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about the Soviet GRU. For the Russian GRU, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">GRU (Russian Federation)</a>. </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> <p><b>Main Intelligence Directorate</b> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Главное разведывательное управление</span></span>, <small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Glavnoye razvedyvatel'noye upravleniye</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈglavnəjə<span class="wrap"> </span>rɐzˈvʲɛdɨvətʲɪlʲnəjə<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊprɐˈvlʲenʲɪjə]</a></span>), abbreviated <b>GRU</b> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">ГРУ</span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ɡɨ̞‿rɨ̞‿ˈu]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[gru]</a></span>), was the foreign <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a> agency of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Soviet_Armed_Forces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces">General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces</a> until 1991. For a few months it was also the foreign military intelligence agency of the newly established <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Federation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> until 7 May 1992 when it was dissolved and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">Russian GRU</a> took over its activities.</p> <table class="infobox"> <caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;"> Main Intelligence Directorate </caption> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Glavnoje Razvedyvatel'noje Upravlenije<br> ГРУ СССР<br> Главное разведывательное управление</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Red_star.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Red_star.svg/220px-Red_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Red_star.svg/330px-Red_star.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Red_star.svg/440px-Red_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="1175"></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th> <td class="infobox-data">5 November 1918<br><span style="font-size:85%;">as Registration Agency; <b>GRU</b> since 1942</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agencies</th> <td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Fifth Department of the Russian Imperial Chief of Staff</li> <li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Expedition for Secret Affairs</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissolved</th> <td class="infobox-data">7 May 1992</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Superseding agency</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">GRU (Russian Federation)</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Red_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> (1918–1946)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> (1946–1991)</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th> <td class="infobox-data">Moscow</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th> <td class="infobox-data">Classified</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th> <td class="infobox-data">Classified</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)">Ministry of Defense</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Child agencies</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spetsnaz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Russian_National_Guard_special_forces" title="Spetsnaz">Osnaz</a></li> <li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Plough.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Plough.svg/220px-Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Plough.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Plough.svg/330px-Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Plough.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Plough.svg/440px-Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Plough.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100"></a> <figcaption> The emblem of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revolutionary_Military_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revolutionary Military Council">RVS</a> </figcaption> </figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Activities"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Activities</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Directors"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Directors</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Personnel"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Personnel</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Defectors"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Defectors</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Agents"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Agents</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%22Illegals%22"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">"Illegals"</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Naval_agents"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Naval agents</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_654319_Showpiece_of_exhibition_dedicated_to_80th_anniversary_of_Russian_foreign_intelligence_service.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/RIAN_archive_654319_Showpiece_of_exhibition_dedicated_to_80th_anniversary_of_Russian_foreign_intelligence_service.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_654319_Showpiece_of_exhibition_dedicated_to_80th_anniversary_of_Russian_foreign_intelligence_service.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="1024"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 297px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/RIAN_archive_654319_Showpiece_of_exhibition_dedicated_to_80th_anniversary_of_Russian_foreign_intelligence_service.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_654319_Showpiece_of_exhibition_dedicated_to_80th_anniversary_of_Russian_foreign_intelligence_service.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="297" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/RIAN_archive_654319_Showpiece_of_exhibition_dedicated_to_80th_anniversary_of_Russian_foreign_intelligence_service.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_654319_Showpiece_of_exhibition_dedicated_to_80th_anniversary_of_Russian_foreign_intelligence_service.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/RIAN_archive_654319_Showpiece_of_exhibition_dedicated_to_80th_anniversary_of_Russian_foreign_intelligence_service.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_654319_Showpiece_of_exhibition_dedicated_to_80th_anniversary_of_Russian_foreign_intelligence_service.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Showpiece of exhibition dedicated to 80th anniversary of Russian foreign intelligence service </figcaption> </figure> <p>The GRU's first predecessor in Russia formed on October 21, 1918 by secret order under the sponsorship of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leon_Trotsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> (then the civilian leader of the Red Army), signed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jukums_V%C4%81cietis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jukums Vācietis">Jukums Vācietis</a>, the first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commander-in-chief?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Red_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> (RKKA), and by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ephraim_Sklyansky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ephraim Sklyansky">Ephraim Sklyansky</a>, deputy to Trotsky;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was originally known as the Registration Directorate (<i>Registrupravlenie</i>, or RU). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Semyon_Aralov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Semyon Aralov">Semyon Aralov</a> was its first head. In his history of the early years of the GRU, Raymond W. Leonard writes:</p> <blockquote> <p>As originally established, the Registration Department was not directly subordinate to the General Staff (at the time called the Red Army Field Staff – <i>Polevoi Shtab</i>). Administratively, it was the Third Department of the Field Staff's Operations Directorate. In July 1920, the RU was made the second of four main departments in the Operations Directorate. Until 1921, it was usually called the <i>Registrupr</i> (Registration Department). That year, following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish–Soviet War">Soviet–Polish War</a>, it was elevated in status to become the Second (Intelligence) Directorate of the Red Army Staff, and was thereafter known as the <i>Razvedupr</i>. This probably resulted from its new primary peacetime responsibilities as the main source of foreign intelligence for the Soviet leadership. As part of a major re-organization of the Red Army, sometime in 1925 or 1926 the RU (then Razvedyvatelnoe Upravlenye) became the Fourth (Intelligence) Directorate of the Red Army Staff, and was thereafter also known simply as the "Fourth Department." Throughout most of the interwar period, the men and women who worked for Red Army Intelligence called it either the Fourth Department, the Intelligence Service, the <i>Razvedupr</i>, or the RU. […] As a result of the re-organization [in 1926], carried out in part to break up Trotsky's hold on the army, the Fourth Department seems to have been placed directly under the control of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_Defense_Committee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State Defense Committee">State Defense Council</a> (Gosudarstvennaia komissiia oborony, or GKO), the successor of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revolutionary_Military_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revolutionary Military Council">RVSR</a>. Thereafter its analysis and reports went directly to the GKO and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politburo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politburo">Politburo</a>, apparently even bypassing the Red Army Staff.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </blockquote> <p>The first head of the 4th Directorate was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yan_Karlovich_Berzin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yan Karlovich Berzin">Yan Karlovich Berzin</a>, a Latvian Communist and former member of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheka">Cheka</a>, who served until 1935 and again in 1937. He was arrested in May 1938 and subsequently murdered in July 1938 during the so-called "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latvian_Operation_of_the_NKVD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latvian Operation of the NKVD">Latvian Operation</a>" of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Stalin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Purge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>.</p> <p>The GRU in its modern form was created by Stalin in February 1942, less than a year after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Barbarossa">invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany</a>. From April 1943 the GRU handled human intelligence exclusively outside the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The GRU had the task of handling all <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a>, particularly the collection of intelligence of military or political significance from sources outside the Soviet Union. It operated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Resident_spy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Resident spy"><i>rezidenturas</i></a> (residencies) all over the world, along with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Signals_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Signals intelligence">signals intelligence</a> (SIGINT) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lourdes_SIGINT_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lourdes SIGINT station">station in Lourdes, Cuba</a>, and throughout the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Bloc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Bloc">Soviet-bloc countries</a>.</p> <p>The GRU was known in the Soviet government for its fierce independence from the rival "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secret_police?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secret police">internal intelligence organizations</a>", such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_State_Security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Main Directorate of State Security">Main Directorate of State Security</a> (GUGB), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_Political_Directorate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State Political Directorate">State Political Directorate</a> (GPU), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OGPU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OGPU">OGPU</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NKVD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NKGB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="NKGB">NKGB</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/KGB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="KGB">KGB</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Chief_Directorate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Chief Directorate">First Chief Directorate</a> (PGU). At the time of the GRU's creation, Lenin infuriated the Cheka (the predecessor of the KGB) by ordering it not to interfere with the GRU's operations.</p> <p>Nonetheless, the Cheka infiltrated the GRU in 1919. That worsened a fierce rivalry between the two agencies, which were both engaged in espionage. The rivalry became even more intense than that between the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> in the US.</p> <p>The existence of the GRU was not publicized during the Soviet era, but documents concerning it became available in the West in the late 1920s, and it was mentioned in the 1931 memoirs of the first OGPU defector, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georges_Agabekov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georges Agabekov">Georges Agabekov</a>, and described in detail in the 1939 autobiography of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walter_Krivitsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walter Krivitsky">Walter Krivitsky</a> (<i>I Was Stalin's Agent</i>), who was the most senior Red Army intelligence officer ever to defect.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became widely known in Russia, and in the West outside the narrow confines of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Intelligence Community">intelligence community</a>, during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perestroika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>, in part thanks to the writings of "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viktor_Suvorov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Viktor Suvorov">Viktor Suvorov</a>" (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vladimir_Rezun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Rezun">Vladimir Rezun</a>), a GRU officer who defected to Great Britain in 1978 and wrote about his experiences in the Soviet military and intelligence services. According to Suvorov, even the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>, when entering the GRU headquarters, needed to go through a security screening. In <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aquarium_(Suvorov)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aquarium (Suvorov)">Aquarium</a></i> Suvorov alleges that during his training and service he was often reminded that exiting the GRU (retiring) was only possible through "The Smoke Stack". This was a GRU reference to a training film shown to him, in which he alleges he watched a condemned agent being burned alive in a furnace.,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Activities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cold_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the Sixth Directorate was responsible for monitoring <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intelsat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intelsat">Intelsat</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communication_satellite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication satellite">communication satellites</a> traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>GRU Sixth Directorate officers reportedly visited <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea</a> following the capture (January 1968) of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i></a>, inspecting the vessel and receiving some of the captured equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Directors">Directors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Directors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <table class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:left"> <tbody> <tr> <th><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr></th> <th>Head</th> <th>Term</th> <th>Leader(s) served under</th> </tr> <tr> <th>1</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Semyon_Aralov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Semyon Aralov">Semyon Aralov</a></td> <td>November 1918 – July 1919</td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>2</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sergey_Ivanovich_Gusev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sergey Ivanovich Gusev">Sergei Gusev</a></td> <td>July 1919 – January 1920</td> </tr> <tr> <th>3</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georgy_Pyatakov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georgy Pyatakov">Georgy Pyatakov</a></td> <td>January 1920 – February 1920</td> </tr> <tr> <th>4</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voldemar_Aussem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voldemar Aussem">Voldemar Aussem</a></td> <td>February 1920 – August 1920</td> </tr> <tr> <th>5</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Yan_Lentsman&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Yan Lentsman (page does not exist)">Yan Lentsman</a></td> <td>August 1920 – April 1921</td> </tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">6</th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arvid_Zeybot&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Arvid Zeybot (page does not exist)">Arvid Zeybot</a></td> <td rowspan="2">April 1921 – March 1924</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Stalin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>7</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yan_Karlovich_Berzin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yan Karlovich Berzin">Yan Karlovich Berzin</a></td> <td>1924 – April 1935</td> </tr> <tr> <th>8</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Semyon_Uritsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Semyon Uritsky">Semyon Uritsky</a></td> <td>April 1935 – July 1937</td> </tr> <tr> <th>(7)</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yan_Karlovich_Berzin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yan Karlovich Berzin">Yan Karlovich Berzin</a></td> <td>July 1937 – August 1937</td> </tr> <tr> <th>9</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Nikonov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexander Nikonov">Alexander Nikonov</a></td> <td>August 1937 – August 1937</td> </tr> <tr> <th>10</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Semyon_Gendin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Semyon Gendin">Semyon Gendin</a></td> <td>September 1937 – October 1938</td> </tr> <tr> <th>11</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Grigoryevich_Orlov&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Alexander Grigoryevich Orlov (page does not exist)">Alexander Orlov</a></td> <td>October 1938 – April 1939</td> </tr> <tr> <th>12</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ivan_Proskurov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ivan Proskurov">Ivan Proskurov</a></td> <td>April 1939 – July 1940</td> </tr> <tr> <th>13</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filipp_Golikov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filipp Golikov">Filipp Golikov</a></td> <td>July 1940 – October 1941</td> </tr> <tr> <th>14</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexei_Panfilov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexei Panfilov">Alexei Panfilov</a></td> <td>October 1941 – November 1942</td> </tr> <tr> <th>15</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ivan_Ilyichev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ivan Ilyichev">Ivan Ilyichev</a></td> <td>November 1942 – June 1945</td> </tr> <tr> <th>16</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Fedotovich_Kuznetsov&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Fyodor Fedotovich Kuznetsov (page does not exist)">Fyodor Kuznetsov</a></td> <td>June 1945 – November 1947</td> </tr> <tr> <th>17</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Mikhailovich_Trusov&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Nikolai Mikhailovich Trusov (page does not exist)">Nikolai Trusov</a></td> <td>September 1947 – January 1949</td> </tr> <tr> <th>18</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matvei_Zakharov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matvei Zakharov">Matvei Zakharov</a></td> <td>January 1949 – June 1952</td> </tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">19</th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Shalin&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mikhail Shalin (page does not exist)">Mikhail Shalin</a></td> <td rowspan="2">June 1952 – August 1956</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>20</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sergei_Shtemenko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sergei Shtemenko">Sergei Shtemenko</a></td> <td>August 1956 – October 1957</td> </tr> <tr> <th>(19)</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Shalin&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mikhail Shalin (page does not exist)">Mikhail Shalin</a></td> <td>October 1957 – December 1958</td> </tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">21</th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ivan_Serov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ivan Serov">Ivan Serov</a></td> <td>December 1958 – February 1963</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">March 1963 – July 1987</td> </tr> <tr> <th>22</th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pyotr_Ivashutin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pyotr Ivashutin">Pyotr Ivashutin</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a><br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yuri_Andropov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a><br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th></th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>23</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vladlen_Mikhailov&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Vladlen Mikhailov (page does not exist)">Vladlen Mikhailov</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B8%25D1%2585%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2,_%25D0%2592%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B8%25D1%2585%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587" class="extiw" title="ru:Михайлов, Владлен Михайлович">ru</a>]</span></td> <td>July 1987 – October 1991</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Personnel">Personnel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Personnel" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Defectors">Defectors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Defectors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Soviet_and_Eastern_Bloc_defectors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors">List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors</a> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a>, an American journalist and ex-GRU agent who broke with Communism in 1938<sup id="cite_ref-Witness_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Witness-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ismail_Akhmedov&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ismail Akhmedov (page does not exist)">Ismail Akhmedov</a>, a Lieutenant-Colonel of the GRU, who defected to Turkey in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of World War II, the Turks revealed Akhmedov to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, and in 1948 he was interviewed by the first secretary at the British Consulate in Istanbul, in reality the local station chief of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">SIS</a> and a Soviet mole, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kim_Philby?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kim Philby">Kim Philby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Iavor_Entchev&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Iavor Entchev (page does not exist)">Iavor Entchev</a>, a communist member of GRU; defected to United States during the Cold War.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Igor_Gouzenko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Igor Gouzenko">Igor Gouzenko</a>, a GRU cipher clerk who defected to Canada in 1945.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walter_Krivitsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walter Krivitsky">Walter Krivitsky</a>, a GRU defector who predicted that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Stalin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adolf_Hitler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> would conclude a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi-Soviet_non-aggression_pact?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact">Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact</a>, found dead in 1941.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanislav_Lunev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanislav Lunev">Stanislav Lunev</a>, a GRU intelligence officer who defected to U.S. authorities in 1992.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oleg_Penkovsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oleg Penkovsky">Oleg Penkovsky</a>, a GRU officer who played an important role during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dmitri_Polyakov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dmitri Polyakov">Dmitri Polyakov</a>, a high-ranking GRU officer who volunteered to spy for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> in 1962.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juliet_Poyntz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Juliet Poyntz">Juliet Poyntz</a>, an American communist and founding member of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of the United States">Communist Party of the United States</a>, allegedly kidnapped and killed in New York in 1937 by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NKVD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> agents for an attempt to defect.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ignace_Reiss?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ignace Reiss">Ignace Reiss</a>, a GRU defector who sent a letter of defection to Stalin in July 1937, found dead in September 1937.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viktor_Suvorov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Viktor Suvorov">Viktor Suvorov</a> (pseudonym of Vladimir Bogdanovich Rezun), a GRU officer who defected to the SIS with his wife (also a GRU officer) in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geneva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> in 1978.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kaarlo_Tupmi&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kaarlo Tupmi (page does not exist)">Kaarlo Tupmi</a>, an illegal GRU officer turned double agent by the FBI in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1959.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Agents">Agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Agents" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stig_Bergling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stig Bergling">Stig Bergling</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Milton_Bernstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Milton Bernstein">Joseph Milton Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Franklin_Coleman&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Eugene Franklin Coleman (page does not exist)">Eugene Franklin Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Desmond_Patrick_Costello?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Desmond Patrick Costello">Desmond Patrick Costello</a> (alleged)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sviatoslav_Konstantinovich_Mel'nikov&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sviatoslav Konstantinovich Mel'nikov (page does not exist)">Sviatoslav Konstantinovich Mel'nikov</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harold_Glasser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harold Glasser">Harold Glasser</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tanner_Greimann&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Tanner Greimann (page does not exist)">Tanner Greimann</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rudolf_Herrnstadt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rudolf Herrnstadt">Rudolf Herrnstadt</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arvid_Jacobson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arvid Jacobson">Arvid Jacobson</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Kegel&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Gerhard Kegel (page does not exist)">Gerhard Kegel</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mary_Jane_Keeney?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mary Jane Keeney">Mary Jane Keeney</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philip_Keeney?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philip Keeney">Philip Keeney</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Kobyla%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Tadeusz Kobylański (page does not exist)">Tadeusz Kobylański</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Koval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Koval">George Koval</a>, a scientist who stole atomic secrets from the Manhattan Project.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ursula_Kuczynski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ursula Kuczynski">Ursula Kuczynski</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Litauer&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Stefan Litauer (page does not exist)">Stefan Litauer</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Robert_Osman&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Robert Osman (page does not exist)">Robert Osman</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ward_Pigman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward Pigman">Ward Pigman</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Adam_Priess&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Adam Priess (page does not exist)">Adam Priess</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Rad%C3%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexander Radó">Alexander Radó</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vincent_Reno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vincent Reno">Vincent Reno</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Elie_Renous&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Elie Renous (page does not exist)">Elie Renous</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=William_Spiegel&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="William Spiegel (page does not exist)">William Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lydia_Stahl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lydia Stahl">Lydia Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irving_Charles_Velson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irving Charles Velson">Irving Charles Velson</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brooklyn Navy Yard">Brooklyn Navy Yard</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Labor_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Labor Party">American Labor Party</a> candidate for New York State Senate</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stig_Wennerstr%C3%B6m_(spy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stig Wennerström (spy)">Stig Wennerström</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id=""Illegals""><span id=".22Illegals.22"></span>"Illegals"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: "Illegals"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boris_Bukov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boris Bukov">Boris Bukov</a> RU RKKA <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Officer (armed forces)">officer</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Yakov_Grigorev&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Yakov Grigorev (page does not exist)">Yakov Grigorev</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vladimir_Kvachkov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vladimir Kvachkov">Vladimir Kvachkov</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hede_Massing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hede Massing">Hede Massing</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Sorge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Sorge">Richard Sorge</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manfred_Stern?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manfred Stern">Moishe Stern</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Joshua_Tamer&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Joshua Tamer (page does not exist)">Joshua Tamer</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfred_Tilton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfred Tilton">Alfred Tilton</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Ulanovsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexander Ulanovsky">Alexander Ulanovsky</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ignacy_Witczak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ignacy Witczak">Ignacy Witczak</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Naval_agents">Naval agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Naval agents" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jack_Fahy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jack Fahy">Jack Fahy</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Naval_GRU&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Naval GRU (page does not exist)">Naval GRU</a>), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_of_the_Coordinator_of_Inter-American_Affairs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs">Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Board_of_Economic_Warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Board of Economic Warfare">Board of Economic Warfare</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edna_Patterson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Edna Patterson">Edna Patterson</a> Naval GRU, served in US August 1943 to 1956</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dieter_Gerhardt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dieter Gerhardt">Dieter Gerhardt</a>, a commodore who served in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_African_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South African Navy">South African Navy</a> from 1962 to 1983 and spied for the Soviets for 20 years</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SMERSH?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SMERSH">SMERSH</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Earl F. Ziemke, <i>Russian Review</i> 60(2001): 130.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard, <i>Secret Soldiers of the Revolution</i>, p. 7.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.hrono.ru/organ/ukaz_r/razvedka41.php">"Военная разведка: 1941–1945"</a> [Military intelligence: 1941–1945]. <i>hrono.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hrono.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0%3A+1941%E2%80%931945&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrono.ru%2Forgan%2Fukaz_r%2Frazvedka41.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Soviet+Union%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ria.ru/20090319/165389424.html">Главное разведывательное управление Генштаба ВС России. Справка</a>. (<i>tr. "Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces. Reference"</i>) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RIA_Novosti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RIA Novosti">RIA Novosti</a>, 19 March 2009.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard, <i>Secret Soldiers of the Revolution</i>, p.xiv.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aquarium_(Suvorov)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aquarium (Suvorov)">Aquarium</a></i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Аквариум</span></span>), 1985, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-241-11545-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-241-11545-0">0-241-11545-0</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230052500/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000261337.pdf">"The Technology Acquisition Effort of the Soviet Intelligence Services"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. June 18, 1982. p. 23. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000261337.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Technology+Acquisition+Effort+of+the+Soviet+Intelligence+Services&rft.pages=23&rft.date=1982-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Freadingroom%2Fdocs%2FDOC_0000261337.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Soviet+Union%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton1992" class="citation news cs1">Newton, Robert E. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230055048/http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB278/US_Cryptologic_History--The_Capture_of_the_USS_Pueblo.pdf">"The Capture of the USS Pueblo and Its Effect on SIGINT Operations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Security_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a>. p. 177. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB278/US_Cryptologic_History--The_Capture_of_the_USS_Pueblo.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 30, 2016. <q>Other collateral sources reported that a group of Soviet military intelligence officers from the Sixth Directorate (responsible for Soviet SIGINT matters) of the Chief Intelligence Directorate (GRU) visited North Korea shortly after the seizure of the ship and inspected the vessel. Later, the North Koreans were reported to have turned over some of the captured equipment to the GRU. Apparently, some of this equipment was taken to Soviet radio plants in Kharkov, Voronezh, and Gorkij for examination by technicians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Capture+of+the+USS+Pueblo+and+Its+Effect+on+SIGINT+Operations&rft.pages=177&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB278%2FUS_Cryptologic_History--The_Capture_of_the_USS_Pueblo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Soviet+Union%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Witness-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Witness_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers1952" class="citation cs2">Chambers, Whittaker (1952), <i>Witness</i>, New York: Random House, p. 799, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780895269157?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780895269157"><bdi>9780895269157</bdi></a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lccn.loc.gov/52005149">52005149</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witness&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=799&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F52005149&rft.isbn=9780895269157&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Whittaker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRU+%28Soviet+Union%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard J. Aldrich, Michael F. Hopkins, <i>Intelligence, Defence and Diplomacy: British Policy in the Post-War World</i>, Oxon and New York: Routledge, 2013, p. 211</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nigel West, <i>Historical Dictionary of World War II Intelligence</i>, Scarecrow Press, 2008, p. 6</span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt, Graeme. "Spies and Revolutionaries – A History of New Zealand subversion" (Auckland: Reed, 2009), p.171</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <ul> <li>Raymond W. Leonard. <i>Secret soldiers of the revolution: Soviet military intelligence, 1918–1933.</i> Westport, Conn.; London: Greenwood Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30990-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30990-6">0-313-30990-6</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Павел Вячеславович Густерин (page does not exist)">Павел Густерин.</a> <i>Советская разведка на Ближнем и Среднем Востоке в 1920—30-х годах.</i> – Саарбрюккен, 2014. – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-659-51691-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-659-51691-7">978-3-659-51691-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_M._Glantz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David M. Glantz">David M. Glantz</a>. <i>Soviet military intelligence in war.</i> Cass series on Soviet military theory and practice; 3. London: Cass, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-3374-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-3374-7">0-7146-3374-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-4076-X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-4076-X">0-7146-4076-X</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanislav_Lunev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanislav Lunev">Stanislav Lunev</a>. <i>Through the Eyes of the Enemy: The Autobiography of Stanislav Lunev</i>, Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89526-390-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-89526-390-4">0-89526-390-4</a></li> <li>Viktor Suvorov <i>Inside Soviet Military Intelligence</i>, 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-615510-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-615510-9">0-02-615510-9</a></li> <li>Viktor Suvorov <i>Spetsnaz</i>, 1987, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-241-11961-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-241-11961-8">0-241-11961-8</a></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DGRU_(Soviet_Union)%26oldid%3D1248784976">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Soviet_Union)&oldid=1248784976</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=GRU_(Soviet_Union)&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="BD2412" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1727788983"> <span>Last edited on 1 October 2024, at 13:23</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A6%25D9%258A%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9_(%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%25D8%25AA%25D9%258A)" title="مديرية المخابرات الرئيسية (الاتحاد السوفيتي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مديرية المخابرات الرئيسية (الاتحاد السوفيتي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D1%2588_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D2%2593%25D1%258B_(%25D0%25A1%25D0%25A1%25D0%25A1%25D0%25A0)" title="Баш разведка идаралығы (СССР) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Баш разведка идаралығы (СССР)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D1%259E%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B5_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B5_%25D1%259E%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%259E%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5_(%25D0%25A1%25D0%25A1%25D0%25A1%25D0%25A0)" title="Галоўнае разведвальнае ўпраўленне (СССР) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Галоўнае разведвальнае ўпраўленне (СССР)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2587_%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B5%25D9%2584%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA_(%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF_%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1_%25D8%25B4%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25DB%258C)" title="اداره اصلی اطلاعات (اتحاد جماهیر شوروی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اداره اصلی اطلاعات (اتحاد جماهیر شوروی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRU_(Union_sovi%25C3%25A9tique)" title="GRU (Union soviétique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="GRU (Union soviétique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259E%25D7%2599%25D7%25A0%25D7%2594%25D7%259C_%25D7%2594%25D7%259E%25D7%2595%25D7%2593%25D7%2599%25D7%25A2%25D7%2599%25D7%259F_%25D7%2594%25D7%25A8%25D7%2590%25D7%25A9%25D7%2599_%25D7%25A9%25D7%259C_%25D7%2591%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA_%25D7%2594%25D7%259E%25D7%2595%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A6%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA" title="מינהל המודיעין הראשי של ברית המועצות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מינהל המודיעין הראשי של ברית המועצות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galven%25C4%2581_izl%25C5%25ABko%25C5%25A1anas_p%25C4%2581rvalde_(PSRS)" title="Galvenā izlūkošanas pārvalde (PSRS) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Galvenā izlūkošanas pārvalde (PSRS)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRU_(Sovjetunionen)" title="GRU (Sovjetunionen) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="GRU (Sovjetunionen)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5_%25D1%2583%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5_(%25D0%25A1%25D0%25A1%25D0%25A1%25D0%25A0)" title="Главное разведывательное управление (СССР) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Главное разведывательное управление (СССР)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%259A%25D0%25A1" title="СКС – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="СКС" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRU_(1918%25E2%2580%25931992)" title="GRU (1918–1992) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="GRU (1918–1992)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25A0%25BC%25E9%25B2%2581%25E4%25B9%258C_(%25E8%258B%258F%25E8%2581%2594)" title="格鲁乌 (苏联) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="格鲁乌 (苏联)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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