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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="HMS Erebus (1826)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebus_(Schiff,_1826)" title="Erebus (Schiff, 1826) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erebus (Schiff, 1826)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="HMS Erebus (1826)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Erebus" title="HMS Erebus – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="HMS Erebus" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="HMS Erebus (1826)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3_(%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B2%DB%B6)" title="اچ‌ام‌اس اربوس (۱۸۲۶) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اچ‌ام‌اس اربوس (۱۸۲۶)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="HMS Erebus (1826)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="HMS Erebus (1826)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="HMS Erebus (1826)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%94%22%D7%9E_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A1_(1826)" title="אה"מ ארבוס (1826) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אה"מ ארבוס (1826)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="HMS Erebus (1826)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_%C2%ABErebus%C2%BB_(1826)" title="HMS «Erebus» (1826) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="HMS «Erebus» (1826)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_%C2%ABErebus%C2%BB" title="HMS «Erebus» – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="HMS «Erebus»" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="HMS Erebus (1826)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="HMS Erebus (1826)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="HMS Erebus (1826)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q512615#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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Antarctic and Arctic exploration</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other ships with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus" title="HMS Erebus">HMS Erebus</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Etienne_Musin_(1820-1888)_-_HMS_%27Erebus%27_in_the_Ice,_1846_-_BHC3325_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fran%C3%A7ois_Etienne_Musin_%281820-1888%29_-_HMS_%27Erebus%27_in_the_Ice%2C_1846_-_BHC3325_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg/300px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Etienne_Musin_%281820-1888%29_-_HMS_%27Erebus%27_in_the_Ice%2C_1846_-_BHC3325_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fran%C3%A7ois_Etienne_Musin_%281820-1888%29_-_HMS_%27Erebus%27_in_the_Ice%2C_1846_-_BHC3325_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg/450px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Etienne_Musin_%281820-1888%29_-_HMS_%27Erebus%27_in_the_Ice%2C_1846_-_BHC3325_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fran%C3%A7ois_Etienne_Musin_%281820-1888%29_-_HMS_%27Erebus%27_in_the_Ice%2C_1846_-_BHC3325_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg/600px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Etienne_Musin_%281820-1888%29_-_HMS_%27Erebus%27_in_the_Ice%2C_1846_-_BHC3325_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="780" /></a></span><div><i>Erebus</i> in the Ice, 1846, by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Musin" title="François Musin">François Musin</a></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">History</th></tr> <tr><th height="30" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;color:inherit;text-align:left;padding-left:2px;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/56px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="56" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/84px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/112px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span style="padding-left:1em">United Kingdom</span></th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Name</td><td>HMS <i>Erebus</i></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Namesake</td><td><a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Ordered</td><td>9 January 1823</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Builder</td><td><a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Dock" title="Pembroke Dock">Pembroke Dock</a>, Wales</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Laid down</td><td>October 1824</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Launched</td><td>7 June 1826<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1826-06-07</span>)</span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Fate</td><td>Abandoned 22 April 1848, <a href="/wiki/King_William_Island" title="King William Island">King William Island</a></td></tr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Wreck discovered</th><td class="infobox-data">2 September 2014, <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_and_Crampton_Bay" title="Wilmot and Crampton Bay">Wilmot and Crampton Bay</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">General characteristics</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Type</td><td><a href="/wiki/Hecla-class_bomb_vessel" title="Hecla-class bomb vessel"><i>Hecla</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Bomb_vessel" title="Bomb vessel">bomb vessel</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Displacement</td><td>715.3 long tons (727 t)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Tons burthen</td><td>372 tons (<a href="/wiki/Builder%27s_Old_Measurement" title="Builder's Old Measurement">bm</a>)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Length</td><td>105 ft (32 m)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Beam</td><td>29 ft (8.84 m)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Installed power</td><td>30 <a href="/wiki/Nominal_horsepower" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal horsepower">Nominal horsepower</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Propulsion</td><td><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_steam_engine" title="Marine steam engine">steam engine</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Complement</td><td>67</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Armament</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">1 × 13 in (330 mm) <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar</a></li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">1 × 10 in (254 mm) mortar</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">8 × 24 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pdr</a> (10.9 kg) guns</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">2 × 6 pdr (2.7 kg) guns</li> </ul></td></tr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #FF0000; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Site of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wrecks_of_HMS_Erebus_and_HMS_Terror_National_Historic_Site" title="Wrecks of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror National Historic Site">Wrecks of HMS <i>Erebus</i> and HMS <i>Terror</i> National Historic Site</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">2019</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>HMS <i>Erebus</i></b> was a <a href="/wiki/Hecla-class_bomb_vessel" title="Hecla-class bomb vessel"><i>Hecla</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Bomb_vessel" title="Bomb vessel">bomb vessel</a> constructed by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Dock" title="Pembroke Dock">Pembroke dockyard</a>, Wales, in 1826. The vessel was the second in the Royal Navy named after <a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a>, the personification of darkness in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>. </p><p>The 372-ton ship was armed with two <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a> – one 13 in (330 mm) and one 10 in (254 mm) – and 10 guns. The ship took part in the <a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a> of 1839–1843, and was abandoned in 1848 during the <a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">third Franklin expedition</a>. The sunken wreck was discovered by the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition#Victoria_Strait_Expedition:_wreck_of_Erebus_(2014)" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Victoria Strait expedition</a> in September 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Cbc2014-09-27_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cbc2014-09-27-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ross_expedition">Ross expedition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Erebus_(1826)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ross expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a></div> <p>After two years' service in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, <i>Erebus</i> was refitted as an exploration vessel for <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctic</a> service, and on 21 November 1840 – captained by <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a> – she departed from <a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>) for Antarctica in company with <a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a>. In January 1841, the crews of both ships landed on <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Land" title="Victoria Land">Victoria Land</a>, and proceeded to name areas of the landscape after <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> politicians, scientists, and acquaintances. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus">Mount Erebus</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Ross_Island" title="Ross Island">Ross Island</a>, was named after one ship and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)" title="Mount Terror (Antarctica)">Mount Terror</a> after the other. </p><p>The crew then discovered the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Ice_Shelf" title="Ross Ice Shelf">Ross Ice Shelf</a>, which they were unable to penetrate, and followed it eastward until the lateness of the season compelled them to return to Van Diemen's Land. The following season, 1842, Ross continued to survey the "Great Ice Barrier", as it was called, continuing to follow it eastward. Both ships returned to the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> before returning to the Antarctic in the 1842–1843 season. They conducted studies in <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a>, and returned with <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanographic</a> data and collections of <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botanical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">ornithological</a> specimens. The plants were described in the resulting <i><a href="/wiki/Flora_Antarctica" title="Flora Antarctica">The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H.M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror in the years 1839–1843, under the Command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross</a></i>. </p><p>Birds collected on the first expedition were described and illustrated by <a href="/wiki/George_Robert_Gray" title="George Robert Gray">George Robert Gray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bowdler_Sharpe" title="Richard Bowdler Sharpe">Richard Bowdler Sharpe</a> in <i>The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Erebus & HMS Terror. Birds of New Zealand</i>, 1875. The revised edition of Gray (1846) (1875). The future botanist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a>, then aged 23, was assistant-surgeon to <a href="/wiki/Robert_McCormick_(explorer)" title="Robert McCormick (explorer)">Robert McCormick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Franklin_expedition">Franklin expedition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Erebus_(1826)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Franklin expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Erebus%27_and_the_%27Terror%27_in_New_Zealand,_August_1841_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/%27Erebus%27_and_the_%27Terror%27_in_New_Zealand%2C_August_1841_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg/220px-%27Erebus%27_and_the_%27Terror%27_in_New_Zealand%2C_August_1841_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/%27Erebus%27_and_the_%27Terror%27_in_New_Zealand%2C_August_1841_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg/330px-%27Erebus%27_and_the_%27Terror%27_in_New_Zealand%2C_August_1841_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/%27Erebus%27_and_the_%27Terror%27_in_New_Zealand%2C_August_1841_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg/440px-%27Erebus%27_and_the_%27Terror%27_in_New_Zealand%2C_August_1841_by_John_Wilson_Carmichael.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1676" /></a><figcaption><i> 'Erebus' and the 'Terror' in New Zealand</i>, August 1841, by <a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_Carmichael" title="John Wilson Carmichael">John Wilson Carmichael</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Franklin_expedition_crew_1845.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/John_Franklin_expedition_crew_1845.jpg/220px-John_Franklin_expedition_crew_1845.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/John_Franklin_expedition_crew_1845.jpg/330px-John_Franklin_expedition_crew_1845.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/John_Franklin_expedition_crew_1845.jpg/440px-John_Franklin_expedition_crew_1845.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption> <i>Erebus</i> officers:Top row left to right:Lt. Edward Couch (mate); James Walter Fairholme; Charles Hamilton Osmer (Purser); Charles Frederick Des Voeux [2nd Mate]. 2nd row from top Left to right: Francis Crozier (HMS Terror); Sir John Franklin; James Fitzjames. 3rd row from top left to right: Graham Gore (Commander); Stephen Samuel Stanley (Surgeon); 2nd Lt. Henry Thomas Dundas Le Vesconte. Bottom row left to right: Robert Orme Sergeant [1st mate]; James Reid [Master]; Harry Duncan Goodsir (Assistant Surgeon); Henry Foster Collins (2nd Master), sketches from daguerreotypes by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Beard_(photographer)" title="Richard Beard (photographer)">Richard Beard</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News" title="The Illustrated London News">The Illustrated London News</a></i> (1845)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a></div> <p>On May 19, 1845, HMS <i>Erebus</i> and HMS <a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)"><i>Terror</i></a> left <a href="/wiki/Greenhithe,_Kent" title="Greenhithe, Kent">Greenhithe</a>, England on a voyage of exploration to the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a>, under Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">John Franklin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both ships were outfitted with <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engines</a> from the <a href="/wiki/London_and_Greenwich_Railway" title="London and Greenwich Railway">London and Greenwich Railway</a> <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a>. That of <i>Erebus</i> was rated at 25 <a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">horsepower</a> (19 kW) and could propel the ship at 4 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a> (7.4 km/h). The ships carried 12 days' supply of coal.<sup id="cite_ref-HR199_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HR199-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ships had <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> plating added to their <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">hulls</a>. </p><p>Sir John Franklin sailed in <i>Erebus</i>, in overall command of the expedition, and <i>Terror</i> was again commanded by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Francis Crozier</a>. The expedition was ordered to gather magnetic data in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Canadian Arctic</a> and to complete a crossing of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a>, which had already been partly charted from both the east and west but had never been entirely navigated. </p><p>The ships were last seen by Europeans entering <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a> in August 1845, by two whaling vessels. The disappearance of the Franklin expedition set off a massive search effort in the Arctic. The broad circumstances of the expedition's fate were first revealed when <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> doctor <a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">John Rae</a> collected artefacts and testimony from local <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> in 1853. Later expeditions up to 1866 confirmed these reports. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_of_the_HMS_Erebus_(1826)_trapped_in_the_ice,_Nattilik_Heritage_Centre,_Gjoa_Haven,_September_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Model_of_the_HMS_Erebus_%281826%29_trapped_in_the_ice%2C_Nattilik_Heritage_Centre%2C_Gjoa_Haven%2C_September_2019.jpg/220px-Model_of_the_HMS_Erebus_%281826%29_trapped_in_the_ice%2C_Nattilik_Heritage_Centre%2C_Gjoa_Haven%2C_September_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Model_of_the_HMS_Erebus_%281826%29_trapped_in_the_ice%2C_Nattilik_Heritage_Centre%2C_Gjoa_Haven%2C_September_2019.jpg/330px-Model_of_the_HMS_Erebus_%281826%29_trapped_in_the_ice%2C_Nattilik_Heritage_Centre%2C_Gjoa_Haven%2C_September_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Model_of_the_HMS_Erebus_%281826%29_trapped_in_the_ice%2C_Nattilik_Heritage_Centre%2C_Gjoa_Haven%2C_September_2019.jpg/440px-Model_of_the_HMS_Erebus_%281826%29_trapped_in_the_ice%2C_Nattilik_Heritage_Centre%2C_Gjoa_Haven%2C_September_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Model of <i>Erebus</i> trapped in the ice, <a href="/wiki/Nattilik_Heritage_Centre" title="Nattilik Heritage Centre">Nattilik Heritage Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gjoa_Haven" title="Gjoa Haven">Gjoa Haven</a>, September 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>Both ships had become icebound and had been abandoned by their crews, totaling about 130 men, all of whom died from a variety of causes, including <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a> while trying to trek overland to the south. Subsequent expeditions until the late 1980s, and <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsies</a> of crew members, also revealed that <i>Erebus</i> and <i>Terror</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s shoddily canned <a href="/wiki/Military_rations" title="Military rations">rations</a> may have been tainted by both <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botulism" title="Botulism">botulism</a>. Oral reports by local Inuit that some of the crew members resorted to <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a> were at least somewhat supported by <a href="/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">forensic</a> evidence of cut marks on the <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeletal</a> remains of crew members found on <a href="/wiki/King_William_Island" title="King William Island">King William Island</a> during the late 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1851, the British transport ship <i>Renovation</i> spotted two ships on a large ice floe off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>. The identities of the ships were not confirmed. It was suggested over the years that these might have been <i>Erebus</i> and <i>Terror</i>, though it is now certain they could not have been and were most likely abandoned <a href="/wiki/Whaling_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Whaling ship">whaling ships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wreckage_discovery">Wreckage discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Erebus_(1826)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wreckage discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the 15 August 2008, <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a>, an agency of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a>, announced a <a href="/wiki/Can$" class="mw-redirect" title="Can$">Can$</a> 75,000 six-week search deploying the <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a> <a href="/wiki/CCGS_Sir_Wilfrid_Laurier" title="CCGS Sir Wilfrid Laurier"><i>Sir Wilfrid Laurier</i></a>, with the goals of finding the ships and reinforcing Canada's claims regarding <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic" title="Territorial claims in the Arctic">sovereignty over large portions of the Arctic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes2015-12-18_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes2015-12-18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The search was headed by underwater archeologist Robert Grenier, of Parks Canada, and local historian Louie Kamookak, who had collected Inuit oral histories related to the wreck, as well as working with the written records. Kamookak, who died in 2018 at the age of 58, was made an officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nunavut" title="Order of Nunavut">Order of Nunavut</a> for his work.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ship%27s_bell_recovered_from_the_HMS_Erebus_from_Frankin%27s_lost_expedition,_Nattilik_Heritage_Centre,_Gjoa_Haven,_September_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ship%27s_bell_recovered_from_the_HMS_Erebus_from_Frankin%27s_lost_expedition%2C_Nattilik_Heritage_Centre%2C_Gjoa_Haven%2C_September_2019.jpg/260px-Ship%27s_bell_recovered_from_the_HMS_Erebus_from_Frankin%27s_lost_expedition%2C_Nattilik_Heritage_Centre%2C_Gjoa_Haven%2C_September_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ship%27s_bell_recovered_from_the_HMS_Erebus_from_Frankin%27s_lost_expedition%2C_Nattilik_Heritage_Centre%2C_Gjoa_Haven%2C_September_2019.jpg/390px-Ship%27s_bell_recovered_from_the_HMS_Erebus_from_Frankin%27s_lost_expedition%2C_Nattilik_Heritage_Centre%2C_Gjoa_Haven%2C_September_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ship%27s_bell_recovered_from_the_HMS_Erebus_from_Frankin%27s_lost_expedition%2C_Nattilik_Heritage_Centre%2C_Gjoa_Haven%2C_September_2019.jpg/520px-Ship%27s_bell_recovered_from_the_HMS_Erebus_from_Frankin%27s_lost_expedition%2C_Nattilik_Heritage_Centre%2C_Gjoa_Haven%2C_September_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Ship's bell from HMS <i>Erebus</i>, bearing the date 1845, at the <a href="/wiki/Nattilik_Heritage_Centre" title="Nattilik Heritage Centre">Nattilik Heritage Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gjoa_Haven" title="Gjoa Haven">Gjoa Haven</a>, 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>The wreckage of one of Franklin's ships was found on 2 September 2014 by a Parks Canada team led by Ryan Harris and Marc-André Bernier.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cbc2014-09-27_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cbc2014-09-27-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 October 2014, it was announced that the remains were those of <i>Erebus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recovery of the <a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_bell" title="Ship's bell">ship's bell</a> was announced on 6 November 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 March 2015, it was announced that a diving expedition on <i>Erebus</i>, by Parks Canada and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a> divers, would begin in April.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the exact location was not released, Nancy Anilniliak, the Field Unit Superintendent of the Nunavut Field Unit, has restricted access to a 10 by 10 kilometres (6 mi × 6 mi) square area in Wilmot and Crampton Bay, to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Peninsula" title="Adelaide Peninsula">Adelaide Peninsula</a>. The area runs from Point A (<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=HMS_Erebus_(1826)&params=68_14_44.8_N_98_52_22.3_W_region:CA-NU_type:waterbody&title=point+A"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">68°14′44.8″N</span> <span class="longitude">98°52′22.3″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">68.245778°N 98.872861°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">68.245778; -98.872861</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">point A</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>) to Point B (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=HMS_Erebus_(1826)&params=68_17_44.2_N_98_40_17.9_W_region:CA-NU_type:waterbody&title=point+B"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">68°17′44.2″N</span> <span class="longitude">98°40′17.9″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">68.295611°N 98.671639°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">68.295611; -98.671639</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">point B</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>) to Point C (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=HMS_Erebus_(1826)&params=68_13_15.4_N_98_32_16.2_W_region:CA-NU_type:waterbody&title=point+C"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">68°13′15.4″N</span> <span class="longitude">98°32′16.2″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">68.220944°N 98.537833°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">68.220944; -98.537833</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">point C</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>) to Point D (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=HMS_Erebus_(1826)&params=68_10_16.5_N_98_44_19.3_W_region:CA-NU_type:waterbody&title=point+D"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">68°10′16.5″N</span> <span class="longitude">98°44′19.3″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">68.171250°N 98.738694°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">68.171250; -98.738694</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">point D</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 September 2016, it was announced that the wreck of HMS <i>Terror</i> had been found submerged in Terror Bay, off the south-west coast of King William Island.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wrecks are designated a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Site of Canada</a> with the precise location of the designation in abeyance.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 October 2017, British <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Defence Minister</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fallon" title="Michael Fallon">Michael Fallon</a> announced that the United Kingdom would transfer the ownership of both ships to Canada, retaining only a few relics and any gold, along with the right to repatriate any human remains.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2018, Parks Canada announced that <i>Erebus</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> condition had deteriorated significantly, with a 14 metres (46 ft) section of the upper deck detaching from the ship, flipping over, and moving towards the stern. Parks Canada attributed the deterioration to "an upwards buoyant force acting on the decking combined with storm swell in relatively shallow water". It was then confirmed that the United Kingdom will own the first 65 artifacts brought up from <i>Erebus</i> while the wrecks of both ships and other artifacts will be owned by Canada and the Inuit.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking advantage of "sublime" weather conditions in the summer of 2019, Parks Canada were able to recover a number of artifacts from <i>Erebus</i>, namely personal items belonging to members of the crew, which were unveiled at Parks Canada's conservation lab in Ottawa in February 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The planned exploration of the wreck sites in 2020 was cancelled due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, with access to the wrecks restricted to the Inuit Guardians keeping watch on the sites and for those with harvesting rights in the surrounding waters. Underwater archaeology team leader Marc-Andre Bernier remarked that Parks Canada was "concerned about <i>Erebus</i>", given the wreck's shallower depths and the earlier reports of damage.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parks Canada's Underwater Archaeology Team returned to the wrecks in May 2022, after a two-year postponement caused by the pandemic; particular attention would be paid to any further damage to <i>Erebus</i>, due to her shallower depths.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recovered from <i>Erebus</i> during the 2022 season were 275 items, most prominently a leather-bound folio discovered in the steward's pantry. The Parks Canada team has expressed the hope that deciphering its contents, whatever they might be, may bode well for future discoveries of written materials from both ships.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_access">Public access</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Erebus_(1826)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Public access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:On_board_Parks_Canada%27s_archeology_support_barge_%22Qiniqtiryuaq%22_beside_the_wreck_of_the_HMS_Erebus_(1926),_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/On_board_Parks_Canada%27s_archeology_support_barge_%22Qiniqtiryuaq%22_beside_the_wreck_of_the_HMS_Erebus_%281926%29%2C_2019.jpg/220px-On_board_Parks_Canada%27s_archeology_support_barge_%22Qiniqtiryuaq%22_beside_the_wreck_of_the_HMS_Erebus_%281926%29%2C_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/On_board_Parks_Canada%27s_archeology_support_barge_%22Qiniqtiryuaq%22_beside_the_wreck_of_the_HMS_Erebus_%281926%29%2C_2019.jpg/330px-On_board_Parks_Canada%27s_archeology_support_barge_%22Qiniqtiryuaq%22_beside_the_wreck_of_the_HMS_Erebus_%281926%29%2C_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/On_board_Parks_Canada%27s_archeology_support_barge_%22Qiniqtiryuaq%22_beside_the_wreck_of_the_HMS_Erebus_%281926%29%2C_2019.jpg/440px-On_board_Parks_Canada%27s_archeology_support_barge_%22Qiniqtiryuaq%22_beside_the_wreck_of_the_HMS_Erebus_%281926%29%2C_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>On board Parks Canada's archeology support barge "Qiniqtiryuaq" beside the wreck of HMS <i>Erebus</i>, September 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>On 5 September 2019, passengers of Adventure Canada on <a href="/wiki/MS_Ocean_Endeavour" title="MS Ocean Endeavour">MS <i>Ocean Endeavour</i></a> were the first members of the public to visit the site of the wreck of the <i>Erebus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FirstVisit_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FirstVisit-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wreck site is within the <a href="/wiki/Wrecks_of_HMS_Erebus_and_HMS_Terror_National_Historic_Site" title="Wrecks of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror National Historic Site">Wrecks of HMS <i>Erebus</i> and HMS <i>Terror</i> National Historic Site</a> and is managed jointly by Parks Canada and local Inui, and public access to the site is not usually allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The visit by Adventure Canada passengers was a trial by Parks Canada in creating a visitor experience for the wreck site.<sup id="cite_ref-FirstVisit_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FirstVisit-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Erebus_(1826)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_Prime_Minister_Stephen_Harper_@_the_Royal_Ontario_Museum_in_Toronto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Canadian_Prime_Minister_Stephen_Harper_%40_the_Royal_Ontario_Museum_in_Toronto.jpg/220px-Canadian_Prime_Minister_Stephen_Harper_%40_the_Royal_Ontario_Museum_in_Toronto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Canadian_Prime_Minister_Stephen_Harper_%40_the_Royal_Ontario_Museum_in_Toronto.jpg/330px-Canadian_Prime_Minister_Stephen_Harper_%40_the_Royal_Ontario_Museum_in_Toronto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Canadian_Prime_Minister_Stephen_Harper_%40_the_Royal_Ontario_Museum_in_Toronto.jpg/440px-Canadian_Prime_Minister_Stephen_Harper_%40_the_Royal_Ontario_Museum_in_Toronto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> appearing at a gala to celebrate the discovery of HMS <i>Erebus</i>, one of two ships wrecked during <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">John Franklin</a>'s lost expedition, at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum" title="Royal Ontario Museum">Royal Ontario Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition#Legacy" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition § Legacy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_art,_entertainment,_and_media"><span id="In_art.2C_entertainment.2C_and_media"></span>In art, entertainment, and media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Erebus_(1826)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In art, entertainment, and media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HMS <i>Erebus</i> is featured, often alongside HMS <i>Terror</i>, in fictional works that use the Franklin expedition in their backstories, such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Nemo" title="Captain Nemo">Captain Nemo</a> mentions <i>Erebus</i> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)"><i>Terror</i></a>, in the context of <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">Captain Ross</a>'s expedition, in <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Seas" title="Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas">Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas</a></i> (1870), as background to establish the difficulty of reaching the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>, while Captain Nemo stands upon its fictional summit.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Erebus</i> and <i>Terror</i> are mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a>'s novella <i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Darkness" title="Heart of Darkness">Heart of Darkness</a></i> (1899).</li> <li><i>Terror and Erebus</i> (1965) is a verse radio play for <a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio" title="CBC Radio">CBC Radio</a> by Canadian poet <a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_MacEwen" title="Gwendolyn MacEwen">Gwendolyn MacEwen</a>, subsequently published in her collection <i>Afterworlds</i> (1987).</li> <li><i>Terror and Erebus (A Lament for Franklin)</i> (1997) is an <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a> for solo baritone and chamber ensemble by Canadian composer Henry Kucharzyk, adapted from MacEwen's verse drama and crediting her for its libretto.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Ice Blink: The Tragic Fate of Sir John Franklin's Lost Polar Expedition</i> (2001), by Scott Cookman, offers a journalistic account of Franklin's expedition.</li> <li><i>Erebus</i> and <i>Terror</i> appear in <a href="/wiki/Dan_Simmons" title="Dan Simmons">Dan Simmons</a>' novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Terror_(novel)" title="The Terror (novel)">The Terror</a></i> (2007), which is a fictional account of the expedition's fate. <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Terror_(TV_series)" title="The Terror (TV series)">The Terror</a></i> is a 2018 American television series based on Simmons' book.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Cussler" title="Clive Cussler">Clive Cussler</a>'s novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Drift" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic Drift">Arctic Drift</a></i> (2008), uses <i>Erebus</i> and <i>Terror</i> as part of the plot as well as the establishing backstory of the ill-fated expedition.</li> <li>"Erebus" (2012) is a radio play for <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>, based on the Franklin expedition, by British poet <a href="/wiki/Jo_Shapcott" title="Jo Shapcott">Jo Shapcott</a>.</li> <li><i>Erebus: The Story of a Ship</i> (2018, published by Hutchinson (a division of <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>), by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Palin" title="Michael Palin">Michael Palin</a>, is an account of the ship, covering its loss in the Arctic, Antarctic exploration, and back to its construction in Milford Haven.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was serialized on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> in 2018.</li> <li><i>Erebus and Terror</i> is the sixth track on the 2016 album, <i>Further Than Rust</i> by Canadian folk band, Nickeltree.</li> <li><i>The Erebus and the Terror</i>, an instrumental piece composed by <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADche%C3%A1l_%C3%93_Domhnaill" title="Mícheál Ó Domhnaill">Mícheál Ó Domhnaill</a>, is the third track on the 1987 album <a href="/wiki/Something_of_Time" title="Something of Time">Something of Time</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nightnoise" title="Nightnoise">Nightnoise</a>.</li> <li><i>Erebus and Terror</i> is the ninth track on the 2019 album, <i>Embrace of the Godless Aeon</i> by Welsh symphonic black metal band <a href="/wiki/Hecate_Enthroned" title="Hecate Enthroned">Hecate Enthroned</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_namesakes">In namesakes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Erebus_(1826)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In namesakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus">Mount Erebus</a>, located on <a href="/wiki/Ross_Island" title="Ross Island">Ross Island</a> adjacent to the volcanically inactive <a href="/wiki/Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)" title="Mount Terror (Antarctica)">Mount Terror</a>, is the second-highest <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sidley" title="Mount Sidley">Mount Sidley</a>) and the southernmost active volcano on Earth.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus_Bay" title="Erebus Bay">Erebus Bay</a> lies between <a href="/wiki/Cape_Evans" title="Cape Evans">Cape Evans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hut_Point_Peninsula" title="Hut Point Peninsula">Hut Point Peninsula</a>, on the west side of Ross Island.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus_and_Terror_Gulf" title="Erebus and Terror Gulf">Erebus and Terror Gulf</a>, in Antarctica. Named for the vessels used by Royal Navy Captain Sir James Clark Ross in exploring the area in 1842–43.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gnis_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus_crystal" title="Erebus crystal">Erebus crystal</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a> found in the immediate area surrounding Mount Erebus; the crystals grow in the <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> beneath Mount Erebus and are ejected out of the mountain encased in glassy <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_bombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic bombs">volcanic bombs</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus_(crater)" title="Erebus (crater)">Erebus (crater)</a> is a geological feature on the planet <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, named for HMS <i>Erebus</i>, and visited by the <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> on the way to the much larger crater <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(crater)" title="Victoria (crater)">Victoria</a>.</li> <li>Erebus Street in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Keilor_Park,_Victoria" title="Keilor Park, Victoria">Keilor Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Erebus_(1826)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_and_American_voyages_of_scientific_exploration" title="European and American voyages of scientific exploration">European and American voyages of scientific exploration</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Erebus_(1826)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBourne1852" class="citation book cs1">Bourne, J. (1852). "Dimensions of screw steam vessels in Her Majesty's Navy". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bfMOAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PR1"><i>A treatise on the screw propeller</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Longman,_Brown,_Green,_and_Longmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans">Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937353412">937353412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dimensions+of+screw+steam+vessels+in+Her+Majesty%27s+Navy&rft.btitle=A+treatise+on+the+screw+propeller&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+and+Longmans&rft.date=1852&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F937353412&rft.aulast=Bourne&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbfMOAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHMS+Erebus+%281826%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1852" class="citation book cs1">Murray, R. (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rudimentarytrea01murrgoog"><i>Rudimentary treatise on marine engines and steam vessels</i></a>. London: J. Weale. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rudimentarytrea01murrgoog/page/n232">206</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/249509737">249509737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rudimentary+treatise+on+marine+engines+and+steam+vessels&rft.place=London&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=J.+Weale&rft.date=1852&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F249509737&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frudimentarytrea01murrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHMS+Erebus+%281826%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cbc2014-09-27-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cbc2014-09-27_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cbc2014-09-27_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavison,_Janet2015" class="citation news cs1">Davison, Janet (27 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/erebus-terror-artifacts-1.3244303">"Franklin expedition: New photos of HMS <i>Erebus</i> artifacts, but still no sign of HMS <i>Terror</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151126185037/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/erebus-terror-artifacts-1.3244303">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2015</span>. <q>A big clue in the mystery is the wreck of HMS Erebus, found last year in a location indicated by Inuit oral histories.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Franklin+expedition%3A+New+photos+of+HMS+Erebus+artifacts%2C+but+still+no+sign+of+HMS+Terror&rft.date=2015-09-27&rft.au=Davison%2C+Janet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Ferebus-terror-artifacts-1.3244303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHMS+Erebus+%281826%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. 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Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hooker%2C+Sir+Joseph+Dalton&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHMS+Erebus+%281826%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBankes2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bankes, Nigel (9 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22584%2Fnr50.2020.003">"Her Majesty's Ships Erebus and Terror and the Intersection of Legal Norms"</a>. <i>The Northern Review</i> (50). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22584%2Fnr50.2020.003">10.22584/nr50.2020.003</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1929-6657">1929-6657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Northern+Review&rft.atitle=Her+Majesty%27s+Ships+Erebus+and+Terror+and+the+Intersection+of+Legal+Norms&rft.issue=50&rft.date=2020-03-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22584%2Fnr50.2020.003&rft.issn=1929-6657&rft.aulast=Bankes&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.22584%252Fnr50.2020.003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHMS+Erebus+%281826%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HR199-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HR199_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGow2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gow, Harry (12 February 2015). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Could+Shipwrecks+Lead+the+World+to+War%3F&rft.pages=A23&rft.date=2015-12-18&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Peter+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F12%2F19%2Fopinion%2Fcould-shipwrecks-lead-the-world-to-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHMS+Erebus+%281826%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCecco2018" class="citation news cs1">Cecco, Leyland (29 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/29/inuit-oral-historian-who-pointed-way-to-franklin-shipwrecks-dies-aged-58">"Inuit oral historian who pointed way to Franklin shipwrecks dies aged 58"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Inuit+oral+historian+who+pointed+way+to+Franklin+shipwrecks+dies+aged+58&rft.date=2018-03-29&rft.aulast=Cecco&rft.aufirst=Leyland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fmar%2F29%2Finuit-oral-historian-who-pointed-way-to-franklin-shipwrecks-dies-aged-58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHMS+Erebus+%281826%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrier_MacKay2018" class="citation news cs1">Ferrier MacKay, Susan (13 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-louie-kamookak-58-teacher-and-inuit-historian-was-the-last-great/">"Louie Kamookak, 58, teacher and Inuit historian, was the 'last great Franklin searcher'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Louie+Kamookak%2C+58%2C+teacher+and+Inuit+historian%2C+was+the+%27last+great+Franklin+searcher%27&rft.date=2018-04-13&rft.aulast=Ferrier+MacKay&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fcanada%2Farticle-louie-kamookak-58-teacher-and-inuit-historian-was-the-last-great%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHMS+Erebus+%281826%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/franklin-expedition-ship-found-in-arctic-id-d-as-hms-erebus-1.2784268">"Franklin expedition ship found in Arctic ID'd as HMS Erebus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>. 1 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Franklin+expedition+ship+found+in+Arctic+ID%27d+as+HMS+Erebus&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ffranklin-expedition-ship-found-in-arctic-id-d-as-hms-erebus-1.2784268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHMS+Erebus+%281826%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Hallowed+space%27%3A+Divers+pull+275+artifacts+from+2022+excavation+of+Franklin+ship&rft.date=2022-12-09&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnorth%2Ffranklin-expedition-excavation-1.6690878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHMS+Erebus+%281826%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcinet.ca/eye-on-the-arctic/2023/01/09/book-recovered-from-franklin-ship-could-show-whether-other-written-items-are-salvageable-historian/">"Book recovered from Franklin ship could show whether other written items are salvagable: historian"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Canada_International" title="Radio Canada International">Radio Canada International</a></i>. 9 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vancouver+Courier&rft.atitle=Northwest+Passage+cruise+stops+to+see+Franklin%27s+shipwrecked+Erebus&rft.date=2019-09-15&rft.aulast=Bain&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vancourier.com%2Fliving%2Fnorthwest-passage-cruise-stops-to-see-franklin-s-shipwrecked-erebus-1.23945719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHMS+Erebus+%281826%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParks_Canada_Agency2019" class="citation web cs1">Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (6 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/nu/epaveswrecks">"Wrecks of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror National Historic Site"</a>. <i>www.pc.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pc.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Wrecks+of+HMS+Erebus+and+HMS+Terror+National+Historic+Site&rft.date=2019-06-06&rft.aulast=Parks+Canada+Agency&rft.aufirst=Government+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pc.gc.ca%2Fen%2Flhn-nhs%2Fnu%2Fepaveswrecks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHMS+Erebus+%281826%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerne1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Verne, Jules</a> (1962). <a href="/wiki/20000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="20000 Leagues Under the Sea"><i>20000 Leagues Under the Sea</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-21063-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-21063-7"><bdi>978-0-553-21063-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=20000+Leagues+Under+the+Sea&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-553-21063-7&rft.aulast=Verne&rft.aufirst=Jules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHMS+Erebus+%281826%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundmakers.ca/soundstreams-commissions/terror-erebus-henry-kucharzyk">"Terror and Erebus by Henry Kucharzyk"</a>. <i>Soundmakers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soundmakers&rft.atitle=Terror+and+Erebus+by+Henry+Kucharzyk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundmakers.ca%2Fsoundstreams-commissions%2Fterror-erebus-henry-kucharzyk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHMS+Erebus+%281826%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'<a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>" review <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/sep/30/erebus-story-of-a-ship-review-michael-palin"><i>Erebus: The Story of a Ship</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=108699">Erebus and Terror Gulf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnis-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gnis_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:4559">"Erebus and Terror Gulf"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Erebus+and+Terror+Gulf&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F2020%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A4559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHMS+Erebus+%281826%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Erebus_(1826)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a><br /><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marmaduke" title="Thomas Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Carolus" title="Joris Carolus">Carolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">North magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israel_Hayes" title="Isaac Israel Hayes">Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Polaris_expedition" title="Polaris expedition"><i>Polaris</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)" title="USS Polaris (1871)"><i>Polaris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">C. F. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS <i>Alert</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's <i>Fram</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS <i>Roosevelt</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)"><i>Norge</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)"><i>Italia</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)"><i><b>Nautilus</b></i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)"><i>Georgiy Sedov</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS <i>Nautilus</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS <i>Skate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS <i>Arktika</i></a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i> submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)"><i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS <i>Griper</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS <i>Hecla</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS <i>Fury</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS <i>Blossom</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS <i>Investigator</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS <i>Resolute</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)"><i>Isabel</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS <i>Advance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)"><i>Fox</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS <i>Pandora</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)"><i>St. Roch</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition"><i>Vega</i> Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition"><i>Jeannette</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS <i>Jeannette</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)"><i>Yermak</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)"><i>Zarya</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Taymyr</i></a></b> / <b><a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Vaygach</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)"><i>Maud</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)"><i>Sadko</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)"><i>A. Sibiryakov</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin"><i>Chelyuskin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)"><i>Krassin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)"><i>Lenin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker"><i>Arktika</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic21" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions520"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)"><i>San Telmo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)"><i>Vostok</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)"><i>Mirny</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)"><i>Astrolabe</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS <i>Vincennes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS <i>Porpoise</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS <i>Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">"</span><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a><span class="nobold">"</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)"><i>Belgica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)"><i>Southern Cross</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)"><i>Antarctic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)"><i>Scotia</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)"><i>Pourquoi-Pas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)"><i>Terra Nova</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY <i>Aurora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)"><i>Endurance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird"><i>James Caird</i></a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)"><i>Quest</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Barne</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Adams</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Mackay</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evans" title="Edgar Evans">E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Oates" title="Lawrence Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson_Bowers" title="Henry Robertson Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Balchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Chadbourne_McKinley" title="Ashley Chadbourne McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Pole of inaccessibility</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">A. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Messner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_Navy_Arctic_exploration51" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_Navy_Arctic_exploration" title="Template:Royal Navy Arctic exploration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_Navy_Arctic_exploration" title="Template talk:Royal Navy Arctic exploration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_Navy_Arctic_exploration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal Navy Arctic exploration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_Navy_Arctic_exploration51" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Royal Navy Arctic exploration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1773_Phipps_expedition_towards_the_North_Pole" title="1773 Phipps expedition towards the North Pole">Phipps expedition (1773)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine (1819)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River_expedition" title="Mackenzie River expedition">Mackenzie River (1825)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin (1845)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson (1848)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure (1850)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/McClintock_Arctic_expedition" title="McClintock Arctic expedition">McClintock (1857)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British (1875)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Adams_(surgeon)" title="Edward Adams (surgeon)">Edward Adams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Armstrong_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Alexander Armstrong (Royal Navy officer)">Sir Alexander Armstrong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pelham_Aldrich" title="Pelham Aldrich">Pelham Aldrich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Sir Horatio Austin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Sir George Back</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Barrow,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Barrow, 1st Baronet">Sir John Barrow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Frederick Beechey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Sir Edward Belcher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Buchan" title="David Buchan">David Buchan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Sir Richard Collinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gurney_Cresswell" title="Samuel Gurney Cresswell">Samuel Cresswell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Francis Crozier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Fitzjames" title="James Fitzjames">James Fitzjames</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Sir John Franklin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Hulme_Hooper" title="William Hulme Hooper">William Hulme Hooper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Henry Hoppner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Sir Edward Inglefield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Sir Henry Kellett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Skeffington_Lutwidge" title="Skeffington Lutwidge">Skeffington Lutwidge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">George Francis Lyon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rochfort_Maguire" title="Rochfort Maguire">Rochfort Maguire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Sir Albert Markham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">Sir Leopold McClintock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">Sir Robert McClure</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Mecham" title="George Mecham">George Mecham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fleming_Morrell" title="Arthur Fleming Morrell">Arthur Morrell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Sir George Nares</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Ommanney" title="Erasmus Ommanney">Sir Erasmus Ommanney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sherard_Osborn" title="Sherard Osborn">Sherard Osborn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Sir Edward Parry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Phipps,_2nd_Baron_Mulgrave" title="Constantine Phipps, 2nd Baron Mulgrave">Constantine Phipps</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Pim" title="Bedford Pim">Bedford Pim</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">Sir John Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">Sir James Ross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">Sir John Ross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sabine" title="Edward Sabine">Sir Edward Sabine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Sir Henry Stephenson</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)"><i>Alert</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Assistance_(1850)" title="HMS Assistance (1850)"><i>Assistance</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)"><i>Blossom</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Carcass_(1759)" title="HMS Carcass (1759)"><i>Carcass</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)"><i>Discovery</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Enterprise_(1848)" title="HMS Enterprise (1848)"><i>Enterprise</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Erebus</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)"><i>Fury</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)"><i>Griper</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)"><i>Hecla</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Herald_(1824)" title="HMS Herald (1824)"><i>Herald</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)"><i>Investigator</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Racehorse_(1757)" title="HMS Racehorse (1757)"><i>Racehorse</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)"><i>Resolute</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)"><i>Terror</i></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_1845310" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1845_shipwrecks" title="Template:1845 shipwrecks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1845_shipwrecks" title="Template talk:1845 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1845_shipwrecks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1845 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_1845310" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1845" title="List of shipwrecks in 1845">Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1845</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shipwrecks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">13 Jan <a href="/wiki/HMS_Pelican_(1812)" title="HMS Pelican (1812)">HMS <i>Pelican</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">22 Apr <a class="mw-selflink selflink">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">25 Apr <a href="/wiki/HMS_Skylark_(1826)" title="HMS Skylark (1826)">HMS <i>Skylark</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">April (unknown date): <a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">28 Jun <a href="/wiki/Joseph_N._Lord" title="Joseph N. Lord"><i>Joseph N. Lord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">June (unknown date): <a href="/wiki/HMS_Apollo_(1805)" title="HMS Apollo (1805)">HMS <i>Apollo</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">6 Jul: <a href="/wiki/French_corvette_Sphinx_(1829)" title="French corvette Sphinx (1829)"><i>Sphinx</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">July (unknown date): <a href="/wiki/HMS_Eurydice_(1843)" title="HMS Eurydice (1843)">HMS <i>Eurydice</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">4 Aug: <a href="/wiki/Cataraqui_(ship)" title="Cataraqui (ship)"><i>Cataraqui</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">20 Sep: <a href="/wiki/SS_King_Orry_(1842)" title="SS King Orry (1842)"><i>King Orry</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1 Dec: <a href="/wiki/HCS_Coote_(1827)" title="HCS Coote (1827)">HCS <i>Coote</i></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1844" title="List of shipwrecks in 1844">1844</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1844" title="List of shipwrecks in 1844"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1846" title="List of shipwrecks in 1846"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1846" title="List of shipwrecks in 1846">1846</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_by_location630" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NHSC" title="Template:NHSC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NHSC" title="Template talk:NHSC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NHSC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NHSC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_by_location630" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites of Canada</a> by location</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Alberta" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_British_Columbia" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Manitoba" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_New_Brunswick" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Nova_Scotia" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Ontario" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Ontario">Ontario</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Kingston,_Ontario" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Niagara_Region" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Niagara Region">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Ottawa" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Toronto" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Toronto">Toronto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Prince_Edward_Island" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Quebec" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Quebec">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Montreal" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Quebec_City" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Quebec City">Quebec City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Saskatchewan" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_the_Northwest_Territories" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in the Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Nunavut" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Yukon" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_France" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in France">France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" 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