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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recenta chanji</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specala:HazardaPagino" title="Vizitez hazarda pagino [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Pagino hazarde</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedio:Helpo" title="La loko por trovar ulo."><span>Helpo</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Frontispico" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedio" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-io.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.1875em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="La Libera Enciklopedio" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-io.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Specala:Serchar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Serchar en Wikipedio [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Serchuro</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Serchez en Wikipedio" aria-label="Serchez en Wikipedio" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Serchar en Wikipedio [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Specala:Serchar"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Serchez</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personala utensili"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspekto"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aspekto" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aspekto</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_io.wikipedia.org&uselang=io" class=""><span>Donacaji</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Specala:KrearKonto&returnto=Moskva&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="Vu stimulesas a krear konto e facar "log in". 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Tamen, to ne esas obliganta"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Krear konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specala:Enirar&returnto=Moskva&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="Vu darfas enirar uzante vua pas-vorto, ma lo ne esas preskriptata. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Enirar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagini por redakteri neenrejistrita <a href="/wiki/Helpo:Enkonduko" aria-label="Savez pluse pri quale redaktar"><span>lernez pluse</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specala:MeaDiskuti" title="Diskuto pri redakti de ca IP-adreso [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Debatar per ca IP-adreso</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Retopagino"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Videz la fonto/fonti por Moskva</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ca artiklo existas nur en ca linguo. Ligez l'artiklo ad altra idiomi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Adjuntez idiomi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nomaro"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Moskva" title="Vidar la kontenajo di ca pagino [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artiklo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debato:Moskva&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskuto pri la pagino di kontenajo (pagino ne existas) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Debato</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifikar linguala varianto" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ido</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Apari"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Moskva"><span>Lektar</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskva&veaction=edit" title="Redaktar ica pagino [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redaktar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="selected collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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Ol ank esas la maxim populoza urbo de [[Europa]]<ref>{{Extera ligilo|autoro= Name |url=http://siberianlight.net/moscow-population/ |titulo= Moscow Population 2011 - The Russia Blog |editero= Siberian Light |publikigita ye=5ma di mayo 2011|idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye= 12ma di marto 2013}}</ref> e la 8ma maxim populoza del mondo. Ye la 1ma di julio 2012, la teritorio dil urbo expansesis adsudweste ed enkorpigis parto ek l'[[provinco Moskva|''oblast'' (provinco) samnoma]]. Lua areo augmentesis 2.5-ople e lua habitantaro augmentis per {{formatnum:233000}} personi.<ref name="Merger2">{{Extera ligilo|url=http://www.itar-tass.com/en/c32/461491.html |titulo= Expansion of Moscow borders to help it develop harmonically: mayor, Itar-tass, July 1st, 2012 |editero= Itar-tass.com|vidita ye= 9ma di julio 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=http://www.mos.ru/about/history/ |titulo= Moscow city government official site |editero= Mos.ru|vidita ye= 9ma di julio 2014}}</ref> L'urbo situesas an la rivo dil [[rivero Moskva]]. Moskva esas importanta [[ekonomio|ekonomiala]], [[kulturo|kulturala]] e [[cienco|ciencala]] centro di Rusia e di estal Europa. Segun la revuo ''[[Forbes (revuo)|Forbes]]'', ol havas la maxim granda nombro de miliardieri del mondo, ed esas la 9ma maxim kustoza urbo por rezidar. Ol esas un ek la precipua urbala ekonomii del mondo. Cirkum l'urbo jacas 3 internaciona [[aeroportuo|aeroportui]], e 9 [[ferovoyo|ferovoyala termini]]. La centro di Moskva, [[Moskva-kremlin|''Kremlin'']], [[Reda placo]] e [[Bolshoy-teatro]] judikesas kom Kulturala Patrimonii de la Mondo. Lua [[metropoliteno]]* esas la duesma maxim okupata del mondo, dop [[Tokyo]]. == Historio == Moskva fondesis ante la [[12ma yarcento]]. Nomizita tale pro la [[rivero Moskva]] an quo ol situesas. La nomo ''Moskva'' konsistas ek du vorto-radiki del [[Uralika linguaro|Fina-Ugriana lingui]]: ''mosk-'' 'lavar' e ''va-'' 'aquo' (exemple, en nuna [[Estoniana linguo|Estona]] ''mõskeda'' 'lavar' ed en [[Ziryanana linguo]] ''va'' 'aquo'). En l'anciena linguo Rusa lua nomo esas гра́д Моско́в, qua signifikas "l'urbo apud rivero Moskva". L'unesma refero pri Moskva evas de [[1147]]. Non yari pose, princulo Yuri Dolgorukiy konstruktis ligna murego, la Kremlin, rikonstruktita multa foyi por protektar l'urbo. Pos [[Mongolia|Mongola]] spoliado en [[1237]]-[[1238]], kande Mongoli brulis ol, Moskva divenis chef-urbo dil [[princio di Vladimir-Suzdal]]. [[Arkivo:Facial_Chronicle_-_b.10,_p.049_-_Tokhtamysh_at_Moscow.jpg|thumb|160px|left|Asiejo di Moskva (1382).]] Sub [[Ivan la 1ma di Rusia]], l'urbo remplasis Tver kom chef-urbo dil princio di Vladimir-Suzdal, e divenis l'unika centro qua kolektis imposti por Mongol-Tatar suvereni. Por pagar multa imposti a Mongoli, Ivan ganis importanta konseciono de la "Khano" (Mongola suvereno): kande ilu mortis, lua princio ne dividesis, ma heredesis komplete da lua seniora filiulo. La habitanti gradope komencis antipatiar stranjera dominaco, ed en [[1380]] princo [[Dmitry Donskoy]] komandis vinkoza batalio kontre la Tatari en Kulikovo. Tamen, la batalio ne esis decidigiva, ed erste du yari pose Moskva asiejesis e spoliesis da Khano Tuktamış ("Tokhtamysh"). Erste en [[1480]], [[Ivan la 3ma di Rusia]] liberigis Moskva de Tatari, e l'urbo divenis la centro dil povo en Rusia<ref>{{Extera ligilo |url=http://www.iusb.edu/~journal/2002/vogel_2/vogel.html|titulo= The Mongol Connection: Mongol Influences on the Development of Moscow |surnomo=Vogel|nomo=Michael|editero= Indiana University South Bend|vidita ye= 3ma di julio 2006|archivepublikigita ye= 7ma di januaro 2006}}</ref>. Moskva divenis chef-urbo di imperio qua pose cirkumklozis la teritorio nuna Rusia ed altra landi. En [[1571]] Krimeana-Tatari atakis e spoliis Moskva, e brulis tota l'edifici ecepte Kremlin.<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=i85noYD9C0EC&pg=PA260&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false |titulo= ''The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World''|autoro= John F. Richards |yaro=2006|publisher =University of Kalifornia Press| pagini = 260|ISBN=0-520-24678-0|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> En [[1609]], [[Suedia]]n armeo, komandita dal komto [[Jacob De la Gardie]] e [[Evert Horn]] marchis de Novgorod por helpar Caro [[Vasily la 4ma di Rusia|Vasili Shuiski]], eniris Moskva en 1610 e supresis la rebeleso kontre la Caro, ma abandonis l'urbo en [[1611]] kande [[Polonia-Lituania|Polona-Lituana]] armeo invadis ol. Dum [[Polona-Moskvana milito (1605-1618)]] kapitano [[Stanisław Żółkiewski]] eniris Moskva pos vinkar Rusi en la [[batalio di Klushino]]. Dum la [[17ma yarcento]] eventis multa revolti, exemple en 1612, 1648, 1662 e 1682. Epidemii di pesto devastis l'urbo en 1570-1571, 1592 e 1654-1656.<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=IcljzNyv4EgC&pg=PA17&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false |titulo= ''Bubonic plague in early modern Russia: public health and urban disaster'' |autoro= John T. Alexander |publikigita ye= 2002|editero= Oxford University Press US|pagino=17|ISBN= 0-19-515818-0|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Map of Moscow 1784.jpg|left|250px|thumb|Mapo di Moskva en 1784.]] L'urbo cesis esar chef-urbo di [[Rusa imperio]] en [[1712]] (ecepte dum kurta periodo, de [[1728]] til [[1732]]) pos la fondo di [[Sankt Petersburg]] da [[Petrus la 1ma di Rusia]] e [[1703]]. La pesto-epidemio di 1770-1772 esis la maxim intensa erupto di pesto en centrala Rusia, e mortigis nur en Moskva cirkume {{formatnum:100000}} personi. Dum la [[Franca invado di Rusia]] en [[1812]] lua habitanti brulis l'urbo ed abandonis ol ye la [[14ma di septembro]], kande Napoleonala trupi komencis proximigar. Hungro, koldeso e febla provizuro-linei komencis afektar la ''[[Grande Armée]]'' di Napoleon, qua koaktesis a retretar. Dum la retreto l'armeo sufris sporadik ataki da Rusa trupi, ed on kalkulas ke 400.000 soldati mortis e nur poka mili transvivis. [[Arkivo:Moscow clad in snow - Moscou sur la neige - Москва в снежном убранстве - Москва в снегу (1908), noaudio.ogv|thumb|thumbtime=432|Moskva (Rusa imperio) en 1908]] En [[1905]] l'ofico di urbestro di Moskva kreesis, ed Alexander Adrianov divenis lua unesma urbestro. Pos la [[Rusa revoluciono di novembro 1918]] Moskva divenis chef-urbo di la [[Republiko Socialista Sovietiana Rusia|RSS Rusia]] ye la [[12ma di marto]] [[1918]] e di [[Sovietia]] min kam 5 yari pose. Lua [[metropoliteno]]* inauguresis en [[1935]], e rapide divenis la precipua sistemo por transporto dil urbo. [[Arkivo:RIAN_archive_429_Fresh_forces_going_to_the_front.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Nova trupi avancas de Moskva en decembro 1941.]] Dum la [[duesma mondomilito]] Moskva divenis sideyo dil Stata Komitato por la Defenso e sideyo por la [[Reda Armeo]]. En [[1941]] 16 divizioni kun plua kam {{formatnum:160000}} personi, 25 batalioni (18.500 personi) e 4 regimenti di injeniorarto formacesis kun lua habitanti. Germana armeo haltigis proxim l'urbo e komencis bombardar ol kun kanoni. Ye la [[20ma di oktobro]] l'urbo deklaresis sub siejo. Lua habitanti konstruktis kaptili kontre tanki e Germanian aeroplani komencis bombardar ol. Malgre la bombardi, la konstrukturo di lua [[metropoliteno]] duris. On kalkulas ke 248.000 til 400.000 Germani mortis dum la Batalio di Moskva, kontre 650.000 til 1.280.000 Sovietiani.<ref>''Moscow Encyclopedia'', ed. Great Russian Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1997, entry "Battle of Moscow"</ref><ref>Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1973-78, entry "Battle of Moscow 1941-42"</ref><ref>John Erickson, ''Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies'', table 12.4</ref> En 1944 un medalio kreesis por memorigar la defenso di Moskva dum la milito. [[Arkivo:Moscow Olympic Games, 1980 (19).jpg|thumb|250px|Moskva dum l'[[Olimpiala Ludi en Moskva, 1980|Olimpiala Ludi]].]] En [[1980]] eventis [[Olimpiala Ludi en Moskva, 1980|Olimpiala Ludi]] en Moskva, quankam la boikoto di Usa e di altra landi, pro [[Sovietian invado en Afganistan]] en [[1979]]. En [[1991]] on probis [[stato-stroko]] en l'urbo kontre la reformi propozita da [[Mihail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov|Mihail Gorbachyov]]. En la fino di ta yaro, kande [[Sovietia]] finis existar, Moskva restis chef-urbo di nedependanta Rusia. Pos ta epoko, l'adopto di [[ekonomio di merkato]] efektigis l'expanso di westala [[butiko|butiki]], servadi, [[arkitekturo]] e vivo-moyeno. [[McDonald's]] apertis lua unesma brancho en Moskva en [[1990]]. L'urbo duris kreskar dum la [[yari 1990a]] e [[yari 2000a|2000a]], e lua habitantaro augmentis de min kam 9 milion til plu kam 10 milion personi. La kresko di la quanto di automobili en la stradi augmentis la konflikti di trafiko. Anciena kirki qui destruktesis dum l'epoko di [[Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin|Iosif Stalin]] rikonstruktesis, quale la Katedralo di Kristo la Salvero. Ye la [[23ma di oktobro]] [[2002]] la [[Dubrovka-teatro]] en Moskva esis asiejata da [[Chechenia|Checheniana]] teroristi. 40 Armizita militanti penetris la teatr-edifico e [[Krizo di hom-gajigo en la Dubrovka-teatro en Moskva|hom-gajigis 850 personi]]. Pro la liberigo-atako da ''[[specnaz]]'' 129 [[gajo-homo|gajo-homi]] mortis, same kam 39 de la teroristi. La [[22ma di marto]] [[2024]] teroristi di [[Islamala Stato]] jus ante la komenco di koncerto da [[rok-muziko|rok-bando]] ''Piknik'' atakis la Krokus Urbo-halo en [[Krasnogorsk (provinco Moskva)|Krasnogorsk]], avan-urbo di Moskva e mort-pafis 133 homi e vundigis 145 personi. Per [[grenado|grenadi]] la teroristi bruligis l'edifico. == Geografio == [[Arkivo:Summer_in_the_city_(5785711726).jpg|thumb|250px|Peizajo dum fino di la [[printempo]] en Moskva.]] [[Arkivo:GUM,_Moscow,_Russia.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Merkato GUM, en la centro di Moskva.]] Moskva okupas la du rivi dil [[rivero Moskva]], e 49 ponti trairas ol. Lua tereni ordinare esas plana: la mezvalora [[altitudo]] dil urbo esas 156 m e lua maxim alta punto jacas 255 metri sur la [[marala nivelo]]. Lua [[klimato]] esas humida kontinentala (''Dfb'' segun [[Klimatala klasifikuro da Köppen|klasifikuro da Köppen]]) kun longa e kolda vintri (de la duimo di novembro til marto) e varma someri. La [[temperaturo|temperaturi]] povas variar de -25ºC til 0ºC dum [[vintro]], e de 15ºC til 30ºC dum [[somero]]. La maxima temperaturo mezurita dum la historio dil urbo esis 39.0 °C ye la 29ma di julio 2010, dum ke la minima mezurita esis −42.2 °C en januaro 1940. Moskva esas en la [[horala zono]] UTC+3. Moskva havas 96 parki e 18 gardeni, inkluzite 4 botanika gardeni. Ank existas 450 km² di verda zoni e cirkume 100 km² di [[foresto|foresti]]. Moskva havas 27 m² di verda arei po habitanto, kontre 6 m² en [[Paris]], 7.5 m² en [[London]] e 8.6 m² en [[New York]]. L'urbo esas populara destino por [[turismo|turisti]]: lua precipua atraktivi esas [[Moskva-Kremlin|Kremlin]] e [[Reda placo]] e l'Eklezio dil Acenso, konstruktita en 1532 - la tri monumenti deklaresis Mondala Heredaji di la Homaro dal [[UNESCO]], e la merkato GUM, konstruktita dum lasta yardeko di la [[19ma yarcento]]. {{Panoramo|Panorama of the Moscow Kremlin.jpg|1000px|Panoramo dil ''Kremlin'', en Moskva.}} == Demografio == <br clear="all"> {{Demography 12col|830px|[[1400]]|[[1638]]|[[1710]]|[[1725]]|[[1738]]|[[1775]]|[[1785]]|[[1811]]|[[1813]]|[[1825]]|[[1840]]|[[1856]] |40 000|200 000|160 000|145 000|138 400|161 000|188 700|270 200|215 000|241 500|349 100|368 800}} {{Demography 12col|830px|[[1868]]|[[1871]]|[[1888]]|[[1897]]|[[1912]]|[[1920]]|[[1926]]|[[1939]]|[[1959]]|[[1979]]|[[1989]]|[[2002]] |416 400|601 969|753 459|1 038 600|1 617 157|1 027 300|2 101 200|4 609 200|6 133 100|8 142 200|8 972 300|10 383 000}} == Fratala urbi == {| |- style="vertical-align: top;" | * {{ARG}}, [[Buenos Aires]] * {{SRB}}, [[Beograd]] * {{DEU}}, [[Berlin]] * {{VEN}}, [[Caracas]] * {{USA}}, [[Chicago]] * {{CHN}}, [[Beijing]]<ref>{{Extera ligilo|titulo= Moscow |autoro= Beijing Official Website International |idiomo={{en}} |vidita ye= 26ma di mayo 2008|url=http://web.archive.org/web/http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/ying/t95203.htm }}</ref> * {{POL}}, [[Kraków]] * {{PER}}, [[Cuzco]] * {{TUR}}, [[Ankara]] * {{DZA}}, [[Aljer]] * {{KAZ}}, [[Nur-Sultan]] * {{GRC}}, [[Athina]] * {{THA}}, [[Bangkok]] * {{BIH}}, [[Banja Luka]] </td><td valign=top> * {{LBN}}, [[Beirut]] * {{ESP}}, [[Barcelona]] * {{ARE}}, [[Dubai]] * {{COL}}, [[Bogota]] * {{COL}}, [[Valledupar]] * {{TJK}}, [[Dushanbe]] * {{NIC}}, [[Matagalpa]] * {{DEU}}, [[Düsseldorf]] * {{EGY}}, [[Kairo]] * {{MEX}}, [[Ensenada (Basa Kalifornia)|Ensenada]] * {{MEX}}, [[Guadalajara]] * {{MEX}}, [[Reynosa (Tamaulipas)|Reynosa]] * {{ARM}}, [[Yerevan]] * {{CUB}}, [[Havana]] </td><td valign=top> * {{BOL}}, [[La Paz]], [[Bolivia]] * {{SVN}}, [[Ljubljana]] * {{GBR}}, [[London]] * {{ESP}}, [[Madrid]] * {{PHL}}, [[Manila]] * {{CYP}}, [[Nikosia]] * {{FRA}}, [[Paris]] * {{MNE}}, [[Podgorica]] * {{CZE}}, [[Praha]] * {{ISL}}, [[Reykjavík]]<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url= http://www.diplomatrus.com/article.php?id=1071&PHPSESSID=1d432b8ba8416b3494009601b57893a2&l=eng |titulo= Moscow and Rejkjavik sister cities.|vidita ye= 11ma di marto 2008}}</ref> * {{LVA}}, [[Rīga]] * {{DOM}}, [[Santo Domingo]] * {{CHL}}, [[Santiago (Chili)|Santiago]] * {{KOR}}, [[Seoul]] </td><td valign=top> * {{RUS}}, [[Simferopol]], [[Krimea]] * {{MEX}}, [[Tecomán]] * {{IRN}}, [[Tehran]] * {{ISR}}, [[Tel Aviv]] * {{ALB}}, [[Tirane]]<ref>Twinning Cities: International Relations. Municipality of Tirana. www.tirana.gov.al.</ref> * {{JAP}}, [[Tokio]] * {{MNG}}, [[Ulaanbaatar]] * {{FRA}}, [[Valenciennes]] * {{POL}}, [[Warszawa]] * {{AUT}}, [[Wien]] |} == Referi == {{commonscat|Moscow}} [[Arkivo:RedSquare_SaintBasile_(pixinn.net).jpg|thumb|250px|Katedralo di Santa Bazilius, maestroverko di Rusa arkitekturo.]] {{reflist}} ==Videz anke== * [https://wikiway.com/russia/moskva/dostoprimechatelnosti/ Imaji pri Rusia] {{Europana chef-urbi}} [[Kategorio:Urbi en Rusia]] [[Kategorio:Moskva| ]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>Shabloni uzata en ica pagino: </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Shablono:ALB" title="Shablono:ALB">Shablono:ALB</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shablono:ALB&action=edit" title="Shablono:ALB">vidar fonto</a>) (protektita)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Shablono:ARE" title="Shablono:ARE">Shablono:ARE</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shablono:ARE&action=edit" title="Shablono:ARE">vidar fonto</a>) 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