within the Black Hills to the tribe. To this day, the dispute of the Black Hills is ongoing with the trust estimated to be worth nearly $1.3 billion<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sources believe principles of restorative justice<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may be the best solution to addressing this century-old dispute. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iroquois_land_claims_in_Upstate_New_York">Iroquois land claims in Upstate New York</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Iroquois land claims in Upstate New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Stanwix_National_Monument_FTST3697.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Fort_Stanwix_National_Monument_FTST3697.jpg/220px-Fort_Stanwix_National_Monument_FTST3697.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Fort_Stanwix_National_Monument_FTST3697.jpg/330px-Fort_Stanwix_National_Monument_FTST3697.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Fort_Stanwix_National_Monument_FTST3697.jpg/440px-Fort_Stanwix_National_Monument_FTST3697.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_Stanwix_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Stanwix National Monument">Fort Stanwix</a>, New York</figcaption></figure> <p>While the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended the American Revolution, addressed land sovereignty disputes between the British Crown and the colonies, it neglected to settle hostilities between Indigenous people—specifically those who fought on the side of the British, as four of the members of the Haudenosaunee did—and colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1784 the newly formed United States government facilitated negotiations with representatives from the Six Nations in Fort Stanwix, New York.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty produced in 1784 resulted in Indians giving up their territory within the Ohio River Valley and the U.S. guaranteeing the Haudenosaunee six million acres—about half of what is present-day New York—as permanent homelands.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unenthusiastic about the treaty's conditions, the state of New York secured a series of 26 "leases", many of them lasting 999 years on all Native territories within its boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Led to believe that they had already lost their land to the New York Genesee Company, the Haudenosaunee agreed to land leasing which was presented by New York Governor George Clinton as a means by which the Indigenous nations could maintain sovereignty over their land.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 28, 1788, the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida people</a> leased five million acres to the state in exchange for $2,000 in cash, $2,000 in clothing, $1,000 in provisions and $600 annual rent. The other two tribes followed with similar arrangements.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_66-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Holland_Land_Company" title="Holland Land Company">Holland Land Company</a> gained control over all but ten acres of the Native land leased to the state on 15 September 1797.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_66-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These 397 square miles were subsequently parceled out and subleased to whites, allegedly ending the Native title to land. Despite Iroquois protests, federal authorities did virtually nothing to correct the injustice.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_66-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain of losing all of their lands, in 1831 most of the Oneidas asked that what was left of their holdings be exchanged for 500,000 acres purchased from the <a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominees</a> in Wisconsin.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_66-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Andrew Jackson, committed to <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian Removal</a> west of the Mississippi, agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_66-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Treaty of Buffalo Creek signed on 15 January 1838, directly ceded 102,069 acres of <a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a> land to the Ogden company for $202,000, a sum that was divided evenly between the government—to hold in trust for Indians—and non-Indian individuals who wanted to buy and improve the plots.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_66-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All that was left of the Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga and Tuscarora holding was extinguished at a total cost of $400,000 to Ogden.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_66-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Indian complaints, a second Treaty of Buffalo was written in 1842 in attempts to mediate tension.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_66-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this treaty the Haudenosaunee were given the right to reside in New York and small areas of reservations were restored by the U.S. government.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_66-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These agreements were largely ineffective in protecting Native American land. By 1889 eighty percent of all Iroquois reservation land in New York was leased by non-Haudenosaunees.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_66-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navajo–Hopi_land_dispute"><span id="Navajo.E2.80.93Hopi_land_dispute"></span>Navajo–Hopi land dispute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Navajo–Hopi land dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hopi#Hopi–Navajo_land_disputes" title="Hopi">Hopi § Hopi–Navajo land disputes</a></div> <p>The modern-day Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations are located in Northern Arizona, near the <a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</a> area. The Hopi reservation is 2,531.773 square miles (6,557.26 km<sup>2</sup>) within Arizona and lies surrounded by the greater Navajo reservation which spans 27,413 square miles (71,000 km<sup>2</sup>) and extends slightly into the states of New Mexico and Utah. The Hopi, also known as the Pueblo people, made many spiritually motivated migrations throughout the Southwest before settling in present-day Northern Arizona.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Navajo people also migrated throughout western North America following spiritual commands before settling near the Grand Canyon area. The two tribes peacefully coexisted and even traded and exchanged ideas with each other. Their way of life was threatened when the "New people", what the Navajo called white settlers, began conquering native tribes across the continent and claiming their land, as a result of Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> War ensued between the Navajo people, who call themselves the Diné, and new Americans. The result was the <a href="/wiki/Long_Walk_of_the_Navajo" title="Long Walk of the Navajo">Long Walk</a> in the early 1860s in which the entire tribe was forced to walk roughly 400 miles (640 km) from Fort Canby (present-day Window Rock, Arizona) to Bosque Redondo in New Mexico. This march is similar to the well-known Cherokee <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a> and like it, many of the tribe did not survive the trek. The roughly 11,000 tribe members were imprisoned here in what the United States government deemed an experimental Indian reservation that failed because it became too expensive, there were too many people to feed, and they were continuously raided by other Native tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, in 1868, the Navajo were allowed to return to their homeland after signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bosque_Redondo" title="Treaty of Bosque Redondo">Treaty of Bosque Redondo</a>. The treaty officially established the "Navajo Indian Reservation" in Northern Arizona. The term reservation is one that creates territorialities or claims on places. This treaty gave them the right to the land and semi-autonomous governance of it. The Hopi reservation, on the other hand, was created through an executive order by President Arthur in 1882. </p><p>A few years after the two reservations were established, the Dawes Allotment Act was passed under which communal tribal land was divvied up and allocated to each household in an attempt to enforce European-American farming styles where each family owns and works their own plot of land. This was a further act of enclosure by the U.S. government. Each family received 640 acres (260 ha) or less and the remaining land was deemed "surplus" because it was more than the tribes needed. This "surplus" land was then made available for purchase by American citizens. </p><p>The land designated to the Navajo and Hopi reservation was originally considered barren and unproductive by white settlers until 1921 when prospectors scoured the land for oil. The mining companies pressured the U.S. government to set up Native American councils on the reservations so that they could agree to contracts, specifically leases, in the name of the tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During World War II, uranium was mined on the Diné and Hopi reservations. The dangers of radiation exposure were not adequately explained to the Native people, who made up almost all the workforce of these mines, and lived in their immediate adjacency. As a result, some residents who lived near the uranium projects used the quarried rock from the mines to build their houses, these materials were radioactive and had detrimental health effects on the residents, including increased rates of kidney failure and cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During extraction some Native children would play in large water pools which were heavily contaminated with uranium created by mining activities.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The companies also failed to properly dispose of the <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">radioactive waste</a> which did and will continue to pollute the environment, including the Natives' water sources. Many years later, these same men who worked the mines died from lung cancer, and their families received no form of financial compensation. </p><p>In 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Church_Rock_uranium_mill_spill" title="Church Rock uranium mill spill">Church Rock uranium mill spill</a> was the largest release of radioactive waste in U.S. history. The spill contaminated the Puerco River with 1,000 tons of solid radioactive waste and 93 million gallons of acidic, radioactive tailings solution which flowed downstream into the Navajo Nation. The Navajos used the water from this river for irrigation and their livestock but were not immediately informed about the contamination and its danger.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war ended, the American population boomed and energy demands soared. The utility companies needed a new source of power so they began the construction of coal-fired power plants. They placed these power plants in the four corners region. In the 1960s, John Boyden, an attorney working for both Peabody Coal and the Hopi tribe, the nation's largest coal producer, managed to gain rights to the Hopi land, including Black Mesa, a sacred location to both tribes which lay partially within the Joint Use Area of both tribes. </p><p>This case is an example of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">environmental racism</a> and injustice, per the principles established by the Participants of the First National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because the Navajo and Hopi people, which are communities of color, low income, and political alienation, were disproportionately affected by the proximity and the resulting pollution of these power plants which disregard their right to clean air, their land was degraded, and because the related public policies are not based on mutual respect of all people. </p><p>The mining companies, however, wanted more land but the joint ownership of the land made negotiations difficult. At the same time, Hopi and Navajo tribes were squabbling over land rights while Navajo livestock continuously grazed on Hopi land. Boyden took advantage of this situation, presenting it to the House Subcommittee on Indian Affairs claiming that if the government did not step in and do something, a bloody war would ensue between the tribes. Congressmen agreed to pass the Navajo-Hopi Land Settlement Act of 1974 which forced any Hopi and Navajo people living on the other's land to relocate. This affected 6,000 Navajo people and ultimately benefitted coal companies the most who could now more easily access the disputed land. Instead of using military violence to deal with those who refused to move, the government passed what became known as <a href="/wiki/The_Bennett_Freeze" title="The Bennett Freeze">the Bennett Freeze</a> to encourage the people to leave. The Bennett Freeze banned 1.5 million acres (6,100 km<sup>2</sup>) of Navajo land from any type of development, including paving roadways and even roof repair. This was meant to be a temporary incentive to push tribe negotiations but lasted over forty years until 2009 when President Obama lifted the moratorium.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legacy of the Bennett Freeze looms over the region as seen by the nearly third-world conditions on the reservation – seventy-five percent of people do not have access to electricity and housing situations are poor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Oklahoma">Eastern Oklahoma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Eastern Oklahoma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/McGirt_v._Oklahoma" title="McGirt v. Oklahoma">McGirt v. Oklahoma</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boundaries_of_the_Five_Tribes_in_1866.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Boundaries_of_the_Five_Tribes_in_1866.svg/220px-Boundaries_of_the_Five_Tribes_in_1866.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Boundaries_of_the_Five_Tribes_in_1866.svg/330px-Boundaries_of_the_Five_Tribes_in_1866.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Boundaries_of_the_Five_Tribes_in_1866.svg/440px-Boundaries_of_the_Five_Tribes_in_1866.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>The reservations of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a> that were the subject of <i><a href="/wiki/McGirt_v._Oklahoma" title="McGirt v. Oklahoma">McGirt v. Oklahoma</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Much of what is now Oklahoma was considered <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> from the 1830s. The tribes in the area attempted to join the union as the Native-led <a href="/wiki/State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">State of Sequoyah</a> in 1905 as a means of retaining control of their lands, but this was unsuccessful and the lands were merged into Oklahoma with the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Enabling_Act" title="Oklahoma Enabling Act">Enabling Act</a> of 1906. This act had been taken to disestablish the reservation in order for the foundation of the state to proceed. In July 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/McGirt_v._Oklahoma" title="McGirt v. Oklahoma">McGirt v. Oklahoma</a></i> that the area, about half of the modern state, never lost its status as a Native reservation. This includes the city of <a href="/wiki/Tulsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulsa">Tulsa</a>. The area includes lands of the Chickasaw, Choctaw, Cherokee, Muscogee, and Seminole.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling is based on an 1832 treaty, which the court ruled was still in force, adding that "Because Congress has not said otherwise, we hold the government to its word."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals upheld a lower court ruling that the <a href="/wiki/Quapaw_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Quapaw Nation">Quapaw Nation</a>'s reservation in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_County,_Oklahoma" title="Ottawa County, Oklahoma">Ottawa County</a> in northeastern Oklahoma was never disestablished.<sup id="cite_ref-bartle_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bartle-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals ruled that the <a href="/wiki/Wyandotte_Nation" title="Wyandotte Nation">Wyandotte Nation</a>'s reservation was also never disestablished.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Court rulings also confirmed the existence of the reservations of the <a href="/wiki/Miami_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Miami Tribe of Oklahoma">Miami Tribe of Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peoria_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma">Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma">Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_culture">Life and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Life and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayfield_county_IMG_1612_red_cliff_wisconsin_34th_powwow.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bayfield_county_IMG_1612_red_cliff_wisconsin_34th_powwow.JPG/325px-Bayfield_county_IMG_1612_red_cliff_wisconsin_34th_powwow.JPG" decoding="async" width="325" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bayfield_county_IMG_1612_red_cliff_wisconsin_34th_powwow.JPG/488px-Bayfield_county_IMG_1612_red_cliff_wisconsin_34th_powwow.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bayfield_county_IMG_1612_red_cliff_wisconsin_34th_powwow.JPG/650px-Bayfield_county_IMG_1612_red_cliff_wisconsin_34th_powwow.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_Cliff_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cliff Indian Reservation">Red Cliff Indian Reservation</a> in Wisconsin during their annual <a href="/wiki/Powwow" title="Powwow">powwow</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Modern_social_statistics_of_Native_Americans" title="Modern social statistics of Native Americans">Modern social statistics of Native Americans</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> in the United States</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.7em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_USA_Map_w_American_Indian_colors.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Native America"><img alt="Native America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Blank_USA_Map_w_American_Indian_colors.png/55px-Blank_USA_Map_w_American_Indian_colors.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Blank_USA_Map_w_American_Indian_colors.png/83px-Blank_USA_Map_w_American_Indian_colors.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Blank_USA_Map_w_American_Indian_colors.png/110px-Blank_USA_Map_w_American_Indian_colors.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in the Americas">Archaic period in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide#Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American slaves">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_slave_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American slave ownership">Native American slave ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawes_Rolls" title="Dawes Rolls">Dawes Rolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans" title="Cultural assimilation of Native Americans">Cultural assimilation of Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Racism against Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Appropriations_Act" title="Indian Appropriations Act">Indian Appropriations Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Integrity_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial Integrity Act">Racial Integrity Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act_of_1924" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Citizenship Act of 1924">Indian Citizenship Act of 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act_of_1934" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Reorganization Act of 1934">Indian Reorganization Act of 1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Native Americans and World War II">Native Americans and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">American Indian boarding schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Power_movement" title="Red Power movement">Red Power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American rights">Native American rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Native_Americans" title="Alcohol and Native Americans">Alcohol and Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_temperance_activists" title="Native American temperance activists">Native American temperance activists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_cultures_in_the_United_States" title="Native American cultures in the United States">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam"> Hohokam culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pow_wow" class="mw-redirect" title="Pow wow">Pow wow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pow_wow" class="mw-redirect" title="Pow wow">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Film_and_Video_Festival" title="Native American Film and Video Festival">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples%27_Day_(United_States)" title="Indigenous Peoples' Day (United States)">Indigenous Peoples' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_literature" title="Mesoamerican literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_fashion" title="Native American fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_social_statistics_of_Native_Americans" title="Modern social statistics of Native Americans">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal sovereignty">Tribal sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Wars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars" title="Anglo-Powhatan Wars">Anglo-Powhatan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieft%27s_War" title="Kieft's War">Kieft's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peach_Tree_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Peach Tree War">Peach Tree War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esopus_Wars" title="Esopus Wars">Esopus Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_War" title="Tuscarora War">Tuscarora War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamasee_War" title="Yamasee War">Yamasee War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikara_War" title="Arikara War">Arikara War</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War" title="Second Seminole War">Second Seminole War</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Osage Indian War">Osage Indian War </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian_wars" title="Texas–Indian wars">Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Comanche_Wars" title="Comanche Wars">Comanche Wars (1836–1877)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antelope_Hills_expedition" title="Antelope Hills expedition">(1858)|Antelope Hills expedition</a> / <a href="/wiki/Comanche_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Comanche Campaign">Comanche Campaign (1867–1875)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Red_River_War" title="Red River War">Red River War (1874–1875)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Hunters%27_War" title="Buffalo Hunters' War">Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_War" title="Cayuse War">Cayuse War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Wars" title="Apache Wars">Apache Wars (1849–1924)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_War" title="Jicarilla War">Jicarilla War (1849–1855)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Apache_Wars#Chiricahua_Wars" title="Apache Wars">Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yavapai_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavapai War">Tonto War (1871–1875)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Victorio%27s_War" title="Victorio's War">Victorio's War (1879–1880)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Apache_Wars#Geronimo's_War" title="Apache Wars">Geronimo's War (1881–1886)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Post_1887_Apache_Wars_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Post 1887 Apache Wars period">Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma_War" title="Yuma War">Yuma War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_Wars" title="Ute Wars">Ute Wars(1850–1923)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Fort_Utah" title="Battle at Fort Utah">Battle at Fort Utah (1850)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walkara#Walker_War" title="Walkara">Walker War (1853–1854)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tintic_War" title="Tintic War">Tintic War (1856)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War_(1865%E2%80%9372)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hawk War (1865–72)">Black Hawk War (1865–1872)</a> / <a href="/wiki/White_River_War" class="mw-redirect" title="White River War">White River War (1879)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ute_Wars" title="Ute Wars">Ute War (1887)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bluff_War" title="Bluff War">Bluff War (1914–1915)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ute_Wars" title="Ute Wars">Bluff Skirmish (1921)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posey_War" title="Posey War">Posey War (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Wars" title="Sioux Wars">Sioux Wars (1854–1891)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sioux_Wars#First_Sioux_War" title="Sioux Wars">First Sioux War (1854-1856)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota War (1862)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Colorado_War" title="Colorado War">Colorado War (1863–1865)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Powder_River_Expedition_(1865)" title="Powder River Expedition (1865)">Powder River War (1865)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud%27s_War" title="Red Cloud's War">Red Cloud's War (1866–1868)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War (1876–1877)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne_Exodus" title="Northern Cheyenne Exodus">Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance_War" title="Ghost Dance War">Ghost Dance War (1890–1891)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_River_Wars" title="Rogue River Wars">Rogue River Wars (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakima_War" title="Yakima War">Yakima War (1855–1858)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound_War" title="Puget Sound War">Puget Sound War (1855–1856)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_War" title="Coeur d'Alene War">Coeur d'Alene War (1858)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_War" title="Mohave War"> Mohave War(1858–1859)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Wars#American_period" title="Navajo Wars">Navajo Wars (1849–1866)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiute_War" title="Paiute War">Paiute War(1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_Wars" title="Yavapai Wars">Yavapai Wars(1861–1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_War" title="Snake War">Snake War (1864–1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai_War_(1865%E2%80%9370)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hualapai War (1865–70)">Hualapai War (1865–1870)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_War" title="Modoc War">Modoc War (1872–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_War" title="Nez Perce War">Nez Perce War (1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannock_War" title="Bannock War">Bannock War (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_War" title="Crow War">Crow War (1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannock_War_of_1895" title="Bannock War of 1895">Bannock Uprising (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Uprising" title="Yaqui Uprising">Yaqui Uprising (1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sugar_Point" title="Battle of Sugar Point">Battle of Sugar Point (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Snake_Rebellion" title="Crazy Snake Rebellion">Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kelley_Creek#Last_Massacre" title="Battle of Kelley Creek">Last Massacre (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kelley_Creek" title="Battle of Kelley Creek">Battle of Kelley Creek (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bear_Valley" title="Battle of Bear Valley">Battle of Bear Valley (1918)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Political movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_civil_rights" title="Native American civil rights">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_identity_in_the_United_States" title="Native American identity in the United States">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_women_in_politics" title="Native American women in politics">Women in politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_American_Indians" title="National Congress of American Indians">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement (AIM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Power_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Power Movement">Red Power Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Alcatraz" title="Occupation of Alcatraz">Occupation of Alcatraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Broken_Treaties" title="Trail of Broken Treaties">Trail of Broken Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Wounded_Knee" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Wounded Knee">Occupation of Wounded Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">MMIW</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_handprint" title="Red handprint">Red handprint</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Religious_Freedom_Act" title="American Indian Religious Freedom Act">American Indian Religious Freedom Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Feather_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle Feather law">Eagle Feather law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_people_and_Mormonism" title="Native American people and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Traditional religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund" title="Native American Rights Fund">Native American Rights Fund (NARF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_American_Indians" title="National Congress of American Indians">National Congress of American Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Indian_Youth_Council" title="National Indian Youth Council">National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_of_All_Red_Nations" title="Women of All Red Nations">Women of All Red Nations (WARN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Indian_Treaty_Council" title="International Indian Treaty Council">The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Ethnic subdivisions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Languages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American languages</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Demographics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_Native_American_majority_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_social_statistics_of_Native_Americans" title="Modern social statistics of Native Americans">Societal statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Reservation">Reservations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_disenrollment" title="Tribal disenrollment">Tribal disenrollment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_poverty" title="Reservation poverty">Reservation poverty</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Geography</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> by region</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Great_Basin" title="Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin">Great Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands">Northeastern Woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northwest_Plateau" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau">Northwest Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">The Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands">Southeastern Woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_North_American_Southwest" title="Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest">Southwest</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Native_Americans_by_location" title="Template:Native Americans by location">by state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Arizona" title="Indigenous peoples of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_People_of_Colorado" title="Template:Indigenous People of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Iowa" title="Native American tribes in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_Americans_in_Maryland" title="Template:Native Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Michigan" title="Template:Native American Tribes in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Nebraska" title="Native American tribes in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_North_Carolina" title="Template:Native American Tribes in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_Tribes_in_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Native American Tribes in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_peoples_of_Oregon" title="Native American peoples of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Virginia" title="Native American tribes in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Wisconsin" title="Template:Native American Tribes in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_Americans_of_the_United_States" title="List of Native Americans of the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_artists" title="List of Native American artists">artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_actors" title="List of Native American actors">actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_leaders_of_the_Indian_Wars" title="List of Native American leaders of the Indian Wars">war leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_musicians" title="List of Native American musicians">musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Native Americans in the United States Congress">congressional politicians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of Native American Medal of Honor recipients">Native American Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes">List of federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_by_state" title="List of federally recognized tribes by state">List of federally recognized tribes by state </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">List of Indian reservations in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template:Native American topics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Native American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_American_topics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many Native Americans who live on reservations interact with the federal government through two agencies: the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Health_Service" title="Indian Health Service">Indian Health Service</a>. </p><p> The standard of living on some reservations is comparable to that in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a>, with problems of infant mortality,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> low life expectancy, poor nutrition, poverty, and alcohol and drug abuse. The two poorest counties in the United States are <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_County,_South_Dakota" title="Buffalo County, South Dakota">Buffalo County, South Dakota</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Creek_Indian_Reservation" title="Crow Creek Indian Reservation">Crow Creek Indian Reservation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oglala_Lakota_County,_South_Dakota" title="Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota">Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge Indian Reservation</a>, according to data compiled by the 2000 census.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This disparity in living standards can partly be explained by centuries-long instances of settler colonialism which have systematically harmed Indigenous peoples' relations with land, and have attempted to erase their cultural ways of life.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potawatomi scholar <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Powys_Whyte" title="Kyle Powys Whyte">Kyle Powys Whyte</a> has stated,</p><blockquote><p>"While Indigenous peoples, as any society, have long histories of adapting to change, colonialism caused changes at such a rapid pace that many Indigenous peoples became vulnerable to harms, from health problems related to new diets to erosion of their cultures to the destruction of Indigenous diplomacy, to which they were not as susceptible prior to colonization."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>This has resulted in an ever widening disparity between Native peoples and the rest of the United States. </p><p>It is commonly believed that environmentalism and a connectedness to nature are ingrained in the Native American culture. However, this is a generalization. In recent years, cultural historians have set out to reconstruct and complicate this notion as what they claim to be a culturally inaccurate romanticism.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others recognize the differences between the attitudes and perspectives that emerge from a comparison of Western European philosophy and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK)</a> of Indigenous peoples, especially when considering natural resource conflicts and management strategies involving multiple parties.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Environmental issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lands on which reservations are located are disproportionately low in natural resources and quality soil conducive to fostering economic prosperity. Starting in the mid-20th century reservations came to be increasingly located in areas contaminated with toxic runoff from current or historical industrial activities conducted by outside entities including private corporations as well as the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to anthropologists <a href="/wiki/Merrill_Singer" title="Merrill Singer">Merrill Singer</a> and Derrick Hodge: "The toxic and poor land quality of Native American lands is neither a historical accident nor the result of any cultural deficiency on their part, but rather is the result of aggressive westward economic expansion. This process was calculated and unconcerned with indigenous wellbeing. [...] Thus, federal policy, including the Indian Removal Act of 1830, was designed to displace Native Americans from coveted land and to relocate them to areas seen as relatively "valueless by nineteenth century standards"<sup id="cite_ref-:1_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Communities living on Native reservations are also disproportionately affected by environmental hazards.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to them being deemed as "undesirable", lands on and near reservations are often used by the U.S. government and private industries as areas for environmentally hazardous activities. These activities include uranium mining, nuclear waste disposal, and military testing.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to this, many reservation communities have been subjected to adverse health issues. Specifically, according to scholar Traci Lynn Voyles, the Navajo Nation has been affected for decades by uranium mining and nuclear waste dumping: </p><blockquote><p>"Radiation-related diseases are now endemic to many parts of the Navajo Nation, claiming the health and lives of former miners to be sure but also those of Navajos who would never see the inside of a mine. Diné children have a rate of testicular and ovarian cancer fifteen times the national average, and a fatal neurological disease called Navajo neuropathy has been closely linked to ingesting uranium-contaminated water during pregnancy".<sup id="cite_ref-:7_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Other reservation communities have been subjected to instances like this as well. According to scholar <a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a>, the Paiute- Shoshone community was deliberately exposed to radiation throughout the latter half of the 20th century:</p><blockquote><p>"In 1951 the Atomic Energy Commission set up the Nevada Test Site within Western Shoshone territory as a proving grounds for nuclear weapons. Between 1951 and 1992, the U.S. and UK exploded 1,054 nuclear devices above and below ground [...] According to Sanchez, the Atomic Energy Commission would deliberately wait for clouds to blow north before conducting tests, so that the fallout would avoid any heavily populated areas such as Las Vegas and Los Angeles. This meant that the Shoshones would get a larger dose.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>"</p></blockquote><p>Many Indigenous communities have also been subjected to the degradation of sacred lands in favor of resource extraction.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 79 percent of the lithium deposits on U.S. soil are within 35 miles of Indian reservations.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thacker_Pass_lithium_mine" title="Thacker Pass lithium mine">Thacker Pass</a> is home to both one of the largest lithium deposits in the world<sup id="cite_ref-:8_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and home to a sacred burial site of multiple tribes including the Pitt River and Paiute.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mining company, Lithium Nevada, was recently granted permission to mine the area by the Bureau of Land Management.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tribal members argue that these permits were unlawfully issued, and that "the BLM notified only three of Nevada's 27 tribes about the mine".<sup id="cite_ref-:9_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, Indigenous groups have had little say when it comes to which land they are designated to occupy, as well as what happens to the land. This can be explained by the following excerpt from an academic journal on the impacts of climate change in the Arctic: "While a government-to-government relationship is now officially required, these cases (which continue to define the indigenous/federal relationship in the U.S.) instituted a federal 'trust responsibility' for indigenous people in the U.S., codifying a legal relationship of paternalism that limits the autonomy of tribal governments. The United States government is thus under a legal obligation to protect the lands, resources and traditionally used areas of indigenous peoples, and government agencies are required to consult with tribal governments and <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_Corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Native Corporations">Alaska Native Corporations</a> in natural resource decision-making. While some view this form of representation as the best and only practical means of influencing Northern policy, the actual involvement of tribal governments has been limited, and seen as perfunctory, and may be precluded by the procedural and structural mandates of federal law and legal precedent."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> We can see this with the amount of reservations placed near massive construction projects that lead to pollution, such as landfills or the Dakotas Access Pipeline. In addition, the lands that Indigenous people are designated to occupy by the federal government typically have difficulties already. As explained by scholars Gregory Hooks and Chad Smith in their academic journal connecting the focus on production to environmental issues, "Federally owned and Native American lands tended to be in close proximity, and they had a great deal in common: they were concentrated in the states west of the Mississippi, and they tended to be lands that were too dry, remote, or barren to attract the attention of settlers and corporations."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reservations are often designated or located close to "<a href="/wiki/Superfund_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfund sites">superfund sites</a>" areas designated by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) as polluted and hazardous to live in and requiring action to clean up. In 2014, of 1,322 Superfund sites in the United States, 532 or almost 25% where in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Country">Indian Country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these include the <a href="/wiki/Jackpile-Paguate_Uranium_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackpile-Paguate Uranium Mine">Jackpile-Paguate Uranium Mine</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_of_Laguna" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo of Laguna">Pueblo of Laguna</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Regis_Paper_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Regis Paper Company (page does not exist)">St. Regis Paper Company</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Leech_Lake_Band_of_Ojibwe" title="Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe">Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe</a>'s reservation, and the <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_Bank_Mercury_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine">Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Elem_Band_of_Pomo_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Elem Band of Pomo Indians">Elem Band of Pomo Indians</a>' reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: 60%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Claims_Commission" title="Indian Claims Commission">Indian Claims Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_colony" title="Indian colony">Indian colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_country" title="Indian country">Indian country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of historical Indian reservations in the United States">List of historical Indian reservations in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">List of Indian reservations in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_reservation_politics" title="Native American reservation politics">Native American reservation politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_poverty" title="Reservation poverty">Reservation poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Nebraska#Reservations" title="Native American tribes in Nebraska">Reservations in Nebraska</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Outside the U.S.:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rancher%C3%ADa" title="Ranchería">Ranchería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancherie" title="Rancherie">Rancherie</a> (term used in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Protected_Area" title="Indigenous Protected Area">Indigenous Protected Area</a> in Australia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Community_Lands" title="Native Community Lands">Native Community Lands</a> in Bolivia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_territory_(Brazil)" title="Indigenous territory (Brazil)">Indigenous territory (Brazil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a> in Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_territory_(Colombia)" title="Indigenous territory (Colombia)">Indigenous territory (Colombia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_territories_of_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous territories of Costa Rica">Indigenous territories of Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Area_(Taiwan)" title="Indigenous Area (Taiwan)">Indigenous Area (Taiwan)</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Department_of_the_Interior-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Department_of_the_Interior_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Department_of_the_Interior_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBureau_of_Indian_Affairs2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> (August 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bia.gov/faqs/what-federal-indian-reservation">"What is a federal Indian reservation?"</a>. Department of the Interior<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+a+federal+Indian+reservation%3F&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Interior&rft.date=2017-08-19&rft.au=Bureau+of+Indian+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bia.gov%2Ffaqs%2Fwhat-federal-indian-reservation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+reservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1million-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1million_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1million_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGreal2012" class="citation news cs1">McGreal, Chris (May 4, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/04/us-stolen-land-indian-tribes-un">"US should return stolen land to Indian tribes, says United Nations"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=US+should+return+stolen+land+to+Indian+tribes%2C+says+United+Nations&rft.date=2012-05-04&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=McGreal&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Fmay%2F04%2Fus-stolen-land-indian-tribes-un&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+reservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1million2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1million2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1million2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwgia.org/en/usa/4684-iw-2022-united-states-of-america.html">"The Indigenous World 2022: United States of America"</a>. IWGIA - International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Indigenous+World+2022%3A+United+States+of+America&rft.pub=IWGIA+-+International+Work+Group+for+Indigenous+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwgia.org%2Fen%2Fusa%2F4684-iw-2022-united-states-of-america.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+reservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nec.navajo-nsn.gov/Portals/0/Reports/NN2010PopulationProfile.pdf">"Navajo Population Profile 2010 U.S. Census"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navajo+Population+Profile+2010+U.S.+Census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nec.navajo-nsn.gov%2FPortals%2F0%2FReports%2FNN2010PopulationProfile.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+reservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usa.gov/indian-tribes-alaska-native">"Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities"</a>. <i>usa.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">General Services Administration</a>. July 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usa.gov&rft.atitle=Federally+recognized+American+Indian+tribes+and+Alaska+Native+entities&rft.date=2023-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usa.gov%2Findian-tribes-alaska-native&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+reservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bia.gov/faqs/what-federal-indian-reservation#:~:text=There%20are%20approximately%20326%20Indian,%2C%20communities%2C%20etc.).">"What is a federal Indian reservation?"</a>. <i>bia.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bia.gov&rft.atitle=What+is+a+federal+Indian+reservation%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bia.gov%2Ffaqs%2Fwhat-federal-indian-reservation%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThere%2520are%2520approximately%2520326%2520Indian%2C%252C%2520communities%252C%2520etc.%29.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+reservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutton, 199.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bia.gov/faqs/what-federal-indian-reservation">"What is a federal Indian reservation? | Indian Affairs"</a>. <i>www.bia.gov</i>. August 19, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bia.gov&rft.atitle=What+is+a+federal+Indian+reservation%3F+%7C+Indian+Affairs&rft.date=2017-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bia.gov%2Ffaqs%2Fwhat-federal-indian-reservation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+reservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/profile?g=010XX00US">"Explore Census Data"</a>. <i>data.census.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.census.gov&rft.atitle=Explore+Census+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fprofile%3Fg%3D010XX00US&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+reservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinney, 1937; Sutton, 1975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reservations-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reservations_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reservations_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies & Clow; Sutton 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For general data, see Tiller (1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frantz-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frantz_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrantz1999" class="citation book cs1">Frantz, Klaus (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4YYyHY0U2NAC&pg=PA45"><i>Indian Reservations in the United States: Territory, Sovereignty, and Socioeconomic Change</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-26089-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-26089-5"><bdi>0-226-26089-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Reservations+in+the+United+States%3A+Territory%2C+Sovereignty%2C+and+Socioeconomic+Change&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-226-26089-5&rft.aulast=Frantz&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4YYyHY0U2NAC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+reservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., <i>United States v. Dion</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_476" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 476">476</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/476/734/">734</a> (1986); <i>Francis v. Francis</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_203" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 203">203</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/203/233/">233</a> (1906).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooksSmith2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hooks, Gregory; Smith, Chad L. (August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312240406900405">"The Treadmill of Destruction: National Sacrifice Areas and Native Americans"</a>. <i>American Sociological Review</i>. <b>69</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">558–</span>575. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000312240406900405">10.1177/000312240406900405</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1224">0003-1224</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145428620">145428620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=The+Treadmill+of+Destruction%3A+National+Sacrifice+Areas+and+Native+Americans&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E558-%3C%2Fspan%3E575&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145428620%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-1224&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000312240406900405&rft.aulast=Hooks&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Smith%2C+Chad+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1177%2F000312240406900405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+reservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/housing/housing_patterns/pdftoc.html">"Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation in the United States: 1980–2000"</a>. Census.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Racial+and+Ethnic+Residential+Segregation+in+the+United+States%3A+1980%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=Census.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fhhes%2Fwww%2Fhousing%2Fhousing_patterns%2Fpdftoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+reservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Los Angeles, see Allen, J. P. and E. Turner, 2002. Text and map of the metropolitan area show the widespread urban distribution of California and other Native Americans.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/us/40d.asp">"40d. Life on the Reservations"</a>. <i>U.S. History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+History&rft.atitle=40d.+Life+on+the+Reservations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2Fus%2F40d.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+reservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712222115/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/aug29/first-indian-reservation/">"This Day in Geographic History: First Indian Reservation"</a>. <i>National Geographic Society</i>. July 18, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/aug29/first-indian-reservation/">the original</a> on July 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Society&rft.atitle=This+Day+in+Geographic+History%3A+First+Indian+Reservation&rft.date=2014-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.org%2Fthisday%2Faug29%2Ffirst-indian-reservation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+reservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AccessibleArchives-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AccessibleArchives_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AccessibleArchives_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AccessibleArchives_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2013" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, JD (August 29, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507172435/https://www.accessible-archives.com/2013/08/colonies-first-new-jerseys-indian-reservation/">"The Colonies' First and New Jersey's Only Indian Reservation"</a>. <i>Accessible Archives Inc</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Accessible+Archives+Inc.&rft.atitle=The+Colonies%27+First+and+New+Jersey%27s+Only+Indian+Reservation&rft.date=2013-08-29&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=JD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessible-archives.com%2F2013%2F08%2Fcolonies-first-new-jerseys-indian-reservation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+reservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kepharts-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kepharts_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kepharts_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKephart2010" class="citation web cs1">Kephart, Bill & Mary (November 7, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nj.com/gloucester/voices/index.ssf/2010/11/the_kepharts_cohawkin_raccoon.html">"The Kepharts: Cohawkin, Raccoon Creek, Narraticon all names left by Lenni-Lenape in Gloucester County"</a>. <i>NJ.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2018</span>. <q>In 1758, the Colonial Legislature purchased land in Burlington County for a reservation. It was the first Indian Reservation in America and was called Edgepelick. Governor <a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Bernard,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet">Francis Bernard</a> called it Brotherton. Today the area is known as Indian Mills. In 1801, an act was passed directing the sale of Brotherton, with the proceeds used to send the remaining <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a> to the Stockbridge Reservation near Oneida, New York. There they formed a settlement called Statesburg.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NJ.com&rft.atitle=The+Kepharts%3A+Cohawkin%2C+Raccoon+Creek%2C+Narraticon+all+names+left+by+Lenni-Lenape+in+Gloucester+County&rft.date=2010-11-07&rft.aulast=Kephart&rft.aufirst=Bill+%26+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fgloucester%2Fvoices%2Findex.ssf%2F2010%2F11%2Fthe_kepharts_cohawkin_raccoon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+reservation" class="Z3988"></span> November 7, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-13-02-0159">Remarks on the Plan for Regulating the Indian Trade, September 1766 – October 1766</a>, <i>Founders Online</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelko,_William_S.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Belko, William S. 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University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820330587" title="Special:BookSources/9780820330587"><bdi>9780820330587</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/812757112">812757112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Listening+to+the+Land%3A+Native+American+literary+responses+to+the+landscape&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F812757112&rft.isbn=9780820330587&rft.aulast=Lee.&rft.aufirst=Schweninger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+reservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoode2015" class="citation journal cs1">Goode, Ron W. 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(2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3593065">"The Treadmill of Destruction: National Sacrifice Areas and Native Americans"</a>. <i>American Sociological Review</i>. <b>69</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">558–</span>575. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000312240406900405">10.1177/000312240406900405</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1224">0003-1224</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3593065">3593065</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145428620">145428620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=The+Treadmill+of+Destruction%3A+National+Sacrifice+Areas+and+Native+Americans&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E558-%3C%2Fspan%3E575&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0003-1224&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145428620%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3593065%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000312240406900405&rft.aulast=Hooks&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Smith%2C+Chad+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3593065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+reservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianz.com/News/2014/06/19/terri-hansen-far-too-many-supe.asp">"Terri Hansen: Far too many Superfund sites in Indian Country"</a>. <i>Indianz.com</i>. June 19, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indianz.com&rft.atitle=Terri+Hansen%3A+Far+too+many+Superfund+sites+in+Indian+Country&rft.date=2014-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianz.com%2FNews%2F2014%2F06%2F19%2Fterri-hansen-far-too-many-supe.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+reservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://triballands.org/tlac/resources-learning/superfund-case-studies/">"Tribal Superfund Case Studies"</a>. <i>Tribal Lands Assistance Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribal+Lands+Assistance+Center&rft.atitle=Tribal+Superfund+Case+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftriballands.org%2Ftlac%2Fresources-learning%2Fsuperfund-case-studies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+reservation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>J. P. Allen and E. Turner, <i>Changing Faces, Changing Places: Mapping Southern Californians</i> (Northridge, CA: The Center for Geographical Studies, California State University, Northridge, 2002).</li> <li>George Pierre Castle and Robert L. Bee, eds., <i>State and Reservation: New Perspectives on Federal Indian Policy</i> (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1992)</li> <li>Richmond L. Clow and Imre Sutton, eds., <i>Trusteeship in Change: Toward Tribal Autonomy in Resource Management</i> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2001).</li> <li>Wade Davies and Richmond L. Clow, <i>American Indian Sovereignty and Law: An Annotated Bibliography</i> (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2009).</li> <li>T. J. Ferguson and E. Richard Hart, <i>A Zuni Atlas</i> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985)</li> <li>David H. Getches, Charles F. Wilkinson, and Robert A. Williams, <i>Cases and Materials on Federal Indian Law</i>, 4th ed. (St. Paul: West Group, 1998).</li> <li>Klaus Frantz, "Indian Reservations in the United States", Geography Research Paper 241 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).</li> <li>James M. Goodman, <i>The Navajo Atlas: Environments, Resources, People, and History of the Diné Bikeyah</i> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1982).</li> <li>J. P. Kinney, <i>A Continent Lost: A Civilization Won: Indian Land Tenure in America</i> (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1937)</li> <li>Francis Paul Prucha, <i>Atlas of American Indian Affairs</i> (Norman: University of Nebraska Press, 1990).</li> <li>C. C. Royce, comp., <i>Indian Land Cessions in the United States</i>, 18th Annual Report, 1896–97, pt. 2 (Wash., D. C.: Bureau of American Ethnology; GPO 1899)</li> <li>Imre Sutton, "Cartographic Review of Indian Land Tenure and Territoriality: A Schematic Approach", <i>American Indian Culture and Research Journal</i>, 26:2 (2002): 63–113.</li> <li>Imre Sutton, <i>Indian Land Tenure: Bibliographical Essays and a Guide to the Literature</i> (NY: Clearwater Publ. 1975).</li> <li>Imre Sutton, ed., "The Political Geography of Indian Country", <i>American Indian Culture and Resource Journal</i>, vol. 15, no. 2 (1991):1–169.</li> <li>Imre Sutton, "Sovereign States and the Changing Definition of the Indian Reservation", <i>Geographical Review</i>, vol. 66, no. 3 (1976): 281–95.</li> <li>Veronica E. Velarde Tiller, ed., <i>Tiller's Guide to Indian Country: Economic Profiles of American Indian Reservations</i> (Albuquerque: BowArrow Pub., 1996/2005)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_J._Wishart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David J. Wishart (page does not exist)">David J. Wishart</a> and Oliver Froehling, "Land Ownership, Population and Jurisdiction: the Case of the 'Devils Lake Sioux Tribe v. North Dakota Public Service Commission'", <i>American Indian Culture and Research Journal</i>, 20(2): 33–58 (1996).</li> <li>Laura Woodward-Ney, <i>Mapping Identity: The Coeur d'Alene Indian Reservation, 1803–1902</i> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2004)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_reservation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Indian reservations in the United States">Indian reservations in the United States</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1034/ML103430075.pdf">BIA full-size Indian reservations in the continental United States</a> – National Park Service</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020805011052/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/tallies/tallyair.html">U.S. Census tallies for Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030316202755/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/GARM/Ch5GARM.pdf">Chapter 5: American Indian and Alaska Native Areas</a>, U.S. Census Bureau, Geographic Areas Reference manual (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910144940/http://www.doi.gov/bia/TLD-Final.pdf">Tribal Leaders Directory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041217202126/http://www.theorator.com/bills108/s523.html">Native American Technical Corrections Act of 2003</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0423/p08s01-comv.html">Gambling on the reservation</a> April 2004 <i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Science Monitor">Christian Science Monitor</a></i> article with links to other Monitor articles on the topic</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2010/9/30/henry_red_cloud_of_oglala_lakota">Henry Red Cloud of Oglala Lakota Tribe on the Recession's Toll on Reservations</a>—video report by <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/tribal">Tribal Justice & Safety. at the U.S. Department of Justice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/209839.pdf">"Public Law 280 and Law Enforcement in Indian Country – Research Priorities"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_title_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Aboriginal title in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aboriginal_title_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Aboriginal title in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aboriginal_title_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aboriginal title in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aboriginal_title_in_the_United_States74" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title_in_the_United_States" title="Aboriginal title in the United States">Aboriginal title in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title_statutes_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Aboriginal title statutes in the Thirteen Colonies">Colonial era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Freedoms_and_Exemptions" title="Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions">Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions</a> (1629 New Netherland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a> (British North America)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_Congress_Proclamation_of_1783" title="Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783">Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg/150px-Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg/225px-Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg/300px-Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> (1787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonintercourse_Act" title="Nonintercourse Act">Nonintercourse Act</a> (1790, 1793, 1796, 1799, 1802, and 1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Removal Act</a> (1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawes_Act" title="Dawes Act">Dawes Act</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diminishment" title="Diminishment">Diminishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Act_of_1898" title="Curtis Act of 1898">Curtis Act of 1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act" title="Indian Reorganization Act">Reorganization Act</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Claims_Commission" title="Indian Claims Commission">Indian Claims Commission Act</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Land_Claims_Settlements" title="Indian Land Claims Settlements">Indian Land Claims Settlements</a> (1978–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Claims_Limitations_Act" title="Indian Claims Limitations Act">Indian Claims Limitations Act</a> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precedents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title_in_the_Marshall_Court" title="Aboriginal title in the Marshall Court">Marshall Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Johnson_v._McIntosh" title="Johnson v. McIntosh">Johnson v. McIntosh</a></i> (1823)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_v._Georgia" title="Cherokee Nation v. Georgia">Cherokee Nation v. Georgia</a></i> (1831)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title_in_the_Taney_Court" title="Aboriginal title in the Taney Court">Taney Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fellows_v._Blacksmith" title="Fellows v. Blacksmith">Fellows v. Blacksmith</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_ex_rel._Cutler_v._Dibble" title="New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble">New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble</a></i> (1858)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1890—1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Nation_of_Indians_v._Christy" title="Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy">Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Santa_Fe_Pacific_Railroad_Co." title="United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.">United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.</a></i> (1941)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Warren Court</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tee-Hit-Ton_Indians_v._United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States">Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Power_Commission_v._Tuscarora_Indian_Nation" title="Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation">Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation</a></i> (1960)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Burger Court</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York_v._County_of_Oneida" title="Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida">Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilson_v._Omaha_Indian_Tribe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe (page does not exist)">Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_of_Oneida_v._Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York_State" title="County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State">County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_v._Catawba_Indian_Tribe,_Inc." title="South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc.">South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe</a></i> (1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rehnquist Court</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Idaho_v._Coeur_d%27Alene_Tribe_of_Idaho" title="Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho">Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Idaho_v._United_States" title="Idaho v. United States">Idaho v. United States</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sherrill_v._Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York" title="City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York">City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_Claims_Settlement_Act" title="Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title_in_California" title="Aboriginal title in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_land_rights_in_Hawaii" title="Category:Indigenous land rights in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removals_in_Indiana" title="Indian removals in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title_in_Louisiana" title="Aboriginal title in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Tribal_Council_of_the_Passamaquoddy_Tribe_v._Morton" title="Joint Tribal Council of the Passamaquoddy Tribe v. Morton">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_American_tribes_in_Michigan" title="Category:Native American tribes in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title_in_New_Mexico" title="Aboriginal title in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title_in_New_York" title="Aboriginal title in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Indian_reservations_in_Oklahoma" title="Former Indian reservations in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narragansett_land_claim" title="Narragansett land claim">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_v._Elliott" title="State v. Elliott">Vermont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">Indigenous land rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">Aboriginal title</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_title_in_Australia" title="Native title in Australia">in Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">List of federally recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_recognition_of_Native_Hawaiians" title="United States federal recognition of Native Hawaiians">Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Hawaii" title="Legal status of Hawaii">Legal status of Hawaii</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Native_American_topics523" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_topics" title="Template:Native American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_American_topics" title="Template talk:Native American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Native_American_topics523" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in the Americas">Archaic period in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_trade" title="Native American trade">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerindian_slave_ownership" title="Amerindian slave ownership">ownership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans in the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawes_Rolls" title="Dawes Rolls">Dawes Rolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_Degree_of_Indian_Blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Certificate Degree of Indian Blood">Certificate Degree of Indian Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans" title="Cultural assimilation of Native Americans">Cultural assimilation of Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Appropriations_Act" title="Indian Appropriations Act">Indian Appropriations Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Integrity_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial Integrity Act">Racial Integrity Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act_of_1924" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Citizenship Act of 1924">Indian Citizenship Act of 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act_of_1934" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Reorganization Act of 1934">Indian Reorganization Act of 1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Native Americans and World War II">Native Americans and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">American Indian boarding schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_school_gravesites" title="American Indian boarding school gravesites">gravesites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a> / <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund" title="Native American Rights Fund">Native American Rights Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Power_movement" title="Red Power movement">Native American rights movement/Red Power movement (1968-1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_civil_rights" title="Native American civil rights">Native American civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Discrimination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam"> Hohokam culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American cuisine">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Film_and_Video_Festival" title="Native American Film and Video Festival">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples%27_Day_(United_States)" title="Indigenous Peoples' Day (United States)">Indigenous Peoples' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_literature" title="Mesoamerican literature">Mesoamerican literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_fashion" title="Native American fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_social_statistics_of_Native_Americans" title="Modern social statistics of Native Americans">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American disease and epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_identity_in_the_United_States" title="Native American identity in the United States">Native American identity in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pow_wow" class="mw-redirect" title="Pow wow">Pow wow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American wars">Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars" title="Anglo-Powhatan Wars">Anglo-Powhatan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieft%27s_War" title="Kieft's War">Kieft's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peach_Tree_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Peach Tree War">Peach Tree War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esopus_Wars" title="Esopus Wars">Esopus Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_War" title="Tuscarora War">Tuscarora War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamasee_War" title="Yamasee War">Yamasee War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikara_War" title="Arikara War">Arikara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War" title="Second Seminole War">Second Seminole War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Osage Indian War">Osage Indian War </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian_wars" title="Texas–Indian wars">Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Comanche_Wars" title="Comanche Wars">Comanche Wars (1836–1877)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antelope_Hills_expedition" title="Antelope Hills expedition">Antelope Hills expedition (1858)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Comanche_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Comanche Campaign">Comanche Campaign (1867–1875)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Red_River_War" title="Red River War">Red River War (1874–1875)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Hunters%27_War" title="Buffalo Hunters' War">Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_War" title="Cayuse War">Cayuse War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Wars" title="Apache Wars">Apache Wars (1849–1924)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_War" title="Jicarilla War">Jicarilla War (1849–1855)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Apache_Wars#Chiricahua_Wars" title="Apache Wars">Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yavapai_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavapai War">Tonto War (1871–1875)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Victorio%27s_War" title="Victorio's War">Victorio's War (1879–1880)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Apache_Wars#Geronimo's_War" title="Apache Wars">Geronimo's War (1881–1886)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Post_1887_Apache_Wars_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Post 1887 Apache Wars period">Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma_War" title="Yuma War">Yuma War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_Wars" title="Ute Wars">Ute Wars (1850–1923)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Fort_Utah" title="Battle at Fort Utah">Battle at Fort Utah (1850)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walkara#Walker_War" title="Walkara">Walker War (1853–1854)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tintic_War" title="Tintic War">Tintic War (1856)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War_(1865%E2%80%9372)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hawk War (1865–72)">Black Hawk War (1865–1872)</a> / <a href="/wiki/White_River_War" class="mw-redirect" title="White River War">White River War (1879)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ute_Wars" title="Ute Wars">Ute War (1887)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bluff_War" title="Bluff War">Bluff War (1914–1915)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ute_Wars" title="Ute Wars">Bluff Skirmish (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posey_War" title="Posey War">Posey War (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Wars" title="Sioux Wars">Sioux Wars (1854–1891)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sioux_Wars#First_Sioux_War" title="Sioux Wars">First Sioux War (1854-1856)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota War (1862)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Colorado_War" title="Colorado War">Colorado War (1863–1865)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Powder_River_Expedition_(1865)" title="Powder River Expedition (1865)">Powder River War (1865)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud%27s_War" title="Red Cloud's War">Red Cloud's War (1866–1868)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War (1876–1877)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne_Exodus" title="Northern Cheyenne Exodus">Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance_War" title="Ghost Dance War">Ghost Dance War (1890–1891)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_River_Wars" title="Rogue River Wars">Rogue River Wars (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakima_War" title="Yakima War">Yakima War (1855–1858)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound_War" title="Puget Sound War">Puget Sound War (1855–1856)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_War" title="Coeur d'Alene War">Coeur d'Alene War (1858)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_War" title="Mohave War">Mohave War (1858–1859)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Wars#American_period" title="Navajo Wars">Navajo Wars (1849–1866)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiute_War" title="Paiute War">Paiute War (1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_Wars" title="Yavapai Wars">Yavapai Wars (1861–1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_War" title="Snake War">Snake War (1864–1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai_War_(1865%E2%80%9370)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hualapai War (1865–70)">Hualapai War (1865–1870)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_War" title="Modoc War">Modoc War (1872–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_War" title="Nez Perce War">Nez Perce War (1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannock_War" title="Bannock War">Bannock War (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_War" title="Crow War">Crow War (1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannock_War_of_1895" title="Bannock War of 1895">Bannock Uprising (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Uprising" title="Yaqui Uprising">Yaqui Uprising (1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sugar_Point" title="Battle of Sugar Point">Battle of Sugar Point (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Snake_Rebellion" title="Crazy Snake Rebellion">Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kelley_Creek#Last_Massacre" title="Battle of Kelley Creek">Last Massacre (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kelley_Creek" title="Battle of Kelley Creek">Battle of Kelley Creek (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bear_Valley" title="Battle of Bear Valley">Battle of Bear Valley (1918)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education, science<br /> and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_studies" title="Native American studies">Native American studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Religious_Freedom_Act" title="American Indian Religious Freedom Act">American Indian Religious Freedom Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_feather_law" title="Eagle feather law">Eagle feather law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_people_and_Mormonism" title="Native American people and Mormonism">Native American people and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American church">Native American church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smudging" title="Smudging">Smudging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweat_lodge" title="Sweat lodge">Sweat lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_civil_rights" title="Native American civil rights">Native American civil rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_American_Indians" title="National Congress of American Indians">National Congress of American Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement (AIM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Power_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Power Movement">Red Power Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Alcatraz" title="Occupation of Alcatraz">Occupation of Alcatraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Broken_Treaties" title="Trail of Broken Treaties">Trail of Broken Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Wounded_Knee" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Wounded Knee">Occupation of Wounded Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_tribal_nations_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States">Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_handprint" title="Red handprint">Red handprint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_women_in_politics" title="Native American women in politics">Native American women in politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal sovereignty">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Back" title="Land Back">Land Back</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic<br />groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund" title="Native American Rights Fund">Native American Rights Fund (NARF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_American_Indians" title="National Congress of American Indians">National Congress of American Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Indian_Youth_Council" title="National Indian Youth Council">National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_of_All_Red_Nations" title="Women of All Red Nations">Women of All Red Nations (WARN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Indian_Treaty_Council" title="International Indian Treaty Council">The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretendian" title="Pretendian">Pretendian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_Native_American_majority_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations">List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_social_statistics_of_Native_Americans" title="Modern social statistics of Native Americans">Modern social statistics of Native Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_poverty" title="Reservation poverty">Reservation poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Indian" title="Urban Indian">Urban Indian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Pidgin_English" title="Native American Pidgin English">Native American Pidgin English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_Native_American_majority_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Arizona" title="Indigenous peoples of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_People_of_Colorado" title="Template:Indigenous People of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indians_of_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="American Indians of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_Americans_in_Maryland" title="Template:Native Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Native_Americans_in_Baltimore" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Native Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Michigan" title="Template:Native American Tribes in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Nebraska" title="Native American tribes in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_North_Carolina" title="Template:Native American Tribes in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_Tribes_in_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Native American Tribes in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_peoples_of_Oregon" title="Native American peoples of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Virginia" title="Native American tribes in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Wisconsin" title="Template:Native American Tribes in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_Americans_of_the_United_States" title="List of Native Americans of the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_artists" title="List of Native American artists">artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_actors" title="List of Native American actors">actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_leaders_of_the_Indian_Wars" title="List of Native American leaders of the Indian Wars">Native American War Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_musicians" title="List of Native American musicians">musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Native Americans in the United States Congress">Native American politicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_from_peoples_indigenous_to_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of writers from peoples indigenous to the Americas">writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of Native American Medal of Honor recipients">Native American Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes">List of federally recognized tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_by_state" title="List of federally recognized tribes by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">List of Indian reservations in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_massacres_in_North_America" title="List of Indian massacres in North America">Massacres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_American_culture" title="Category:Native American culture">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States359" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template talk:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States359" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political divisions of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">List of states and territories</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Outlying islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">List of Indian reservations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Concessions_and_leases_in_international_relations" title="Concessions and leases in international relations">International concessions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituffik_Space_Base" title="Pituffik Space Base">Pituffik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_census_topics175" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCensus_Geography" title="Template:USCensus Geography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCensus_Geography" title="Template talk:USCensus Geography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCensus_Geography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCensus Geography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_census_topics175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_census" title="United States census">United States census</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_division" title="Census division">Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Federal District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code_Tabulation_Area" title="ZIP Code Tabulation Area">ZIP Code Tabulation Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Native areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_corporation" title="Alaska Native corporation">Alaska Native corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_colony" title="Indian colony">Indian colony</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-reservation_trust_land" title="Off-reservation trust land">Off-reservation trust land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Tribal_Statistical_Area" title="Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area">Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metropolitan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_area_(United_States)" title="Statistical area (United States)">Primary statistical area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_area_(United_States)#List_of_primary_statistical_areas" title="Statistical area (United States)">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_statistical_area" title="Combined statistical area">Combined statistical area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core-based_statistical_area" title="Core-based statistical area">Core-based statistical area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_core-based_statistical_areas" title="List of core-based statistical areas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">Metropolitan statistical area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropolitan_statistical_area" title="Micropolitan statistical area">Micropolitan statistical area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_city_and_town_area" title="New England city and town area">New England city and town area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">Urban area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">Congressional district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_boroughs_and_census_areas_in_Alaska" title="List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska">Alaska census area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Municipalities of Puerto Rico">Municipio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">Place</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">Census-designated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Use_Microdata_Area" title="Public Use Microdata Area">Public use microdata area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">State legislative district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_growth_boundary" title="Urban growth boundary">Urban growth area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">County-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_county_division" title="Census county division">Census county division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor civil division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_analysis_zone" title="Traffic analysis zone">Traffic analysis zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_precinct" title="Electoral precinct">Voting district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_block" title="Census block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_block_group" title="Census block group">Block group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_tract" title="Census tract">Tract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Census Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Indigenous_and_minority_rights359" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Template:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Template talk:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Indigenous_and_minority_rights359" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">minority rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_domain" title="Ancestral domain">Ancestral domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free,_prior_and_informed_consent" title="Free, prior and informed consent">Free, prior and informed consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">Land rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_self-determination" title="Indigenous Australian self-determination">in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_self-determination" title="Native American self-determination">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">medical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">Treaty rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_treaties_in_Australia" title="Indigenous treaties in Australia">in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_the_Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi">in New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-governmental and<br /> political organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Watch" title="Amazon Watch">Amazon Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_First_Nations" title="Assembly of First Nations">Assembly of First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Indigenous_Nationalities_of_Ecuador" title="Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador">Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Congress of Aboriginal Peoples">Congress of Aboriginal Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Indigenous_Organizations_of_the_Amazon_River_Basin" title="Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin">Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Survival" title="Cultural Survival">Cultural Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Environmental_Network" title="Indigenous Environmental Network">Indigenous Environmental Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples_Council_on_Biocolonialism" title="Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism">Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Work_Group_for_Indigenous_Affairs" title="International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs">International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Indigenous_Organization_of_Colombia" title="National Indigenous Organization of Colombia">National Indigenous Organization of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund" title="Native American Rights Fund">Native American Rights Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_International" title="Survival International">Survival International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatista Army of National Liberation</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_rights_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous rights organizations"><i>more ...</i></a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">Civilizing mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_colonialism" title="Internal colonialism">Internal colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Sports mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redface" title="Redface">Redface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests" title="Dakota Access Pipeline protests">Dakota Access Pipeline protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_doctrine" title="Discovery doctrine">Discovery doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_conservation" title="Fortress conservation">Fortress conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_grabbing" title="Green grabbing">Green grabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland" title="Homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_inhabited_by_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples">Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Indian reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_colony" title="Indian colony">Indian colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancher%C3%ADa" title="Ranchería">Ranchería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancherie" title="Rancherie">Rancherie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Russian republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Indian_reserve" title="Urban Indian reserve">Urban Indian reserve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_shaman" title="Plastic shaman">Plastic shaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Rainbow_Warriors" title="Legend of the Rainbow Warriors">Rainbow Warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal representation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aotearoa-New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Te_Puni_K%C5%8Dkiri" title="Te Puni Kōkiri">Te Puni Kōkiri</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_do_%C3%8Dndio" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundação Nacional do Índio">Fundação Nacional do Índio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada">Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="National Institute of Indigenous Peoples">National Institute of Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_Indigenous_Peoples_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (Philippines)">National Commission on Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Development_of_the_Russian_Far_East_and_Arctic" title="Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic">Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bashkortostan" title="Government of Bashkortostan">Government of Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Sakha_Republic" title="Government of the Sakha Republic">Government of the Sakha Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tatarstan" title="Government of Tatarstan">Government of Tatarstan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Taiwan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Council of Indigenous Peoples">Council of Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>US <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intergovernmental<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li>WIPO <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Committee_on_Intellectual_Property_and_Genetic_Resources,_Traditional_Knowledge_and_Folklore" title="Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore">Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" title="High Seas Treaty">BBNJ ABS Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous-led<br />international<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Caucus" title="Indigenous Caucus">Indigenous Caucus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and<br />Declarations of Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_Convention,_1989" title="Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989">Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Protocol" title="Nagoya Protocol">Nagoya Protocol</a> on <a href="/wiki/Access_and_Benefit_Sharing_Agreement" title="Access and Benefit Sharing Agreement">Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP)</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" title="High Seas Treaty">High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property,_Genetic_Resources_and_Associated_Traditional_Knowledge" title="WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge">Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen–Russian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Civil War">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Peruvian_political_crisis" title="2009 Peruvian political crisis">2009 Peruvian political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_controversy" title="Alta controversy">Alta controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">Chiapas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Chagossians" title="Expulsion of the Chagossians">Expulsion of the Chagossians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Arctic_relocation" title="High Arctic relocation">High Arctic relocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Human rights in Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Danes_experiment" title="Little Danes experiment">Little Danes experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka_Crisis" title="Oka Crisis">Oka Crisis</a></li> <li>Residential schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_schools" title="Native schools">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rubber_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon rubber boom">Rubber boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Beers#Forceful_relocation_of_indigenous_Bushman_people_in_Botswana" title="De Beers">San controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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