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<span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Performance style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noted_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noted_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Noted artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noted_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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<span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Koodiyattam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutiyattam" title="Kutiyattam – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kutiyattam" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AE" title="কুডিয়াট্টম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কুডিয়াট্টম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="Koodiyattam – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Koodiyattam" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutiyattam" title="Kutiyattam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kutiyattam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutiyattam" title="Kutiyattam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kutiyattam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85" title="کودیاتم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کودیاتم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutiyattam" title="Kutiyattam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kutiyattam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="कूडियाट्टम् – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कूडियाट्टम्" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutiyattam" title="Kutiyattam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kutiyattam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%82" title="ಕೂಡಿಯಾಟಂ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೂಡಿಯಾಟಂ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABtijatam" title="Kūtijatam – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kūtijatam" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Кутијатам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кутијатам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="കൂടിയാട്ടം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൂടിയാട്ടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fat mw-list-item"><a href="https://fat.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="Koodiyattam – Fanti" lang="fat" hreflang="fat" data-title="Koodiyattam" data-language-autonym="Mfantse" data-language-local-name="Fanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mfantse</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutiyattam" title="Kutiyattam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kutiyattam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A4%E3%83%83%E3%82%BF%E3%83%A0" title="クーリヤッタム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クーリヤッタム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutiyattam" title="Kutiyattam – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kutiyattam" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%AE" title="ਕੁਟਿਅੱਟਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੁਟਿਅੱਟਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Кутияттам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кутияттам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="कूडियाट्टम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कूडियाट्टम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="කූඩියාට්ටම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කූඩියාට්ටම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கூடியாட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கூடியாட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Кутіяттам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кутіяттам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="Koodiyattam – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Koodiyattam" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagaare</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1641463#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="View the 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font-size: 125%;">Kutiyattam, Sanskrit theatre</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top: 1px #aaa solid; padding-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thoranayudham-_Madras1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Thoranayudham-_Madras1.jpg/220px-Thoranayudham-_Madras1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Thoranayudham-_Madras1.jpg/330px-Thoranayudham-_Madras1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Thoranayudham-_Madras1.jpg/440px-Thoranayudham-_Madras1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Guru <a href="/wiki/Mani_Madhava_Chakyar" title="Mani Madhava Chakyar">Mani Madhava Chakyar</a> and his troupe performing <i>Thoranayudham</i> (part of <a href="/wiki/Bhasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhasa">Bhasa</a>'s play <i>Abhiṣeka Nataka</i> based on the epic <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>) Koodiyattam (1962, Chennai)<hr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kerala,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala, India">Kerala, India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data category">Performing arts (dance)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kutiyattam-sanskrit-theatre-00010">279</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity/APA" title="Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity/APA">Asia and the Pacific</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee; font-size:110%;">Inscription history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2008 (3rd session)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">List</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Representative</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="line-height:150%; padding-top:0.8em; border-top: 1px #aaa solid; text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unesco_Cultural_Heritage_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Unesco_Cultural_Heritage_logo.svg/100px-Unesco_Cultural_Heritage_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Unesco_Cultural_Heritage_logo.svg/150px-Unesco_Cultural_Heritage_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Unesco_Cultural_Heritage_logo.svg/200px-Unesco_Cultural_Heritage_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Koodiyattam</b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-ml&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-ml (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-ml</a>; <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: kūṭiyāṭṭaṁ; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">combined act</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is a traditional performing art form in the state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala, India">Kerala, India</a>. It is a combination of ancient <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit theatre">Sanskrit theatre</a> with elements of <i><a href="/wiki/Koothu" title="Koothu">Koothu</a></i>, an ancient performing art from the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam era">Sangam era</a>. It is officially recognised by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koodiyattam_Framed_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Koodiyattam Performance." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Koodiyattam_Framed_001.jpg/220px-Koodiyattam_Framed_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Koodiyattam_Framed_001.jpg/330px-Koodiyattam_Framed_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Koodiyattam_Framed_001.jpg/440px-Koodiyattam_Framed_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Koodiyattam</figcaption></figure> <p>Koodiyattam, meaning "combined acting" in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, combines Sanskrit theatre performance with elements of traditional koothu. It is traditionally performed in temple theatres known as <i>koothambalams</i>. It is the only surviving art form that uses drama from ancient Sanskrit theatre. It has a documented history of a thousand years in Kerala, but its origins are not known. Koodiyattam and <a href="/wiki/Chakyar_koothu" title="Chakyar koothu">Chakyar koothu</a> were among the dramatized dance worship services in the temples of ancient India, particularly Kerala. Both koodiyattam and Chakyar koothu originated from the ancient art form <a href="/wiki/Koothu" title="Koothu">koothu</a>, which is mentioned several times in Sangam literature, and the epigraphs of the subsequent Pallava, <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan Dynasty">Pandiyan</a>, Chera, and <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Chola</a> periods. Inscriptions related to koothu can be seen in temples at <a href="/wiki/Tanjore" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjore">Tanjore</a>, Tiruvidaimaruthur, Vedaranyam, <a href="/wiki/Tiruvarur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruvarur">Tiruvarur</a>, and Omampuliyur. They were treated as an integral part of worship services, alongside the singing of Tevaram and Prabandam hymns.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ancient kings are among those listed as authors of works for these services. There is evidence of these across the ancient subcontinent during the Chola and Pallava periods. A Pallava king called Rajasimha has been credited with authoring the play <i>Kailasodharanam</i> in Tamil, which has the topic of Ravana becoming subject to Siva's anger and being subdued mercilessly for this. </p><p>It is believed that <a href="/wiki/Kulasekhara_Alvar" title="Kulasekhara Alvar">Kulasekhara Varma</a>, a medieval king of the Chera Perumal dynasty, reformed koodiyattam, introducing the local language for Vidusaka and structuring the presentation of the play into well-defined units. He himself wrote two plays, <i>Subhadradhananjayam</i> and <i>Tapatisamvarana</i> and made arrangements for their presentation on stage with the help of a <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> friend called Tolan. These plays are still performed. Apart from these, the plays traditionally presented include <i>Ascaryacudamani</i> of Saktibhadra, <i>Kalyanasaugandhika</i> of Nilakantha, <i>Bhagavadajjuka</i> of <a href="/wiki/Bodhayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhayana">Bodhayana</a>, <i>Nagananda</i> of Harsa, and many plays ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Bhasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhasa">Bhasa</a>, including <i>Abhiseka</i> and <i>Pratima</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharat-s-tiwari-photography-IMG_6635_June_11,_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bharat-s-tiwari-photography-IMG_6635_June_11%2C_2017.jpg/220px-Bharat-s-tiwari-photography-IMG_6635_June_11%2C_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bharat-s-tiwari-photography-IMG_6635_June_11%2C_2017.jpg/330px-Bharat-s-tiwari-photography-IMG_6635_June_11%2C_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bharat-s-tiwari-photography-IMG_6635_June_11%2C_2017.jpg/440px-Bharat-s-tiwari-photography-IMG_6635_June_11%2C_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Koodiyattam performer Kapila Venu</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments">Instruments</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mizhavu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mizhavu.jpg/200px-Mizhavu.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mizhavu.jpg/300px-Mizhavu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mizhavu.jpg/400px-Mizhavu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Mizhavu kept in a <i>mizhavana</i> (a wooden box made especially to keep mizhavu)</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally, the main musical instruments used in koodiyattam are the <a href="/wiki/Mizhavu" title="Mizhavu">mizhavu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuzhitalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuzhitalam">kuzhitalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Edakka">edakka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurumkuzhal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurumkuzhal">kurumkuzhal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conch_(instrument)" title="Conch (instrument)">sankhu</a>. The mizhavu, the most prominent of these, is a percussion instrument that is played by a person of the Ambalavas <a href="/wiki/Nambiar_(Ambalavasi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nambiar (Ambalavasi)">Nambiar caste</a>, accompanied by Nangyaramma playing the kuzhithalam (a type of cymbal). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_style">Performance style</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mani_Madhava_Chakyar_as_Ravana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mani_Madhava_Chakyar_as_Ravana.jpg/150px-Mani_Madhava_Chakyar_as_Ravana.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mani_Madhava_Chakyar_as_Ravana.jpg/225px-Mani_Madhava_Chakyar_as_Ravana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mani_Madhava_Chakyar_as_Ravana.jpg/300px-Mani_Madhava_Chakyar_as_Ravana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1766" /></a><figcaption>Koodiyattam Guru <a href="/wiki/Mani_Madhava_Chakyar" title="Mani Madhava Chakyar">Mani Madhava Chakyar</a> as "Ravana"</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally, koodiyattam has been performed by <a href="/wiki/Chakyar" title="Chakyar">Chakyars</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Indian_caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian caste system">subcaste</a> of Kerala <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a>) and by <a href="/wiki/Nangyaramma" class="mw-redirect" title="Nangyaramma">Nangyaramma</a> (women of the <a href="/wiki/Ambalavasi" title="Ambalavasi">Ambalavasi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nambiar_(Ambalavasi/Mizhavu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nambiar (Ambalavasi/Mizhavu)">Nambiar caste</a>). The name "koodiyattam", meaning playing or performing together, is thought to refer to the presence of multiple actors on stage who act in rhythm with the beats of the mizhavu drummers. Alternatively, it may also be a reference to a common practice in Sanskrit drama where a single actor who has performed solo for several nights is joined by another.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main actor is a Chakyar who performs the ritualistic koothu and koodiyattam inside the temple or in the koothambalam. Chakyar women, <a href="/wiki/Illotammas" class="mw-redirect" title="Illotammas">Illotammas</a>, are not allowed to participate. Instead, the female roles are played by Nangyaramma. Koodiyattam performances are often lengthy and elaborate, ranging from 12 to 150 hours spread across several nights. A complete Koodiyattam performance consists of three parts. The first of these is the <i>purappadu</i> where an actor performs a verse along with the nritta aspect of dance. Following this is the <i>nirvahanam</i> where the actor, using <a href="/wiki/Abhinaya" title="Abhinaya">abhinaya</a>, presents the mood of the main character of the play. Then there is the <i>nirvahanam</i>, a retrospective, which takes the audience up to the point where the actual play begins. The final part of the performance is the <i>koodiyattam</i>, which is the play itself. While the first two parts are solo acts, koodiyattam can have as many characters as are required to perform on the stage.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The elders of the Chakyar community traditionally taught the artform to their youngsters. It was performed only by Chakyars until the 1950s. In 1955, Guru <a href="/wiki/Mani_Madhava_Chakyar" title="Mani Madhava Chakyar">Mani Madhava Chakyar</a> performed Kutiyattam outside the temple for the first time,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for which he faced many problems from the hardline Chakyar community. In his own words: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>My own people condemned my action (performing Koothu and Kutiyattam outside the precincts of the temples), Once, after I had given performances at Vaikkom, they even thought about excommunicating me. I desired that this art should survive the test of time. That was precisely why I ventured outside the temple.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1962, under the leadership of art and Sanskrit scholar V. Raghavan, Sanskrit Ranga of Madras invited Guru Mani Madhava Chakyar to perform koodiyattam in Chennai. Thus for the first time in history koodiyattam was performed outside Kerala.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They presented over three nights koodiyattam scenes from the plays <i>Abhiṣeka</i>, <i>Subhadrādhanañjaya</i> and <i>Nāgānda</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KoodiyattamFaceCostume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Koodiyattam Performance." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/KoodiyattamFaceCostume.jpg/220px-KoodiyattamFaceCostume.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/KoodiyattamFaceCostume.jpg/330px-KoodiyattamFaceCostume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/KoodiyattamFaceCostume.jpg/440px-KoodiyattamFaceCostume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2419" data-file-height="1361" /></a><figcaption>Koodiyattam face makeup</figcaption></figure> <p>In early 1960s Maria Christoffer Byrski, a Polish student doing research in Indian theatres at <a href="/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a>, studied koodiyattam with Mani Madhava Chakyar and became the first non-Chakyar/nambiar to learn the art form. He stayed in Guru's home at <a href="/wiki/Killikkurussimangalam" title="Killikkurussimangalam">Killikkurussimangalam</a> and studied in the traditional <a href="/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula">Gurukula</a> way.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noted_artists">Noted artists</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mani_Madhava_Chakyar-Sringara-new.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mani_Madhava_Chakyar-Sringara-new.jpg/150px-Mani_Madhava_Chakyar-Sringara-new.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mani_Madhava_Chakyar-Sringara-new.jpg/225px-Mani_Madhava_Chakyar-Sringara-new.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mani_Madhava_Chakyar-Sringara-new.jpg/300px-Mani_Madhava_Chakyar-Sringara-new.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1906" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)"><i>rasa</i></a> (emotion) called <a href="/wiki/Sringara" title="Sringara"><i>Sringaram</i></a> (lust), performed by Guru <a href="/wiki/Mani_Madhava_Chakyar" title="Mani Madhava Chakyar">Mani Madhava Chakyar</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mani_Damodara_Chakyar_as_Nayaka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mani_Damodara_Chakyar_as_Nayaka.jpg/150px-Mani_Damodara_Chakyar_as_Nayaka.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mani_Damodara_Chakyar_as_Nayaka.jpg/225px-Mani_Damodara_Chakyar_as_Nayaka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mani_Damodara_Chakyar_as_Nayaka.jpg/300px-Mani_Damodara_Chakyar_as_Nayaka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="1656" /></a><figcaption> Nayaka (Hero) King Udayana in <i>Swapnavasavadattam Kutiyattam</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margi_madhu_in_koodiyattam_as_ravanan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Margi_madhu_in_koodiyattam_as_ravanan.JPG/150px-Margi_madhu_in_koodiyattam_as_ravanan.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Margi_madhu_in_koodiyattam_as_ravanan.JPG/225px-Margi_madhu_in_koodiyattam_as_ravanan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Margi_madhu_in_koodiyattam_as_ravanan.JPG/300px-Margi_madhu_in_koodiyattam_as_ravanan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margi_Madhu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margi Madhu (page does not exist)">Margi Madhu</a> as Ravanan at Nepathya</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mani_Madhava_Chakyar" title="Mani Madhava Chakyar">Mani Madhava Chakyar</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammannur_Madhava_Chakyar" title="Ammannur Madhava Chakyar">Ammannur Madhava Chakyar</a>, who in the 1980s became one of the first koodiyattam performers to present this art to an international audience.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moozhikkulam_Kochukuttan_Chakyar" title="Moozhikkulam Kochukuttan Chakyar">Moozhikkulam Kochukuttan Chakyar</a>, who in 1981 became the first Residential Guru at Margi, an institution promoting traditional art forms of Kerala. He was a cousin of Ammannur Madhava Chakyar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_Damodara_Chakyar" title="Mani Damodara Chakyar">Mani Damodara Chakyar</a>, who is Mani Madhava Chakkiar's disciple and nephew, is also a performer of traditional devotional koodiyattams.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2></div> <p>Koodiyattam traditionally was an exclusive art form performed in special venues called <i>koothambalams</i> in Hindu temples and access to these performances was restricted to only caste Hindus. Also, performances can take up to forty days to complete. The collapse of the feudal order in the nineteenth century in Kerala curtailed the patronage of koodiyattam artists, and they faced serious financial difficulties. Following a revival in the early twentieth century, Koodiyattam is once again facing a lack of funding, leading to a crisis in the profession.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> has called for the creation of a network of koodiyattam institutions and gurukalams to promote the transmission of the art form to future generations and for the development of new audiences besides fostering greater academic research in it. Natanakairali in <a href="/wiki/Irinjalakuda" title="Irinjalakuda">Irinjalakuda</a> is one of the most prominent institutions in the field of koodiyattam revival. The Margi Theatre Group in <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a> is another organisation dedicated to the revival of <a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">kathakali</a> and koodiyattom in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepathya(Koodiyattam)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nepathya(Koodiyattam) (page does not exist)">Nepathya</a> is an institution promoting koodiyattam and related art forms at Moozhikkulam.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sangeet_Natak_Akademi" title="Sangeet Natak Akademi">Sangeet Natak Akademi</a>, India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama, has awarded the <a href="/wiki/Sangeet_Natak_Akademi_Award" title="Sangeet Natak Akademi Award">Sangeet Natak Akademi Award</a>, the highest award for performing artists, to kutiyattam artists like <a href="/wiki/Kalamandalam_Sivan_Namboodiri" title="Kalamandalam Sivan Namboodiri">Kalamandalam Sivan Namboodiri</a> (2007), <a href="/wiki/Painkulam_Raman_Chakyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Painkulam Raman Chakyar">Painkulam Raman Chakyar</a> (2010) and Painkulam Damodara Chakyar (2012).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mani_damodara_Chakyar-mattavilasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mani_damodara_Chakyar-mattavilasa.jpg/220px-Mani_damodara_Chakyar-mattavilasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mani_damodara_Chakyar-mattavilasa.jpg/330px-Mani_damodara_Chakyar-mattavilasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mani_damodara_Chakyar-mattavilasa.jpg/440px-Mani_damodara_Chakyar-mattavilasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="1464" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mattavilasa_Prahasana" title="Mattavilasa Prahasana">Mattavilasam</a>, the devotional ritualistic koodiyattam performed at temples in northern Kerala like <a href="/wiki/Kottiyoor" title="Kottiyoor">Kottiyoor</a>. The artist is <a href="/wiki/Mani_Damodara_Chakyar" title="Mani Damodara Chakyar">Mani Damodara Chakyar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margi_Sathi" title="Margi Sathi">Margi Sathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Kerala" title="Arts of Kerala">Arts of Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulall" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulall">Thulall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parayan_Thullal" title="Parayan Thullal">Parayan Thullal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moozhikkulam_Kochukuttan_Chakyar" title="Moozhikkulam Kochukuttan Chakyar">Moozhikkulam Kochukuttan Chakyar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShulman" class="citation news cs1">Shulman, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2012/nov/24/creating-and-destroying-universe-twenty-nine-night/">"Creating and Destroying the Universe in Twenty-Nine Nights"</a>. <i>The New York Review of Books</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Creating+and+Destroying+the+Universe+in+Twenty-Nine+Nights&rft.aulast=Shulman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Fblogs%2Fnyrblog%2F2012%2Fnov%2F24%2Fcreating-and-destroying-universe-twenty-nine-night%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoodiyattam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/arts/theatre/article3631143.ece">"All at home"</a>. The Hindu, 13 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+at+home&rft.pub=The+Hindu%2C+13+July+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Farts%2Ftheatre%2Farticle3631143.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoodiyattam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhargavinilayam1999" class="citation cs2">Bhargavinilayam, Das (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080215085741/http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_culture/books.htm"><i>Mani Madhaveeyam</i></a>, Department of Cultural Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government of Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-86365-78-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-86365-78-8"><bdi>81-86365-78-8</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_culture/books.htm">the original</a> on 15 February 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mani+Madhaveeyam&rft.pub=Department+of+Cultural+Affairs%2C+Government+of+Kerala&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=81-86365-78-8&rft.aulast=Bhargavinilayam&rft.aufirst=Das&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kerala.gov.in%2Fdept_culture%2Fbooks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoodiyattam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mani Madhava Chakkyar: The Master at Work</i>, K.N. Panikar, Sangeet Natak Akademi New Delhi, 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.co.in/books?id=a_MvAAAAIAAJ&q=mani+madhava+cakyar&dq=mani+madhava+cakyar&pgis=1"><i>The Samskrita Ranga Annual</i></a>, Samskrita Ranga, Madras, 1963, p. 89</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samskrita+Ranga+Annual&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Samskrita+Ranga%2C+Madras&rft.date=1963&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.in%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da_MvAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dmani%2Bmadhava%2Bcakyar%26dq%3Dmani%2Bmadhava%2Bcakyar%26pgis%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoodiyattam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenkatarama_Raghavan,_A._L._Mudaliar1968" class="citation cs2">Venkatarama Raghavan, A. 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Raghavan</i></a>, New Order Book Co., India, p. 370</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliography+of+the+Books%2C+Papers+%26+Other+Contributions+of+Dr.+V.+Raghavan&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=New+Order+Book+Co.%2C+India&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Venkatarama+Raghavan%2C+A.+L.+Mudaliar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.in%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7t8ZAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dmani%2Bmadhava%26lr%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoodiyattam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.co.in/books?id=vW2O6954zhsC&q=mani+madhava+chakyar&dq=mani+madhava+chakyar&lr=&pgis=1"><i>The Samskrita Ranga Annual</i></a>, Samskrita Ranga, Madras, 1967, p. 77</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samskrita+Ranga+Annual&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Samskrita+Ranga%2C+Madras&rft.date=1967&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.in%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvW2O6954zhsC%26q%3Dmani%2Bmadhava%2Bchakyar%26dq%3Dmani%2Bmadhava%2Bchakyar%26lr%3D%26pgis%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoodiyattam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mani Madhava Chakkyar: The Master at Work</i> (English film), <a href="/wiki/Kavalam_N._Panikar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavalam N. Panikar">Kavalam N. Panikar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sangeet_Natak_Akademi" title="Sangeet Natak Akademi">Sangeet Natak Akademi</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00010">"Kutiyattam, Sanskrit theatre"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kutiyattam%2C+Sanskrit+theatre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fich%2Findex.php%3Flg%3Den%26pg%3D00011%26RL%3D00010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoodiyattam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.margitheatre.org/">http://www.margitheatre.org/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/koodiyattom-festival-begins-at-moozhikulam/article3702197.ece">http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/koodiyattom-festival-begins-at-moozhikulam/article3702197.ece</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (November 2021)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160331060603/http://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm">"SNA: List of Akademi Awardees"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sangeet_Natak_Akademi" title="Sangeet Natak Akademi">Sangeet Natak Akademi</a> Official website. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm">the original</a> on 31 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SNA%3A+List+of+Akademi+Awardees&rft.pub=Sangeet+Natak+Akademi+Official+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsangeetnatak.gov.in%2Fsna%2Fawardeeslist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoodiyattam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakiar1975" class="citation cs2">Chakiar, Mani Madhava (1975), <i><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81tyakalpadrumam" title="Nātyakalpadrumam">Nātyakalpadrumam</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Sangeet_Natak_Akademi" title="Sangeet Natak Akademi">Sangeet Natak Akademi</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=N%C4%81tyakalpadrumam&rft.pub=Sangeet+Natak+Akademi%2C+New+Delhi&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Chakiar&rft.aufirst=Mani+Madhava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoodiyattam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaja1964" class="citation cs2">Raja, Kunjunni (1964), <i>An Introduction to Kutiyattam</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sangeet_Natak_Akademi" title="Sangeet Natak Akademi">Sangeet Natak Akademi</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Kutiyattam&rft.pub=Sangeet+Natak+Akademi%2C+New+Delhi&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Raja&rft.aufirst=Kunjunni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoodiyattam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavalam_N._Panikar1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kavalam_N._Panikar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavalam N. Panikar">Kavalam N. Panikar</a> (1994), <i><a href="/wiki/Mani_Madhava_Chakyar:_The_Master_at_Work_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mani Madhava Chakyar: The Master at Work (film)">Mani Madhava Chakyar: The Master at Work</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Sangeet_Natak_Akademi" title="Sangeet Natak Akademi">Sangeet Natak Akademi</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mani+Madhava+Chakyar%3A+The+Master+at+Work&rft.pub=Sangeet+Natak+Akademi%2C+New+Delhi&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Kavalam+N.+Panikar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoodiyattam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C4%81tyakalpadrumam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/N%C4%81tyakalpadrumam.jpg/150px-N%C4%81tyakalpadrumam.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/N%C4%81tyakalpadrumam.jpg/225px-N%C4%81tyakalpadrumam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4e/N%C4%81tyakalpadrumam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81tyakalpadrumam" title="Nātyakalpadrumam">Nātyakalpadrumam</a></i> the master treatise on all aspects of koodiyattam by Guru Mani Madhva Chakyar</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Natyakalpadruma" class="mw-redirect" title="Natyakalpadruma">Natyakalpadruma</a></i> (1975), a <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Sahitya Academy Award">Kerala Sahitya Academy Award</a>-winning book on Koodiyattam written by Guru <a href="/wiki/Mani_Madhava_Chakyar" title="Mani Madhava Chakyar">Mani Madhava Chakyar</a>, considered authoritative by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81tya_Sh%C4%81stra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nātya Shāstra">Nātya Shāstra</a></i>, an ancient work of dramatic theory where <a href="/wiki/Bharata_Muni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Muni">Bharata Muni</a> describes the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit theatre">Sanskrit theatre</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>; Koodiyattam is believed to preserve some aspects of the performance style of that period.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abhinaya_Darpana" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhinaya Darpana">Abhinaya Darpana</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Nandikeshvara" title="Nandikeshvara">Nandikeshvara</a>, another work of dramatic theory comparable to the <i>Nātya Shāstra</i>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farley_Richmond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farley Richmond (page does not exist)">Farley Richmond</a>, <i>Kutiyattam: Sanskrit Theater of India</i> (University of Michigan Press, 2002). CD-ROM featuring videos and text.</li> <li>Rajendran C, "The Traditional Sanskrit Theatre of Kerala" (University of Calicut,1989)</li> <li>Virginie Johan, "Kuttu-Kutiyattam : théâtres classiques du Kerala". <i>Revue d’histoire du théâtre</i> 216, 2002-4: 365–382.</li> <li>Virginie Johan, "Pour un théâtre des yeux : l’exemple indien". <i>Coulisses 33</i>, 2006 : 259–274.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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<li><a href="/wiki/Thayambaka" title="Thayambaka">Thayambaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folk arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aravana" class="mw-redirect" title="Aravana">Arabana muttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charadupinnikkali" title="Charadupinnikkali">Charadupinnikkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavittu_Nadakam" title="Chavittu Nadakam">Chavittu Nadakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chozhikali" title="Chozhikali">Chozhikali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duff_Muttu" class="mw-redirect" title="Duff Muttu">Duff Muttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eruthukali" title="Eruthukali">Eruthukali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadhika" title="Gadhika">Gadhika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garudan_Thookkam" title="Garudan Thookkam">Garudan Thookkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolam_Thullal" title="Kolam Thullal">Kolam 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title="Oppana">Oppana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padayani" title="Padayani">Padayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parichamuttukali" title="Parichamuttukali">Parichamuttukali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poorakkali" title="Poorakkali">Poorakkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poothan" class="mw-redirect" title="Poothan">Poothan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poothamkali" title="Poothamkali">Poothamkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpam_Thullal" title="Sarpam Thullal">Sarpam Thullal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slama_Carol" title="Slama Carol">Slamakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thacholikali" title="Thacholikali">Thacholikali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyyam" title="Theyyam">Theyyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyyannam" title="Theyyannam">Theyyannam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiriyuzhichil" title="Thiriyuzhichil">Thiriyuzhichil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiyyattu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiyyattu">Thiyyattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholpavakoothu" title="Tholpavakoothu">Tholpavakoothu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fine arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_mural_painting" title="Kerala mural painting">Kerala mural painting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aanayoottu" title="Aanayoottu">Aanayoottu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaraattu" title="Aaraattu">Aaraattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluva_Sivarathri_festival" title="Aluva Sivarathri festival">Aluva Sivarathri festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arattupuzha_Pooram" title="Arattupuzha Pooram">Arattupuzha Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edakkunni_Uthram_Vilakku" title="Edakkunni Uthram Vilakku">Edakkunni Uthram Vilakku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharvanpattu" title="Gandharvanpattu">Gandharvanpattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilanjithara_Melam" title="Ilanjithara Melam">Ilanjithara Melam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadavallur_Anyonyam" title="Kadavallur Anyonyam">Kadavallur Anyonyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyarkali" title="Kanyarkali">Kanyarkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karivela" title="Karivela">Karivela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keralotsavam" title="Keralotsavam">Keralotsavam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Pooram" title="Kollam Pooram">Kollam Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal_pooram" title="Kottakkal pooram">Kottakkal pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottankulangara_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottankulangara Festival">Kottankulangara Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machad_Mamangam" title="Machad Mamangam">Machad Mamangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaravilakku" title="Makaravilakku">Makaravilakku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalukulangara_Pooram" title="Nalukulangara Pooram">Nalukulangara Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpathi_Ratholsavam" title="Kalpathi Ratholsavam">Kalpathi Ratholsavam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenmara_Vallanghy_Vela" title="Nenmara Vallanghy Vela">Nenmara Vallanghy Vela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onathallu_or_Avittathallu" class="mw-redirect" title="Onathallu or Avittathallu">Onathallu or Avittathallu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvanam_Pooram" title="Peruvanam Pooram">Peruvanam Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puli_Kali" title="Puli Kali">Puli Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattamangalam_Kuthira_Vela" title="Tattamangalam Kuthira Vela">Tattamangalam Kuthira Vela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumandhamkunnu_Pooram" title="Thirumandhamkunnu Pooram">Thirumandhamkunnu Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvathira" title="Thiruvathira">Thiruvathira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Pooram" title="Thrissur Pooram">Thrissur Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthralikavu_Pooram" title="Uthralikavu Pooram">Uthralikavu Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velakali" title="Velakali">Velakali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chenda" title="Chenda">Chenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idakka" title="Idakka">Idakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombu_(instrument)" title="Kombu (instrument)">Kombu (instrument)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizhavu" title="Mizhavu">Mizhavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timila" title="Timila">Timila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarpa_Kavu" title="Sarpa Kavu">Sarpa Kavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharavad" title="Tharavad">Tharavad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aka_people#Music" title="Aka people">Aka polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_iso-polyphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian iso-polyphony">Albanian folk iso-polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angklung" title="Angklung">Angklung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqyn" title="Aqyn">Aqyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">Arabic maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arirang" title="Arirang">Arirang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashiqs_of_Azerbaijan" title="Ashiqs of Azerbaijan">Ashiqs of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_(Azerbaijani_instrument)" title="Tar (Azerbaijani instrument)">Azerbaijani tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul#Baul_music" title="Baul">Baul music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C4%87arac" title="Bećarac">Bećarac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigwala" title="Bigwala">Bigwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biyelgee" title="Biyelgee">Biyelgee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bistritsa_Babi" title="Bistritsa Babi">Bistritsa Babi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumba_Meu_Boi#Bumba_meu_boi_in_Maranhão" title="Bumba Meu Boi">Bumba-meu-boi from Maranhão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dainichido_Bugaku" title="Dainichido Bugaku">Dainichido Bugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Beijing opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombe" title="Candombe">Candombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cante_Alentejano" title="Cante Alentejano">Cante Alentejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_opera" title="Cantonese opera">Cantonese opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantu_a_tenore" title="Cantu a tenore">Cantu a tenore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca_tr%C3%B9" title="Ca trù">Ca trù</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremona_violins" class="mw-redirect" title="Cremona violins">Cremona violins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doina" title="Doina">Doina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duduk" title="Duduk">Duduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshuva" title="Eshuva">Eshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fado" title="Fado">Fado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frevo" title="Frevo">Frevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujara" title="Fujara">Fujara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Gagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagok" title="Gagok">Gagok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna_music" title="Garifuna music">Garifuna music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)#Traditional_vocal_polyphony" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgian vocal polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_of_gong_culture" title="Space of gong culture">Gong culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guqin" title="Guqin">Guqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwo_ka" title="Gwo ka">Gwoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan%27ge" title="Shan'ge">Hua'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudhud_chants" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudhud chants">Hudhud chants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongmyo_jerye" title="Jongmyo jerye">Jongmyo Jereyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Maqam" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Maqam">Iraqi Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_scale" title="Istrian scale">Istrian scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgal_Laox" class="mw-redirect" title="Kgal Laox">Kgal Laox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtone_singing" title="Overtone singing">Khuumii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klapa" title="Klapa">Klapa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Koodiyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutar" title="Dutar">Khorasan Bakhshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumi_odori" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumi odori">Kumi odori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunqu" title="Kunqu">Kunqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamo" title="Lhamo">Lhamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_song" title="Long song">Long song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maloya" title="Maloya">Maloya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshrep" title="Meshrep">Meshrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morin_khuur" title="Morin khuur">Morin khuur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Mugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqam" title="Muqam">Muqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanguan_music" title="Nanguan music">Nanyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Nhã nhạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungmul" title="Pungmul">Nongak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojkanje" title="Ojkanje">Ojkanje singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansori" title="Pansori">Pansori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirekua" title="Pirekua">Pirekua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%8D" title="Quan họ">Quan họ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudud_Halabiya" title="Qudud Halabiya">Qudud Halabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radif_(music)" title="Radif (music)">Radif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">Rebetiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)" title="Sama (Sufism)">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_de_roda" class="mw-redirect" title="Samba de roda">Samba de roda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setos" title="Setos">Seto Leelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashmaqam" title="Shashmaqam">Shashmaqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silbo_Gomero" title="Silbo Gomero">Silbo Gomero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slov%C3%A1cko_Verbu%C5%88k" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovácko Verbuňk">Slovácko Verbuňk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Song of Sana'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosso_Bala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosso Bala">Sosso Bala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania#Sutartinės" title="Music of Lithuania">Sutartinės</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1nch%C3%A1z" title="Táncház">Táncház</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Sibyl" title="The Song of the Sibyl">The Song of the Sibyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumba_francesa" title="Tumba francesa">Tumba francesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallenato" title="Vallenato">Vallenato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Vedic chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayang#Wayang_kulit" title="Wayang">Wayang kulit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_guyue" title="Xi'an guyue">Xi'an guyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xoan_singing" title="Xoan singing">Xoan singing</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balafon_Jamie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gum-rubber mallets on a balafon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Balafon_Jamie.jpg/80px-Balafon_Jamie.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Balafon_Jamie.jpg/120px-Balafon_Jamie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Balafon_Jamie.jpg/160px-Balafon_Jamie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="1038" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ananda_K._Coomaraswamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ananda K. Coomaraswamy">Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy</a> and Venkateswarier Subramaniam, "The Sacred and the Secular in India's Performing Arts: <a href="/wiki/Ananda_K._Coomaraswamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ananda K. Coomaraswamy">Ananda K. Coomaraswamy</a> Centenary Essays"(1980), Ashish Publishers, p. 150.</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koodiyattam&oldid=1055550619">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koodiyattam&oldid=1055550619</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_November_2021&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from November 2021 (page does not exist)">Articles with bare URLs for citations from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2013&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2013 (page does not exist)">Use dmy dates from March 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Koodiyattam" title="Category:Koodiyattam">Koodiyattam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Performing_arts_in_India" title="Category:Performing arts in India">Performing arts in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dances_of_Kerala" title="Category:Dances of Kerala">Dances of Kerala</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Theatre_in_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Theatre in India (page does not exist)">Theatre in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Category:Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_of_Kerala" title="Category:Arts of Kerala">Arts of Kerala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_vernacular_drama" title="Category:Religious vernacular drama">Religious vernacular drama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_heritage_of_India" title="Category:Cultural heritage of India">Cultural heritage of India</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:All articles with bare URLs for citations">All articles with bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_invalid_date_parameter_in_template" title="Category:Articles with invalid date parameter in template">Articles with invalid date parameter in template</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2019" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2019">Articles needing additional references from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2021, at 14:22<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span class="nowraplinks">This version of the page has been <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">revised</a>. 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