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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1781</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 167 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-167" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">167 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781_%E1%8A%A5.%E1%8A%A4.%E1%8A%A0." title="1781 እ.ኤ.አ. – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1781 እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781_%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="1781 թուական – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="1781 թուական" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B7%DB%B8%DB%B1_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۷۸۱ (میلادی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۷۸۱ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%A7" title="১৭৮১ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৭৮১" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781_n%C3%AE" title="1781 nî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1781 nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1781 йыл – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="1781 йыл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BC%A1%E0%BC%A7%E0%BC%A8%E0%BC%A1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="༡༧༨༡ལོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="༡༧༨༡ལོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781." title="1781. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1781." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781_%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="1781 ие – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1781 ие" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B7%DB%B8%DB%B1_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۷۸۱ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۱۷۸۱ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781%E5%B9%B4" title="1781年 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1781年" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781%EB%85%84" title="1781년 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1781년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A7" title="१७८१ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१७८१" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781." title="1781. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1781." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%A7" title="মারি ১৭৮১ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মারি ১৭৮১" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781-%C3%A6%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="1781-æм аз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1781-æм аз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B3%A7%E0%B3%AD%E0%B3%AE%E0%B3%A7" title="೧೭೮೧ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="೧೭೮೧" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1781 джыл – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="1781 джыл" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1781 жыл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="1781 жыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="1781-ӧд во – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1781-ӧд во" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781_(almanak_gregoryen)" title="1781 (almanak gregoryen) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="1781 (almanak gregoryen)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781_%D0%B8" title="1781 и – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="1781 и" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781._gads" title="1781. gads – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1781. gads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81" title="1781 йис – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="1781 йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781_m." title="1781 m. – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1781 m." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A7" title="१७८१ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="१७८१" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A7" title="इ.स. १७८१ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स. १७८१" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B7%DB%B8%DB%B1" title="۱۷۸۱ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۱۷۸۱" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781_ni%C3%A8ng" title="1781 nièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1781 nièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781_%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="1781 он – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="1781 он" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%87%E1%81%88%E1%81%81" title="၁၇၈၁ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၇၈၁" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A7" title="सन् १७८१ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सन् १७८१" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781%E5%B9%B4" title="1781年 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1781年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781_%D1%88%D0%BE" title="1781 шо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="1781 шо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%AD%E0%AD%AE%E0%AD%A7" title="୧୭୮୧ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୧୭୮୧" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A7" title="१७८१ – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="१७८१" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="1781 год – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1781 год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A7" title="१७८१ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="१७८१" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781%D8%B9" title="1781ع – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="1781ع" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A1%D9%A7%D9%A8%D9%A1" title="١٧٨١ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٧٨١" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781." title="1781. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1781." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781_%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="1781 ел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1781 ел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2324" title="พ.ศ. 2324 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พ.ศ. 2324" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_1781" title="Соли 1781 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соли 1781" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781%D8%A1" title="1781ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1781ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781_-_%D9%8A%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="1781 - يىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="1781 - يىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781%E5%B9%B4" title="1781年 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1781年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781%E5%B9%B4" title="1781年 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1781年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781%E5%B9%B4" title="1781年 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1781年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781" title="1781 – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="1781" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7719#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1778" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1778">1778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1779" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1779">1779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1780" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1780">1780</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/AD_1781" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1781">1781</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1782" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1782">1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1783" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1783">1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1784" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1784">1784</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Year_nav" title="Template:Year nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Year_nav" title="Template talk:Year nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Year_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Year nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/250px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/375px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/500px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1978" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/October_19" title="October 19">October 19</a>: Britain's General Cornwallis surrenders to General Washington at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a>, conceding American victory in war.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Category:1781" title="Category:1781">1781 by topic</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #f3f3f3"> Arts and science</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1781_in_archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="1781 in archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781_in_architecture" title="1781 in architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781_in_art" title="1781 in art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781_in_literature" title="1781 in literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781_in_poetry" title="1781 in poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781_in_music" title="1781 in music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781_in_science" title="1781 in science">Science</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #f3f3f3"> Countries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781_in_Austria" title="1781 in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781_in_Canada" title="1781 in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781_in_Denmark" title="1781 in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781_in_France" title="1781 in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781_in_Great_Britain" title="1781 in Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781_in_Ireland" title="1781 in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781_in_Norway" title="1781 in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781_in_Russia" title="1781 in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781_in_Scotland" title="1781 in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1781_in_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1781 in Spain (page does not exist)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781_in_Sweden" title="1781 in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781_in_the_United_States" title="1781 in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #f3f3f3"> Lists of leaders</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_1781" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state leaders in 1781">State leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_dependent_territories_in_the_18th_century" title="List of governors of dependent territories in the 18th century">Colonial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_18th-century_religious_leaders" title="List of 18th-century religious leaders">Religious leaders</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #f3f3f3"> Birth and death categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1781_births" title="Category:1781 births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1781_deaths" title="Category:1781 deaths">Deaths</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #f3f3f3"> Establishments and disestablishments categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1781_establishments" title="Category:1781 establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1781_disestablishments" title="Category:1781 disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #f3f3f3"> Works category</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1781_works" title="Category:1781 works">Works</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C18_year_in_topic" title="Template:C18 year in topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C18_year_in_topic" title="Template talk:C18 year in topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C18_year_in_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:C18 year in topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em"><caption style="font-size:125%"><span class="summary dtstart">1781 in various <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendars</a></span></caption><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a></td><td>1781<br /><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MDCCLXXXI</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></td><td>2534</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian calendar</a></td><td>1230<br />ԹՎ ՌՄԼ</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian calendar</a></td><td>6531</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Balinese saka calendar</a></td><td>1702–1703</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a></td><td>1187–1188</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber calendar</a></td><td>2731</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">British Regnal year</a></td><td>21 <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">Geo. 3</a> – 22 <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">Geo. 3</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendar</a></td><td>2325</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese calendar</a></td><td>1143</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a></td><td>7289–7290</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">庚子</a>年 (Metal <a href="/wiki/Rat_(zodiac)" title="Rat (zodiac)">Rat</a>)<br />4478 or 4271<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />辛丑年 (Metal <a href="/wiki/Ox_(zodiac)" title="Ox (zodiac)">Ox</a>)<br />4479 or 4272</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></td><td>1497–1498</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian calendar</a></td><td>2947</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a></td><td>1773–1774</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></td><td>5541–5542</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendars</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></i></td><td>1837–1838</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Shaka Samvat</a></i></td><td>1702–1703</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></i></td><td>4881–4882</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene calendar</a></td><td>11781</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo calendar</a></td><td>781–782</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian calendar</a></td><td>1159–1160</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></td><td>1195–1196</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/An%27ei" title="An'ei">An'ei</a> 10 / <a href="/wiki/Tenmei" title="Tenmei">Tenmei</a> 1<br />(天明元年)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese calendar</a></td><td>1706–1707</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a></td><td>Gregorian minus 11 days</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean calendar</a></td><td>4114</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Minguo_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Minguo calendar">Minguo calendar</a></td><td>131 before <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">ROC</a><br />民前131年</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></td><td>313</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Thai solar calendar</a></td><td>2323–2324</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan calendar</a></td><td>阳金鼠年<br />(male Iron-<a href="/wiki/Rat_(zodiac)" title="Rat (zodiac)">Rat</a>)<br />1907 or 1526 or 754<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />阴金牛年<br />(female Iron-<a href="/wiki/Ox_(zodiac)" title="Ox (zodiac)">Ox</a>)<br />1908 or 1527 or 755</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1781" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:1781">1781</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuadro_por_espa%C3%B1a_y_por_el_rey,_Galvez_en_America.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Cuadro_por_espa%C3%B1a_y_por_el_rey%2C_Galvez_en_America.jpg/220px-Cuadro_por_espa%C3%B1a_y_por_el_rey%2C_Galvez_en_America.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Cuadro_por_espa%C3%B1a_y_por_el_rey%2C_Galvez_en_America.jpg/330px-Cuadro_por_espa%C3%B1a_y_por_el_rey%2C_Galvez_en_America.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Cuadro_por_espa%C3%B1a_y_por_el_rey%2C_Galvez_en_America.jpg/440px-Cuadro_por_espa%C3%B1a_y_por_el_rey%2C_Galvez_en_America.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1871" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/March_9" title="March 9">March 9</a>: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Siege of Pensacola</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranus_with_rings_PIA01280.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Uranus_with_rings_PIA01280.jpg/250px-Uranus_with_rings_PIA01280.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Uranus_with_rings_PIA01280.jpg/330px-Uranus_with_rings_PIA01280.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Uranus_with_rings_PIA01280.jpg/440px-Uranus_with_rings_PIA01280.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/March_13" title="March 13">March 13</a>: <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> is discovered.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataille_de_Yorktown_by_Auguste_Couder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bataille_de_Yorktown_by_Auguste_Couder.jpg/250px-Bataille_de_Yorktown_by_Auguste_Couder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bataille_de_Yorktown_by_Auguste_Couder.jpg/330px-Bataille_de_Yorktown_by_Auguste_Couder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bataille_de_Yorktown_by_Auguste_Couder.jpg/500px-Bataille_de_Yorktown_by_Auguste_Couder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3437" data-file-height="2897" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/September_28" title="September 28">September 28</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a> begins.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>1781</b> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">MDCCLXXXI</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Monday" title="Common year starting on Monday">common year starting on Monday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Friday" title="Common year starting on Friday">common year starting on Friday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, the 1781st year of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a> (CE) and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a></i></span> (AD) designations, the 781st year of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a>, the 81st year of the <a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th century</a>, and the 2nd year of the <a href="/wiki/1780s" title="1780s">1780s</a> decade. As of the start of 1781, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. </p><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calendar year</div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1781&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January–March"><span id="January.E2.80.93March"></span>January–March</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1781&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: January–March"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January" title="January">January</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Great Britain">Prime Minister of Great Britain</a>, enters <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a>, aged 21.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Bridge" title="The Iron Bridge">The Iron Bridge</a> opens across the <a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">River Severn</a> in England.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassell's_Chronology333334_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology333334-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2" title="January 2">January 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> passes a law ceding its <a href="/wiki/Western_land_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="Western land claims">western land claims</a>, paving the way for <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> to ratify the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_5" title="January 5">January 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a> is <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Richmond" title="Raid on Richmond">burned</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> naval forces, led by <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6" title="January 6">January 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jersey" title="Battle of Jersey">Battle of Jersey</a>: British troops prevent the French from occupying <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_17" title="January 17">January 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Battle of Cowpens</a>: The American <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Morgan" title="Daniel Morgan">Daniel Morgan</a>, decisively defeats British forces in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a> – The Articles of Confederation are ratified by <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, the 13th and final state to do so.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_3" title="February 3">February 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a> – <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Capture of Sint Eustatius">Capture of Sint Eustatius</a>: British forces take the Dutch Caribbean island of <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a>, with only a few shots fired. On <a href="/wiki/November_26" title="November 26">November 26</a> it is retaken by Dutch-allied French forces.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March" title="March">March</a> – <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Riots</a> break out in <a href="/wiki/Socorro,_Santander" title="Socorro, Santander">Socorro, Santander</a>, and spread to other towns.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1" title="March 1">March 1</a> – The United States <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> implements the Articles of Confederation, forming its Perpetual Union as the United States in Congress Assembled.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_13" title="March 13">March 13</a> – Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> discovers the <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>. Originally he calls it <i>Georgium Sidus</i> (George's Star), in honour of King <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III of Great Britain</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_15" title="March 15">March 15</a> – American Revolutionary War – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Battle of Guilford Court House</a>: American General <a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Nathanael Greene</a> loses to the British.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> arrives in Vienna after being fired by the <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_von_Colloredo" title="Hieronymus von Colloredo">Archbishop of Salzburg</a>. He would stay there for the rest of his brief life.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="April–June"><span id="April.E2.80.93June"></span>April–June</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1781&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: April–June"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_4" title="April 4">April 4</a> – American Revolutionary War: The Spanish <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_St._Fermin" title="Capture of HMS St. Fermin">capture</a> the <a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloop-of-war</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_St_Fermin_(1780)" title="HMS St Fermin (1780)">HMS <i>St Fermin</i></a> off <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>, Spain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_6" title="April 6">April 6</a> – The rebellion by <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a>, against the Spanish colonial government of Peru, is ended as Tupac, his wife and two of his sons are captured at <a href="/wiki/Checacupe_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Checacupe District">Checacupe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_10" title="April 10">April 10</a> – Future U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, age 14, is slashed by a British officer's sword at his home near <a href="/wiki/Waxhaw,_North_Carolina" title="Waxhaw, North Carolina">Waxhaw, North Carolina</a>, after refusing to clean the officer's boots, an event that leaves physical and psychological scars.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_14" title="April 14">April 14</a> – The Continental Congress votes a resolution thanking U.S. Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a> for his services.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_18" title="April 18">April 18</a> – Future New York mayor <a href="/wiki/James_Duane" title="James Duane">James Duane</a>, North Carolina representative <a href="/wiki/William_Sharpe_(North_Carolina_politician)" title="William Sharpe (North Carolina politician)">William Sharpe</a> and future Connecticut governor <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott" title="Oliver Wolcott">Oliver Wolcott</a> deliver the first report to the U.S. Continental Congress about the national debt and report it to be 24,057,157 and 2/5 dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a> – American Revolutionary War: The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hobkirk%27s_Hill" title="Battle of Hobkirk's Hill">Battle of Hobkirk's Hill</a> takes place in <a href="/wiki/Camden,_South_Carolina" title="Camden, South Carolina">Camden, South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_9" title="May 9">May 9</a> – General <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_of_Strachur" title="John Campbell, of Strachur">John Campbell</a>, defender of the British colony of <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a>, surrenders the capital at <a href="/wiki/Pensacola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pensacola">Pensacola</a> to Spanish forces commanded by <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_Galvez" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernardo de Galvez">Bernardo de Galvez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a> – A Spanish army sent from <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> puts down the Inca rebellions, and captures and savagely executes <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_4" title="June 4">June 4</a> – The commission<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2013)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> agrees to the rebels'<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2013)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> terms: reduction of the <a href="/wiki/Alcabala" title="Alcabala">alcabala</a> and of the Indians' forced tribute, abolition of the new taxes on tobacco, and preference for <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollos</a> over <a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">peninsulares</a> in government positions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_12" title="June 12">June 12</a> – <i>Ohmiya</i> (近江屋), as predecessor for <a href="/wiki/Takeda_Pharmaceutical_Company" title="Takeda Pharmaceutical Company">Takeda</a>, a major worldwide <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceutical</a> <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand</a>, is founded in Doshomachi (道修町), <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July–September"><span id="July.E2.80.93September"></span>July–September</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1781&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: July–September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_27" title="July 27">July 27</a> – French spy <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henri_de_la_Motte" title="François Henri de la Motte">François Henri de la Motte</a> is <a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">hanged and drawn</a> before a large crowd at <a href="/wiki/Tyburn" title="Tyburn">Tyburn</a>, London in England for <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_29" title="July 29">July 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> – Skirmish at the House in the Horseshoe: A Tory force under <a href="/wiki/David_Fanning_(loyalist)" title="David Fanning (loyalist)">David Fanning</a> attacks Phillip Alston's smaller force of <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Whigs</a>, at Alston's home in <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_North_Carolina" title="Cumberland County, North Carolina">Cumberland County, North Carolina</a> (in present day <a href="/wiki/Moore_County,_North_Carolina" title="Moore County, North Carolina">Moore County, North Carolina</a>). Alston's troops surrender, after Fanning's men attempt to ram the house with a cart of burning straw.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_30" title="August 30">August 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>: A French fleet under <a href="/wiki/Comte_de_Grasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Comte de Grasse">Comte de Grasse</a> enters <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>, cutting British General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis</a> off from escape by sea.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_4" title="September 4">September 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> is founded as <i><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_de_Los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Pueblo de Los Ángeles">El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de Los Ángeles de Porciuncula</a></i> ("City of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels of Porciuncula"), by a group of 44 Spanish settlers in California.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BattleOfVirginiaCapes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/BattleOfVirginiaCapes.jpg/250px-BattleOfVirginiaCapes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/BattleOfVirginiaCapes.jpg/330px-BattleOfVirginiaCapes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/BattleOfVirginiaCapes.jpg/500px-BattleOfVirginiaCapes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4963" data-file-height="3115" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/September_5" title="September 5">September 5</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Battle of the Chesapeake</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_5" title="September 5">September 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Battle of the Chesapeake</a>: A British fleet under <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graves,_1st_Baron_Graves" title="Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves">Thomas Graves</a> arrives and fights de Grasse, but is unable to break through to relieve the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_6" title="September 6">September 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Groton_Heights" title="Battle of Groton Heights">Battle of Groton Heights</a>: A British force under <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a> attacks a fort in <a href="/wiki/Groton,_Connecticut" title="Groton, Connecticut">Groton, Connecticut</a>, achieving a strategic victory.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_8" title="September 8">September 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eutaw_Springs" title="Battle of Eutaw Springs">Battle of Eutaw Springs</a>, South Carolina: The war's last significant battle, in the Southern theatre, ends in a narrow British tactical victory.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_10" title="September 10">September 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>: Graves gives up trying to break through the now-reinforced French fleet and returns to New York, leaving Cornwallis to his fate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_28" title="September 28">September 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>: American and French troops begin a siege of the British at Yorktown, Virginia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October–December"><span id="October.E2.80.93December"></span>October–December</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1781&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: October–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_12" title="October 12">October 12</a> – The first <a href="/wiki/Bagpipes" title="Bagpipes">bagpipes</a> competition is held in the Masonic Arms, <a href="/wiki/Falkirk" title="Falkirk">Falkirk</a>, Scotland.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_19" title="October 19">October 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>: Following the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis</a> surrenders to General <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia" title="Yorktown, Virginia">Yorktown, Virginia</a>, ending the armed struggle of the American Revolution.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_20" title="October 20">October 20</a> – A <a href="/wiki/Patent_of_Toleration" title="Patent of Toleration">Patent of Toleration</a>, providing limited <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of worship</a>, is approved in the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_5" title="November 5">November 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">John Hanson</a> is elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">President of the Continental Congress</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_29" title="November 29">November 29</a> <ul><li>English <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave traders</a> begin to throw approximately 142 slaves taken on in <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a> overboard alive from the <a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">slave ship</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Zong_massacre" title="Zong massacre">Zong</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> to conserve supplies for the remainder; the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> owners subsequently attempt to reclaim part of their value from insurers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hurle" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Hurle">Henry Hurle</a> officially founds the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Order_of_Druids" title="Ancient Order of Druids">Ancient Order of Druids</a> in London, England.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December" title="December">December</a> – A school is founded in <a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Washington County, Pennsylvania">Washington County, Pennsylvania</a> that will later be known as <a href="/wiki/Washington_%26_Jefferson_College" title="Washington & Jefferson College">Washington & Jefferson College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_12" title="December 12">December 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1781)" title="Battle of Ushant (1781)">Second Battle of Ushant</a>: The British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, commanded by Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kempenfelt" title="Richard Kempenfelt">Richard Kempenfelt</a> in <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">HMS <i>Victory</i></a>, decisively defeats the French fleet in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_unknown">Date unknown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1781&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor</a> abolishes <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_North_America" title="Bank of North America">Bank of North America</a> is chartered by the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Messier" title="Charles Messier">Charles Messier</a> publishes the final catalog of <a href="/wiki/Messier_object" title="Messier object">Messier objects</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a> discovers <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> publishes his <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i>.</li> <li>Reverend <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Peters_(clergyman)" title="Samuel Peters (clergyman)">Samuel Peters</a> publishes his <i>General History of Connecticut</i>, using the term <a href="/wiki/Blue_law" title="Blue law">blue law</a> for the first time.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Exeter_Academy" title="Phillips Exeter Academy">Phillips Exeter Academy</a> is founded in <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1781&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Births"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_26" title="January 26">January 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">Achim von Arnim</a>, German novelist and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_30" title="January 30">January 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adelbert_von_Chamisso" title="Adelbert von Chamisso">Adelbert von Chamisso</a>, German poet and scientist (d. <a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_17" title="February 17">February 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Laennec" title="René Laennec">René Laennec</a>, French physician and inventor (d. <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1" title="March 1">March 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Javiera_Carrera" title="Javiera Carrera">Javiera Carrera</a>, Chilean independence campaigner (d. <a href="/wiki/1862" title="1862">1862</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_4" title="March 4">March 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Gratz" title="Rebecca Gratz">Rebecca Gratz</a>, American educator, philanthropist (d. <a href="/wiki/1869" title="1869">1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_13" title="March 13">March 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel" title="Karl Friedrich Schinkel">Karl Friedrich Schinkel</a>, German architect, painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1841" title="1841">1841</a>)</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Swaminarayan_writing_the_Shikshapatri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lord_Swaminarayan_writing_the_Shikshapatri.jpg/120px-Lord_Swaminarayan_writing_the_Shikshapatri.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lord_Swaminarayan_writing_the_Shikshapatri.jpg/165px-Lord_Swaminarayan_writing_the_Shikshapatri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lord_Swaminarayan_writing_the_Shikshapatri.jpg/220px-Lord_Swaminarayan_writing_the_Shikshapatri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_3" title="April 3">April 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a>, Indian Hindu reformer and deity (d. <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_9" title="May 9">May 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henri_Cassini" title="Henri Cassini">Henri Cassini</a>, French botanist and naturalist (d. <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a>)</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GeorgeStephenson.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GeorgeStephenson.PNG/120px-GeorgeStephenson.PNG" decoding="async" width="110" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GeorgeStephenson.PNG/250px-GeorgeStephenson.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="1094" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson">George Stephenson</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_9" title="June 9">June 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson">George Stephenson</a>, English engineer, designer of railway locomotives <a href="/wiki/Locomotion_No._1" title="Locomotion No. 1"><i>Locomotion</i> No. 1</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stephenson%27s_Rocket" title="Stephenson's Rocket">Rocket</a></i> (d. <a href="/wiki/1848" title="1848">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson" title="Siméon Denis Poisson">Siméon Denis Poisson</a>, French mathematician, physicist (d. <a href="/wiki/1840" title="1840">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_6" title="July 6">July 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" title="Stamford Raffles">Stamford Raffles</a>, English founder of Singapore (d. <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Sloat" title="John D. Sloat">John D. Sloat</a>, American naval officer (d. <a href="/wiki/1867" title="1867">1867</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_27" title="July 27">July 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mauro_Giuliani" title="Mauro Giuliani">Mauro Giuliani</a>, Italian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_3" title="September 3">September 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Eugène de Beauharnais</a>, French nobleman, son of Napoleon's wife <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1824" title="1824">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_5" title="September 5">September 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anton_Diabelli" title="Anton Diabelli">Anton Diabelli</a>, Austrian music publisher, editor and composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1858" title="1858">1858</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_5" title="October 5">October 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bolzano" title="Bernard Bolzano">Bernard Bolzano</a>, Czech philosopher and mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1848" title="1848">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_22" title="October 22">October 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1789" title="1789">1789</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Karl_Stieler" title="Joseph Karl Stieler">Joseph Karl Stieler</a>, German painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1858" title="1858">1858</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_6" title="November 6">November 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Aikin" title="Lucy Aikin">Lucy Aikin</a>, English writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1864" title="1864">1864</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Bandula" title="Maha Bandula">Maha Bandula</a>, Commander-in-chief of the Burmese military forces (d. <a href="/wiki/1825" title="1825">1825</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_20" title="November 20">November 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Eichhorn" title="Karl Friedrich Eichhorn">Karl Friedrich Eichhorn</a>, German jurist (d. <a href="/wiki/1854" title="1854">1854</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_29" title="November 29">November 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Andrés Bello</a>, Venezuelan poet, lawmaker, teacher, philosopher, sociologist (d. <a href="/wiki/1865" title="1865">1865</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_30" title="November 30">November 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berry" title="Alexander Berry">Alexander Berry</a>, Scottish adventurer, Australian pioneer (d. <a href="/wiki/1873" title="1873">1873</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_11" title="December 11">December 11</a> – Sir <a href="/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">David Brewster</a>, Scottish physicist (d. <a href="/wiki/1868" title="1868">1868</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_unknown_2">Date unknown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1781&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A9_B%C3%A9lair" title="Sanité Bélair">Sanité Bélair</a>, Haitian national heroine (d. <a href="/wiki/1802" title="1802">1802</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a>, Bengali Islamic scholar (d. <a href="/wiki/1840" title="1840">1840</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-JPHS_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPHS-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Williams_of_Wern" title="William Williams of Wern">William Williams of Wern</a>, Welsh minister (d. <a href="/wiki/1840" title="1840">1840</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1781&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_12" title="January 12">January 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Challoner" title="Richard Challoner">Richard Challoner</a>, English Catholic prelate (b. <a href="/wiki/1691" title="1691">1691</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_15" title="January 15">January 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Victoria_of_Spain" title="Mariana Victoria of Spain">Mariana Victoria of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen consort of Portugal">Queen consort of Portugal</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1718" title="1718">1718</a>)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing.PNG/120px-Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing.PNG" decoding="async" width="110" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing.PNG/250px-Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_15" title="February 15">February 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a>, German author, philosopher (b. <a href="/wiki/1729" title="1729">1729</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_23" title="February 23">February 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Taylor_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="George Taylor (Pennsylvania politician)">George Taylor</a>, Founding Father of the United States and signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1716" title="1716">1716</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_17" title="March 17">March 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ewald" title="Johannes Ewald">Johannes Ewald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_literature" title="Danish literature">Danish</a> national dramatist and poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1743" title="1743">1743</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_18" title="March 18">March 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Turgot" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Robert Turgot">Anne Robert Turgot</a>, French statesman (b. <a href="/wiki/1727" title="1727">1727</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_23" title="April 23">April 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_Abercrombie_(British_Army_general)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Abercrombie (British Army general)">James Abercrombie</a>, British general (b. <a href="/wiki/1706" title="1706">1706</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_28" title="April 28">April 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Harnett" title="Cornelius Harnett">Cornelius Harnett</a>, American delegate to the Continental Congress (b. <a href="/wiki/1723" title="1723">1723</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_3" title="May 3">May 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Roe" title="Charles Roe">Charles Roe</a>, English businessman (b. <a href="/wiki/1715" title="1715">1715</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_16" title="May 16">May 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini_(senior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giacomo Puccini (senior)">Giacomo Puccini (senior)</a>, Italian composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1712" title="1712">1712</a>)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Condorcanqui.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Condorcanqui.jpg/120px-Condorcanqui.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Condorcanqui.jpg/250px-Condorcanqui.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="1256" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a>, Peruvian indigenous rebel leader (b. <a href="/wiki/1742" title="1742">1742</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Micaela_Bastidas_Puyucahua" class="mw-redirect" title="Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua">Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua</a>, Peruvian indigenous rebel leader (b. <a href="/wiki/1745" title="1745">1745</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_27" title="May 27">May 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Beccaria" title="Giovanni Battista Beccaria">Giovanni Battista Beccaria</a>, Italian physicist (b. <a href="/wiki/1716" title="1716">1716</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_30" title="May 30">May 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Conder" title="John Conder">John Conder</a>, Independent English minister at Cambridge (b. <a href="/wiki/1714" title="1714">1714</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_18" title="July 18">July 18</a> – Padre <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Garc%C3%A9s" title="Francisco Garcés">Francisco Garcés</a>, Spanish missionary (killed) (b. <a href="/wiki/1738" title="1738">1738</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_23" title="July 23">July 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Joachim_Zubly" title="John Joachim Zubly">John Joachim Zubly</a>, Swiss-born Continental Congressman (b. <a href="/wiki/1724" title="1724">1724</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_16" title="August 16">August 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Broglie,_marquis_de_Ruffec" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles-François de Broglie, marquis de Ruffec">Charles-François de Broglie, marquis de Ruffec</a>, French soldier and diplomat (b. <a href="/wiki/1719" title="1719">1719</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_7" title="September 7">September 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lord_Richard_Cavendish_(1752%E2%80%931781)" title="Lord Richard Cavendish (1752–1781)">Lord Richard Cavendish (1752–1781)</a>, second son of William Cavendish (b. <a href="/wiki/1752" title="1752">1752</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">September 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johann_August_Ernesti" title="Johann August Ernesti">Johann August Ernesti</a>, German theologian and philologist (b. <a href="/wiki/1707" title="1707">1707</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_12" title="September 12">September 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Scheemakers" title="Peter Scheemakers">Peter Scheemakers</a>, Flemish sculptor (b. <a href="/wiki/1691" title="1691">1691</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_28" title="September 28">September 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Nassau_de_Zuylestein,_4th_Earl_of_Rochford" title="William Nassau de Zuylestein, 4th Earl of Rochford">William Nassau de Zuylestein, 4th Earl of Rochford</a>, British diplomat, statesman (b. <a href="/wiki/1717" title="1717">1717</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_16" title="October 16">October 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hawke,_1st_Baron_Hawke" title="Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke">Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke</a>, British naval officer (b. <a href="/wiki/1705" title="1705">1705</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">November 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nikolaus_G%C3%B6tz" title="Johann Nikolaus Götz">Johann Nikolaus Götz</a>, German poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1721" title="1721">1721</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Morris_(surveyor_general)" title="Charles Morris (surveyor general)">Charles Morris</a>, Canadian judge (b. <a href="/wiki/1711" title="1711">1711</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_21" title="November 21">November 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_Count_of_Maurepas" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas">Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas</a>, French statesman (b. <a href="/wiki/1701" title="1701">1701</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2" title="December 2">December 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zen%C3%B3n_de_Somodevilla,_1st_Marqu%C3%A9s_de_la_Ensenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenón de Somodevilla, 1st Marqués de la Ensenada">Zenón de Somodevilla, 1st Marqués de la Ensenada</a>, Spanish noble (b. <a href="/wiki/1702" title="1702">1702</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_30" title="December 30">December 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Needham" title="John Needham">John Needham</a>, British biologist and priest (b. <a href="/wiki/1713" title="1713">1713</a>)</li> <li>December – <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mont%C3%B3n_y_Mall%C3%A9n" title="Juan Montón y Mallén">Juan Montón y Mallén</a>, composer (b. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1730</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_unknown_3">Date unknown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1781&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Conrad_Schwach" title="Samuel Conrad Schwach">Samuel Conrad Schwach</a>, Norwegian newspaper publisher (b. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1731</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1781&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology333334-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cassell's_Chronology333334_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Hywel (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/333"><i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i></a></span>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/333">333–334</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8"><bdi>0-304-35730-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassell%27s+Chronology+of+World+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=333-334&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-304-35730-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Hywel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcassellschronolo0000will%2Fpage%2F333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1781" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Penguin Pocket On This Day</i>. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-102715-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-102715-0"><bdi>0-14-102715-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penguin+Pocket+On+This+Day&rft.pub=Penguin+Reference+Library&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-14-102715-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1781" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Rebellion of Tupac-Amaru II", in <i>The Hispanic American Historical Review</i> (February 1919) p20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William J. Bennett and John T.E. Cribb, <i>The American Patriot's Almanac: Daily Readings on America</i> (Thomas Nelson, Inc. 2013) p125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"John Paul Jones and Our First Triumphs on the Sea", in <i>The American Monthly Review of Reviews</i> (July 1905) p42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Bushnell Hart, ed., <i>American History Told by Contemporaries</i> (Macmillan, 1908) p600</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Lee Lannin, <i>African Americans in the Revolutionary War</i> (Citadel Press, 2005) p86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070909012414/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/launch_tl_british.shtml">"BBC History British History Timeline"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/launch_tl_british.shtml">the original</a> on September 9, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+History+British+History+Timeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Flaunch_tl_british.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1781" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708173722/http://www.washjeff.edu/content.aspx?section=372&menu_id=133&crumb=137&id=54">"History & Facts"</a>. Washington & Jefferson College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washjeff.edu/content.aspx?section=372&menu_id=133&crumb=137&id=54">the original</a> on July 8, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%26+Facts&rft.pub=Washington+%26+Jefferson+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washjeff.edu%2Fcontent.aspx%3Fsection%3D372%26menu_id%3D133%26crumb%3D137%26id%3D54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1781" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilmanPeckColby1905" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman" title="Daniel Coit Gilman">Gilman, D. C.</a>; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Arnim, Ludwig Joachim von"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Arnim,_Ludwig_Joachim_von">"Arnim, Ludwig Joachim von" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arnim%2C+Ludwig+Joachim+von&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1781" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEva_R._TrautmannAdelbert_von_Chamisso1986" class="citation book cs1">Eva R. Trautmann; Adelbert von Chamisso (1986). <i>The Alaska diary of Adelbert von Chamisso, naturalist on the Kotzebue voyage, 1815-1818</i>. Cook Inlet Historical Society. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alaska+diary+of+Adelbert+von+Chamisso%2C+naturalist+on+the+Kotzebue+voyage%2C+1815-1818&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cook+Inlet+Historical+Society&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Eva+R.+Trautmann&rft.au=Adelbert+von+Chamisso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1781" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarnsberger1997" class="citation book cs1">Harnsberger, Lindsey (1997). <i>Essential dictionary of music: definitions, composers, theory, instrument & vocal ranges</i>. Los Angeles: Alfred Pub. Co. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780882847283" title="Special:BookSources/9780882847283"><bdi>9780882847283</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+dictionary+of+music%3A+definitions%2C+composers%2C+theory%2C+instrument+%26+vocal+ranges&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Alfred+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780882847283&rft.aulast=Harnsberger&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1781" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeonard1954" class="citation journal cs1">Leonard, Irving A. (1954). "Andrés Bello (1781-1865), National Hero". <i>The Hispanic American Historical Review</i>. <b>34</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">502–</span>505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2509082">10.2307/2509082</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2168">0018-2168</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2509082">2509082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Andr%C3%A9s+Bello+%281781-1865%29%2C+National+Hero&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E502-%3C%2Fspan%3E505&rft.date=1954&rft.issn=0018-2168&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2509082%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2509082&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Irving+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1781" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JPHS-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JPHS_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhan1963" class="citation journal cs1">Khan, Moin-Ud-Din (April 1, 1963). "Haji Shari'at-Allah". <i>Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 106. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1301938794">1301938794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Pakistan+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Haji+Shari%27at-Allah&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=106&rft.date=1963-04-01&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Moin-Ud-Din&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1781" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYasukata2002" class="citation book cs1">Yasukata, Toshimasa (2002). <i>Lessing's philosophy of religion and the German enlightenment: Lessing on Christianity and reason</i>. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198033103" title="Special:BookSources/9780198033103"><bdi>9780198033103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lessing%27s+philosophy+of+religion+and+the+German+enlightenment%3A+Lessing+on+Christianity+and+reason&rft.place=Oxford+New+York&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780198033103&rft.aulast=Yasukata&rft.aufirst=Toshimasa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1781" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/dandig19/0087.html">"Johannes Ewald"</a>. <i>Illustreret dansk Literaturhistorie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Illustreret+dansk+Literaturhistorie&rft.atitle=Johannes+Ewald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fdandig19%2F0087.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1781" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlemme2016" class="citation book cs1">Klemme, Heiner (2016). <i>The Bloomsbury dictionary of eighteenth-century German philosophers</i>. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474255981" title="Special:BookSources/9781474255981"><bdi>9781474255981</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bloomsbury+dictionary+of+eighteenth-century+German+philosophers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+Plc&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781474255981&rft.aulast=Klemme&rft.aufirst=Heiner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1781" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/G%C3%B6tz,_Johann_Nikolaus" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Götz, Johann Nikolaus">Götz, Johann Nikolaus</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=G%C3%B6tz%2C+Johann+Nikolaus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1781" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonio Ezquerro Esteban, <i>Música instrumental en las catedrales españolas en la época ... </i>- 2004 - Page 47 Institució Milà i Fontanals. Departament de Musicologia "En Diciembre de 1781 había fallecido el maestro de capilla de la Catedral de Segovia (que antes lo fuera de Albarracín), Juan Montón y Mallén. Al año siguiente se eligió ahí para cubrir la vacante a Pedro Aranaz y Vides, ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKalleklev2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kalleklev, Katrine (June 18, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/Samuel_Conrad_Schwach">"Samuel Conrad Schwach"</a>. <i>Store norske leksikon</i> (in Norwegian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Store+norske+leksikon&rft.atitle=Samuel+Conrad+Schwach&rft.date=2024-06-18&rft.aulast=Kalleklev&rft.aufirst=Katrine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2FSamuel_Conrad_Schwach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1781" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1781&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_BlairJ._Willoughby_Rosse1856" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_(priest)" title="John Blair (priest)">John Blair</a>; J. Willoughby Rosse (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/loc.ark:/13960/t6349vh5n?urlappend=%3Bseq=696">"1781"</a>. <i>Blair's Chronological Tables</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Henry_George_Bohn" title="Henry George Bohn">H.G. Bohn</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Floc.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft6349vh5n?urlappend=%3Bseq=696">2027/loc.ark:/13960/t6349vh5n</a> – via Hathi Trust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1781&rft.btitle=Blair%27s+Chronological+Tables&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H.G.+Bohn&rft.date=1856&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Floc.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft6349vh5n%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D696&rft.au=John+Blair&rft.au=J.+Willoughby+Rosse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Floc.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft6349vh5n%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1781" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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