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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Preaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miracles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miracles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Miracles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Miracles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Miracles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Miracles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Speaking_from_the_cradle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speaking_from_the_cradle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Speaking from the cradle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speaking_from_the_cradle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creating_birds_from_clay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creating_birds_from_clay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Creating birds from clay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creating_birds_from_clay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healing_the_blind_and_the_lepers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healing_the_blind_and_the_lepers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Healing the blind and the lepers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healing_the_blind_and_the_lepers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raising_the_dead" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raising_the_dead"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Raising the dead</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raising_the_dead-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prescience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prescience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Prescience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prescience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Table_of_food_from_heaven" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_food_from_heaven"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Table of food from heaven</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_of_food_from_heaven-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_miracles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_miracles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Other miracles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_miracles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Healing_a_royal_official's_son" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healing_a_royal_official's_son"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.1</span> <span>Healing a royal official's son</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healing_a_royal_official's_son-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greed_and_truth-telling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greed_and_truth-telling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.2</span> <span>Greed and truth-telling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greed_and_truth-telling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inherent_wisdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inherent_wisdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.3</span> <span>Inherent wisdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inherent_wisdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_in_children's_homes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_in_children's_homes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.4</span> <span>Food in children's homes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_in_children's_homes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revelation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revelation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Revelation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revelation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disciples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disciples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Disciples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disciples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ascension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ascension</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ascension-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ascension subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ascension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Substitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Substitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolic_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolic_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Symbolic interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolic_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Coming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Coming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Second Coming</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_Coming-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Second Coming subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Second_Coming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Islamic theology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Islamic_theology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Islamic theology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Islamic_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Similitude_with_Adam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similitude_with_Adam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Similitude with Adam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similitude_with_Adam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precursor_to_Muhammad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursor_to_Muhammad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Precursor to Muhammad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursor_to_Muhammad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Messianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Messianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Messianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Messianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Islamic literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Islamic_literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Islamic literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Islamic_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hadith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hadith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Hadith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hadith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sunni_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunni_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sunni Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunni_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shia_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shia_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Shia Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shia_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sufism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sufism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Sufism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sufism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ascetic_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascetic_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4.1</span> <span>Ascetic literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ascetic_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ahmadiyya_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahmadiyya_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Ahmadiyya literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahmadiyya_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jesus in Islam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabi_Isa" title="Nabi Isa – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Nabi Isa" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jesus in Islam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%B1%E1%88%B5_%E1%89%A0%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%93" title="ኢየሱስ በእስልምና – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢየሱስ በእስልምና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85" title="عيسى بن مريم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عيسى بن مريم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE" title="ঈছা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ঈছা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="ГӀиса авараг – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀиса авараг" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slamda_%C4%B0sa" title="İslamda İsa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İslamda İsa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE" title="ঈসা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঈসা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa" title="Isa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Isa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D3%99%D0%B9%D2%93%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%B1%D3%99%D1%80" title="Ғайса пәйғәмбәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғайса пәйғәмбәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Исус в исляма – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Исус в исляма" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa" title="Isa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Isa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_en_l%27islam" title="Jesús en l'islam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jesús en l'islam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%AAs%C4%81_ibn_Maryam" title="ʿĪsā ibn Maryam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ʿĪsā ibn Maryam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_en_el_islam" title="Jesús en el islam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jesús en el islam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_bin_Marjam" title="Isa bin Marjam – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Isa bin Marjam" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_islamean" title="Jesus islamean – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jesus islamean" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="عیسی در اسلام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عیسی در اسلام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%AAs%C4%81" title="ʿĪsā – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="ʿĪsā" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xes%C3%BAs_no_islam" title="Xesús no islam – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xesús no islam" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%AC%EB%9E%8C%EA%B5%90_%EC%86%8D_%EC%98%88%EC%88%98" title="이슬람교 속 예수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이슬람교 속 예수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabi_Isah" title="Annabi Isah – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Annabi Isah" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ईसा इब्न मरियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईसा इब्न मरियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isus_u_islamu" title="Isus u islamu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Isus u islamu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa" title="Isa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Isa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vista_islamic_de_Jesus" title="Vista islamic de Jesus – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vista islamic de Jesus" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa" title="Isa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Isa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ges%C3%B9_nell%27islam" title="Gesù nell'islam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gesù nell'islam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%90" title="עיסא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיסא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa" title="Isa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Isa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="იესო ისლამში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იესო ისლამში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa" title="Isa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Isa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%93zus_isl%C4%81m%C4%81" title="Jēzus islāmā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jēzus islāmā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesoa_araka_ny_silamo" title="Jesoa araka ny silamo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jesoa araka ny silamo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE" title="ഈസാ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഈസാ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%89" title="عيسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عيسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabi_Isa" title="Nabi Isa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nabi Isa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa" title="Isa – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Isa" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_(profeet)" title="Isa (profeet) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Isa (profeet)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC" title="イスラームにおけるイーサー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスラームにおけるイーサー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Ӏиса ибн Марьям – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏиса ибн Марьям" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa" title="Isa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Isa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iso_ibn_Maryam" title="Iso ibn Maryam – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iso ibn Maryam" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="عیسی ابن مریم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عیسی ابن مریم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezus_w_islamie" title="Jezus w islamie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jezus w islamie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa_(profeta)" title="Issa (profeta) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Issa (profeta)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iisus_%C3%AEn_islam" title="Iisus în islam – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iisus în islam" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Иса ибн Марьям – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иса ибн Марьям" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isai" title="Isai – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Isai" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jesus in Islam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabi_Ciise" title="Nabi Ciise – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Nabi Ciise" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="عیسا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="عیسا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%83_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Исус у исламу – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Исус у исламу" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa" title="Isa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Isa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeesus_islaminuskossa" title="Jeesus islaminuskossa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jeesus islaminuskossa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa" title="Isa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Isa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesus_sa_Islam" title="Hesus sa Islam – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hesus sa Islam" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="இசுலாமில் இயேசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Penultimate prophet and eschatological figure in Islam</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In Islam, <i>Isa</i> refers to Jesus. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Isa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Isa (disambiguation)">Isa (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isa_(name)" title="Isa (name)">Isa (name)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophet</a></span></div><div class="fn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ʿĪsā</li><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عِيسَىٰ</span></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Minaret_of_Jesus,_Omayyad_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Minaret_of_Jesus%2C_Omayyad_Mosque.jpg/220px-Minaret_of_Jesus%2C_Omayyad_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Minaret_of_Jesus%2C_Omayyad_Mosque.jpg/330px-Minaret_of_Jesus%2C_Omayyad_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Minaret_of_Jesus%2C_Omayyad_Mosque.jpg/440px-Minaret_of_Jesus%2C_Omayyad_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1812" data-file-height="2995" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque#Minaret_of_Isa" title="Umayyad Mosque">Minaret of Jesus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4 <a href="/wiki/Before_Common_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Common Era">BCE</a><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Kingdom_of_Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Kingdom of Judea">Herodian Kingdom of Judea</a> or <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disappeared</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 33 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gethsemane" title="Gethsemane">Gethsemane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem in Islam">Jerusalem</a>, Judea, Roman Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Being the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Messiah in Islam">Messiah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist_in_Islam" title="John the Baptist in Islam">Yahya</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Al-Masih ad-Dajjal</a> (The False Messiah)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (mother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_in_Islam" title="Zechariah in Islam">Zakariya</a> (maternal grand uncle)</li><li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist_in_Islam" title="John the Baptist in Islam">Yahya</a> (maternal uncle)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jesus" title="Category:Jesus">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus"><img alt="Jesus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JesusYeshua.svg/200px-JesusYeshua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JesusYeshua.svg/300px-JesusYeshua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JesusYeshua.svg/400px-JesusYeshua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="234" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus in Christianity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation_of_Christ" title="Humiliation of Christ">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_obedience_of_Christ" title="Active obedience of Christ">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Heavenly Session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_Christ" title="Intercession of Christ">Intercession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Visions of Jesus and Mary">Apparitions and visions of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jesus in Islam</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masih_(title)" title="Masih (title)">Masih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_Quran" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the Quran">Names and titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_Jesus%27s_death" title="Islamic views on Jesus's death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology#Isa" title="Islamic eschatology">End times</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background to the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language spoken by Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Jesus's race</a> / <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Mental health of Jesus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Jesus in history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources for the historicity of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Reliability of the Gospels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Jesus myth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_years_of_Jesus" title="Unknown years of Jesus">Unknown years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Perspectives on Jesus</a></div><div 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style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus in culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_Museum" title="Life of Christ Museum">Life of Christ Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;font-size:88%; line-height:200%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basmala.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim"><img alt="Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Basmala.svg/200px-Basmala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Basmala.svg/300px-Basmala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Basmala.svg/400px-Basmala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="119" /></a></span><br /><span style="font-size:110%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:220%;"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophets</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets in the Quran</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small>Listed by Islamic name and Biblical name.</small> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">ʾĀdam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">ʾIdrīs</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Eber" title="Eber">Eber</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saleh_(prophet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saleh (prophet)">Ṣāliḥ</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Selah_(biblical_figure)" title="Selah (biblical figure)">Selah</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">ʾIbrāhīm</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">ʾIsmāʿīl</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">ʾIsḥāq</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yūsuf</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayūb</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuʿayb</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jethro_(biblical_figure)" title="Jethro (biblical figure)">Jethro</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsā</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Hārūn</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Kifl" title="Dhu al-Kifl">Dhu al-Kifl</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dāūd</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulaymān</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Yūnus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah in Islam">ʾIlyās</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elisha_in_Islam" title="Elisha in Islam">Alyasaʿ</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_in_Islam" title="Zechariah in Islam">Zakarīya</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist_in_Islam" title="John the Baptist in Islam">Yaḥyā</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ʿĪsā</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muḥammad</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>)</span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Main events</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya">Stories of the Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">The Three Messengers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations#Other_prophets" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Jews, Christians, and Muslims prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eschatology" title="Category:Eschatology">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li>— <i>Biblical texts</i> —</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <div style="padding-top:0.75em;"> <ul><li>— <i>Major figures</i> —</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div><div style="padding-top:0.75em;"> <ul><li>— <i>Different views</i> —</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div><div style="padding-top:0.75em;"> <ul><li>— <i><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></i> —</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul> </div><div style="padding-top:0.75em;"> <ul><li>— <i>Other events</i> —</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events of Revelation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a>)</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven Seals</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;">— <i>Figures</i> — <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Qarnayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Qarnayn">Dhul-Qarnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Isa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C4%81%CA%BEim_%C4%80l_Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qāʾim Āl Muḥammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#In_Islamic_tradition" title="Gog and Magog">Yajuj and Majuj</a></li></ul> </div> <p>— <i>Events</i> — </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khasf_al-Bayda" title="Khasf al-Bayda">Swallowing in Bayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signs_of_the_appearance_of_Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Signs of the appearance of Mahdi">Coming of the Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming_of_Christ#Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Coming of Christ">Return of Isa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li>— <i>Biblical texts</i> —</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Book of Zechariah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a></li></ul></div></li> <li>— <i>Other sources</i> —</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Medieval Jewish scholars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <p>— <i>Figures</i> — </p> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_the_Prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah the Prophet">Elijah the Prophet</a>, Messiah (<a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Mashiach Ben David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messiah_ben_Joseph" title="Messiah ben Joseph">Mashiach Ben Yosef</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armilus" title="Armilus">Armilus</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <p>— <i>Events and terms</i> — </p> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atchalta_De%27Geulah" title="Atchalta De'Geulah">Atchalta De'Geulah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Kibbutz Galuyot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_of_Gog_and_Magog" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resurrection#Judaism" title="Resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_to_come#Jewish_eschatology" title="World to come">Olam Haba</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;">— <i>Figures and items</i> — <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bound_monster" title="Bound monster">Bound monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjallarhorn" title="Gjallarhorn">Gjallarhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADf%C3%BErasir" title="Líf and Lífþrasir">Líf and Lífþrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naglfar" title="Naglfar">Naglfar</a></li></ul> </div> <p>— <i>Events</i> — </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulwinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Hong_(Taoist_eschatology)" title="Li Hong (Taoist eschatology)">Li Hong</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Divine Incantations Scripture</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Frashokereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Inter-religious</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> / <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Age</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Universal resurrection</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eschatology" title="Template:Eschatology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eschatology" title="Template talk:Eschatology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eschatology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eschatology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <b><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عِيسَى ٱبْنُ مَرْيَمَ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿĪsā ibn Maryam</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Jesus, son of <a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Mary</a>') is believed to be the penultimate <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">prophet and messenger</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Messiah in Islam">Messiah</a> sent to guide the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Children of Israel</a> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Banī Isra'īl</i></span>) with a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">book</a> called the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Injīl</a></i></span> (Evangel or Gospel). </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, Jesus is described as the Messiah (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Masīḥ</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">born of a virgin</a>, performing miracles, accompanied by his disciples, and rejected by the Jewish religious establishment; in contrast to the traditional <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> narrative, however, he is stated to have not been crucified, died on the cross, nor <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrected</a>, rather, he is depicted as having been miraculously saved by God and ascending into heaven. The Quran places Jesus among the greatest prophets and mentions him with <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_Quran" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the Quran">various titles</a>. The prophethood of Jesus is preceded by that of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist_in_Islam" title="John the Baptist in Islam">Yahya</a> (John) and succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a>, the latter of whom Jesus is reported in the Quran to have prophesied by using the name <a href="/wiki/Ahmad" title="Ahmad">Ahmad</a>. </p><p>Christians view Jesus Christ as <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">God incarnate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a> in human flesh, but the Quran denies the divinity of Jesus and his status as Son of God in several verses, and also insinuates that Jesus Christ did not claim to be personally God nor the Son of God. Islam teaches that Jesus' original message was <a href="/wiki/Tahrif" title="Tahrif">altered</a> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">taḥrīf</i></span>) after his being raised alive. The <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">monotheism</a> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">tawḥīd</i></span>) of Jesus is emphasized in the Quran. Like all <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">prophets in Islam</a>, Jesus is also called a <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> (<i>lit. submitter [to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">God</a>]</i>), as he preached that his followers should adopt the '<a href="/wiki/Sirat_al-Mustaqim" title="Sirat al-Mustaqim">straight path</a>' (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṣirāṭ al-Mustaqīm</i></span>). Jesus is attributed with a vast number of miracles in Islamic tradition. </p><p>In their views of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology#Isa_(Jesus)" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic eschatology</a>, mainstream Muslims believe Jesus will return in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming#Islam" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> to kill the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Al-Masih ad-Dajjal</a></i></span> ('The False Messiah'), after which with the ancient tribes <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Yaʾjūj Maʾjūj</i></span>) would disperse. After God gets rid of them, Jesus would rule the world, establish peace and justice, die a natural death and then be buried alongside Muhammad at the fourth reserved tomb of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Dome" title="Green Dome">Green Dome</a> in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>. </p><p>The place where Jesus is believed to return, the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, is highly esteemed by Muslims as the <a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">fourth holiest site of Islam</a>. Jesus Christ is widely venerated in <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, with numerous ascetic and mystic literature written and recited about the most important historical Jewish Christian-Islamic prophet-messenger to these Abrahamic faiths.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth">Birth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Birth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Maryam_(surah)" title="Maryam (surah)">Maryam (surah)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Mary in Islam</a></div> <p>Islam's account of Jesus begins with a prologue narrated several times in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> which first describes the birth of his mother, Mary, and her service in the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a> while under the care of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Zechariah_in_Islam" title="Zechariah in Islam">Zechariah</a>, who would become the father of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist_in_Islam" title="John the Baptist in Islam">Yahya</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Islam" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>). The Quran's birth narrative of Jesus begins at <span class="plainlinks">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=16">19:16-34</a></span> and <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=45">3:45-53</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt201318_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt201318-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This birth narrative has been recounted with certain variations and detailed additions by Islamic historians over the centuries. In the matter of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">virgin birth of Jesus</a>, while Islamic theology affirms Mary as a pure vessel, it does not follow the concept of <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> as related to Mary's birth in some Christian traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKearns2008254–255_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKearns2008254–255-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowellWalker201312_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowellWalker201312-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik201047_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeirvik201047-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annunciation">Annunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Annunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></div> <p>Islamic exegesis affirms the virginal birth of Jesus – similarly to the Gospel account and occurring in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA19_19]_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA19_19]-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The narrative of the virgin birth opens with an announcement to Mary by the angel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> while Mary is being raised in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Temple</a> after having been pledged to God by her mother. Gabriel states she is honored over all women of all nations and has brought her glad tidings of a pure son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmuslimjesussayin00page51_51]–94_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmuslimjesussayin00page51_51]–94-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Remaining_Signs_of_Past_Centuries_-_Annunciation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/The_Remaining_Signs_of_Past_Centuries_-_Annunciation.jpg/220px-The_Remaining_Signs_of_Past_Centuries_-_Annunciation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/The_Remaining_Signs_of_Past_Centuries_-_Annunciation.jpg/330px-The_Remaining_Signs_of_Past_Centuries_-_Annunciation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/The_Remaining_Signs_of_Past_Centuries_-_Annunciation.jpg/440px-The_Remaining_Signs_of_Past_Centuries_-_Annunciation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2354" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a>, from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Remaining_Signs_of_Past_Centuries" title="The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries">The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries</a></i>, copied in 1307</figcaption></figure> <p>Gabriel declares the son is to be named Jesus, the Messiah, proclaiming he will be called a great prophet. Mary, asking how she could conceive and have a child when no man had touched her, was answered by the angel that God can decree what he wills, and that it shall come to pass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA58_58]_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA58_58]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The narrative from the Quran continues with Mary, overcome by the pains of childbirth, being provided with a stream of water under her feet from which she could drink, and with a palm tree which she could shake so ripe dates would fall and be enjoyed. After giving birth, Mary carries the baby Jesus back to the temple and is asked by the temple elders about the child. Having been commanded by Gabriel to a vow of silence, she points to the infant Jesus and the infant proclaims: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>˹Jesus˺ declared, “I am truly a servant of Allah. He has destined me to be given the Scripture and to be a prophet.<br /> </p><p>He has made me a blessing wherever I go, and bid me to establish prayer and give alms-tax as long as I live,<br /> and to be kind to my mother. He has not made me arrogant or defiant.<br /> </p><p> Peace be upon me the day I was born, the day I die, and the day I will be raised back to life!”</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Maryam_(surah)" title="Maryam (surah)">Surah Maryam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=30">19:30-33</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA31_31]_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA31_31]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Jesus speaking from the cradle is one of six miracles attributed to him in the Quran, an account which is also found in the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Infancy_Gospel" title="Syriac Infancy Gospel">Syriac Infancy Gospel</a>, a sixth-century work.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA34_34]_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA34_34]-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to various <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a>, Jesus and Mary did not cry at birth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlassé2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfocLrox-frUCpgPA240_239]_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlassé2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfocLrox-frUCpgPA240_239]-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_narratives">Birth narratives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Birth narratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Islamic faith echoed some strands within the Christian tradition that Mary (or Maryam) was a literal virgin when Jesus was conceived. The most detailed account of the annunciation and birth of Jesus is provided in <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">Surah</a> 3 (<a href="/wiki/Al_Imran" title="Al Imran">Al Imran</a>) and 19 (<a href="/wiki/Maryam_(surah)" title="Maryam (surah)">Maryam</a>) of the Quran, where the story is narrated that God (Allah) sent an angel to announce that Maryam could shortly expect to bear a son, despite being a virgin.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarker_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarker-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some academics have noted that the account in <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">Surah</a> 19 is particularly close to that in the Christian <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Annunciation to Mary is mentioned twice in the Quran, and in both instances Mary/Maryam is told that she was chosen by God to deliver a son. In the first instance, the bearer of the news (who is believed by most Muslims to be the archangel Gabriel), delivered the news in (<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=42">3:42-47</a></span>) as he takes the form of a man (<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=16">19:16-22</a></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Peters23_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters23-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phyllis558_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phyllis558-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The details of the conception according to <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/66?startingVerse=12">66:12</a></span> and <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/21?startingVerse=89">21:89</a></span>, Mary conceives Jesus by being blown into her womb through the spirit (i.e. archangel Gabriel), Mary asks how she can bear a son in view of her chastity, she is told that God creates what he wills and that these things are easy for God.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters23_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters23-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 8th-century Muslim historian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a> (704–767), wrote the account entitled <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitab al-Mubtada</i></span> ('In the Beginning'), reporting that Zechariah is Mary's guardian briefly, and after being incapable of maintaining her, he entrusts her to a carpenter named George. Secluded in a church, she is joined by a young man named Joseph, and they help one another fetching water and other tasks. The account of the birth of Jesus follows the Quran's narrative, adding that the birth occurred in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> beside a palm tree with a manger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt199139_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt199139-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 10th-century Persian scholar <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a> (839–923) mentions envoys arriving from the king of Persia with gifts (similar to the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi from the east</a>) for the Messiah; the command to a man called Joseph (not specifically Mary's husband) to take her and the child to Egypt and later return to <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA46_46]_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA46_46]-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismaili</a> jurist <a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">Qadi al-Nu'man</a> also contributed to the narrative, explaining that the virgin birth of Jesus is meant to be interpreted symbolically. In his interpretation, Mary was the follower (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">lāḥiq</i></span>), of the Imam Joachim ('Imran). However, when Joachim realized that she was not suited for the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imamah</a></i></span>, he passed it to Zechariah, who then passed it to John the Baptist. Meanwhile, Mary received spiritual inspiration (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mādda</i></span>) from God, revealing that he would invite a man (to the faith) who would become an exalted Speaker (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">nāṭiq</i></span>) of a revealed religion (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sharīʿa</i></span>). According to al-Nu'man, the verses "She said: Lord! How can I have a child when no man has touched me?" (<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=47">3:47</a></span>) and "neither have I been unchaste" (<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=20">19:20</a></span>) are symbolic of Mary's saying, "How can I conduct the invitation (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">daʿwa</i></span>) when the Imam of the Time has not given me permission to do so?" and "Nor shall I be unfaithful by acting against his command", respectively. To this, a celestial hierarch replies "Such is God. He creates [i.e., causes to pass] what he wills" (<span class="plainlinks">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=47">3:47</a></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood">Childhood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">Finding in the Temple</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infancy_Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Infancy Gospel of Thomas">Infancy Gospel of Thomas</a></div> <p>The Quran does not include the tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a>, though <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sūrah">sūrah</a></i></span> 23:50 could conceivably allude to it: "And we made the son of Maryam and his mother a sign; and we made them abide in an elevated place, full of quiet and watered with springs."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, narratives similar to the narrative found in the Gospels and non-canonical sources circulated in later Islamic tradition, with some details and elaborations added over the centuries by Islamic writers and historians. Some narratives have Jesus and family staying <a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">in Egypt</a> up to 12 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many moral stories and miraculous events of Jesus' youth are mentioned in <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas al-anbiya">Qisas al-anbiya</a></i></span> ('Stories of the Prophets'), books composed over the centuries about <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic</a> prophets and heroes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA58_58]_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA58_58]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Masudi wrote that Jesus as a boy studied the Jewish religion reading from the <a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Psalms</a> and found "traced in characters of light": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You are my son and my beloved; I have chosen you for myself</p></blockquote> <p>with Jesus then claiming: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Today the word of God is fulfilled in the son of man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA46_46]_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA46_46]-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Egypt">In Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Infancy_Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Infancy Gospel of Thomas">Infancy Gospel of Thomas</a></div> <p>Several narratives show some disparity and similarity in Islamic writings about Jesus' early childhood, specifically his time in Egypt with regard to duration and events. Most of the narratives are found in non-canonical Christian sources like, for example, the pre-Islamic Gospel of Thomas. One such disparity is from al-Athir in his <i>The Perfection of History</i> which contains a birth narrative stating Jesus was born in Egypt instead of Bethlehem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt199148–49_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt199148–49-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some other narratives of Jesus' childhood are popular Middle Eastern lore as highlighted by professor of interfaith studies <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_M._Ayoub" title="Mahmoud M. Ayoub">Mahmoud M. Ayoub</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXCZaP4JLeKkCpgPA145_145]_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXCZaP4JLeKkCpgPA145_145]-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many miracles are attributed to a young Jesus while in Egypt<sup id="cite_ref-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see the sections <a href="#Miracles">Miracles</a> and <a href="#Other_miracles">Other miracles</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adulthood">Adulthood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adulthood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yarden_034PAN2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Yarden_034PAN2.JPG/300px-Yarden_034PAN2.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Yarden_034PAN2.JPG/450px-Yarden_034PAN2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Yarden_034PAN2.JPG/600px-Yarden_034PAN2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1789" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>, where Jesus was baptized by <a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Zakariya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahya ibn Zakariya">Yahya ibn Zakariya</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA64_64]_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA64_64]-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mission">Mission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry of Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apostle_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle (Islam)">Apostle (Islam)</a></div> <p>It is generally agreed that Jesus spoke <a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean Aramaic</a>, a dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">common language</a> of Judea in the first century and the region at-large.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first and earliest view of Jesus formulated in Islamic thought is that of a prophet – a human being chosen by God to present both a judgment upon humanity and challenge to turn to the one true God. From this basis, reflected upon all previous prophets through the lens of Muslim identity, Jesus is considered no more than repeating a message of the ages. The miracles of Jesus and the Quranic titles attributed to him demonstrate the power of God rather than the divinity of Jesus – the same power behind the message of all prophets. Some Islamic traditions believe Jesus' mission was only to the children of Israel and his status as a prophet being confirmed by numerous miracles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201083_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201083-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201090_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201090-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second early high image of Jesus is an end-time figure. This concept arises mostly from the Hadith. Muslim tradition constructs a narrative similarly found in Christian theology, seeing Jesus arriving at the end of time and descending upon earth to fight the Antichrist. This narrative is understood to champion the cause of Islam, with some traditions narrating Jesus pointing to the primacy of Muhammad. Most traditions state Jesus will then die a natural death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201084_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201084-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third and distinctive image is of Jesus representing an ascetic figure – a prophet of the heart. Although the Quran refers to the 'gospel' of Jesus, those specific teachings of his are not mentioned in the Quran or later religious texts. They are largely absent. The Sufi tradition is where Jesus became revered, acknowledged as a spiritual teacher with a distinctive voice from other prophets, including Muhammad. Sufism tends to explore the dimensions of union with God through many approaches, including asceticism, poetry, philosophy, speculative suggestion, and mystical methods. Although Sufism to the Western mind may seem to share similar origins or elements of Neoplatonism, Gnosticism, and Buddhism, the ideology is distinctly Islamic since they adhere to the words of the Quran and pursue imitation of Muhammad as the perfect man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201085_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201085-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preaching">Preaching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Preaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Islamic concepts of Jesus' preaching is believed to have originated in <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, Iraq, under the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> where the earliest writers of Muslim tradition and scholarship was formulated. The concepts of Jesus and his preaching ministry developed in Kufa was adopted from the early ascetic <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Christians of Egypt</a> who opposed official church bishopric appointments from Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmuslimjesussayin00page31_31]–36_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmuslimjesussayin00page31_31]–36-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest stories, numbering about 85, are found in two major collections of <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetic</a> literature entitled <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitab al-Zuhd wa'l Raqa'iq</i></span> ('The Book of the Asceticism and Tender Mercies') by <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Mubarak" title="Abd Allah ibn al-Mubarak">Abd Allah ibn al-Mubarak</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 797), and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitab al-Zuhd</i></span> ('The Book of Asceticism') by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ibn Hanbal</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 855). These sayings fall into four basic groups: </p> <ol><li>eschatological sayings;</li> <li>quasi-Gospel sayings;</li> <li>ascetic sayings and stories;</li> <li>sayings echoing intra-Muslim polemics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpE57rmPaM58CpgPA31_31]_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpE57rmPaM58CpgPA31_31]-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The first group of sayings expands Jesus' <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetype</a> as portrayed in the Quran. The second group of stories, although containing a Gospel core, are expanded with a "distinctly Islamic stamp". The third group, being the largest of the four, portrays Jesus as a patron saint of Muslim asceticism. The last group builds upon the Islamic archetype and Muslim-centric definition of Jesus and his attributes, furthering esoteric ideas regarding terms such as "Spirit of God" and "Word of God" describing Jesus Christ, attributes given to the Islamic view of Jesus Christ as a holy angelic messenger divinely sent from heaven by God to his fleshly incarnation, like an <a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">Angel of the Lord</a> in some other <a href="/w/index.php?title=Messianic_Christian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Messianic Christian (page does not exist)">Messianic Christian</a> traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpE57rmPaM58CpgPA32_32]_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpE57rmPaM58CpgPA32_32]-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Miracles">Miracles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Miracles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles of Jesus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Infancy_Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Infancy Gospel of Thomas">Infancy Gospel of Thomas</a></div> <p>The Quran attributes at least six miracles to Jesus, with many more being added over the centuries by writers and historians. Miracles were attributed to Jesus as signs of his <a href="/wiki/Prophethood_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophethood in Islam">prophethood</a> and his authority, according to educator and professor Ishaq Musa Al-Husayni (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1990), an author most known for <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Mudhakkirat Dajaja</i></span> ('Memoirs of a Hen') (Cairo: Dar al-Maarif, 1943; 2nd ed. 1967). In <i>Christ in the Quran and Modern Arabic Literature</i> (1960), Al-Husayni said it is noteworthy Muhammad attributes no miracles to himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder196583_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder196583-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These six miracles in the Quran are without detail unlike the Gospel and their non-canonical Gnostic sources, which include details and mention other attributed miracles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder196583_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder196583-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the centuries, these six miracle narratives have been elaborated through Hadith and poetry, with religious writings including some of the other miracles mentioned in the Gospel, non-canonical sources, and from lore.<sup id="cite_ref-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXCZaP4JLeKkCpgPA145_145]_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXCZaP4JLeKkCpgPA145_145]-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speaking_from_the_cradle">Speaking from the cradle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Speaking from the cradle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Speaking from the cradle is mentioned in three places in the Quran: <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=46">3:46</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=109">5:109-110</a></span> and <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=29">19:29-30</a></span>. Part of the narrative has the infant Jesus defending his mother Mary from the accusation of having given birth without a known husband.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder196578_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder196578-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Islam was unclear about Joseph and his role. Jesus speaks as the angel Gabriel had mentioned at the annunciation: Jesus proclaims he is a servant of God, has been given a book, is a prophet, is blessed wherever he will go, blesses the day he was born, the day he will die, and the day he is raised alive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder196575–76_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder196575–76-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although this particular narrative is not found in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, the theme of speaking from the cradle is found in the non-canonical pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Infancy_Gospel" title="Syriac Infancy Gospel">Syriac Infancy Gospel</a>. The Syriac Infancy Gospel has Jesus declaring himself the Son of God, the <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Word</a>, and affirming what the angel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> had previously announced to Mary as detailed in the Gospel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder196578_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder196578-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creating_birds_from_clay">Creating birds from clay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Creating birds from clay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The miracle story of creating birds from clay and breathing life into them when a child is mentioned in <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=43">3:43-49</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=109">5:109-110</a></span>. Although this miracle is also not mentioned in the canonical Gospels, the same narrative is found in at least two pre-Islamic sources: the <a href="/wiki/Infancy_Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Infancy Gospel of Thomas">Infancy Gospel of Thomas</a> and the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Toledot_Yeshu" title="Toledot Yeshu">Toledot Yeshu</a>, with few variant details between the Quran and these two sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA60_60]_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA60_60]-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder196583–84_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder196583–84-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healing_the_blind_and_the_lepers">Healing the blind and the lepers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Healing the blind and the lepers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Healing_the_two_blind_men_in_Galilee" title="Healing the two blind men in Galilee">Healing the two blind men in Galilee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleansing_ten_lepers" title="Cleansing ten lepers">Cleansing ten lepers</a></div> <p>Similar to the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the Quran mentions Jesus healing the blind and the <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">lepers</a> in <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=49">3:49</a></span>. Muslim scholar and judge <a href="/wiki/Al-Baydawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baydawi">al-Baydawi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1286) wrote how it was recorded that many thousands of people came to Jesus to be healed and that Jesus healed these diseases through prayer only.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder196585_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder196585-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medieval scholar <a href="/wiki/Al-Tha%27labi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tha'labi">al-Tha'labi</a> wrote about how these two particular diseases were beyond medical help, and Jesus' miracles were meant to be witnessed by others as clear signs of his message.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA60_60]_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA60_60]-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raising_the_dead">Raising the dead</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Raising the dead"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jesus is believed to have raised people from the dead, as mentioned in al-Imran <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=49">3:49</a></span>. Although no detail is given as to who was raised or the circumstance, at least three people are mentioned in detail in the Christian Gospel (a <a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Jairus%27_daughter" title="Raising of Jairus' daughter">daughter of Jairus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Raising_of_the_son_of_the_widow_of_Nain" title="Raising of the son of the widow of Nain">widow's son</a> at Nain, and <a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Lazarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Raising of Lazarus">Lazarus</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder196586_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder196586-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prescience">Prescience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Prescience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jesus was able to <a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">predict</a>, or had <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">foreknowledge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of what was hidden or unknown to others. One example is Jesus would answer correctly any and every question anyone asked him. Another example is Jesus knew what people had just eaten, as well as what they had stored in their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_of_food_from_heaven">Table of food from heaven</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Table of food from heaven"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the multitude</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></div> <p>In the fifth chapter of the Quran, <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27idah" title="Al-Ma'idah">Surah Al-Ma'idah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=112">5:112-115</a></span>, a narration mentions the disciples of Jesus requesting a table laden with food, and for it to be a special day of commemoration for them in the future. This may be a possible reference to the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> according to professor of Islamic and Arabic studies <a href="/wiki/W._Montgomery_Watt" title="W. Montgomery Watt">W. Montgomery Watt</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 2006).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA24_24]_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA24_24]-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to professor of comparative religions <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parrinder" title="Geoffrey Parrinder">Geoffrey Parrinder</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 2005), it is unclear if this story parallels the Gospel's <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">feeding the multitude</a>, but may be tied to the Arabic word <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿīd</i></span> (Muslim festival):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder196587_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder196587-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>5:112 ˹Remember˺ when the disciples asked, “O Jesus, son of Mary! Would your Lord be willing to send down to us a table spread with food from heaven?” Jesus answered, “Fear Allah if you are ˹truly˺ believers.”<br /> 5:113 They said, “We ˹only˺ wish to eat from it to reassure our hearts, to verify you are indeed truthful to us, and to become its witnesses.”<br /> 5:114 Jesus, son of Mary, prayed, “O Allah, our Lord! Send us from heaven a table spread with food as a feast for us—the first and last of us—and as a sign from You. Provide for us! You are indeed the Best Provider.”<br /> 5:115 Allah answered, “I am sending it down to you. But whoever among you denies afterwards will be subjected to a torment I have never inflicted on anyone of My creation.” </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27idah" title="Al-Ma'idah">Surah Al-Ma'idah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=112">5:112-115</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA24_24]_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA24_24]-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In a record by the <a href="/wiki/Sunnism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnism">Sunni</a> exegete <a href="/wiki/Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabari">Tabari</a>, before the last supper, the threat of death made him anxious. Therefore, Jesus invited his disciples for the last supper. After the meal, he washed their hands and performed their ablutions to wipe their hands on his clothing. Afterwards Jesus replied to them: "As for that I have done to you tonight, in that I served you the meal and washed your hands in person, let it be an example for you. Since you indeed consider me to be better than you, do not be haughty in relation to each other but rather expand yourselves for each other as I have expanded myself for you." After instructing the disciples in his teachings, Jesus foretells that one of them would deny him and another betray him. However, in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_Jesus%27_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic views on Jesus' death">Islamic views on Jesus' death</a>, just a corpse in semblance of Jesus was crucified and Jesus himself was raised to God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1991129_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1991129-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_miracles">Other miracles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other miracles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many stories and narratives have been developed over the years about Jesus, containing certain inherent lessons or providing meaning due to the lack of detail in the Quran regarding Jesus. Some of these narratives are similar in nature to the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, while some portray Jesus in a very human manner. </p><p>Besides some detailed summaries of miracles of Jesus mentioned by Muslim writers over the centuries, from adulthood (like walking on water – also found in the Gospel – and causing loaves of bread to come from the ground),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder196578_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder196578-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some other miracles from childhood include: explaining the Muslim creed fundamentals to a schoolmaster, revealing who the thieves were to a wealthy chief, filling empty jars of something to drink, providing food and wine for a tyrannical king while also proving to this king his power in raising a man from the dead, raising a child accidentally killed, and causing the garments from a single-colored vat to come out with various colors.<sup id="cite_ref-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Healing_a_royal_official's_son"><span id="Healing_a_royal_official.27s_son"></span>Healing a royal official's son</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Healing a royal official's son"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healing_the_royal_official%27s_son" title="Healing the royal official's son">Healing the royal official's son</a></div> <p>Al-Tabari (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 923) reports a story of an adult Jesus' encounter with a certain king in the region and the healing of his son. The identity of the king is not mentioned while legend suggests <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip the Tetrarch</a>. The corresponding Bible reference is "the royal official's son".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXCZaP4JLeKkCpgPA154_154]_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXCZaP4JLeKkCpgPA154_154]-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greed_and_truth-telling">Greed and truth-telling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Greed and truth-telling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A legendary story of a miracle by a young Jesus, used as a hard-learned lesson popularly found in Middle Eastern lore according to professor Ayoub, has to do with a Jewish man and loaves of bread. Although carrying a polemic tone, the lesson centers on greed with truth-telling woven into the narration. It is a story found often in children's books.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXCZaP4JLeKkCpgPA158_158]_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXCZaP4JLeKkCpgPA158_158]-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inherent_wisdom">Inherent wisdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Inherent wisdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Logos_(Islamic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logos (Islamic) (page does not exist)">Logos (Islamic)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos (Christianity)</a></div> <p>Another legendary miracle story is one regarding Jesus' childhood wisdom. This legend, reported through al-Tabari from ibn Ishaq, talks about Mary sending Jesus to a religious school and the teacher being astonished to find Jesus already knowing the information being taught / discussed.<sup id="cite_ref-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Food_in_children's_homes"><span id="Food_in_children.27s_homes"></span>Food in children's homes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Food in children's homes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another story from al-Tabari tells of a young Jesus playing with the youths of his village and telling them what food their parents were preparing for them at home.<sup id="cite_ref-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the details of the narrative, some parents became annoyed and forbade their children to play with Jesus, suspecting he was a magician. As a result, the parents kept their children away from Jesus and gathered their children into a single house. One day, feeling lonely, Jesus went out looking for his friends, and coming upon this house he asked the parents where their children were. The parents lied, responding that the children were not there. After Jesus asks who, then, is in the house, the parents replied that there were <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">swine</a> inside. Jesus then says "Let them be swine!", with the parents then discovering that all the children had turned into swine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXCZaP4JLeKkCpgPA145_145]_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXCZaP4JLeKkCpgPA145_145]-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the centuries, Muslim writers have also referenced other miracles like casting out demons, having borrowed from some <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretical</a> pre-Islamic sources, and from <a href="/wiki/Gospel_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel canon">canonical</a> sources as legends about Jesus were expanded.<sup id="cite_ref-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revelation">Revelation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Revelation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Gospel in Islam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry of Jesus</a></div> <p>Muslims believe that God revealed a new scripture to Jesus, called the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">al-Injil</a></i></span> (the Gospel), while also declaring the truth of the previous revelations: <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tawrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawrat">al-Tawrat</a></i></span> (the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>) and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">al-Zabur</a></i></span> (the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito2003158_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito2003158-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Quran speaks favorably of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Injīl</i></span>, which it describes as a scripture that fills the hearts of its followers with meekness and piety. Traditional Islamic exegesis claims the biblical message to have been distorted (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tahrif" title="Tahrif">tahrif</a></i></span>), is termed <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ta'yin al-mubham</i></span> ("resolution of ambiguity").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2010192_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2010192-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This polemic effort has its origins in the medieval period with <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Jabbar_ibn_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad">Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad</a>'s writings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2010190_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2010190-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Law of Moses</a>, the Quran indicates that Jesus never abolished <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish laws</a> but rather confirmed them, while making partial abrogations only.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslims have long believed that <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> purposefully corrupted the original teachings of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaardenburg1999276_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaardenburg1999276-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 9th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Sayf_ibn_Umar" title="Sayf ibn Umar">Sayf ibn Umar</a> asserted that certain rabbis persuaded Paul to deliberately misguide early Christians by introducing what <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a> viewed as objectionable doctrines into Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdang1996105–06_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdang1996105–06-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lawful_and_the_Prohibited_in_Islam" title="The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam">The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam</a></i>, the legal restrictions Jesus abrogated for <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> were those initially legislated by God as a punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-HH_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HH-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical commentaries such as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Jalalayn" title="Tafsir al-Jalalayn">Tafsir al-Jalalayn</a></i></span> specify they pertained to the consumption of <a href="/wiki/List_of_halal_and_kosher_fish#Kosher" title="List of halal and kosher fish">fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosher_animals#Birds" title="Kosher animals">bird</a> meat without spikes, or in general.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disciples">Disciples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Disciples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples of Jesus in Islam</a></div> <p>The Quran states that Jesus was aided by a group of <a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">disciples</a> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥawāriyyūn</i></span>) who believed in his message. While not naming the disciples, the Quran does give a few instances of Jesus preaching the message to them. Muslims view the disciples of Jesus as identical to the <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions</a> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṣaḥāba</i></span>) of Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidgeon201314_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidgeon201314-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Christianity, the names of the twelve disciples were <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Andrew">Andrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">James</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew">Bartholomew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Matthew" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Matthew">Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas</a>. </p><p>The Quran mentions in chapter 3, verses 52–53, that the disciples submitted to the faith of Islam:<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When Jesus sensed disbelief from his people, he asked, “Who will stand up with me for Allah?” The disciples replied, “We will stand up for Allah. We believe in Allah, so bear witness that we have submitted.”<br /> ˹They prayed to Allah,˺ “Our Lord! We believe in Your revelations and follow the messenger, so count us among those who bear witness.”</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Al_Imran" title="Al Imran">Surah Al Imran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=52">3:52-53</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The longest narrative involving Jesus' disciples is when Jesus performs the miracle of bringing a table of food from heaven at their request, for further proof that his preaching is the true message. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ascension">Ascension</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ascension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Jesus%27_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of Jesus' death">Islamic view of Jesus' death</a></div> <p><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/An-Nisa" title="An-Nisa">Surah An-Nisa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=157">4:157</a></span> is the primary verse of the Quran to refer to the event of Jesus' crucifixion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder1965[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiJmcAwAAQBAJpgPT61_61]_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder1965[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiJmcAwAAQBAJpgPT61_61]-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It says that Jesus was not killed and neither crucified, but "it was made to appear to them":<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:40%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #afe1af;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #afe1af;">An-Nisa's verse 157</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>and for boasting, “We killed the Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, the messenger of Allah.” But they neither killed nor crucified him—it was only made to appear so. Even those who argue for this ˹crucifixion˺ are in doubt. They have no knowledge whatsoever—only making assumptions. They certainly did not kill him. </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>Most Islamic traditions categorically deny that Jesus physically died on the cross or otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook198332–33_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook198332–33-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Quran, he was not <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Jesus%27_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of Jesus' death">crucified</a>, but was rather saved by God. (Although the earliest Islamic traditions and exegesis quote somewhat conflicting reports regarding a death and its length, Muslims believe that Jesus did not die on the cross, but believe that he was saved by being <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">raised alive to heaven</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substitution">Substitution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Substitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is unclear exactly where the substitution interpretation originated, but some scholars consider the theory originating among certain Gnostic groups of the second century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA34_34]_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA34_34]-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leirvik finds the Quran and Hadith to have been clearly influenced by the non-canonical ('heretical') Christianity that prevailed in the Arab peninsula and further in Abyssinia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA66_66]_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA66_66]-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While most <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">scholars</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Crossan,_John_Dominic_1995_p._145_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossan,_John_Dominic_1995_p._145-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Christians believe Jesus died, orthodox Muslim theology teaches he <a href="/wiki/Entering_heaven_alive" title="Entering heaven alive">ascended to Heaven</a> without being put on the cross and God transformed another person, <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a>, to appear exactly like Jesus who was crucified instead of Jesus (cf. <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>' description of the heresy of Basilides, Book I, ch. XXIV, 4.).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200914_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200914-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some disagreement and discord can be seen beginning with Ibn Ishaq's (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 761) report of a brief accounting of events leading up to the crucifixion, firstly stating that Jesus was replaced by someone named Sergius, while secondly reporting an account of Jesus' tomb being located at Medina, and thirdly citing the places in the Quran (<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=55">3:55</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=158">4:158</a></span>) that God took Jesus up to himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA39_39–40]_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA39_39–40]-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cook_(historian)" title="Michael Cook (historian)">Michael Cook</a> notes that denial that Jesus died follows the Christian heresy of <a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">docetism</a>, who were "disturbed by that God should have died", but that this concern conflicts with another Islamic doctrine, that Jesus was a man, not God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook198379_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook198379-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Todd_Lawson" title="Todd Lawson">Todd Lawson</a>, Quranic commentators seem to have concluded the denial of the crucifixion of Jesus by following material interpreted in Tafsir that relied upon <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">extra-biblical Judeo-Christian sources</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200912_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200912-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the earliest textual evidence having originated from a non-Muslim source – a misreading of the Christian writings of <a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a> regarding the literal understandings of docetism (exegetical doctrine describing spiritual and physical realities of Jesus as understood by men in logical terms) as opposed to their figurative explanations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson20097_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson20097-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John of Damascus highlighted the Quran's assertion that the Jews did not crucify Jesus being very different from saying that Jesus was not crucified, explaining that it is the varied Quranic exegetes in Tafsir, and not the Quran itself, that denies the crucifixion, further stating that the message in the <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=157">4:157</a></span> verse simply affirms the historicity of the event.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200912_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200912-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolic_interpretations">Symbolic interpretations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Symbolic interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Sage_and_Disciple" title="The Book of the Sage and Disciple">Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 958), <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hatim_Ahmad_ibn_Hamdan_al-Razi" title="Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi">Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 935), <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_al-Sijistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani">Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 971), <a href="/wiki/Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1078) and the group <a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_al-Safa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikhwan al-Safa">Ikhwan al-Safa</a> also affirm the historicity of the Crucifixion, reporting Jesus was crucified and not substituted by another man as maintained by many other popular Quranic commentators and Tafsir. More recently, <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_M._Ayoub" title="Mahmoud M. Ayoub">Mahmoud M. Ayoub</a>, a professor and scholar, provided a more symbolic interpretation for Surah 4 Verse 157: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Quran, as we have already argued, does not deny the death of Christ. Rather, it challenges human beings who in their folly have deluded themselves into believing that they would vanquish the divine Word, Jesus Christ the Messenger of God. The death of Jesus is asserted several times and in various contexts. (<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=55">3:55</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=117">5:117</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=33">19:33</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1980_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1980-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Ayoub, instead of interpreting the passage as a denial of the death of Jesus, instead believes the passage is about God denying men the power to vanquish and destroy God's message. The words "but they killed him not, nor crucified him" are meant to show that any power humans believe that they have against God is illusory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1980117_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1980117-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mufassir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mufassir">exegesists</a>, such as the anti-Christian polemicist <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Muhammad Rashid Rida</a>, held an ambiguous stance on the matter, namely that the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a> and ascension of Jesus were allegorical, but with extreme precaution, in order to rebut Christian doctrines on <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1980113–115_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1980113–115-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comprehensively denouncing Christian doctrines on salvation, <a href="/wiki/Atonement_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement (Christian)">atonement</a> and crucifixion as irrational and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kufr" class="mw-redirect" title="Kufr">kufr</a></i></span> (disbelief) in his <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Manar" title="Tafsir al-Manar">Tafsir al-Manar</a></i></span>, Rida also denounced the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> for their killings of the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of God</a>, writing: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The actual fact of the crucifixion is not itself a matter which the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Book of God</a> seeks to affirm or deny, except for the purpose of asserting the killing of prophets by the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> unjustly, and reproaching them for that act;... that the Creator of the universe could be incarnated in the womb of a woman in this earth which, in comparison to the rest of His creation, is like an atom, and then be a human being eating and drinking, experiencing fatigue and suffering other hardships like the rest of mankind. Then His enemies would level at Him insults and pain, and finally crucify Him with thieves and declare Him cursed according to the Book He revealed to one of His apostles, exalted be He over all this! ... We say rather no one believes it because <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">belief</a> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">iman</i></span>) is the affirmation (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">tasdiq</i></span>) by reason of something that it can apprehend;... The claim of the <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">people of the Cross</a>, therefore, that clemency and forgiveness are opposed to justice, is unacceptable.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rashid_Rida" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Rashid Rida">Muhammad Rashid Rida</a>, in <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Manar" title="Tafsir al-Manar">Tafsir al-Manar</a></i></span> Vol. VI pp. 23, 26-27, <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1980113–115_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1980113–115-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>An early interpretation of verse 3:55 (specifically "I will cause you to die and raise you to myself"), <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Al-Tabari</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 923), records an interpretation attributed to <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Abbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd Allah ibn Abbas">Ibn 'Abbas</a>, who used the literal "I will cause you to die" (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mumayyitu-ka</i></span>) in place of the metaphorical <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mutawaffi-ka</i></span> ('Jesus died'), while <a href="/wiki/Wahb_ibn_Munabbih" title="Wahb ibn Munabbih">Wahb ibn Munabbih</a>, an early Jewish convert, is reported to have said "God caused Jesus, son of Mary, to die for three hours during the day, then took him up to himself." Tabari further transmits from Ibn Ishaq: "God caused Jesus to die for seven hours",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZahniser200856_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZahniser200856-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while at another place reported that a person called Sergius was crucified in place of Jesus. Ibn-al-Athir forwarded the report that it was <a href="/wiki/Judas" class="mw-redirect" title="Judas">Judas</a>, the betrayer, while also mentioning the possibility it was a man named Natlianus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA47_47]_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA47_47]-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In reference to the Quranic quote "We have surely killed Jesus the Christ, son of Mary, the apostle of God", Muslim scholar Mahmoud Ayoub asserts this boast not as the repeating of a historical lie or the perpetuating of a false report, but an example of human arrogance and folly with an attitude of contempt towards God and his messenger(s). Ayoub furthers what modern scholars of Islam interpret regarding the historical death of Jesus, the man, as man's inability to kill off God's Word and the Spirit of God, which the Quran testifies were embodied in Jesus Christ. Ayoub continues highlighting the denial of the killing of Jesus as God denying men such power to vanquish and destroy the divine Word. The words, "they did not kill him, nor did they crucify him" speaks to the profound events of ephemeral human history, exposing mankind's heart and conscience towards God's will. The claim of humanity to have this power against God is illusory. "They did not slay him<span class="nowrap"> </span>... but it seemed so to them" speaks to the imaginations of mankind, not the denial of the actual event of Jesus dying physically on the cross.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1980117_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1980117-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another report from Ibn Kathir quotes Ishaq Ibn Bishr, on authority of Idris, on authority of Wahb ibn Munabbih, that "God caused him to die for three days, then resurrected him, then raised him."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidht1hpisBQF0CpgPA122_122]_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidht1hpisBQF0CpgPA122_122]-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 956) reported the death of Christ under <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA47_47]_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA47_47]-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1373) follows traditions which suggest that a crucifixion did occur, but not with Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg2010119_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg2010119-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the event, Ibn Kathir reports the people were divided into three groups following three different narratives; The <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Baradaeus" title="Jacob Baradaeus">Jacobites</a> believing "God remained with us as long as He willed and then He ascended to Heaven"; the <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorians</a> believing "The son of God was with us as long as he willed until God raised him to heaven"; and the Muslims believing "The servant and messenger of God, Jesus, remained with us as long as God willed until God raised him to Himself."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg2010121_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg2010121-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islamic reformer Muhammad <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a> agrees with contemporary commentators interpreting the physical killing of Christ's apostleship as a metaphorical interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1980113_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1980113-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern Islamic scholars like Sayyid <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabataba%27i" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i">Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i</a> interpret the ascension of Jesus as spiritual, not physical. This interpretation is in accord with <a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazila</a> and Shia metaphorical explanations regarding anthropomorphic references to God in the Quran. Although not popular with traditional Sunni interpretations of the depiction of crucifixion, there has been much speculation and discussion in the effort of logically reconciling this topic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1980100_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1980100-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ascetic Shia writings, Jesus is depicted having "ascended to heaven wearing a woolen shirt, spun and sewed by Mary, his mother. As he reached the heavenly regions, he was addressed, 'O Jesus, cast away from you the adornment of the world.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1980103_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1980103-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his ascension, his word is believed to have been altered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETieszen201821_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETieszen201821-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Coming">Second Coming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Second Coming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming#Islam" title="Second Coming">Second Coming § Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic eschatology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_Jesus_praying_behind_Mahdi" title="Hadith of Jesus praying behind Mahdi">Hadith of Jesus praying behind Mahdi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:End_times.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/End_times.svg/220px-End_times.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/End_times.svg/330px-End_times.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/End_times.svg/440px-End_times.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Timeline of the arrival of Jesus before Judgement Day</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umayyad_Mosque_Jesus_Minaret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Umayyad_Mosque_Jesus_Minaret.jpg/220px-Umayyad_Mosque_Jesus_Minaret.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Umayyad_Mosque_Jesus_Minaret.jpg/330px-Umayyad_Mosque_Jesus_Minaret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Umayyad_Mosque_Jesus_Minaret.jpg/440px-Umayyad_Mosque_Jesus_Minaret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The Minaret of Isa in the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to Islamic tradition, having ascended to heaven and dwelled there for 2000+ years, Jesus will descend to earth shortly before Judgement Day, in the midst of wars fought against <a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">al-Masih ad-Dajjal</a> ('The False Messiah") and his followers, to come to the aid of the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a> and his Muslim followers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESonn2004209_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESonn2004209-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dressed in saffron robes with his head anointed, Jesus will descend at the point of a white minaret, in eastern <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, which is believed to be the Minaret of Isa in the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMannheim200191_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMannheim200191-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He will then greet the Mahdi and (being a Muslim) pray beside him. Eventually, Jesus will slay the <a href="/wiki/Dajjal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dajjal">Dajjal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook200293–104_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook200293–104-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afterwards, he will "break the cross, kill the pigs, and abolish the Jizya tax", according to a well-known <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a> hadith.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Bukhari-2476_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Bukhari-2476-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WARREN_LARSON_p._335_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WARREN_LARSON_p._335-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The usual interpretation" of this prophecy is that, being a Muslim, Jesus will put a stop to Christian worship of himself and in belief in his divinity, "symbolized by the cross". He will re-establish the <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">Kosher</a>/<a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Halal</a> dietary laws abandoned by Christianity;<sup id="cite_ref-Akyol-nyt-3-10-16_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akyol-nyt-3-10-16-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and because Jews and Christians will now all reject their former faith and accept Islam, there will be no more need for the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a></i></span> tax on unbelievers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansJohnston2015_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansJohnston2015-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (According to one hadith, Jesus will "destroy the churches and temples and kill the Christians unless they believe in him.")<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islamic texts also allude to the reappearance of the ancient menace <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Islamic_texts" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Yaʾjūj Maʾjūj</i></span>), which will break out of its underground confinement and cause havoc around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God, in response to Jesus' prayers, will kill them by sending a type of worm in the napes of their necks, and send large birds to carry and clear their corpses from the land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESonn2004209_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESonn2004209-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of the Mahdi, Jesus will assume world leadership and peace and justice will be universal. </p><p>Also according to tradition, Jesus will then marry, have children, and rule the world for forty years (traditions give many different time periods) after which he will die.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Muslims believe that the Muslims will then perform the <a href="/wiki/Salat_al-Janazah" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat al-Janazah">funeral prayer</a> for him and then bury him at the <a href="/wiki/Green_Dome" title="Green Dome">Green Dome</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> in a grave left vacant <a href="/wiki/Green_Dome#Tomb_of_Muhammad_and_early_caliphs" title="Green Dome">beside Muhammad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI-Isa_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-Isa-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>'s legend, the two caliphs will rise from the dead between the two prophets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters1990352_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters1990352-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the Quran does not describe any of the above narrative of Jesus' return,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many Muslims believe that two Quranic verses refer to his second coming during the end times.<sup id="cite_ref-WARREN_LARSON_p._335_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WARREN_LARSON_p._335-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1) The verse mentioned above stating he is never died on earth: </p> <ul><li>"And [for] their saying, 'Indeed, we have killed Christ, Jesus, the son of Mary, the messenger of God.' And they did not kill him, nor did they crucify him; but [another] was made to resemble him to them. And indeed, those who differ over it are in doubt about it. They have no knowledge of it except the following of assumption. And they did not kill him, for certain." (Q.4:157:)</li></ul> <p>A second verse interpreted to indicate a connection between Jesus and "the Hour" (end times): </p> <ul><li>"And lo! verily there is knowledge of the Hour. So doubt ye not concerning it, but follow Me. This is the right path." (Q.43:61 trans Pickthall).<sup id="cite_ref-WARREN_LARSON_p._335_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WARREN_LARSON_p._335-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Hadiths on Jesus's return are traced back to <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hurairah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hurairah">Abu Hurairah</a>, one of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sahaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaba">sahaba</a></i></span>, but might actually have been introduced later during civil wars in the early <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, when a savior was expected. While for Shias, the Mahdi will be the savior, some Sunnis tended to expect Jesus' return. During the early <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, wearing crucifixes in processions and holding pigs in public, was forbidden. Otherwise, the breaking of the cross, might reflect general disapproval of this symbol by Muslims, and slaying pigs a reference to Jesus exorcism of <a href="/wiki/Legion_(demons)" title="Legion (demons)">Legion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_theology">Islamic theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Islamic theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Muslims do not worship Jesus, who is known as Isa in Arabic, nor do they consider him divine, but they do believe that he was a <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> or messenger of God and he is called the Messiah in the Quran. However, by affirming Jesus as Messiah they are attesting to his messianic message, not his mission as a <a href="/wiki/Christology#Crucifixion_and_Resurrection" title="Christology">heavenly Christ</a>.<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] Islam insists that neither Jesus nor Mohammed brought a <em>new</em> religion. Both sought to call people back to what might be called "<a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic faith</a>." This is precisely what we find emphasized in the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">book of James</a>. Like Islam, the book of James, and the teaching of Jesus in <a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q</a>, emphasize <em>doing</em> the will of God as a demonstration of one's faith.<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] Since Muslims reject all of the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Pauline affirmations</a> about Jesus, and thus the central claims of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the gulf between Islam and Christianity on Jesus is a wide one.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Professor <a href="/wiki/James_D._Tabor" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. Tabor">James D. Tabor</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jesus_Dynasty" title="The Jesus Dynasty">The Jesus Dynasty</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Jesus is described by various means in the Quran. The most common reference to Jesus occurs in the form of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ibn Maryam</i></span> ('son of Mary'), sometimes preceded with another title. Jesus is also recognized as a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">nabī</i></span> ('prophet') and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">rasūl</i></span> ('messenger') of God. The terms <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">'abd-Allāh</i></span> ('servant of God'), <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">wadjih</i></span> ('worthy of esteem in this world and the next') and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mubārak</i></span> ('blessed', or 'a source of benefit for others') are all used in reference to him.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI-Isa_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-Isa-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Islam, Jesus never claimed to be divine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook198332–33_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook198332–33-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islam sees Jesus as human, sent as the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam#Prophets_and_messengers" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">last</a> prophet of Israel to <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Gospel</a> scripture, affirming but modifying the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Law">Mosaic Law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Akhtar_2017_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akhtar_2017-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HH_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HH-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mainstream Islamic traditions have rejected any divine notions of Jesus being God, or begotten Son of God, or the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>. Popular theology teaches such beliefs constitute <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a></i></span> (the "association" of partners with God) and thereby a rejection of his divine oneness (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">tawhid</a></i></span>) as the sole unpardonable sin.<sup id="cite_ref-multiple_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A widespread polemic directed to these doctrinal origins are ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>, regarded by some Muslims as a <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretic</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as well as an evolution across the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> causing <a href="/wiki/Paganism#Hellene" title="Paganism">pagan</a> influences to corrupt God's revelation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The theological absence of <a href="/wiki/Original_Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Original Sin">original sin</a> in Islam renders the Christian concepts of <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atonement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redemption_(theology)#Christianity" title="Redemption (theology)">redemption</a> as redundant.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Jesus simply conforms to the prophetic mission of his predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201090_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201090-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jesus is understood to have preached salvation through submission to God's will and worshipping God alone. The Quran states that Jesus will ultimately deny claiming divinity in <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=116">5:116</a></span>. Thus, he is considered to have been a <i>Muslim</i> by the religious definition of the term (i.e., one who submits to God's will), as understood in Islam regarding all other prophets that preceded him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpE57rmPaM58CpgPA75_75]_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpE57rmPaM58CpgPA75_75]-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaschingdeChant2001241_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaschingdeChant2001241-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_miniature_of_Jesus_and_Mary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Persian_miniature_of_Jesus_and_Mary.jpg/170px-Persian_miniature_of_Jesus_and_Mary.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Persian_miniature_of_Jesus_and_Mary.jpg/255px-Persian_miniature_of_Jesus_and_Mary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Persian_miniature_of_Jesus_and_Mary.jpg/340px-Persian_miniature_of_Jesus_and_Mary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="1173" /></a><figcaption>Jesus and Mary in a 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A frequent title of Jesus mentioned is <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Masih_(title)" title="Masih (title)">al-Masīḥ</a></i></span>, which translates to 'the Messiah', as well as '<a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a>'. Although the Quran is silent on its significance,<sup id="cite_ref-Akhtar_2017,_p._32_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akhtar_2017,_p._32-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2018)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> disagree with the <a href="/wiki/Messiah#Christianity" title="Messiah">Christian concepts</a> of the term, and lean towards a <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Jewish</a> understanding. Muslim exegetes explain the use of the word <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">masīh</i></span> in the Quran as referring to Jesus' status as the <a href="/wiki/Anointing" title="Anointing">one anointed</a> by means of blessings and honors; or as the one who helped cure the sick, by anointing the eyes of the blind, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI-Isa_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-Isa-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jesus also holds a description as both a word from God and a soul.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interpretation behind Jesus as a spirit from God, is seen as his human <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some Muslim scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2018)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> occasionally see the spirit as the <a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">archangel</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>, but majority consider the spirit to be Jesus himself.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jesus is mentioned about 187 times in the Quran, directly and indirectly, and also referred to by many titles, the most common being <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Masīḥ</i></span> ('the Messiah').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowellWalker201312_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowellWalker201312-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann200213_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann200213-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder1965[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiJmcAwAAQBAJpgPT33_33]_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder1965[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiJmcAwAAQBAJpgPT33_33]-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmuslimjesussayin00page4_4]_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmuslimjesussayin00page4_4]-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201084_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201084-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jesus is referred to 25 times by the name Isa,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 48 times in the third-person,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 35 times in the first-person, and is mentioned the remaining times by various titles in the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder1965[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiJmcAwAAQBAJpgPT16_16]_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder1965[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiJmcAwAAQBAJpgPT16_16]-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muhammad described himself as the "nearest of all people to Jesus".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullah2014124_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullah2014124-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similitude_with_Adam">Similitude with Adam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Similitude with Adam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Quran emphasizes the creationism of Jesus,<sup id="cite_ref-Akhtar_2017,_p._32_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akhtar_2017,_p._32-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through his similitude with <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> in regards to the absence of human origin. Muhammad often used to compare the births of Adam and Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidht1hpisBQF0CpgPA12_12]_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidht1hpisBQF0CpgPA12_12]-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islamic exegesis extrapolates a logical inconsistency behind the Christian argument of divine intervention, as such implications would have ascribed divinity to Adam who is understood only as creation.<sup id="cite_ref-Akhtar_2017,_p._32_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akhtar_2017,_p._32-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursor_to_Muhammad">Precursor to Muhammad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Precursor to Muhammad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ccccff;">Lineage of several prophets <br />according to Islamic tradition</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"> </div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; line-height:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Adam</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Shīth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">Iṣḥāq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>)</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ʿĪsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:normal;background: none;"> <i><small>Dotted lines indicate multiple generations.</small></i></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Six_Islamic_Prophets" title="Template:Six Islamic Prophets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Six_Islamic_Prophets" title="Template talk:Six Islamic Prophets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Six_Islamic_Prophets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Six Islamic Prophets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Islam, Jesus is believed to have been the precursor to the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a>. According to the Quran, the coming of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> was predicted by <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> in <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/61?startingVerse=6">61:6</a></span>. Through this verse, early Arab Muslims claimed legitimacy for their new faith in the existing religious traditions and the alleged predictions of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslims believe that Jesus was a precursor to Muhammad, and that he prophesied the latter's coming.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This perspective is based on a verse of the Quran wherein Jesus speaks of a messenger to appear after him named "Ahmad".<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islam associates <a href="/wiki/Ahmad#Interpretations_and_meaning_of_Ahmad" title="Ahmad">Ahmad</a> with Muhammad, both words deriving from the <i><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4-M-D" title="Ḥ-M-D">h-m-d</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">triconsonantal root</a> which refers to praiseworthiness. Muslims assert that evidence of Jesus' pronouncement is present in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, citing the mention of the <a href="/wiki/Paraclete" title="Paraclete">Paraclete</a> whose coming is foretold in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslim commentators claim that the original Greek word used was <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">periklutos</i></span>, meaning 'famed', 'illustrious', or 'praiseworthy'—rendered in Arabic as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ahmad</i></span>; and that this was replaced by Christians with <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">parakletos</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI-Isa_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-Isa-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA33_33]_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA33_33]-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea is debated, asking if the traditional understanding is supported by the text of the Quran. </p><p>Islamic theology claims Jesus had foretold another prophet succeeding him according to <a href="/wiki/Sura_61" class="mw-redirect" title="Sura 61">Sura 61</a>:6, with the mention of the name 'Ahmad'. (<a href="/wiki/Ahmad" title="Ahmad">Ahmad</a> is an Arabic name from the same <a href="/wiki/Triconsonantal" class="mw-redirect" title="Triconsonantal">triconsonantal</a> root <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4-M-D" title="Ḥ-M-D">Ḥ-M-D</a> = [ح – م – د].) In responding to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a>'s biography of Muhammad, the <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirat Rasul Allah</a>, Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Guillaume" title="Alfred Guillaume">Alfred Guillaume</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Coming back to the term "Ahmad", Muslims have suggested that Ahmad is the translation of periklutos, celebrated or the Praised One, which is a corruption of parakletos, the Paraclete of John XIV, XV and XVI.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Messianism">Messianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Messianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An alternative, more esoteric, interpretation is expounded by <a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianic</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailism">Isma'ili</a> traditions so as to unite <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> into a single religious <a href="/wiki/Continuum_(theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuum (theory)">continuum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Messianic Muslims hold a similar theological view regarding Jesus, without attempting to unite the religions.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Making use of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>'s distinguishing between <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Son_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of Man">Son of Man</a> (being the physical human Jesus), and <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a> (being <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit#Islam" title="Holy Spirit">the Holy Spirit</a> of God residing in the body of Jesus), <a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holy Spirit">the Holy Spirit</a>, being immortal and immaterial, is not subject to crucifixion – for it can never die, nor can it be touched by the earthly nails of the crucifixion, for it is a being of pure spirit. Thus, while the spirit of Christ avoided crucifixion by ascending unto God, the body that was Jesus was sacrificed on the cross, thereby bringing the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> to final fulfillment. Thus Quranic passages on the death of Jesus affirm that while the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> intended to destroy <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> completely, they, in fact, succeeded only in killing <a href="/wiki/Son_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of Man">the Son of Man</a>, being his <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">nasut</i></span> ('material being'). Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/The_Son_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="The Son of God">the Son of God</a>, being his <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">lahut</i></span> ('spiritual being') remained alive and undying – because it is <a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holy Spirit">the Holy Spirit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_literature">Islamic literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Islamic literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="depiction"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval_Persian_manuscript_Muhammad_leads_Abraham_Moses_Jesus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Medieval_Persian_manuscript_Muhammad_leads_Abraham_Moses_Jesus.jpg/220px-Medieval_Persian_manuscript_Muhammad_leads_Abraham_Moses_Jesus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Medieval_Persian_manuscript_Muhammad_leads_Abraham_Moses_Jesus.jpg/330px-Medieval_Persian_manuscript_Muhammad_leads_Abraham_Moses_Jesus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Medieval_Persian_manuscript_Muhammad_leads_Abraham_Moses_Jesus.jpg/440px-Medieval_Persian_manuscript_Muhammad_leads_Abraham_Moses_Jesus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Muhammad leads <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> and others in prayer. Persian miniature, 15th century<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure></div> <p>The Quran does not convey the specific teachings of Jesus. What has developed over the years was authored by later followers of Islam. What is found in the Quran about Jesus is that his teaching conformed to the prophetic model: a human sent by God to present both a judgment upon humanity for worshipping idols and a challenge to turn to the one true God. In the case of Jesus, Muslims believe that his mission was to the people of Israel and that his status as a prophet was confirmed by numerous miracles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201090_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201090-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Quran's description of specific events at the end of Jesus' life have continued to be controversial between Christians and Muslims, while the classical commentaries have been interpreted differently to accommodate new information.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201090_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201090-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jesus is written about by some Muslim scholars as the perfect man.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann200213_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann200213-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder1965[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiJmcAwAAQBAJpgPT6_6]_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder1965[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiJmcAwAAQBAJpgPT6_6]-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hadith">Hadith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Hadith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_Jesus_Praying_Behind_Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of Jesus Praying Behind Mahdi">Hadith of Jesus Praying Behind Mahdi</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadiths</a> are reported sayings of Muhammad that developed a canonical status in the third Muslim century as a source of authority for the Muslim community. The Muslim perception of Jesus emerging from the Hadiths is of a miraculous, sinless, and eschatological figure, pointing people, again according to the Muslim's perspective of prophethood, to the Muslim faith (<i>Muslim</i>; one who submits to the will of God).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201097_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201097-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jesus is featured as a major figure in two categories of hadiths which can be described as apocalyptic and biblical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200125_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200125-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eschatological role of Jesus in the hadiths may have been influenced by ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Second_coming" class="mw-redirect" title="Second coming">Second coming</a> held by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Churches">Eastern Churches</a>, as well as the Quranic Jesus mentioned in <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/43?startingVerse=61">43:61</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200125_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200125-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the hadiths which feature Jesus's sayings were not included in the canonical <a href="/wiki/Hadith_collections" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith collections">hadith collections</a>, which became more focused on the sayings of Muhammad, but were instead included in a separate genre known as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas al-anbiya">Qisas al-anbiya</a></i></span> ('Stories of the Prophets').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200126_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200126-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunni_Islam">Sunni Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sunni Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%A9sus_et_Mahomet_dans_un_manuscrit_timouride_(Collection_Al_Thani,_Paris,_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/J%C3%A9sus_et_Mahomet_dans_un_manuscrit_timouride_%28Collection_Al_Thani%2C_Paris%2C_detail%29.jpg/220px-J%C3%A9sus_et_Mahomet_dans_un_manuscrit_timouride_%28Collection_Al_Thani%2C_Paris%2C_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/J%C3%A9sus_et_Mahomet_dans_un_manuscrit_timouride_%28Collection_Al_Thani%2C_Paris%2C_detail%29.jpg/330px-J%C3%A9sus_et_Mahomet_dans_un_manuscrit_timouride_%28Collection_Al_Thani%2C_Paris%2C_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/J%C3%A9sus_et_Mahomet_dans_un_manuscrit_timouride_%28Collection_Al_Thani%2C_Paris%2C_detail%29.jpg/440px-J%C3%A9sus_et_Mahomet_dans_un_manuscrit_timouride_%28Collection_Al_Thani%2C_Paris%2C_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2890" data-file-height="2473" /></a><figcaption>Jesus and Muhammad introduced by an angel in paradise. Timurid, 1466.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitab al-Milal wa al-Nihal</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrastani" title="Al-Shahrastani">al-Shahrastani</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1153), an influential Persian historian, historiographer, scholar, philosopher and theologian, records a portrayal of Jesus very close to the orthodox tenets while continuing the Islamic narrative: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Christians. (They are) the community (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">umma</a></i></span>) of the Christ, Jesus, son of Mary (peace upon him). He is who was truly sent (as prophet; <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mab'uth</i></span>) after Moses (peace upon him), and who was announced in the Torah. To him were (granted) manifest signs and notable evidences, such as the reviving of the dead and the curing of the blind and the leper. His very nature and innate disposition (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Fitra" title="Fitra">fitra</a></i></span>) are a perfect sign of his truthfulness; that is, his coming without previous seed and his speaking without prior teaching. For all the (other) prophets the arrival of their revelation was at (the age of) forty years, but revelation came to him when he was made to speak in the cradle, and revelation came to him when he conveyed (the divine message) at (the age of) thirty. The duration of his (prophetic) mission (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Da%27wa" class="mw-redirect" title="Da'wa">da'wa</a></i></span>) was three years and three months and three days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA68_68]_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA68_68]-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shia_Islam">Shia Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Shia Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Nahj_al-Balagha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahj al-Balagha">Nahj al-Balagha</a>, the fourth caliph <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 656–661</span>) is reported to have talked about the simplicity of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik201075_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeirvik201075-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ali says that "Jesus used a stone for his pillow, put on coarse clothes and ate rough food. His condiment was hunger. His lamp at night was the moon. He had no wife to allure him, nor any son to give grief, neither wealth to deviate. His two feet were his conveyance and his two hands were his servant".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik201075_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeirvik201075-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a>, a great-great-grandson of Ali, the time between David and Jesus was four hundred years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQaim200736–37_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQaim200736–37-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ja'far further says that the religion of Jesus was monotheism (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">tawḥīd</i></span>) and purity (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ikhlāṣ</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQaim200736–37_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQaim200736–37-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Injil</i></span> (Gospel) was sent down to him and the pledge that other prophets took was also taken from Jesus: to establish prayer with religion, enjoin the good and forbid the evil, allowing what is allowed and forbidding what has been forbidden. Admonitions and parables were sent down to him in the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Injil</i></span>, but there was no law of retribution in it nor precepts of retribution (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ahkam al-hudud</i></span>), and no obligations for inheritance. He was sent what was an alleviation of what was sent down to Moses in the Torah. Jesus commanded of his followers that they believe in the law of the Torah and the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Injil</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQaim200736–37_135-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQaim200736–37-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">Qadi al-Nu'man</a>, a famous Muslim jurist of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid period</a>, Jesus is referred to as the Messiah (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Masīḥ</i></span>) in the Quran because he was sent to the people who responded to him in order to remove (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">masaha</i></span>) their impurities, the ailments of their faith; whether apparent (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">zahir</a></i></span>) or hidden (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">batin</a></i></span>). <a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">Qadi al- Nu'man</a>, in his work <i>Foundation of Symbolic Interpretation</i> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Asās al-ta'wīl</i></span>), talks about the spiritual birth (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">milad al-batin</i></span>) of Jesus, as an interpretation of his story of physical birth (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">milad al-zahir</i></span>) mentioned in the Quran. He says that <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>, the mother of Jesus, is a metaphor for someone who nurtured and instructed Jesus (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">lāhiq</i></span>), rather than physically giving birth to him. <a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">Qadi al-Nu'man</a> explains that Jesus was from the pure progeny of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Abraham</a>, just as <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> and his sons were from the pure progeny of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah">Fatima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sufism">Sufism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sufism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early Sufis adopted the sayings of Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount and an ascetic dimension. The submission and sacrifice Jesus exemplified shows the Muslim is to be set apart from worldly compromises. In poetry and mysticism, Jesus was celebrated as a prophet close to the heart of God achieving an uncommon degree of self-denial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201085_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201085-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the writings developed over the centuries embellished Jesus' miracles, the lessons of Jesus can be seen as metaphors of the inner life. These rich and diverse presentations of Jesus in Sufi traditions are the largest body of Jesus-texts in any non-Christian tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201086_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201086-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A key issue arises for Muslims with the Sufi picture of Jesus: how universally should the ascetic/esoteric approach be applied? For many Muslim poets and scholars the answer is clear: every Muslim is invited to the path of asceticism and inner realization embodied by Jesus. However, whilst all Muslims revere Jesus, most have reservations about the application of his way of life to society. For Muslims the highest pinnacle of human achievement is, after all, Muhammad. Muhammad is revered in part because he promoted the right blend of justice and mercy. In other words, Muslims need both a path that addresses individual spirituality as well as a path that will address the complex issues of community life, law, justice, etc. Jesus is viewed by many Muslims as having lived out only one side of this equation. As a figure of the heart or individual conscience, Jesus is viewed by some to be a limited figure. In more critical Muslim perspectives the Sermon on the Mount is admired but seen as impractical for human society. Perhaps the greatest division amongst Muslims has to do with the relevance of ascetic and esoteric beliefs in the context of strengthening an Islamic society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201086_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201086-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The miraculous birth and life of Jesus becomes a metaphor for <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a> of the spiritual rebirth that is possible within each human soul. This rebirth is not achieved without effort; one needs to practice silence, poverty, and fasting—themes that were prominent in Jesus' life according to Islamic traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg2010112_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg2010112-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a> stated Jesus was <a href="/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil" title="Al-Insān al-Kāmil">Al-Insān al-Kāmil</a>, the spirit and simultaneously a servant of God. Jesus is held to be "one with God" in whole coincidence of will, not as a being. Due to the spirit of God dwelling in Jesus, God spoke and acted through him. Yet Jesus is not considered to be God, but a person within God's word and spirit and a manifestation of God's attributes, like a mirror, a view resembling Nestorian traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA89_89]_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA89_89]-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conception of Jesus as described by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1240), an <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusian</a> scholar, Sufi <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a>, poet and philosopher, in the <i>Bezels of Wisdom</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>From the water of Mary or from the breath of Gabriel,<br /> In the form of a mortal fashioned of clay,<br /> The Spirit came into existence in an essence<br /> Purged of Nature's taint, which is called Sijjin (prison)<br /> Because of this, his sojourn was prolonged,<br /> Enduring, by decree, more than a thousand years.<br /> A spirit from none other than God,<br /> So that he might raise the dead and bring forth birds from clay.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ascetic_literature">Ascetic literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Ascetic literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jesus is widely venerated in Muslim <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a> literature, such as in Muslim mystic <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a>'s <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ihya ʿulum ad-Din</i></span> ('The revival of the religious sciences'). These works lay stress upon Jesus' poverty, his preoccupation with worship, his detachment from worldly life and his miracles. Such depictions also include advice and sermons which are attributed to him. Later <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufic</a> commentaries adapted material from Christian gospels which were consistent with their ascetic portrayal. Sufi philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a> described Jesus as "the seal of universal holiness" due to the quality of his faith and "because he holds in his hands the keys of living breath and because he is at present in a state of deprivation and journeying".<sup id="cite_ref-EoI-Isa_93-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-Isa-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ahmadiyya_literature">Ahmadiyya literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Ahmadiyya literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam</a></div> <p>The Ahmadiyya movement considers Jesus was a prophet and a mortal man, who was crucified and remained on the cross for six hours, until darkness fell. Jesus was taken down from the cross alive and unconscious. He was treated for three days and nights by saint physician Necdemus in a cave like tomb (especially built for <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a>). Thereafter, Jesus recuperated from his wounds, met his trusted disciples on the Mount of Olives, and left Judea towards the sea of Galilee on his way to Damascus. After his dramatic escape from crucifixion, Jesus traveled to the eastern lands in search of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">ten lost tribes of Israel</a>. Finally, he died a natural death in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, India, as opposed to having been raised up alive to Heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance">Appearance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based upon several <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> narrations of Muhammad, Jesus can be physically described thus (with any differences in Jesus' physical description being due to Muhammad describing him when seeing him at different occasions, such as during his ascension to Heaven, or when describing Jesus during <a href="#Second_Coming">Jesus' second coming</a>):<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A well-built man of medium/moderate/average height and stature with a broad chest.</li> <li>Straight, lank, long, red and white hair that fell between his shoulders. It seems as though water is dribbling from his head, though it is not wet.</li> <li>A Moderate complexion</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izhar_ul-Haqq" title="Izhar ul-Haqq">Izhar ul-Haqq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legends_in_the_Quran" title="List of legends in the Quran">List of legends in the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Mary in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace in Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Qisas Al-Anbiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary_(film)" title="Saint Mary (film)"><i>Saint Mary</i> (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Messiah_(2007_film)" title="The Messiah (2007 film)"><i>The Messiah</i> (2007 film)</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see also: "Others, however, understand the second coming of 'Isa ... [is] to kill the Dajjal, to break the cross and decimate all Christians and their places of worship, and to inaugurate the aforementioned period of peace before the actual coming of the Hour".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isa (25 times): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=87">2:87</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=136">2:136</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=253">2:253</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=45">3:45</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=52">3:52</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=55">3:55</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=59">3:59</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=84">3:84</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=157">4:157</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=163">4:163</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=171">4:171</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=46">5:46</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=78">5:78</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=110">5:110</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=112">5:112</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=114">5:114</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=116">5:116</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/6?startingVerse=85">6:85</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=34">19:34</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/33?startingVerse=7">33:7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/42?startingVerse=13">42:13</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/43?startingVerse=63">43:63</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/57?startingVerse=27">57:27</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/61?startingVerse=6">61:6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/61?startingVerse=14">61:14</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">3rd person "He / Him / Thee" etc. (48 times): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=87">2:87</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=253">2:253</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=46">3:46</a>(2), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=48">3:48</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=52">3:52</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=55">3:55</a>(4), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=157">4:157</a>(3), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4.159?startingVerse=">4.159</a>(3), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=110">5:110</a>(11), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=46">5:46</a>(3), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=75">5:75</a>(2), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=21">19:21</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=22">19:22</a>(2), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=27">19:27</a>(2), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=29">19:29</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/23?startingVerse=50">23:50</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/43?startingVerse=58">43:58</a>(2), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/43?startingVerse=59">43:59</a>(3), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/43?startingVerse=63">43:63</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/57?startingVerse=27">57:27</a>(2), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/61?startingVerse=6">61:6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Messiah (Christ) / Ibn Maryam (23 times): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=87">2:87</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=253">2:253</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=45">3:45</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=157">4:157</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=171">4:171</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=17">5:17</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=46">5:46</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=72">5:72</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=75">5:75</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=78">5:78</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=110">5:110</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=112">5:112</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=114">5:114</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=116">5:116</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/9?startingVerse=31">9:31</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=34">19:34</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/23?startingVerse=50">23:50</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/33?startingVerse=7">33:7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/43?startingVerse=57">43:57</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/57?startingVerse=27">57:27</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/61?startingVerse=6">61:6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/61?startingVerse=14">61:14</a>; Messiah / Al Masih (11 times): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=45">3:45</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=171">4:171</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=172">4:172</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=17">5:17</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=72">5:72</a>(2), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=75">5:75</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/9?startingVerse=30">9:30</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/9?startingVerse=31">9:31</a>; Spirit (of God) / rwh (11 times): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=87">2:87</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=253">2:253</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=171">4:171</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=110">5:110</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/12?startingVerse=87">12:87</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/15.29?startingVerse=">15.29</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/17?startingVerse=85">17:85</a>(2), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=17">19:17</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/21?startingVerse=91">21:91</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/58?startingVerse=22">58:22</a>; child / pure boy (9 times): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=19">19:19</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=20">19:20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=21">19:21</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=29">19:29</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=35">19:35</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=88">19:88</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=91">19:91</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=92">19:92</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/21?startingVerse=91">21:91</a>; Word (of God) / kalima (6 times): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=39">3:39</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=45">3:45</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=48">3:48</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=171">4:171</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=46">5:46</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=110">5:110</a>; Messenger / Apostle / Prophet (5 times): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=49">3:49</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=157">4:157</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=171">4:171</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=30">19:30</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/61?startingVerse=6">61:6</a>; Sign (4 times): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=21">19:21</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/21?startingVerse=91">21:91</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/23?startingVerse=50">23:50</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/43?startingVerse=61">43:61</a>; The Gift (1 time): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=19">19:19</a>; Mercy from Us (1 time): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=21">19:21</a>; Servant (1 time): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=30">19:30</a>; Blessed (1 time): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=31">19:31</a>; Word of Truth ~ Statement of Truth (1 time): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=34">19:34</a>; amazing thing ~ thing unheard of (1 time): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=27">19:27</a>; Example (1 time): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/43?startingVerse=57">43:57</a>; Straight Path ~ Right Way (1 time): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/43?startingVerse=61">43:61</a>; Witness (1 time): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=159">4:159</a>; His Name (1 time): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=45">3:45</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt201318-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt201318_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatt2013">Watt 2013</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKearns2008254–255-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKearns2008254–255_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKearns2008">Kearns 2008</a>, pp. 254–255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowellWalker201312-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowellWalker201312_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowellWalker201312_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowellWalker2013">McDowell & Walker 2013</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeirvik201047-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik201047_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeirvik2010">Leirvik 2010</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA19_19]-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA19_19]_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatt2013">Watt 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">19</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmuslimjesussayin00page51_51]–94-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmuslimjesussayin00page51_51]–94_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2001">Khalidi 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muslimjesussayin00/page/51">51</a>–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA58_58]-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA58_58]_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA58_58]_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeirvik2010">Leirvik 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IEUdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">58</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA31_31]-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA31_31]_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatt2013">Watt 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA31">31</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZebiri2000" class="citation journal cs1">Zebiri, Kate (March 2000). "Contemporary Muslim Understanding of the Miracles of Jesus". <i>The Muslim World</i>. <b>90</b> (1–2): 71–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.2000.tb03682.x">10.1111/j.1478-1913.2000.tb03682.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Muslim+World&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Muslim+Understanding+of+the+Miracles+of+Jesus&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=71-90&rft.date=2000-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.2000.tb03682.x&rft.aulast=Zebiri&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA34_34]-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA34_34]_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA34_34]_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeirvik2010">Leirvik 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IEUdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34">34</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlassé2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfocLrox-frUCpgPA240_239]-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlassé2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfocLrox-frUCpgPA240_239]_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlassé2001">Glassé 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA240">239</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarker-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sarker_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarker, Abraham,<i>Understand My Muslim People</i>, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59498-002-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-59498-002-0">1-59498-002-0</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, Montell, <i>Islam Revealed</i>, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59160-869-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-59160-869-4">1-59160-869-4</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters23-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peters23_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters23_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Edward_Peters" title="Francis Edward Peters">Peters, Francis Edward</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA23"><i>Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2548-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2548-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-2548-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+A+Guide+for+Jews+and+Christians&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2548-6&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Francis+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHYJ2c9E9IM8C%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phyllis558-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phyllis558_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jestice, Phyllis G., <i>Holy people of the world: a cross-cultural encyclopedia, Volume 1</i>, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-355-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-355-6">1-57607-355-6</a>, pp. 558–559</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt199139-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt199139_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatt1991">Watt 1991</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA46_46]-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA46_46]_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA46_46]_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatt2013">Watt 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46">46</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirani2019" class="citation journal cs1">Virani, Shafique (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41992496">"Hierohistory in Qāḍī l-Nuʿmān's Foundation of Symbolic Interpretation (Asās al-Taʾwīl): The Birth of Jesus"</a>. <i>Studies in Islamic Historiography</i>: 147–169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004415294_007">10.1163/9789004415294_007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004415294" title="Special:BookSources/9789004415294"><bdi>9789004415294</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214047322">214047322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Islamic+Historiography&rft.atitle=Hierohistory+in+Q%C4%81%E1%B8%8D%C4%AB+l-Nu%CA%BFm%C4%81n%27s+Foundation+of+Symbolic+Interpretation+%28As%C4%81s+al-Ta%CA%BEw%C4%ABl%29%3A+The+Birth+of+Jesus&rft.pages=147-169&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214047322%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004415294_007&rft.isbn=9789004415294&rft.aulast=Virani&rft.aufirst=Shafique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F41992496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. J. Wensinck and Penelope C. Johnstone, "Maryam", in <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</i>, ed. by P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 30 September 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0692">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0692</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161214" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161214">9789004161214</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leirvik_2010,_p._59-60_20-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeirvik2010">Leirvik 2010</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IEUdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA59">59–60</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt199148–49-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt199148–49_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatt1991">Watt 1991</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXCZaP4JLeKkCpgPA145_145]-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXCZaP4JLeKkCpgPA145_145]_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXCZaP4JLeKkCpgPA145_145]_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXCZaP4JLeKkCpgPA145_145]_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyoub1992">Ayoub 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XCZaP4JLeKkC&pg=PA145">145</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA64_64]-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA64_64]_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeirvik2010">Leirvik 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IEUdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">64</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen_C._Myers1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Allen C. Myers, ed. (1987). "Aramaic". <i>The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2402-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2402-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-2402-8</bdi></a>. <q>It is generally agreed that Aramaic was the common language of Palestine in the first century AD. Jesus and his disciples spoke the Galilean dialect, which was distinguished from that of Jerusalem (Matt. 26:73)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aramaic&rft.btitle=The+Eerdmans+Bible+Dictionary&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2402-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201083-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201083_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkerGregg2010">Barker & Gregg 2010</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201090-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201090_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201090_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201090_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201090_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkerGregg2010">Barker & Gregg 2010</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201084-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201084_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201084_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkerGregg2010">Barker & Gregg 2010</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201085-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201085_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201085_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkerGregg2010">Barker & Gregg 2010</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmuslimjesussayin00page31_31]–36-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmuslimjesussayin00page31_31]–36_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2001">Khalidi 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muslimjesussayin00/page/31">31</a>–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpE57rmPaM58CpgPA31_31]-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpE57rmPaM58CpgPA31_31]_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2001">Khalidi 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pE57rmPaM58C&pg=PA31">31</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpE57rmPaM58CpgPA32_32]-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpE57rmPaM58CpgPA32_32]_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2001">Khalidi 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pE57rmPaM58C&pg=PA32">32</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder196583-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder196583_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder196583_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParrinder1965">Parrinder 1965</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder196578-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder196578_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder196578_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder196578_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParrinder1965">Parrinder 1965</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder196575–76-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder196575–76_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParrinder1965">Parrinder 1965</a>, pp. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA60_60]-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA60_60]_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA60_60]_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeirvik2010">Leirvik 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IEUdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA60">60</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder196583–84-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder196583–84_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParrinder1965">Parrinder 1965</a>, pp. 83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder196585-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder196585_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParrinder1965">Parrinder 1965</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder196586-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder196586_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParrinder1965">Parrinder 1965</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFudge2011" class="citation book cs1">Fudge, Bruce (7 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lWrLEup7pJcC&pg=PA60"><i>Qur'anic Hermeneutics: Al-Tabrisi and the Craft of Commentary (Routledge Studies in the Qur'an)</i></a>. United Kingdom: Routledge. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415782005" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415782005"><bdi>978-0415782005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qur%27anic+Hermeneutics%3A+Al-Tabrisi+and+the+Craft+of+Commentary+%28Routledge+Studies+in+the+Qur%27an%29&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011-04-07&rft.isbn=978-0415782005&rft.aulast=Fudge&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlWrLEup7pJcC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA24_24]-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA24_24]_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA24_24]_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatt2013">Watt 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">24</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder196587-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder196587_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParrinder1965">Parrinder 1965</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1991129-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1991129_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1991">Robinson 1991</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXCZaP4JLeKkCpgPA154_154]-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXCZaP4JLeKkCpgPA154_154]_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyoub1992">Ayoub 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XCZaP4JLeKkC&pg=PA154">154</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXCZaP4JLeKkCpgPA158_158]-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXCZaP4JLeKkCpgPA158_158]_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyoub1992">Ayoub 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XCZaP4JLeKkC&pg=PA158">158</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito2003158-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito2003158_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsposito2003">Esposito 2003</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2010192-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2010192_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2010">Reynolds 2010</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2010190-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2010190_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2010">Reynolds 2010</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhipps2018" class="citation book cs1">Phipps, William (28 May 2018) [2016]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DR_mDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA101">"5 Scriptures"</a>. <i>Muhammad and Jesus: A Comparison of the Prophets and Their Teachings</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-8934-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-8934-4"><bdi>978-1-4742-8934-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5+Scriptures&rft.btitle=Muhammad+and+Jesus%3A+A+Comparison+of+the+Prophets+and+Their+Teachings&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018-05-28&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-8934-4&rft.aulast=Phipps&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDR_mDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaardenburg1999276-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaardenburg1999276_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaardenburg1999">Waardenburg 1999</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdang1996105–06-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdang1996105–06_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdang1996">Adang 1996</a>, pp. 105–06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HH-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HH_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HH_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Qaradawi2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf</a> (30 January 2018) [30 January 1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v21NCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">"INTRODUCTION"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Lawful_and_the_Prohibited_in_Islam" title="The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam"><i>The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam (Al-Halal Wal Haram Fil Islam)</i></a>. American Trust Publications. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780892590162" title="Special:BookSources/9780892590162"><bdi>9780892590162</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=INTRODUCTION&rft.btitle=The+Lawful+and+the+Prohibited+in+Islam+%28Al-Halal+Wal+Haram+Fil+Islam%29&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=American+Trust+Publications&rft.date=2018-01-30&rft.isbn=9780892590162&rft.aulast=Al-Qaradawi&rft.aufirst=Yusuf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv21NCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=3&tAyahNo=50&tDisplay=yes&LanguageId=2">"تفسير Tafsir al-Jalalayn"</a>. <i>altafsir</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=altafsir&rft.atitle=%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1+Tafsir+al-Jalalayn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.altafsir.com%2FTafasir.asp%3FtMadhNo%3D0%26tTafsirNo%3D74%26tSoraNo%3D3%26tAyahNo%3D50%26tDisplay%3Dyes%26LanguageId%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERidgeon201314-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidgeon201314_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidgeon2013">Ridgeon 2013</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir#Tafsir" title="Ibn Kathir">Tafsir Ibn Kathir</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3:52/tafsirs/en-tafisr-ibn-kathir">3:52-54</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder1965[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiJmcAwAAQBAJpgPT61_61]-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder1965[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiJmcAwAAQBAJpgPT61_61]_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParrinder1965">Parrinder 1965</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iJmcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT61">61</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZahniser2008" class="citation book cs1">Zahniser, Mathias (30 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VxAZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT55"><i>The Mission and Death of Jesus in Islam and Christianity (Faith Meets Faith Series)</i></a>. New York: Orbis Books. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1570758072" title="Special:BookSources/978-1570758072"><bdi>978-1570758072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mission+and+Death+of+Jesus+in+Islam+and+Christianity+%28Faith+Meets+Faith+Series%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Orbis+Books&rft.date=2008-10-30&rft.isbn=978-1570758072&rft.aulast=Zahniser&rft.aufirst=Mathias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVxAZBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook198332–33-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook198332–33_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook198332–33_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCook1983">Cook 1983</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulliet2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bulliet" title="Richard Bulliet">Bulliet, Richard W.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_B2DCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">"Islamo-Christian Civilization"</a>. In Silverstein, Adam J.; <a href="/wiki/Guy_Stroumsa" title="Guy Stroumsa">Stroumsa, Guy G.</a>; Blidstein, Moshe (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Abrahamic Religions</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199697762.013.6">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697762.013.6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969776-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969776-2"><bdi>978-0-19-969776-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2014960132">2014960132</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170430270">170430270</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islamo-Christian+Civilization&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Abrahamic+Religions&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199697762.013.6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170430270%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2014960132&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969776-2&rft.aulast=Bulliet&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_B2DCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA66_66]-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA66_66]_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeirvik2010">Leirvik 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IEUdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA66">66</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crossan,_John_Dominic_1995_p._145-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crossan,_John_Dominic_1995_p._145_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossan1995" class="citation book cs1">Crossan, John Dominic (1995). <i>Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography</i>. HarperOne. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-061662-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-061662-8"><bdi>0-06-061662-8</bdi></a>. <q>That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be, since both Josephus and Tacitus;... agree with the Christian accounts on at least that basic fact.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+A+Revolutionary+Biography&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-06-061662-8&rft.aulast=Crossan&rft.aufirst=John+Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäfer2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Peter Schäfer">Schäfer, Peter</a> (13 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IxIv_zqQx9kC&pg=PA139"><i>Jesus in the Talmud</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691143187" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691143187"><bdi>978-0691143187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+in+the+Talmud&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009-09-13&rft.isbn=978-0691143187&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIxIv_zqQx9kC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Roberts" title="Alexander Roberts">Roberts, Alexander</a> (1 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lvdMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA349"><i>The Ante-Nicene Fathers: The Writings of the Fathers Down to A.D. 325</i></a>. Vol. I – The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus. 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Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Muhammad al-Shawkani, <i>Fath al-Qadir al-Jami bayn Fannay al-Riwaya wa 'l Diraya min 'Ilm al-Tqfsir</i> (Cairo: Mustafa al-Babi al-Halabi, n.d.), I, 346, citing Ibn Asakir, who reports on the authority of Ibn Munabbih.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg2010119-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg2010119_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkerGregg2010">Barker & Gregg 2010</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg2010121-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg2010121_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkerGregg2010">Barker & Gregg 2010</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1980113-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1980113_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyoub1980">Ayoub 1980</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1980100-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1980100_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyoub1980">Ayoub 1980</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1980103-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1980103_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyoub1980">Ayoub 1980</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETieszen201821-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETieszen201821_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTieszen2018">Tieszen 2018</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESonn2004209-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESonn2004209_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESonn2004209_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSonn2004">Sonn 2004</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMannheim200191-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMannheim200191_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMannheim2001">Mannheim 2001</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook200293–104-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook200293–104_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCook2002">Cook 2002</a>, p. 93–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Bukhari-2476-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Al-Bukhari-2476_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Bukhari" class="citation web cs1">Al-Bukhari. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2476">"Sahih al-Bukhari » Oppressions – كتاب المظالم » Hadith 2476. 46 Oppressions (31) Chapter: The breaking of the cross and the killing of the pigs"</a>. <i>sunnah.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Problem+With+the+Islamic+Apocalypse&rft.date=2016-10-03&rft.aulast=Akyol&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F10%2F04%2Fopinion%2Fthe-problem-with-the-islamic-apocalypse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansJohnston2015-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansJohnston2015_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvansJohnston2015">Evans & Johnston 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Umdah, 430; cited in <a href="#CITEREFQaim2007">Qaim 2007</a>, His Second Coming: "...Then he will kill the swine, break the crosses, destroy the churches and temples and kill the Christians unless they believe in him."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="JISYYHIU1981" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Jane I.; Haddad, Yvonne Y. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vdoc.pub/download/the-islamic-understanding-of-death-and-resurrection-1fa354cla15g"><i>The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection</i><span></span><i></i></a><i>. Albany, N Y: SUNY Press. p. 69.</i></cite><i><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Understanding+of+Death+and+Resurrection&rft.place=Albany%2C+N+Y&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jane+I.&rft.au=Haddad%2C+Yvonne+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvdoc.pub%2Fdownload%2Fthe-islamic-understanding-of-death-and-resurrection-1fa354cla15g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonn2015" class="citation book cs1">Sonn, Tamara (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nPNmCgAAQBAJ"><i>Islam: History, Religion, and Politics</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97230-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97230-4"><bdi>978-1-118-97230-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+History%2C+Religion%2C+and+Politics&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-118-97230-4&rft.aulast=Sonn&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnPNmCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aicp.org/index.php/islamic-information/text/english/52-isa-jesus-a-prophet-of-allah">"Jesus, A Prophet of Allah – Association of Islamic Charitable Projects in USA"</a>. <i>www.aicp.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C4%AAs%C4%81&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789004161214&rft.aulast=Anawati&rft.aufirst=G.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fisa-COM_0378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters1990352-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters1990352_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeters1990">Peters 1990</a>, p. 352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberto Tottoli <i>Biblical Prophets in the Qur'an and Muslim Literature</i> Routledge, 11 January 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-12314-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-12314-6">978-1-136-12314-6</a> p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neal Robinson <i>Christ in Islam and Christianity</i> SUNY Press 1 January 1991 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791405581" title="Special:BookSources/9780791405581">9780791405581</a> p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabor2017" class="citation book cs1">Tabor, James (28 August 2017) [1st pub. 2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CKFUFtnnffgC&pg=PA315">"Conclusion: RECOVERING LOST TREASURES"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusdynastyhidd00tabo/page/315"><i>The Jesus Dynasty: The Hidden History of Jesus, His Royal Family, and the Birth of Christianity</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusdynastyhidd00tabo/page/315">315–316</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-8723-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-8723-4"><bdi>978-0-7432-8723-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conclusion%3A+RECOVERING+LOST+TREASURES&rft.btitle=The+Jesus+Dynasty%3A+The+Hidden+History+of+Jesus%2C+His+Royal+Family%2C+and+the+Birth+of+Christianity&rft.pages=315-316&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2017-08-28&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-8723-4&rft.aulast=Tabor&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCKFUFtnnffgC%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakura2017" class="citation book cs1">Sakura, Muham (11 November 2017) [December 2015]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UzKDCwAAQBAJ">"Preface"</a>. <i>The Great Tale of Prophet Adam & Prophet Jesus In Islam</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_Submitters_International" class="mw-redirect" title="United Submitters International">United Submitters International</a>. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783739635736" title="Special:BookSources/9783739635736"><bdi>9783739635736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=The+Great+Tale+of+Prophet+Adam+%26+Prophet+Jesus+In+Islam&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=United+Submitters+International&rft.date=2017-11-11&rft.isbn=9783739635736&rft.aulast=Sakura&rft.aufirst=Muham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUzKDCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akhtar_2017-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Akhtar_2017_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhtar2017" class="citation book cs1">Akhtar, Shabbir (24 October 2017) [October 2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wa1HRjA0AgEC&pg=PA31">"PART 1 Quranic Islam and the secular mind"</a>. <i>The Quran and the Secular Mind: A Philosophy of Islam</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-93531-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-93531-6"><bdi>978-0-203-93531-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=PART+1+Quranic+Islam+and+the+secular+mind&rft.btitle=The+Quran+and+the+Secular+Mind%3A+A+Philosophy+of+Islam&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-10-24&rft.isbn=978-0-203-93531-6&rft.aulast=Akhtar&rft.aufirst=Shabbir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwa1HRjA0AgEC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-multiple-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-multiple_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFEsposito2002">Esposito (2002)</a>, pp. 32, 74</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFFaschingdeChant2001">Fasching & deChant (2001)</a>, p. 241</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMarkhamRuparell2001">Markham & Ruparell (2001)</a>, p. 348</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpE57rmPaM58CpgPA75_75]-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpE57rmPaM58CpgPA75_75]_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2001">Khalidi 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pE57rmPaM58C&pg=PA75">75</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaschingdeChant2001241-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaschingdeChant2001241_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaschingdeChant2001">Fasching & deChant 2001</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akhtar_2017,_p._32-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akhtar_2017,_p._32_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akhtar_2017,_p._32_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akhtar_2017,_p._32_103-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhtar2007" class="citation book cs1">Akhtar, Shabbir (31 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wa1HRjA0AgEC&pg=PA32"><i>The Quran and the Secular Mind: A Philosophy of Islam</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134072569" title="Special:BookSources/9781134072569"><bdi>9781134072569</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quran+and+the+Secular+Mind%3A+A+Philosophy+of+Islam&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-10-31&rft.isbn=9781134072569&rft.aulast=Akhtar&rft.aufirst=Shabbir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwa1HRjA0AgEC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/An-Nisa" title="An-Nisa">Surah An-Nisa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=171">4:171</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mufti Shafi Uthmani, Maariful Quran, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Q19:16-21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Q19:16-21 (page does not exist)">Q19:16-21</a>, Volume 6, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann200213-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann200213_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann200213_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchumann2002">Schumann 2002</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder1965[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiJmcAwAAQBAJpgPT33_33]-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder1965[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiJmcAwAAQBAJpgPT33_33]_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParrinder1965">Parrinder 1965</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iJmcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT33">33</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmuslimjesussayin00page4_4]-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmuslimjesussayin00page4_4]_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2001">Khalidi 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muslimjesussayin00/page/4">4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder1965[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiJmcAwAAQBAJpgPT16_16]-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder1965[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiJmcAwAAQBAJpgPT16_16]_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParrinder1965">Parrinder 1965</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iJmcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT16">16</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullah2014124-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullah2014124_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdullah2014">Abdullah 2014</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidht1hpisBQF0CpgPA12_12]-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidht1hpisBQF0CpgPA12_12]_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1991">Robinson 1991</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ht1hpisBQF0C&pg=PA12">12</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirani2011" class="citation journal cs1">Virani, Shafique N. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36996009">"Taqiyya and Identity in a South Asian Community"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>70</b> (1): 99–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911810002974">10.1017/S0021911810002974</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143431047">143431047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Taqiyya+and+Identity+in+a+South+Asian+Community&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=99-139&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143431047%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911810002974&rft.aulast=Virani&rft.aufirst=Shafique+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36996009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span> p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlauck2003" class="citation book cs1">Klauck, Hans-Josef Klauck (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WoqXMHPY5EgC&pg=PA18"><i>The Apocryphal Gospels: An Introduction</i></a>. London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567083906" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567083906"><bdi>978-0567083906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apocryphal+Gospels%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=London&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0567083906&rft.aulast=Klauck&rft.aufirst=Hans-Josef+Klauck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWoqXMHPY5EgC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran 61:06</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rasoulallah.net/en/articles/article/222/">"Jesus' Omen about the Paraclete | Supporting Prophet Muhammad website"</a>. <i>rasoulallah.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rasoulallah.net&rft.atitle=Jesus%27+Omen+about+the+Paraclete+%7C+Supporting+Prophet+Muhammad+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frasoulallah.net%2Fen%2Farticles%2Farticle%2F222%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA33_33]-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA33_33]_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatt2013">Watt 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33">33</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liddell and Scott's celebrated Greek-English Lexicon gives this definition for periklutos: "heard of all round, famous, renowned, Latin inclytus: of things, excellent, noble, glorious". Rev. <a href="/wiki/James_Morris_Whiton" title="James Morris Whiton">James Morris Whiton</a>, ed. A Lexicon abridged from Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon. New York: American Book Company, N.D. c.1940s, p.549. Periklutos occurs in The Iliad and The Odyssey, and Hesiod's Theogony.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravis2000" class="citation journal cs1">Travis, John (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijfm.org/PDFs_IJFM/17_1_PDFs/Followers_of_Isa.pdf">"Messian Muslim Followers of Isa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Frontier Missions</i>. <b>17</b> (Spring): 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Frontier+Missions&rft.atitle=Messian+Muslim+Followers+of+Isa&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=Spring&rft.pages=54&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Travis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijfm.org%2FPDFs_IJFM%2F17_1_PDFs%2FFollowers_of_Isa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumming" class="citation web cs1">Cumming, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2009/december/index.html">"Muslim Followers of Jesus?"</a>. ChristianityToday<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslim+Followers+of+Jesus%3F&rft.pub=ChristianityToday&rft.aulast=Cumming&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2009%2Fdecember%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.touchstonemag.com/archives/article.php?id=15-09-032-f">"Touchstone Archives: Can Jesus Save Islam?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Touchstone+Archives%3A+Can+Jesus+Save+Islam%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.touchstonemag.com%2Farchives%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D15-09-032-f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedearis2013" class="citation web cs1">Medearis, Carl (9 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/carl-medearis/muslims-who-follow-jesus_b_2436538.html">"Muslims Who Follow Jesus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Muslims+Who+Follow+Jesus&rft.date=2013-01-09&rft.aulast=Medearis&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fcarl-medearis%2Fmuslims-who-follow-jesus_b_2436538.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2013/january-february/jesus-saves-religion-doesnt.html">"Why Evangelicals Should Be Thankful for Muslim Insiders"</a>. 15 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Evangelicals+Should+Be+Thankful+for+Muslim+Insiders&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2013%2Fjanuary-february%2Fjesus-saves-religion-doesnt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia of Islam, <i>Jesus</i> article. cf. L. Massignon, <i>Le Christ dans les Évangiles selon Ghazali</i>, in REI, 1932, 523–36, who cites texts of the <a href="/wiki/Rasa%27il_Ikhwan_al-Safa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasa'il Ikhwan al-Safa">Rasa'il Ikhwan al-Safa</a>, a passage of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hatim_Ahmad_ibn_Hamdan_al-Razi" title="Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi">Abu Hatim al-Razi</a> (about 934), and another of the Isma'ili <i><a href="/wiki/Da%27i" title="Da'i">da'i</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Mu%27ayyad_fid-din_al-Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'ayyad fid-din al-Shirazi">Mu'ayyad fid-din al-Shirazi</a> (1077).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16">"BnF. Département des Manuscrits. Supplément turc 190"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BnF.+D%C3%A9partement+des+Manuscrits.+Suppl%C3%A9ment+turc+190&rft.pub=Biblioth%C3%A8que+nationale+de+France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fview3if%2Fga%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b8427195m%2Ff16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle2007" class="citation journal cs1">Little, John T. (3 April 2007). "Al-Insan Al-Kamil: The Perfect Man According to Ibn Al-Arabi". <i>The Muslim World</i>. <b>77</b> (1): 43–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.1987.tb02785.x">10.1111/j.1478-1913.1987.tb02785.x</a>. <q><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn al-'Arabi</a> uses no less than 22 different terms to describe the various aspects under which this single Logos may be viewed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Muslim+World&rft.atitle=Al-Insan+Al-Kamil%3A+The+Perfect+Man+According+to+Ibn+Al-Arabi&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-54&rft.date=2007-04-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.1987.tb02785.x&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrinder1965[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiJmcAwAAQBAJpgPT6_6]-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrinder1965[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiJmcAwAAQBAJpgPT6_6]_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParrinder1965">Parrinder 1965</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iJmcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT6">6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201097-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201097_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkerGregg2010">Barker & Gregg 2010</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200125-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200125_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200125_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2001">Khalidi 2001</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200126-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200126_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2001">Khalidi 2001</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA68_68]-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qxlAgAAQBAJpgPA68_68]_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatt2013">Watt 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68">68</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeirvik201075-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik201075_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik201075_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeirvik2010">Leirvik 2010</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQaim200736–37-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQaim200736–37_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQaim200736–37_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQaim200736–37_135-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQaim2007">Qaim 2007</a>, p. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirani2019" class="citation cs2">Virani, Shafique N. (6 November 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004415294_007">"Hierohistory in Qāḍī l-Nuʿmān's Foundation of Symbolic Interpretation (Asās al-Taʾwīl): the Birth of Jesus"</a>, <i>Studies in Islamic Historiography</i>, BRILL: 147–169, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004415294_007">10.1163/9789004415294_007</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41529-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41529-4"><bdi>978-90-04-41529-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214047322">214047322</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Islamic+Historiography&rft.atitle=Hierohistory+in+Q%C4%81%E1%B8%8D%C4%AB+l-Nu%CA%BFm%C4%81n%27s+Foundation+of+Symbolic+Interpretation+%28As%C4%81s+al-Ta%CA%BEw%C4%ABl%29%3A+the+Birth+of+Jesus&rft.pages=147-169&rft.date=2019-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214047322%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004415294_007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-41529-4&rft.aulast=Virani&rft.aufirst=Shafique+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F9789004415294_007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201086-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201086_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg201086_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkerGregg2010">Barker & Gregg 2010</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg2010112-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerGregg2010112_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkerGregg2010">Barker & Gregg 2010</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA89_89]-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeirvik2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIEUdCgAAQBAJpgPA89_89]_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeirvik2010">Leirvik 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IEUdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">89</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clinton Bennett <i>Understanding Christian-Muslim Relations: Past and Present</i> A&C Black 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-826-48782-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-826-48782-7">978-0-826-48782-7</a> page 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFibn_ʻArabī_al-Ḥātimī_aṭ-ṬāʾīAustin1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">ibn ʻArabī al-Ḥātimī aṭ-Ṭāʾī, Abū ʻAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʻAlī ibn Muḥammad</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=R._W._Austin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. W. Austin (page does not exist)">Austin, R. W.</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p4PeeQGStQkC&pg=PT174"><i>Ibn al-ʻArabi</i></a>. Paulist Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2331-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2331-5"><bdi>978-0-8091-2331-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+al-%CA%BBArabi&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-2331-5&rft.aulast=ibn+%CA%BBArab%C4%AB+al-%E1%B8%A4%C4%81tim%C4%AB+a%E1%B9%AD-%E1%B9%AC%C4%81%CA%BE%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Ab%C5%AB+%CA%BBAbd+All%C4%81h+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+ibn+%CA%BBAl%C4%AB+ibn+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft.au=Austin%2C+R.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp4PeeQGStQkC%26pg%3DPT174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikiahmadiyya.org/history/jesus/death-of-jesus">"Death of Jesus – WikiAhmadiyya, Islam & Ahmadiyya encyclopedia free online"</a>. <i>www.wikiahmadiyya.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wikiahmadiyya.org&rft.atitle=Death+of+Jesus+%E2%80%93+WikiAhmadiyya%2C+Islam+%26+Ahmadiyya+encyclopedia+free+online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikiahmadiyya.org%2Fhistory%2Fjesus%2Fdeath-of-jesus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/054-sbt.php#004.054.462">4:54:462</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/055-sbt.php#004.055.607">4:55:607–608</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/055-sbt.php#004.055.647">4:55:647–650</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/055-sbt.php#004.055.649">4:55:649–650</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/001-smt.php#001.0316">1:316</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/001-smt.php#001.0321">1:321</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/001-smt.php#001.0325">1:325</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/001-smt.php#001.0328">1:328</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/041-smt.php#041.7023">41:7023</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_2">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdullah2014" class="citation book cs1">Abdullah, Arif Kemil (2014). <i>The Qur'an and Normative Religious Pluralism: A Thematic Study of the Qur'an</i>. IIIT. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781565646575" title="Special:BookSources/9781565646575"><bdi>9781565646575</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an+and+Normative+Religious+Pluralism%3A+A+Thematic+Study+of+the+Qur%27an&rft.pub=IIIT&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781565646575&rft.aulast=Abdullah&rft.aufirst=Arif+Kemil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdang1996" class="citation book cs1">Adang, Camilla (1996). <i>Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible: From Ibn Rabban to Ibn Hazm</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10034-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10034-3"><bdi>978-90-04-10034-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Writers+on+Judaism+and+the+Hebrew+Bible%3A+From+Ibn+Rabban+to+Ibn+Hazm.&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10034-3&rft.aulast=Adang&rft.aufirst=Camilla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyoub1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_M._Ayoub" title="Mahmoud M. Ayoub">Ayoub, Mahmoud M.</a> (April 1980). "Towards an Islamic Christology II: The Death of Jesus, Reality or Delusion (A Study of the Death of Jesus in Tafsir Literature)". <i>The Muslim World</i>. <b>70</b> (2): 91–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.1980.tb03405.x">10.1111/j.1478-1913.1980.tb03405.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Muslim+World&rft.atitle=Towards+an+Islamic+Christology+II%3A+The+Death+of+Jesus%2C+Reality+or+Delusion+%28A+Study+of+the+Death+of+Jesus+in+Tafsir+Literature%29&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=91-121&rft.date=1980-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.1980.tb03405.x&rft.aulast=Ayoub&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyoub1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_M._Ayoub" title="Mahmoud M. Ayoub">Ayoub, Mahmoud M.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XCZaP4JLeKkC"><i>The Qur'an and Its Interpreters, Volume II: The House of 'Imran</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0994-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0994-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-0994-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an+and+Its+Interpreters%2C+Volume+II%3A+The+House+of+%27Imran&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0994-7&rft.aulast=Ayoub&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXCZaP4JLeKkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkerGregg2010" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Gregory A.; Gregg, Stephen E. (2010). <i>Jesus Beyond Christianity: The Classic Texts</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Beyond+Christianity%3A+The+Classic+Texts&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Gregory+A.&rft.au=Gregg%2C+Stephen+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1983" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Michael (1983). <i>Muhammad</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192876058" title="Special:BookSources/0192876058"><bdi>0192876058</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0192876058&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">Esposito, J. L.</a> (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whateveryoneneed00espo"><i>What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515713-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515713-0"><bdi>978-0-19-515713-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Everyone+Needs+to+Know+About+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515713-0&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhateveryoneneed00espo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">Esposito, J. L.</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Islam" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Islam"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512558-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512558-0"><bdi>978-0-19-512558-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512558-0&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansJohnston2015" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Craig A.; Johnston, Jeremiah J. (20 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hcu5CgAAQBAJ"><i>Jesus and the Jihadis: Confronting the Rage of ISIS: The Theology Driving the Ideology</i></a>. Destiny Image Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-76-840900-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-76-840900-0"><bdi>978-0-76-840900-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+the+Jihadis%3A+Confronting+the+Rage+of+ISIS%3A+The+Theology+Driving+the+Ideology&rft.pub=Destiny+Image+Publishers&rft.date=2015-10-20&rft.isbn=978-0-76-840900-0&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Jeremiah+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHcu5CgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaschingdeChant2001" class="citation book cs1">Fasching, D. J.; deChant, D. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comparativerelig0000fasc"><i>Comparative Religious Ethics: A Narrative Approach</i></a></span>. Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20125-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20125-0"><bdi>978-0-631-20125-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Religious+Ethics%3A+A+Narrative+Approach&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20125-0&rft.aulast=Fasching&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rft.au=deChant%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomparativerelig0000fasc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassé2001" class="citation book cs1">Glassé, Cyril (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC"><i>The New Encyclopedia of Islam, with introduction by Huston Smith</i></a> (révisée ed.). Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780759101906" title="Special:BookSources/9780759101906"><bdi>9780759101906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam%2C+with+introduction+by+Huston+Smith&rft.place=Walnut+Creek%2C+CA&rft.edition=r%C3%A9vis%C3%A9e&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780759101906&rft.aulast=Glass%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfocLrox-frUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearns2008" class="citation book cs1">Kearns, Cleo McNelly (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HzSQ7zjWtcgC"><i>The Virgin Mary, Monotheism and Sacrifice, New York</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-47223-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-47223-4"><bdi>978-1-139-47223-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virgin+Mary%2C+Monotheism+and+Sacrifice%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-139-47223-4&rft.aulast=Kearns&rft.aufirst=Cleo+McNelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHzSQ7zjWtcgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tarif_Khalidi" title="Tarif Khalidi">Khalidi, Tarif</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muslimjesussayin00"><i>The Muslim Jesus: Sayings and Stories in Islamic Literature</i></a></span>. Cambridge, MA & London: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00477-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00477-1"><bdi>978-0-674-00477-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Jesus%3A+Sayings+and+Stories+in+Islamic+Literature&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA+%26+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00477-1&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Tarif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuslimjesussayin00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pE57rmPaM58C">Google books site</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson2009" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Todd (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LBB2NwAACAAJ"><i>The Crucifixion and the Qur'an: A Study in the History of Muslim Thought</i></a>. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851686360" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851686360"><bdi>978-1851686360</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crucifixion+and+the+Qur%27an%3A+A+Study+in+the+History+of+Muslim+Thought&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1851686360&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLBB2NwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeirvik2010" class="citation book cs1">Leirvik, Oddbjørn (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IEUdCgAAQBAJ"><i>Images of Jesus Christ in Islam</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8662-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8662-1"><bdi>978-1-4411-8662-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+Jesus+Christ+in+Islam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-8662-1&rft.aulast=Leirvik&rft.aufirst=Oddbj%C3%B8rn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIEUdCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMannheim2001" class="citation book cs1">Mannheim, Ivan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GOJ80DlXwwMC"><i>Syria & Lebanon Handbook: The Travel Guide</i></a>. Footprint Travel Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900949-90-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-900949-90-3"><bdi>1-900949-90-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+%26+Lebanon+Handbook%3A+The+Travel+Guide&rft.pub=Footprint+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-900949-90-3&rft.aulast=Mannheim&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGOJ80DlXwwMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkhamRuparell2001" class="citation book cs1">Markham, I. S.; Ruparell, T. (2001). <i>Encountering Religion: An Introduction to the Religions of the World</i>. Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20674-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20674-3"><bdi>978-0-631-20674-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encountering+Religion%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Religions+of+the+World&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20674-3&rft.aulast=Markham&rft.aufirst=I.+S.&rft.au=Ruparell%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowellWalker2013" class="citation book cs1">McDowell, Josh; Walker, Jim (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UfvgAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT12"><i>Understanding Islam and Christianity: Beliefs That Separate Us and How to Talk About Them</i></a>. Euguen, Oregon: Harvest House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780736949910" title="Special:BookSources/9780736949910"><bdi>9780736949910</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Islam+and+Christianity%3A+Beliefs+That+Separate+Us+and+How+to+Talk+About+Them&rft.place=Euguen%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Harvest+House+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780736949910&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft.au=Walker%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUfvgAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrinder1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parrinder" title="Geoffrey Parrinder">Parrinder, Geoffrey</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iJmcAwAAQBAJ"><i>Jesus in the Qur'an</i></a>. London: Oxford <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-999-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-999-6"><bdi>978-1-85168-999-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+in+the+Qur%27an&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-999-6&rft.aulast=Parrinder&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiJmcAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1990" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Francis E. (1990). <i>Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: The Classical Texts and Their Interpretation, Volume 3</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691020556" title="Special:BookSources/9780691020556"><bdi>9780691020556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism%2C+Christianity%2C+and+Islam%3A+The+Classical+Texts+and+Their+Interpretation%2C+Volume+3&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780691020556&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Francis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrinder2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parrinder" title="Geoffrey Parrinder">Parrinder, Geoffrey</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iJmcAwAAQBAJ"><i>Jesus in the Qur'an</i></a>. Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41573-463-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41573-463-9"><bdi>978-0-41573-463-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+in+the+Qur%27an&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-41573-463-9&rft.aulast=Parrinder&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiJmcAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQaim2007" class="citation book cs1">Qaim, Mahdi Muntazir (2007). <i>Jesus Through the Qur'an and Shi'ite Narrations</i>. Queens, New York: Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1879402140" title="Special:BookSources/978-1879402140"><bdi>978-1879402140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Through+the+Qur%27an+and+Shi%27ite+Narrations&rft.place=Queens%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Tahrike+Tarsile+Qur%27an+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1879402140&rft.aulast=Qaim&rft.aufirst=Mahdi+Muntazir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2010" class="citation journal cs1">Reynolds, Gabriel Said (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.nd.edu/~reynolds/index_files/scriptural%20falsification.pdf">"On the Qur'anic Accusation of Scriptural Falsification (tahrîf) and Christian Anti-Jewish Polemic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a></i>. <b>130</b> (2): 189–202<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Qur%27anic+Accusation+of+Scriptural+Falsification+%28tahr%C3%AEf%29+and+Christian+Anti-Jewish+Polemic&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-202&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Gabriel+Said&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.nd.edu%2F~reynolds%2Findex_files%2Fscriptural%2520falsification.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidgeon2013" class="citation book cs1">Ridgeon, Lloyd (2013). <i>Islamic Interpretations of Christianity</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136840135" title="Special:BookSources/9781136840135"><bdi>9781136840135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Interpretations+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136840135&rft.aulast=Ridgeon&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2002" class="citation book cs1">Cook, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DxfYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Studies in Muslim Apocalyptic</i></a>. University of Michigan: Darwin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780878501427" title="Special:BookSources/9780878501427"><bdi>9780878501427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Muslim+Apocalyptic&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.pub=Darwin+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780878501427&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDxfYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1991" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Neal (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ht1hpisBQF0C"><i>Christ in Islam and Christianity</i></a>. New York: SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-791-40559-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-791-40559-8"><bdi>978-0-791-40559-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christ+in+Islam+and+Christianity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-791-40559-8&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dht1hpisBQF0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumann2002" class="citation book cs1">Schumann, Olaf H. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yP7XAAAAMAAJ"><i>Jesus the Messiah in Muslim Thought</i></a>. ISPCK/HIM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8172145224" title="Special:BookSources/978-8172145224"><bdi>978-8172145224</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+the+Messiah+in+Muslim+Thought&rft.pub=ISPCK%2FHIM&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-8172145224&rft.aulast=Schumann&rft.aufirst=Olaf+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyP7XAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonn2004" class="citation book cs1">Sonn, Tamarra (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofis0000sonn"><i>A Brief History of Islam</i></a></span>. Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2174-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2174-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-2174-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Islam&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-2174-3&rft.aulast=Sonn&rft.aufirst=Tamarra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofis0000sonn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTieszen2018" class="citation book cs1">Tieszen, Charles (2018). <i>Theological Issues in Christian-Muslim Dialogue</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781532610585" title="Special:BookSources/9781532610585"><bdi>9781532610585</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theological+Issues+in+Christian-Muslim+Dialogue&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781532610585&rft.aulast=Tieszen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaardenburg1999" class="citation book cs1">Waardenburg, Jackques (1999). <i>Muslim Perceptions of Other Religions: A Historical Survey</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535576-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535576-5"><bdi>978-0-19-535576-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Perceptions+of+Other+Religions%3A+A+Historical+Survey&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535576-5&rft.aulast=Waardenburg&rft.aufirst=Jackques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._Montgomery_Watt" title="W. Montgomery Watt">Watt, W. Montgomery</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ"><i>Muslim-Christian Encounters: Perceptions and Misperceptions</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05410-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05410-2"><bdi>978-0-415-05410-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim-Christian+Encounters%3A+Perceptions+and+Misperceptions&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-415-05410-2&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=W.+Montgomery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_qxlAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._Montgomery_Watt" title="W. Montgomery Watt">Watt, W. Montgomery</a> (19 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ"><i>Muslim-Christian Encounters: Perceptions and Misperceptions</i></a>. Routledge Revivals. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-82043-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-82043-7"><bdi>978-1-317-82043-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim-Christian+Encounters%3A+Perceptions+and+Misperceptions&rft.series=Routledge+Revivals&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-12-19&rft.isbn=978-1-317-82043-7&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=W.+Montgomery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_qxlAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRippin,_A." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rippin, A. "Yahya b. Zakariya". In P. J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C. E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W. P. Heinrichs (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-3912">1573-3912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yahya+b.+Zakariya&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.issn=1573-3912&rft.au=Rippin%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaritoprak2014" class="citation book cs1">Saritoprak, Zeki (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://upf.com/book.asp?id=SARITF09"><i>Islam's Jesus</i></a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813049403" title="Special:BookSources/9780813049403"><bdi>9780813049403</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%27s+Jesus&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780813049403&rft.aulast=Saritoprak&rft.aufirst=Zeki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fupf.com%2Fbook.asp%3Fid%3DSARITF09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlade2014" class="citation journal cs1">Slade, Darren M. (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202093241/http://atijournal.org/ATI_Vol7_No1.pdf">"Arabia Haeresium Ferax (Arabia Bearer of Heresies): Schismatic Christianity's Potential Influence on Muhammad and the Qur'an"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Theological Inquiry</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 43–53. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atijournal.org/ATI_Vol7_No1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Theological+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Arabia+Haeresium+Ferax+%28Arabia+Bearer+of+Heresies%29%3A+Schismatic+Christianity%27s+Potential+Influence+on+Muhammad+and+the+Qur%27an&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-53&rft.date=2014-01&rft.aulast=Slade&rft.aufirst=Darren+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatijournal.org%2FATI_Vol7_No1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWherry,_E._M.Sale,_G.2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elwood_Morris_Wherry" title="Elwood Morris Wherry">Wherry, E. M.</a>; Sale, G. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BuddhistBirthStories"><i>A Comprehensive Commentary on the Qurán: Comprising Sale's Translation and Preliminary Discourse (vol. II)</i></a></span>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23188-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23188-6"><bdi>978-0-415-23188-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+Commentary+on+the+Qur%C3%A1n%3A+Comprising+Sale%27s+Translation+and+Preliminary+Discourse+%28vol.+II%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23188-6&rft.au=Wherry%2C+E.+M.&rft.au=Sale%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBuddhistBirthStories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Zuckermann, Ghil'ad</a> (2006). "'<a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">Etymythological</a> <a href="/wiki/Othering" class="mw-redirect" title="Othering">Othering</a>' and the Power of 'Lexical Engineering' in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. A Socio-Philo(sopho)logical Perspective", <i>Explorations in the Sociology of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></i>, edited by Tope Omoniyi and Joshua A. Fishman, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 237–258. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-2710-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-2710-1">90-272-2710-1</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_in_Islam&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jesus_in_Islam" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Jesus in Islam">Jesus in Islam</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jesus_in_Islam" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jesus in Islam">Jesus in Islam</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uga.edu/islam/jesusdif.html">Jesus: A Summary of the Points About Which Islam and Christianity Agree and Disagree</a> Dr. Alan Godlas, University of Georgia.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saudiembassy.net/islam#What%20Do%20Muslims%20Think%20About%20Jesus?">What Do Muslims Think About Jesus – Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/isa.shtml">Jesus Through Muslim Eyes – BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=4297085&page=1">The Story of Jesus Through Iranian Eyes – ABC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zwemercenter.com/guide/jesus-in-islam/">7 Muslim Beliefs about Jesus</a> Dr. Warren Larson</li> <li>Alim.org <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alim.org/library/quran/ayah/compare/3/47%7Ctitle=Al-Quran">Surah 3. Al-i'Imran, Ayah 4</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prophets_in_the_Quran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prophets_in_the_Quran" title="Template:Prophets in the Quran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prophets_in_the_Quran" title="Template talk:Prophets in the Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prophets_in_the_Quran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prophets in the Quran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prophets_in_the_Quran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets in the Quran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;width:8.333%;font-weight:normal; background-color:#dcf5dc; padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">آدَم</span></span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width:8.333%;font-weight:normal; background-color:#dcf5dc; padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">إِدرِيس</span></span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width:8.333%;font-weight:normal; background-color:#dcf5dc; padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">نُوح</span></span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width:8.333%;font-weight:normal; background-color:#dcf5dc; padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">هُود</span></span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width:8.333%;font-weight:normal; background-color:#dcf5dc; padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">صَالِح</span></span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width:8.333%;font-weight:normal; background-color:#dcf5dc; padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">إِبْرَاهِيْم</span></span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width:8.333%;font-weight:normal; background-color:#dcf5dc; padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">لُوط</span></span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width:8.333%;font-weight:normal; background-color:#dcf5dc; padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">إِسْمَاعِيْل</span></span></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Adam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a> (?)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nuh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eber" title="Eber">Eber</a> (?)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Salih</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selah_(biblical_figure)" title="Selah (biblical figure)">Selah</a> (?)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrahim</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismail</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;width:8.333%;font-weight:normal; background-color:#dcf5dc; padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">إِسْحَاق</span></span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width:8.333%;font-weight:normal; background-color:#dcf5dc; padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">يَعْقُوب</span></span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width:8.333%;font-weight:normal; background-color:#dcf5dc; padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">يُوسُف</span></span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width:8.333%;font-weight:normal; background-color:#dcf5dc; padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">أَيُّوْب</span></span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width:8.333%;font-weight:normal; background-color:#dcf5dc; padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">شُعَيْب</span></span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width:8.333%;font-weight:normal; background-color:#dcf5dc; padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">مُوسَى</span></span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width:8.333%;font-weight:normal; background-color:#dcf5dc; padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">هَارُون</span></span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width:8.333%;font-weight:normal; background-color:#dcf5dc; padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">ذُو الكِفْل</span></span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width:8.333%;font-weight:normal; background-color:#dcf5dc; padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">دَاوُد</span></span></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">Is'haq</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaqub</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yusuf</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayyub</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuayb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jethro_(biblical_figure)" title="Jethro (biblical figure)">Jethro</a> (?)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Musa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Harun</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Kifl" title="Dhu al-Kifl">Dhu l-Kifl</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> (?)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dawud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;width:8%;font-weight:normal; background-color:#dcf5dc; padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">سُلَيْمَان</span></span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width:8%;font-weight:normal; background-color:#dcf5dc; padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">إِلْيَاس</span></span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width:8%;font-weight:normal; background-color:#dcf5dc; padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">اليَسَع</span></span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width:8%;font-weight:normal; background-color:#dcf5dc; padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">يُونُس</span></span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width:8%;font-weight:normal; background-color:#dcf5dc; padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">زَكَرِيَّا</span></span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width:8%;font-weight:normal; background-color:#dcf5dc; padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">يَحْيَى</span></span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width:8%;font-weight:normal; background-color:#dcf5dc; padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">عِيسَى</span></span></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width:8%;font-weight:normal; background-color:#dcf5dc; padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">مُحَمَّد</span></span></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulayman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah in Islam">Ilyas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elisha_in_Islam" title="Elisha in Islam">Al-Yasa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Yunus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_in_Islam" title="Zechariah in Islam">Zakariya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist_in_Islam" title="John the Baptist in Islam">Yahya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Isa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div>Note: <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> believe that there were many prophets sent by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> to mankind. The <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophets</a> above are only the ones mentioned by name in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template talk:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People and things in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Characters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-humans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-humans</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allāh</a> ('The <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> found in the Quran, such as <i>Karīm</i> (Generous)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">baqara</a></i> (cow) of Israelites</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam#The_plot_against_Joseph" title="Joseph in Islam">dhiʾb</a></i> (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">fīl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant</a>) of the Abyssinians</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Domesticated donkey</a>)</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">hud-hud</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i>kalb</i> (dog) of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">sleepers of the cave</a></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">namlah</a></i> (female ant) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jonah#The_fish" title="Jonah">nūn</a></i> (fish or whale) of Jonah</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">nāqat</a></i> (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAnkabūt</i> (Female <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a>)</li> <li><i>Dābbat al-Arḍ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a>)</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Wild ass</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honey#Ancient_times" title="Honey">Naḥl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qaswarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaswarah">Qaswarah</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Lion</a>', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter')</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Malāʾikah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Angels of Hell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">Zabāniyah</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Bearers of the Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li><i>Kirāman Kātibīn</i> (Honourable Scribes) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raqib" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqib">Raqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atid" title="Atid">Atid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Muqarrabun" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel#Islam" title="Archangel"><i>Muqarrabun</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jibrīl</a> (Gabriel, chief) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Ar-Rūḥ</a></i> ('The Spirit') <ul><li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn</i> ('The Trustworthy Spirit')</li> <li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus</i> ('The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Angel of the Trumpet (<a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Isrāfīl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azrael#In_Islam" title="Azrael">Malakul-Mawt</a></i> (Angel of Death, Azrael)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Islam" title="Michael (archangel)">Mīkāil</a> (Michael)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></i> (Genies)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jann_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jann (legendary creature)">Jann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ifrit#Islamic_scripture" title="Ifrit">ʿIfrīt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Sakhr</a></i> (Asmodeus)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qarīn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shayāṭīn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblīs</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Satan#Islam" title="Satan">ash-Shayṭān</a></i> (the (chief) <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Mārid</a></i> ('Rebellious one')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilmān</a></i> or <i>Wildān</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Ḥūr</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Ādam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yasa">Al-Yasa</a>ʿ (<a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayyūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dāwūd</a> (<a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Kifl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Kifl">Dhūl-Kifl</a> (Ezekiel?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Hārūn</a> (Aaron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a> (Eber?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idrīs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">Ilyās</a> (Elijah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">ʿImrān</a> (Joachim the father of Maryam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">Isḥāq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac#Muslim_views" title="Binding of Isaac">Dhabih Ullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Ṣāliḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuʿayb</a> (Jethro, Reuel or <a href="/wiki/Hobab_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobab (biblical figure)">Hobab</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulaymān</a> ibn Dāwūd (<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> son of David)</li> <li>ʿ<a href="/wiki/Uzair" title="Uzair">Uzair</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Islam" title="John the Baptist">Yaḥyā</a> ibn Zakariyyā (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> the son of Zechariah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>) <ul><li>Isrāʾīl (Israel)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>) <ul><li><i>Dhūn-Nūn</i> ('He of the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whale</a>)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)')</li> <li><i>Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt</i> ('Companion of the Whale')</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yūsuf</a> ibn Ya‘qūb (<a href="/wiki/Joseph" title="Joseph">Joseph</a> son of Jacob)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)#In_Islam" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zakariyyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulu-l-%E2%80%98Azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu-l-‘Azm">Ulul-ʿAzm</a></i><br />('Those of the<br /> Perseverance<br /> and Strong Will')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muḥammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_the_Quran" title="Muhammad in the Quran">Aḥmad</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Muhammad" title="Names and titles of Muhammad">names and titles of Muhammad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ʿĪsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Masīḥ</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>)</li> <li><i>Ibn Maryam</i> (Son of Mary)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsā Kalīmullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> He who spoke to God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> Friend of God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debatable ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhūl-Qarnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talut" title="Talut">Ṭālūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah#Islamic_views" title="Jeremiah">Irmiyā</a> (Jeremiah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel#Islam" title="Samuel">Ṣamūʾīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua#In_Islam" title="Joshua">Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn</a> (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People_of_Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People of Prophets</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Good ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adam's immediate relatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Martyred son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve#Islamic_view" title="Eve">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_the_Carpenter" title="Habib the Carpenter">Believer of Ya-Sin</a></li> <li>Family of Noah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Father Lamech</a></li> <li>Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos</li></ul></li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li>People of Abraham <ul><li>Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Ishmael's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah#In_Islam" title="Sarah">Isaac's mother</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Jesus <ul><li>Disciples (including <a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">Peter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne#In_Islam" title="Saint Anne">Mary's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)#In_Islam" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Zechariah's wife</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Solomon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba#Islam" title="Bathsheba">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Islamic" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_ibn_Barkhiya" title="Asif ibn Barkhiya">Vizier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd</a> (Muhammad's adopted son)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of<br /> Joseph</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brothers (including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin in Islam">Binyāmin</a> (Benjamin) and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>)</li> <li>Egyptians <ul><li><i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Potiphar" title="Potiphar">Potiphar</a>, Qatafir or Qittin)</li> <li><i>Malik</i> (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))</li> <li>Wife of <i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zuleikha_(tradition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuleikha (tradition)">Zulaykhah</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel#In_Islam" title="Rachel">Mother</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of <br />Aaron and Moses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egyptians <ul><li>Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)</li> <li><i>Imraʾat Firʿawn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)#In_Muslim_tradition" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Wife of Pharaoh</a>, who adopted Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam#Confrontation_with_sorcerers" title="Moses in Islam">Magicians of the Pharaoh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Wise, pious man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Moses' wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Moses' sister-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochebed#The_Islamic_view_of_Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam#Quranic_account" title="Miriam">Sister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evil ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam#Family" title="Abraham in Islam">Āzar</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Terah#Islamic_tradition" title="Terah">Terah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Firʿawn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of Moses' time)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman_(Islam)" title="Haman (Islam)">Hāmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath#Islam" title="Goliath">Jālūt</a> (Goliath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korah#Quranic_reference" title="Korah">Qārūn</a> (Korah, cousin of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samiri_(Islamic_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samiri (Islamic figure)">As-Sāmirī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Lahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Lahab">Abū Lahab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slayers_of_%E1%B9%A2%C4%81li%E1%B8%A5%27s_she-camel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (page does not exist)">Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel</a> (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied or<br />not specified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam#Balaam_in_the_Quran" title="Balaam">Bal'am/Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%E1%B9%A3%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Barṣīṣā">Barṣīṣā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb#Quranic_account" title="Caleb">Caleb or Kaleb</a> the companion of Joshua</li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li>Rahmah the wife of Ayyub</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Jannah</i> <ul><li>People of Paradise</li> <li>People of the Burnt Garden</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb as-Sabt</i> (Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Jesus' apostles</a> <ul><li><i>Ḥawāriyyūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples of Jesus</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Companions of Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm</i> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">Companions of the Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahab,_Jordan#Famous_places_in_Sahab" title="Sahab, Jordan">Al-Raqaim?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">Companions of the Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia#Al-Ukhd.C5.ABd_Archeological_Area" title="Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia">People of al-Ukhdūd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">People of Yathrib</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Lūṭ</i> (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li>Nation of Noah</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tribes,_ethnicitiesor_families" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes,<br /> ethnicities<br />or families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>‘<a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)"><i>Ar-Rūm</i></a> (literally 'The Romans')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Banī Isrāʾīl</a></i> (Children of Israel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah#Islamic" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Muʾtafikāt</a></i> (Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">People of Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">People of Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">People of Nuh</a></li> <li>People of Shuaib <ul><li><i>Ahl Madyan</i> <a href="/wiki/Midian#In_the_Qur'an" title="Midian">People of Madyan</a>)</li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Aykah</i> ('Companions of the Wood')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Qawm <a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a></i> (People of Jonah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">People of Fir'aun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)</a> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb Muḥammad</i> (<a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Anṣār</a> (literally 'Helpers')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Jamil" title="Umm Jamil">Wife of Abu Lahab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Children of Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Sons of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wife of Nuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Wife of Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog"><i>Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj</i></a> (Gog and Magog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah#Extrabiblical_sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">Son of Nuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Aʿrāb</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arabs</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a> (people of Hud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Rass" title="Companions of the Rass">Companions of the Rass</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Tubbaʿ</i> (People of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">Tubba</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">People of Sabaʾ or Sheba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamūd</a> (people of Ṣāliḥ) <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr</i> ('Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Stoneland</a>')</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Ahl al-Bayt</i><br /> ('People of the<br /> Household')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Household of Abraham <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob#Children_of_Jacob" title="Jacob">Brothers of Yūsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">Lot's daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">Progeny of Imran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Moses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Household of Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Khadijah%27s_daughters" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters">Daughters of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Salih</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implicitly<br />mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><i>Ahl as-Suffa</i> (People of the Verandah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Ahl al-Dhimmah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kāfirūn</a></i> <ul><li>disbelievers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Majūs</i> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munāfiqūn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">Hypocrites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> <ul><li>Believers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Ahl al-Kitāb</i> (<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>) <ul><li><i>Naṣārā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>(s) or People of the Injil) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Ruhban (Christian monks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest#Christianity" title="Priest">Qissis (Christian priest)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Yahūd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham" title="Hakham">Ahbār (Jewish scholars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbani/Rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians#Islamic_reference" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#Mecca" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Meccan polytheists</a> at the time of Muhammad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian polytheists</a> at the time of Abraham and Lot</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Locations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah</a></i> ('The Holy Land') <ul><li>'Blessed' Land'</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, literally 'The Garden')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Huta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Huta">Door of Hittah</a></li> <li><i>Madyan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>)</li> <li><i>Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn</i></li> <li><i>Miṣr</i> (Mainland <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li>Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> <br />(excluding Madyan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)#Historical_context" title="Hud (prophet)">Al-Aḥqāf</a></i> ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') <ul><li><i>Iram dhāt al-ʿImād</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Madīnah</a></i> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">Yathrib</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">ʿArafāt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah#The_Sacred_Monument" title="Muzdalifah">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)" title="Hegra (Mada'in Salih)">Al-Ḥijr</a></i> (Hegra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Badr, Saudi Arabia">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hunayn, Saudi Arabia">Ḥunayn</a></li> <li><i>Makkah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Ḥaraman</a> Āminan</i> ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure')</li> <li><i>Kaʿbah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqām Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Station of Abraham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a>) <ul><li><i>ʿArim Sabaʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Dam of Sheba</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rass" title="Ar Rass">Rass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Peninsula in Islam">Sinai Region</a><br /> or Tīh Desert</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wād</a> Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan</i> (The Holy <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Tuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Tuwa">Valley of Tuwa</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Wādil-Ayman</i> (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Buq%E2%80%98ah_Al-Mub%C4%81rakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah">Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah</a></i> ('The Blessed Place')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Al-Jūdiyy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Munzal_Al-Mub%C4%81rak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Munzal Al-Mubārak">Munzalanm-Mubārakan</a></i> ('Place-of-Landing Blessed')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Bābil</i> (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li> <li><i>Qaryat Yūnus</i> ('Township of <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah</a>,' that is <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Bayʿa</a></i> (Church)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Miḥrāb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a></li> <li><i>Masjid</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>, literally 'Place of <a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">Prostration</a>') <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mash%27ar_Al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mash'ar Al-Haram">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></i> ('The Sacred Grove')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a>, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Sacred Mosque</a> of Mecca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Masjid_al-Dirar" title="Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar">Masjid al-Dirar</a></li> <li>A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: <ul><li><i>Masjid Qubāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">The Prophet's Mosque</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Salat (Synagogue)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arabia <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Ḥijāz</a></i> (literally 'The Barrier') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone"><i>Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad</i></a> (Black Stone) & <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hijr_of_Ishmael" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hijr of Ishmael">Al-Hijr of Isma'il</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Hira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Hira">Cave of Hira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr#Cave" title="Jabal Thawr"><i>Ghār ath-Thawr</i></a> (Cave of the Bull)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayla (city)">Ayla</a></li> <li>Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Muqaddas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Muqaddas">Bayt al-Muqaddas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">'Ariha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia in the Quran">Bilād ar-Rāfidayn</a></i> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Location_of_the_cave_and_duration_of_stay" title="Seven Sleepers">Cave of Seven Sleepers</a></li> <li><i>Dār an-Nadwa</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River</li> <li>Palestine River</li> <li>Paradise of <a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events,_incidents,_occasions_or_times" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events, incidents, occasions or times</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incident of Ifk</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Power" title="Night of Power">Laylat al-Qadr</a></i> (Night of Decree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Mubahala">Event of Mubahala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sayl_al-%27Arim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayl al-'Arim">Sayl al-ʿArim</a></i> (Flood of the Great Dam of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a> in Sheba)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles or<br />military expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of <i>al-Aḥzāb</i></a> ('the Confederates')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk" title="Expedition of Tabuk">Expedition of Tabuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumuʿah</a></i> (The Friday)</li> <li><i>As-<a href="/wiki/Sabbath#Islam" title="Sabbath">Sabt</a></i> (The Sabbath or Saturday)</li> <li>Days of battles</li> <li>Days of Hajj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Doomsday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>12 months: Four holy months <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām</a> (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramaḍān</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pilgrimages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a></i> (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)</li> <li><i>Al-ʿ<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (The Lesser Pilgrimage)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Times for prayer<br />or remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Times for <i><a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Duʿāʾ</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a>'), <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Ṣalāh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></i> ('Remembrance', including <i><a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Taḥmīd</a></i> ('Praising'), <i><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbīr</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbīḥ</a></i>): <ul><li><i>Al-ʿAshiyy</i> (The Afternoon or the Night)</li> <li><i>Al-Ghuduww</i> ('The Mornings') <ul><li><i>Al-Bukrah</i> ('The Morning')</li> <li><i>Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ</i> ('The Morning')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-Layl</i> ('The Night') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Isha_prayer" title="Isha prayer">ʿIshāʾ</a></i> ('The Late-Night')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aẓ-<a href="/wiki/Zuhr_prayer" title="Zuhr prayer">Ẓuhr</a></i> ('The Noon')</li> <li><i>Dulūk ash-Shams</i> ('Decline of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Masāʾ</a></i> ('The Evening')</li> <li><i>Qabl al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Ghurūb</a></i> ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') <ul><li><i>Al-Aṣīl</i> ('The Afternoon')</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Asr_prayer" title="Asr prayer">ʿAṣr</a></i> ('The Afternoon')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams</i> ('Before the rising of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" title="Fajr prayer">Fajr</a></i> ('The Dawn')</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Mabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Mabit">Laylat al-Mabit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pilgrimage" title="First Pilgrimage">First Pilgrimage</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Injīl</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of Jesus)</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurʾān</a></i> (The Book of Muhammad)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham" title="Scrolls of Abraham">Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Abraham)</li> <li><i>At-<a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Tawrāt</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Moses" title="Scrolls of Moses">Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Az-<a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabūr</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> of David)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Quran" title="Heavenly Quran">Umm al-Kitāb</a></i> ('Mother of the Book(s)')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects <br />of people<br />or beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Musa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant#Quran" title="Ark of the Covenant">Tābūt as-Sakīnah</a></i> (Casket of Shekhinah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Qur'anic_account" title="Queen of Sheba">Throne of Bilqis</a></li> <li>Trumpet of Israfil</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mentioned_idols(cult_images)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned idols<br />(cult images)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>'Ansāb</li> <li><i>Jibt</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Ṭāghūt</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">False god</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Israelites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal#In_Islam" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li>The <i>ʿijl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a> statue) of Israelites</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Noah's people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Yaʿūq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Quraysh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">Al-ʿUzzā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celestial<br /> bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Maṣābīḥ</i> (literally 'lamps'): <ul><li><i>Al-Qamar</i> (The Moon)</li> <li><i>Kawākib</i> (Planets) <ul><li><i>Al-Arḍ</i> (The Earth)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Nujūm</i> (Stars) <ul><li><i>Ash-Shams</i> (The Sun)</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i>Baṣal</i> (Onion)</li> <li><i>Fūm</i> (Garlic or wheat)</li> <li><i>Shaṭʾ</i> (Shoot)</li> <li><i>Sūq</i> (Plant stem)</li> <li><i>Zarʿ</i> (Seed)</li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAdas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a>)</li> <li><i>Baql</i> (Herb)</li> <li><i>Qith-thāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">Cucumber</a>)</li> <li><i>Rummān</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a>)</li> <li><i>Tīn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">Fig</a>)</li> <li><i>Zaytūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a>)</li> <li>In Paradise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit#Islamic_tradition" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit of Adam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bushes, trees<br />or plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Plants of Sheba <ul><li><i>Athl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">Tamarisk</a>)</li> <li><i>Sidr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Celtis_australis" title="Celtis australis">Lote-tree</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Līnah</i> (Tender <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Palm tree</a>)</li> <li><i>Nakhl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidrat_al-Muntaha" title="Sidrat al-Muntaha">Sidrat al-Muntahā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaqqum" title="Zaqqum">Zaqqūm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liquids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Māʾ</i> (Water or fluid) <ul><li><i>Nahr</i> (River)</li> <li><i>Yamm</i> (River or sea)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Sharāb</i> (Drink)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jesus_footer" title="Template talk:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jesus" title="Outline of Jesus">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesus-related_topics" title="List of Jesus-related topics">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a><br />of <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Jesus's life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_of_the_birth_of_Jesus" title="Date of the birth of Jesus">Date of birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospels" title="Infancy gospels">Infancy</a> (apocryphal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_years_of_Jesus" title="Unknown years of Jesus">Unknown years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Selecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayers_of_Jesus" title="Prayers of Jesus">Prayers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_of_Jesus" title="Homelessness of Jesus">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Entry into Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Agony in the Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">Betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Sayings on the cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditions" title="Oral gospel traditions">Oral gospel traditions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">New Testament places associated with Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Mara bar Serapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Gospels</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Jesus" title="List of books about Jesus">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_Museum" title="Life of Christ Museum">Life of Christ Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Jesus" title="List of statues of Jesus">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" title="Transfiguration of Jesus in Christian art">Transfiguration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology#Person_of_Christ" title="Christology">Person of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">Pre-existence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Session of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Christ" title="Cosmic Christ">Cosmic Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">In other faiths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">In comparative mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">In the Talmud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus#Baháʼí_Faith" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus the Splendour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Jesus" title="Master Jesus">Master Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (legal father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Abdes_Pantera" title="Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera">Panthera</a> (alleged father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (traditional maternal grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> (traditional maternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heli_(biblical_figure)" title="Heli (biblical figure)">Heli</a> (paternal grandfather per Luke)</li> <li>Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_bloodline" title="Jesus bloodline">Descendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a> (traditional uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus%27s_interactions_with_women" title="Jesus's interactions with women">Interactions with women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">Rejection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Race and appearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_marital_status_of_Jesus" title="Sexuality and marital status of Jesus">Sexuality and marital status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jesus" title="Category:Jesus">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51664#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51664#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51664#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/529164721383202340005">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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