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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Eḷu_in_comparison_with_Pali_and_Sanskrit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eḷu_in_comparison_with_Pali_and_Sanskrit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Eḷu in comparison with Pali and Sanskrit</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eḷu_in_comparison_with_Pali_and_Sanskrit-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Eḷu in comparison with Pali and Sanskrit subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Eḷu_in_comparison_with_Pali_and_Sanskrit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels_and_diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels_and_diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Vowels and diphthongs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels_and_diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Sound changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compound_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compound_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Compound consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compound_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Samples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Samples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Samples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Samples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tōṇigala_Rock_Inscription_of_Śrīmeghavarṇṇa(4th_century_A.D)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tōṇigala_Rock_Inscription_of_Śrīmeghavarṇṇa(4th_century_A.D)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Tōṇigala Rock Inscription of Śrīmeghavarṇṇa(4th century A.D)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tōṇigala_Rock_Inscription_of_Śrīmeghavarṇṇa(4th_century_A.D)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Elu_words_with_their_Sanskrit_and_Pali_equivalents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Elu_words_with_their_Sanskrit_and_Pali_equivalents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of Elu words with their Sanskrit and <i>Pali</i> equivalents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Elu_words_with_their_Sanskrit_and_Pali_equivalents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81" title="এলু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এলু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elu" title="Elu – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Elu" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88" title="زبان الو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان الو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हेलु भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हेलु भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Elu" title="Bahasa Elu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Elu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8F%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಏಲು ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಏಲು ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="एलु भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एलु भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_e%E1%B8%B7u" title="Limba eḷu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba eḷu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%85%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%83" title="හෙළබස – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හෙළබස" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">3rd century BCE Sri Lankan language; ancestor of Sinhalese and Dhivehi</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Elu_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Elu (disambiguation)">Elu (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Eḷu</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Helu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Era</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">3rd century BCE<br />Evolved into <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhalese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Dhivehi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Eḷu</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ashokan_Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashokan Brahmi">Ashokan Brahmi</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Lipi_(script)" title="Lipi (script)">Dhammalipi</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Eḷa</b>, also <b>Elu</b>, <b>Hela</b> or <b>Helu Prakrit</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle Indo-Aryan language</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> of the 3rd century BCE, that was used in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. It was ancestral to the <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhalese language">Sinhalese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Dhivehi</a> languages. <br /> </p><p> R. C. Childers, in the <i>Journal of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Asiatic_Society_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland">Royal Asiatic Society</a></i>, states: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Elu] is the name by which is known an ancient form of the Sinhala language from which the modern vernacular of Ceylon is immediately received, and to which the latter bears is of the same relation that the English of today bears to Anglo-Saxon...The name Elu is no other than Sinhala much succeeded, standing for an older form, Hĕla or Hĕlu, which occurs in some ancient works, and this again for a still older, Sĕla, which brings us back to the Pali Sîhala.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Pali scholar <a href="/wiki/Thomas_William_Rhys_Davids" title="Thomas William Rhys Davids">Thomas William Rhys Davids</a> refers to Eḷu as "the Prakrit of Ceylon".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hela_Havula" title="Hela Havula">Hela Havula</a> are a modern <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a> literary organization that advocate the use of Eḷu terms over <a href="/wiki/Sanskritism" title="Sanskritism">Sanskritisms</a>. Eḷu is often referred to by modern Sinhalese as <i>amisra</i>, Sanskrit and Sinhalese term for "unmixed". </p><p>A feature of Eḷu is its preference for short <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>, loss of aspiration and the reduction of compound consonants found frequently in other Prakrits such as <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eḷu_in_comparison_with_Pali_and_Sanskrit"><span id="E.E1.B8.B7u_in_comparison_with_Pali_and_Sanskrit"></span>Eḷu in comparison with Pali and Sanskrit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Eḷu in comparison with Pali and Sanskrit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Being a Prakrit, Eḷu is closely related to other Prakrits such as Pali. Indeed, a very large proportion of Eḷu word-stems are identical in form to Pali. The connections were sufficiently well known that technical terms from Pali and Sanskrit were easily converted into Eḷu by a set of conventional phonological transformations. Because of the prevalence of these transformations, it is not always possible to tell whether a given Eḷu word is a part of the old <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> lexicon, or a transformed borrowing from Sanskrit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels_and_diphthongs">Vowels and diphthongs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vowels and diphthongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sanskrit <i>ai</i> and <i>au</i> always monophthongize to Eḷu <i>e</i> and <i>o</i>, respectively</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Examples: <i>maitrī</i> → <i>met</i>, <i>auṣadha</i> → <i>osada</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Sanskrit <i>avi</i> becomes Eḷu <i>e</i> (i.e. <i>avi</i> → <i>ai</i> → <i>e</i>)</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Example: <i>sthavira</i> → <i>thera</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_changes">Sound changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sound changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Initial <i>ca</i> in Sanskrit and Pali becomes <i>s</i> or <i>h</i></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Examples: <i>canda</i> → <i>sa<sup>n</sup>da</i>, <i>ha<sup>n</sup>da</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>P</i> if not omitted becomes <i>v</i></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Examples: <i>rūpa</i> → <i>ruva</i>, <i>dīpa</i> → <i>diva</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>The Sanskrit sibilants <i>ś</i>, <i>ṣ</i>, and <i>s</i> merge as Eḷu <i>s</i></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Examples: <i>śaraṇa</i> → <i>saraṇa</i>, <i>doṣa</i> → <i>dosa</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>The Sanskrit <i>kti</i> becomes <i>ti</i> or <i>vi</i></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Examples: <i>bhakti</i> → <i>bätiya</i>, <i>shakti</i> → <i>saviya</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compound_consonants">Compound consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Compound consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of a word only a single consonant can remain </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Examples: <i>dharma</i> → <i>dahama</i></dd> <dd>Examples: <i>prāna</i> → <i>pana</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>In the middle of a word no group may exceed one consonant </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Examples: <i>artha</i> → <i>aruta</i></dd> <dd>Examples: <i>danta</i> → <i>data</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samples">Samples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Samples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tōṇigala_Rock_Inscription_of_Śrīmeghavarṇṇa(4th_century_A.D)"><span id="T.C5.8D.E1.B9.87igala_Rock_Inscription_of_.C5.9Ar.C4.ABmeghavar.E1.B9.87.E1.B9.87a.284th_century_A.D.29"></span>Tōṇigala Rock Inscription of Śrīmeghavarṇṇa(4th century A.D)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tōṇigala Rock Inscription of Śrīmeghavarṇṇa(4th century A.D)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Prakrit languages romanization"><i lang="pra-Latn">Si! Puviya Mahasena-maharajaha puta Sarimekavaṇa-Aba-maha-rajaha cata legi-taka tiṇavanaka-vasahi.</i></span> </p><p>[Lines 1–2] Hail! In the time of the third year after the raising of the umbrella by the great king Sirimekavaṇa Aba son of the great king Mahasena. </p><p><span title="Prakrit languages romanization"><i lang="pra-Latn">Nakarahi utarapasahi Kaḷahumanaka-niya-matanahi siya aviya⸗kiṇiyeni nikata Kaḍubalagamakehi vasanaka - Ameti-paheja-Sivaya-ha puta-Devayaha Yahisapavaya-nava-vaherakehi dina ariyavasa vaṭavi de hakaḍa dasa amaṇaka vi ica sa amaṇaka udi ica bayali dasa amaṇa ica.</i></span> </p><p>[Lines 2–6] Two hakaḍas (cartloads) and ten amaṇas of paddy, six amaṇas of udi and ten amaṇas of beans were deposited [with the stipulation that the capital should] neither be spent nor decreased, by Devaya the son of Sivaya, a member of the Council of Ministers, residing at the village of Kaḍubala, with the assembly of the merchants’ guild at Kaḷahumana [situated] in the northern quarter of the city; and were granted for the purpose of conducting the holy vassa in the new monastery of Yahisapavaya. </p><p><span title="Prakrit languages romanization"><i lang="pra-Latn">Me de hakaḍa dasa a-maṇaka vi piṭadaḍa-hasahi veḍa akala-hasahi veḍha ma-de-hasahi veḍha pacavisiya amaṇaka vi ica me sa amaṇaka udihi veḍha eka amaṇa de pekaḍaka udi ica dasa amaṇaka bayalihi veḍha de a-maṇa de pekaḍaka bayali ica.</i></span> </p><p>[Lines 6–10] Of the aforesaid two hakaḍas and ten amaṇas of paddy, the interest at the principal harvest (piṭadaḍa hasa), the interest at the secondary harvest and the interest at the intermediate harvest [amount to] twenty-five amaṇas of paddy. Of the aforesaid six amaṇas of udi, the interest is one amaṇas and two pekaḍas of udi. Of the aforesaid ten amaṇas of beans, the interest is two amaṇas and two pekaḍas of beans. </p><p><span title="Prakrit languages romanization"><i lang="pra-Latn">Me vataka-vaṇahi gahe kiṇiya ciṭa-vaya veḍha geṇa tiṇaḍa hakaṭa dana-vaṭa ica atarakajaka-vaṭa ica atarakaja-(pari)kara-yapeni ica di miya-vaṭa peṇi tila ica bunatela ica loṇa ica palaha-vaṭa ica veṭayala ica vahera . . ga sara pa . . pacanahi miliya padiya ica</i></span> </p><p>[Lines 10–14] Of the above-mentioned deposit, the capital should be left unspent and from the interest received, the expenses for two and a half hakaḍas of boiled rice, atarakaja, dishes taken with atarakaja, curd, honey, sweets, sesame, butter (?), salt, green herbs, and turmeric should be given at the refectory of the monastery, . . . </p><p><span title="Prakrit languages romanization"><i lang="pra-Latn">Meva [taka] veḍhavataka geṇa vanaya va[na]ya atovasahi Nikamaniya-cada puṇamasa doḷasa-paka-divasa [a]riyavasa karana maha-bikusagah⸗aṭa niyata koṭu Yahisapava[ta-na]-va-vaherakahi dini.</i></span> </p><p>[Lines 14–17] [The above] were granted to the new monastery at Yahisapavata so that the interest may be taken and appropriated for the use of the great community of monks who perform the holy vassa on the twelfth day of the bright half of the month of Nikamaniya in every succeeding rainy season.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Thonigala_Rock_Inscriptions,_Anamaduwa" title="Thonigala Rock Inscriptions, Anamaduwa">Thonigala Rock Inscriptions, Anamaduwa</a> under reign of Gamani Abhaya(1st century A.D)</b> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Elu_words_with_their_Sanskrit_and_Pali_equivalents">List of Elu words with their Sanskrit and <i>Pali</i> equivalents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: List of Elu words with their Sanskrit and Pali equivalents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible collapsible autocollapse"> <tbody><tr> <th>Elu</th> <th>Sanskrit</th> <th>Pali</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>äsa</td> <td>akṣi</td> <td>akkhi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eye</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>adara</td> <td>ādara</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ādara</i></span></td> <td>respect </td></tr> <tr> <td>aga</td> <td>agra</td> <td>agga</td> <td>end, chief, principal </td></tr> <tr> <td>ahasa</td> <td>ākāśa</td> <td>ākāsa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sky" title="Sky">sky</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>akosa</td> <td>ākrōśa</td> <td>akkosa</td> <td>insult, abuse </td></tr> <tr> <td>akmana</td> <td>ākramana</td> <td>akkamana</td> <td>attack </td></tr> <tr> <td>aksuma</td> <td>akṣama</td> <td>akkhama</td> <td>intolerance, impatience </td></tr> <tr> <td>akura</td> <td>akṣara</td> <td>akkhara</td> <td>letter of the alphabet </td></tr> <tr> <td>anada</td> <td>ānanda</td> <td>ānanda</td> <td>bliss </td></tr> <tr> <td>aruta</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">artha</a></td> <td>attha</td> <td>meaning </td></tr> <tr> <td>asuna</td> <td>āsana</td> <td>āsana</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chair" title="Chair">seat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ata</td> <td>hasta</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">hattha</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hand</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>atuna</td> <td>antra</td> <td>anta</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bambu</td> <td>brahma</td> <td>brahma</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bamburā</td> <td>barbara</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">babbhara</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bamunā</td> <td>brāhmaṇa</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">brāhmaṇa</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>basa</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">bhāṣā</i></span></td> <td>bhāsā</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bima</td> <td>bhūmi</td> <td>bhūmi</td> <td>land </td></tr> <tr> <td>bubula</td> <td>budbuda</td> <td>bubbula</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liquid_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid bubble">bubble</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>boduna</td> <td>bhōjana</td> <td>bhojana</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bodu</td> <td>bauddha</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">bodha</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bōsat</td> <td>bōdhisattva</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">bodhisatta</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dahama, dam</td> <td>dharma</td> <td>dhamma</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>data</td> <td>danta</td> <td>danta</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tooth" title="Tooth">tooth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>däla</td> <td>jāla</td> <td>jāla</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Net_(device)" title="Net (device)">Net (device)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>devola</td> <td>devālaya</td> <td>devālaya</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>diga, digu</td> <td>dīrgha</td> <td>dīgha</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/long" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:long">long</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>diva</td> <td>jihvā</td> <td>jivhā</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>diviya</td> <td>jīvita</td> <td>jīvita</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dudana, dujana</td> <td>durjana</td> <td>dujjana</td> <td>wicked, malicious </td></tr> <tr> <td>dujanā</td> <td>durjanayā</td> <td></td> <td>wicked person </td></tr> <tr> <td>dukata</td> <td>duṣkṛta</td> <td>dukkaṭa</td> <td>wicked <a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">deed</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dulaba</td> <td>durlabha</td> <td>dullabha</td> <td>rare </td></tr> <tr> <td>duma</td> <td>dhūma</td> <td>dhūma</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">smoke</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dupa</td> <td>dhūpa</td> <td>dhūpa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>gama</td> <td>grāma</td> <td>gāma</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">village</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>gata</td> <td>gātra</td> <td>gatta</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">body</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>gatakura</td> <td>gātrākṣara</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kana</td> <td>karṇa</td> <td>kanna</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ear</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>karuvā</td> <td>kāra</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Person" title="Person">person</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>keta</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kṣetra</i></span></td> <td>khetta</td> <td>field </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kiḍa</i></span></td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">krīḍā</i></span></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sport</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kila</td> <td>kīlā</td> <td>kīlā</td> <td>sport </td></tr> <tr> <td>kinu</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kṛṣṇa</i></span></td> <td>kanha</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dark" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark">dark</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kilu</td> <td>kliṣṭa</td> <td>kiliṭṭha</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dirty" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirty">dirty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kiluṭu</td> <td>kliṣṭa</td> <td>kiliṭṭha</td> <td>dirty </td></tr> <tr> <td>kiri</td> <td>kṣīra</td> <td>khīra</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kumarā</td> <td>kumāraka</td> <td>kumāra</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">son</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">prince</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kumari</td> <td>kumāri</td> <td>kumāri</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Girl" title="Girl">girl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess" title="Princess">princess</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kuriru</td> <td>krūra</td> <td>kurūra</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cruel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel">cruel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>laka</td> <td>laṅkā</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">laṅkā</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lassana</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">lakṣaṇa</i></span></td> <td>lakkhana</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">beautiful</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lova</td> <td>loka</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">loka</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>maga</td> <td>mārga</td> <td>magga</td> <td>way </td></tr> <tr> <td>magula</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">maṅgala</i></span></td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">maṅgala</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>matura</td> <td>mantra</td> <td>manta</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">incantation</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mäda</td> <td>madhyama, madhya</td> <td>majjha</td> <td>middle </td></tr> <tr> <td>miturā</td> <td>mitra</td> <td>mitta</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friend" class="mw-redirect" title="Friend">friend</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mugalan</td> <td>maudgalyāyana</td> <td>moggallana</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mogallana" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogallana">mogallana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mudu</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">mṛdu</i></span></td> <td>mudu</td> <td>soft </td></tr> <tr> <td>muwa</td> <td>mukha</td> <td>mukha</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">mouth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mädura</td> <td>mandira</td> <td>mandira</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">palace</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mula</td> <td>mūla</td> <td>mūla</td> <td>origin </td></tr> <tr> <td>näba</td> <td>nābhi</td> <td>nābhi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">navel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>näva</td> <td>naukā</td> <td>nāvā</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ship</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>nētra</td> <td>netta</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eye</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nidana</td> <td>nidhāna</td> <td>nidhāna</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Treasure" title="Treasure">treasure</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nimala</td> <td>nirmala</td> <td>nimmala</td> <td>pure </td></tr> <tr> <td>nipana</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">niṣpanna</i></span></td> <td></td> <td>production </td></tr> <tr> <td>nivana</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">nirvāṇa</i></span></td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">nibbāna</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nuvara</td> <td>nagara</td> <td>nagara</td> <td><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pabala</td> <td>prabala</td> <td>pabala</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mighty" class="extiw" title="wikt:mighty">mighty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pamana</td> <td>pramāna</td> <td>pamāna</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amount" class="mw-redirect" title="Amount">amount</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>parapura</td> <td>paramparā</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">generation</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pänaya</td> <td>praśna</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">pañha</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">problem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Question" title="Question">question</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pava</td> <td>pāpa</td> <td>pāpa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pavasa</td> <td>pipāsa</td> <td>pipāsam</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thirst" title="Thirst">thirst</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>parana</td> <td>purāṇa</td> <td>purāṇa</td> <td>old </td></tr> <tr> <td>parusa</td> <td>paruṣa</td> <td>pharusa</td> <td>harsh </td></tr> <tr> <td>pasana</td> <td>prasanna</td> <td>pasanna</td> <td>pleasant </td></tr> <tr> <td>pāsala</td> <td>pāṭhaśālā</td> <td>pāṭasālā</td> <td><a href="/wiki/School" title="School">school</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pavaruna</td> <td>prakaraṇa</td> <td>pakaraṇa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatise</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pätuma</td> <td>prārthanā</td> <td>patthanā</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wish" title="Wish">wish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">hope</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pedesa</td> <td>pradeśa</td> <td>padesa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pema</td> <td>prēma</td> <td>pema</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">love</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>piduma</td> <td>pūjā</td> <td>pūjā</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alms" title="Alms">offering</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pina</td> <td>punya</td> <td>punya</td> <td>merit </td></tr> <tr> <td>pokuna</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">puṣkariṇī</i></span></td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">pokkhariṇī</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">pond</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>poson</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">pūrva-śravaṇa</i></span></td> <td>pubba-savana</td> <td>(name of a <a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">month</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>pota</td> <td>pustaka</td> <td>pottaka</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">book</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pun</td> <td>pūra, pūrṇa</td> <td>punna</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/full" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:full">full</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pupa</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">puṣpa</i></span></td> <td>puppha</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flower</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>putā</td> <td>putra</td> <td>putta</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">son</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>puva</td> <td>pūrva</td> <td>pubba</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Former" title="Former">former</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">prior</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>puvata</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">pravṛtti</i></span></td> <td>pavatti</td> <td><a href="/wiki/News" title="News">news</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>rada</td> <td>rājan</td> <td>rājā</td> <td><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>rakusā</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">rākṣasa</i></span></td> <td>rakkhasa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ratu, rat</td> <td>raktaka</td> <td>ratta</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>räsa</td> <td>raśmi</td> <td>rasmi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Light_ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Light ray">ray</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>räya</td> <td>rātri</td> <td>ratti</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Night" title="Night">night</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ruka</td> <td>vṛkṣa</td> <td>rukkha</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">tree</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ruva</td> <td>rūpa</td> <td>rūpa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shape" title="Shape">shape</a>, form </td></tr> <tr> <td>sa<sup>n</sup>gamit</td> <td>sanghamitra</td> <td>sangamitta </td></tr> <tr> <td>sa<sup>n</sup>da</td> <td>candra</td> <td>canda</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">moon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sämuni</td> <td>śākyamuni</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sakyamuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakyamuni">sakyamuni</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sena</td> <td>sena</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">army</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sidura</td> <td>chidr</td> <td>chidda</td> <td>hole, gap, space </td></tr> <tr> <td>sirura</td> <td>śarīra</td> <td>sarīra</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">body</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>soyurā, sohowurā</td> <td>sahōdara</td> <td>sodariya</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brother" title="Brother">brother</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>so<sup>n</sup>duru</td> <td>sundara</td> <td>sundara</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">beautiful</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>supina</td> <td>svapna</td> <td>supina</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dream" title="Dream">dream</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>supun</td> <td>sampūrṇa</td> <td>sampunna</td> <td>complete </td></tr> <tr> <td>teda</td> <td>teja</td> <td></td> <td>magnificence </td></tr> <tr> <td>tavasā</td> <td>tāpasa</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tisula</td> <td>triśūla</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">Trishula</a> (trident) </td></tr> <tr> <td>utura</td> <td>uttara</td> <td>uttarā</td> <td><a href="/wiki/North" title="North">north</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>väkiya</td> <td>vākya</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">Sentence</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>vesak</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">vaiṣākha</i></span></td> <td>Visakha</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>veses</td> <td>viśeṣa</td> <td>visesa</td> <td>special </td></tr> <tr> <td>viyarana</td> <td>vyākarana</td> <td>vyākaraṇa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>yakā</td> <td>yakṣa</td> <td>yakkha</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">yaksha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>yatura</td> <td>yantra</td> <td>yanta</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>yiva</td> <td>jīva</td> <td>jīva</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientinscriptionsofceylonedwardmuller_816_M/page/n19/mode/2up"><i>Ancient Inscriptions Of Ceylon Edward Muller</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Inscriptions+Of+Ceylon+Edward+Muller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientinscriptionsofceylonedwardmuller_816_M%2Fpage%2Fn19%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenry_YuleA._C._BurnellWilliam_Crooke2006" class="citation cs2">Henry Yule; A. C. Burnell; William Crooke (2006), <i>A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases</i>, Asian Educational Services, p. 344, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-0321-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-0321-7"><bdi>0-7007-0321-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+glossary+of+colloquial+Anglo-Indian+words+and+phrases&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7007-0321-7&rft.au=Henry+Yule&rft.au=A.+C.+Burnell&rft.au=William+Crooke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRhys_Davids2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_William_Rhys_Davids" title="Thomas William Rhys Davids">Rhys Davids, Thomas William</a> (2007). <i>Buddhist India</i>. T. W. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1406756326" title="Special:BookSources/978-1406756326"><bdi>978-1406756326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+India&rft.pub=T.+W.+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1406756326&rft.aulast=Rhys+Davids&rft.aufirst=Thomas+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://siddham.network/inscription/in03124/?section=translation">"Siddham. The Asian Inscription Database | IN03124 Tōṇigala Rock Inscription of Śrīmeghavarṇṇa"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Siddham.+The+Asian+Inscription+Database+%26%23124%3B+IN03124+T%C5%8D%E1%B9%87igala+Rock+Inscription+of+%C5%9Ar%C4%ABmeghavar%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsiddham.network%2Finscription%2Fin03124%2F%3Fsection%3Dtranslation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent">Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proto-Sinhala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proto-Sinhala (page does not exist)">Proto-Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_Sinhala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medieval Sinhala (page does not exist)">Medieval Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Sinhala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modern Sinhala (page does not exist)">Modern Sinhala</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD_in_Noto_Serif_Sinhala_Black.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sinhala"><img alt="Sinhala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD_in_Noto_Serif_Sinhala_Black.svg/160px-%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD_in_Noto_Serif_Sinhala_Black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD_in_Noto_Serif_Sinhala_Black.svg/240px-%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD_in_Noto_Serif_Sinhala_Black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD_in_Noto_Serif_Sinhala_Black.svg/320px-%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD_in_Noto_Serif_Sinhala_Black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="47" data-file-height="21" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Sinhala_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Sinhala language (page does not exist)">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Sinhala_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Sinhala language (page does not exist)">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodiya_dialect" title="Rodiya dialect">Rodiya dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Madam" title="Pidgin Madam">Pidgin Madam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_literature" title="Sri Lankan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_Sinhala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literary Sinhala (page does not exist)">Literary Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_name" title="Sinhalese name">Sinhalese name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sinhala and<br />other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Influenced by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhala_words_of_Dutch_origin" title="List of Sinhala words of Dutch origin">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhala_words_of_English_origin" title="List of Sinhala words of English origin">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhala_words_of_Portuguese_origin" title="List of Sinhala words of Portuguese origin">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatsama" title="Tatsama">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhala_words_of_Tamil_origin" title="List of Sinhala words of Tamil origin">Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Patois" title="Macanese Patois">Macanese Patois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Portuguese" title="Macanese Portuguese">Macanese Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_numerals" title="Sinhala numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Archaic_Numbers" title="Sinhala Archaic Numbers">Archaic numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumihiri" title="Sumihiri">Romanization (transliteration)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computerization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sinhala_software" title="History of Sinhala software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_input_methods" title="Sinhala input methods">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_(Unicode_block)" title="Sinhala (Unicode block)">Unicode block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_input_methods" title="Sinhala input methods">Input methods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar and<br />vocabulary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinhala grammar (page does not exist)">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoken_Sinhala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spoken Sinhala (page does not exist)">Spoken Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_differences_in_spoken_Sinhala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender differences in spoken Sinhala (page does not exist)">Gender differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_honorifics" title="Sinhala honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_slang" title="Sinhala slang">Slang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinhala dictionary (page does not exist)">Dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language#Phonology" title="Sinhala language">Phonology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hela_Havula" title="Hela Havula">Hela Havula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">Sinhala Only Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwari" title="Kishtwari">Kishtwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokskat" title="Brokskat">Brokskat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pashayi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_languages" title="Pashayi languages">Pashayi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kunar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangalami_language" title="Nangalami language">Nangalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumashti_language" title="Shumashti language">Shumashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotapuri-Katarqalai_language" title="Wotapuri-Katarqalai language">Wotapuri-Katarqalai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chitral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">Khowar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazara Division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirahi_language" title="Tirahi language">Tirahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doteli" title="Doteli">Doteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Jumli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_language" title="Kangri language">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadarwahi_language" title="Bhadarwahi language">Bhadarwahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churahi" title="Churahi">Churahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhateali" title="Bhateali">Bhateali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspuri" title="Bilaspuri">Bilaspuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambeali" title="Chambeali">Chambeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddi_language" title="Gaddi language">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangwali" title="Pangwali">Pangwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeali" title="Mandeali">Mandeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasu_Pahari" title="Mahasu Pahari">Mahasu Pahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_language" title="Jaunsari language">Jaunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullui" title="Kullui">Kullui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari_Kinnauri_language" title="Pahari Kinnauri language">Pahari Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduri_language" title="Hinduri language">Hinduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmauri_language" title="Sirmauri language">Sirmauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazi_language" title="Sarazi language">Sarazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Punjabi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inku_language" title="Inku language">Inku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Sindhi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholosi_language" title="Kholosi language">Kholosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwati_language" title="Luwati language">Luwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_languages" title="Gujarati languages">Gujarati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisan_ud-Dawat" title="Lisan ud-Dawat">Lisan ud-Dawat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_language" title="Saurashtra language">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewati_language" title="Mewati language">Mewati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhawati_language" title="Shekhawati language">Shekhawati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bhil_languages" title="Bhil languages">Bhil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilali_language" title="Bhilali language">Bhilali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chodri_language" title="Chodri language">Chodri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhodia%E2%80%93Kukna_language" title="Dhodia–Kukna language">Dhodia–Kukna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanki_language" title="Dhanki language">Dhanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubli_language" title="Dubli language">Dubli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauria_language" title="Bauria language">Bauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilori_language" title="Bhilori language">Bhilori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawchi_language" title="Mawchi language">Mawchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magari_language" title="Magari language">Magari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palya_Bareli_language" title="Palya Bareli language">Palya Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri_Bareli_language" title="Pauri Bareli language">Pauri Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathwi_Bareli_language" title="Rathwi Bareli language">Rathwi Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardhi_language" title="Pardhi language">Pardhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamit_language" title="Gamit language">Gamit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalto_language" title="Kalto language">Kalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasavi_language" title="Vasavi language">Vasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaagri_Booli_language" title="Vaagri Booli language">Vaagri Booli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_languages" title="Template:Romani languages">list of languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Kauravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a>/<a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhukkadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhukkadi">Sadhukkadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parya_language" title="Parya language">Parya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bhojpuric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magahi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maithili</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sadanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tharuic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kochila_Tharu" title="Kochila Tharu">Kochila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buksa_language" title="Buksa language">Buksa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhi_language" title="Majhi language">Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musasa_language" title="Musasa language">Musasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumhali_language" title="Kumhali language">Kumhali</a></li> <li>Kuswaric <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bote-Darai_language" title="Bote-Darai language">Bote-Darai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danwar_language" title="Danwar language">Danwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gauda%E2%80%93Kamarupa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda–Kamarupa languages">Gauda–<br />Kamarupa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bengali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_Thar_language" title="Kharia Thar language">Kharia Thar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmukar_language" title="Kurmukar language">Kurmukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_Paharia_language" title="Mal Paharia language">Mal Paharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhailla_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhailla language">Noakhailla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_language" title="Tanchangya language">Tanchangya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kamarupic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_dialects" title="Kamrupi dialects">Kamrupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpariya_dialects" title="Goalpariya dialects">Goalpariya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_language_(Nepal)" title="Rajbanshi language (Nepal)">Rajbanshi (Nepal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chittagonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Odia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_language" title="Sambalpuri language">Sambalpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desia_language" title="Desia language">Desia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatri_language" title="Bhatri language">Bhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Parja_language" title="Bodo Parja language">Bodo Parja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reli_language" title="Reli language">Reli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupia_language" title="Kupia language">Kupia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halbic_languages" title="Halbic languages">Halbic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamar_language" title="Kamar language">Kamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhunjia_language_(Halbic)" title="Bhunjia language (Halbic)">Bhunjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahari_language" title="Nahari language">Nahari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marathi-Konkani_languages" title="Marathi-Konkani languages">Marathi–<br />Konkani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marathic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andh_language" title="Andh language">Andh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar-Deccan_Marathi" title="Berar-Deccan Marathi">Berar Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varli_language" title="Varli language">Varli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phudagi_language" title="Phudagi language">Phudagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katkari_language" title="Katkari language">Katkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadodi_language" title="Kadodi language">Kadodi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konkanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Konkani">Maharashtrian Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarese_Konkani" title="Canarese Konkani">Canarese Konkani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Sanskrit">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_superstrate_in_Mitanni" title="Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni">Mitanni superstrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashokan_Prakrit" title="Ashokan Prakrit">Ashokan Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Early Ardhamagadhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle (<a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Hybrid_Sanskrit" title="Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit">Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_Prakrit" title="Dramatic Prakrit">Dramatic Prakrits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Ardhamagadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language" title="Gandhari language">Gāndhārī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_Prakrit" title="Gaudi Prakrit">Gaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paishachi" title="Paishachi">Paishachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late (<a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahattha" title="Abahattha">Abahattha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupi_Prakrit" title="Kamarupi Prakrit">Kamarupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa Prakrit language">Khasa Prakrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazigar_language" title="Bazigar language">Bazigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinali%E2%80%93Lahul_languages" title="Chinali–Lahul languages">Chinali–Lahul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinali_language" title="Chinali language">Chinali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahul_Lohar_language" title="Lahul Lohar language">Lahul Lohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhgal" title="Sheikhgal">Sheikhgal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins<br />and creoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman Creole Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagamese_creole" title="Nagamese creole">Nagamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefamese" title="Nefamese">Nefamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>11 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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