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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Mad%C3%A0" title="Ibn Madà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ibn Madà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC" title="Ιμπν Μαντά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιμπν Μαντά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="ابن مضاء – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابن مضاء" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_Ma%E1%B8%8D%C4%81" title="İbn Maḍā – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İbn Maḍā" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="ابن مضاء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابن مضاء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5984236#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a></div><div class="fn">Ibn Maḍāʾ<br />ابن مضاء</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Personal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1116<sup id="cite_ref-arabency_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabency-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba, Spain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1195 (aged 78–79)<sup id="cite_ref-shadow38_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shadow38-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Seville,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Seville, Spain">Seville, Spain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic golden age">Islamic golden age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisprudence</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahiri</a><sup id="cite_ref-hazm_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hazm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Creed</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a><sup id="cite_ref-creed_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creed-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Scholar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">Polymath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">Judge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Faqih">Jurist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Grammarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">Linguist</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Muslim leader</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Influenced by</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Dawud al-Zahiri">Dawud al-Zahiri</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" title="Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari">Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sibawayh" title="Sibawayh">Sibawayh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Ayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Ayyad">Qadi Ayyad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Influenced</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hayyan_Al_Gharnati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hayyan Al Gharnati">Abu Hayyan Al Gharnati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Abu al-Abbas Ahmad bin Abd al-Rahman bin Muhammad bin Sa'id bin Harith bin Asim <b><a href="/wiki/Lakhm" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhm">al-Lakhmi</a> al-Qurtubi</b>, better known as <b>Ibn Maḍāʾ</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ابن مضاء</span>; 1116–1196) was an Andalusian <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> from <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Islamic Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ver142_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ver142-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Mada was notable for having challenged the traditional formation of Arabic grammar and of the common understanding of <a href="/wiki/Government_(linguistics)" title="Government (linguistics)">linguistic governance</a> among Arab grammarians, performing an overhaul first suggested by <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a> 200 years prior.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is considered the first <a href="/wiki/Linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">linguist</a> in history to address the subject of <a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">dependency</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammatical</a> sense in which it is understood today, and was instrumental during the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad reforms">Almohad reforms</a> as chief judge of the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad Caliphate</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Mada%27&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Mada%27&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn Mada's exact date of birth is a matter of dispute, having been listed as both 1116<sup id="cite_ref-hazm_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hazm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1119<sup id="cite_ref-ver142_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ver142-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-granja_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-granja-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kojiro_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kojiro-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>. His family was famous within their local community.<sup id="cite_ref-granja_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-granja-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brill_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brill-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Mada was not known to have traveled outside of Cordoba prior to his academic study. He grew up in a family of noble origin, and as a youth he seemed to concern himself only with pursuing his education.<sup id="cite_ref-kojiro_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kojiro-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to religion, he was also well-versed in <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ver142_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ver142-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He moved from Cordoba to <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> where he studied Arabic <a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">grammar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> from the works of <a href="/wiki/Sibawayh" title="Sibawayh">Sibawayh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-arabency_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabency-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brill_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brill-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, he left the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> in North Africa in order to study <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets in Islam">prophetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">tradition</a> with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Muslim academic</a> <a href="/wiki/Qadi_Ayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Ayyad">Qadi Ayyad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-arabency_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabency-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brill_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brill-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Mada was most affected by his linguistic study, excelling so far as to develop his own independent opinions in regard to disputes among grammarians.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brill_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brill-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Mada%27&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn Mada initially served as a judge in <a href="/wiki/Fes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fes</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and later at <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a> in present-day Algeria. It was during his initial judgeship that he was a teacher of fellow Andalusian theologian and litterateur, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Dihya_al-Kalby" title="Ibn Dihya al-Kalby">Ibn Dihya al-Kalby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf">Abu Yaqub Yusuf</a> chose him to serve as the <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">chief judge</a> for the caliphate.<sup id="cite_ref-granja_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-granja-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brill_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brill-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served in Fes, <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, outliving Abu Yaqub to serve under the caliph's son <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_al-Mansur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur">Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur</a> and remaining as the empire's chief judge for the remainder of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-brill_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brill-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hajji_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hajji-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad reforms">Almohad reforms</a>, he assisted the Almohad authorities in banning any and all religious books written by non-Zahirites during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf">Abu Yaqub Yusuf</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ver142_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ver142-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and oversaw the outright burning of such books under Yusuf's son <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_al-Mansur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur">Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Maḍāʾs adherence to Zahirism has been described by Dutch <a href="/wiki/Arabist" title="Arabist">arabist</a> <a href="/wiki/Kees_Versteegh" title="Kees Versteegh">Kees Versteegh</a> as "fanatical."<sup id="cite_ref-ver142_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ver142-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a> month of <a href="/wiki/Jumada_al-awwal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumada al-awwal">Jumada al-awwal</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Hijri</a> year of 592,<sup id="cite_ref-hajji_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hajji-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> corresponding to 1196 in the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-kees_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kees-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just as he was approaching eighty years of age. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theological_position">Theological position</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Mada%27&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Theological position"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The brilliant polymath Ibn Mada' was a proponent of the <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a> doctrine that opposed philosophy in general and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> in particular, contending that reason should only be used to counter classical influences that were infiltrating into Islamic intellectual life. The Ash'ari adherents believed that the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> represented the infallible, accurate word of truth.<sup id="cite_ref-creed_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creed-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Mada%27&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn Mada rose to fame as one of the first to launch attack on <a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Arabic grammar</a> theory and called for its reformation. Although he was concerned with attacking all major schools of Arabic grammar, he was focused on the grammar of the <a href="/wiki/Linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">linguists</a> of <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, as it was the most popular school around him.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His attack on eastern Arabic grammar was violent yet reasoned and eloquent, defending his view that grammar as it was understood in that region was complicated, casuistic, obscure and artificial; Ibn Mada instead called for building simple and clear grammar based on true facts of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-brill_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brill-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among his ideas which were considered revolutionary both during his life and with renewed interest in his work during the 1950s was the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Government_(linguistics)" title="Government (linguistics)">governance</a> and linguistic <a href="/wiki/Analogy" title="Analogy">analogy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kees_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kees-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Mada felt that scholarly work on the Arabic language was intentionally convoluted and inaccessible to both non-native speakers and laymen <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arabs</a>, and that an overall simplification of language and grammar would enhance overall comprehension of Arabic. Ibn Mada held great respect for the language as the native speakers understood it, and while he emphasized a simplification of grammar he did not advocate a complete overhaul of the entire language.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahirite</a> views in Muslim jurisprudence influenced his views in linguistics. He explicitly denied the ability of human beings to <a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology" title="Free will in theology">willfully</a> choose what they say and how they say it, since <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speech</a> – like all other things – is <a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">predetermined</a> by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shadow38_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shadow38-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because Arabic grammarians during Ibn Mada's time often linked the spoken language to grammatical <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causes</a>, they earned both his linguistic and theological ire. In his view, the Zahirite denial of legal causality in regard to <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> carried over into a denial of linguistic causality in regard to Arabic grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-cart34_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cart34-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Mada's reaction toward Arabic grammar and grammarians wasn't without provocation. Both earlier Zahirite jurists such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mundhir_bin_Sa%27%C4%ABd_al-Ball%C5%AB%E1%B9%AD%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mundhir bin Sa'īd al-Ballūṭī">al-Ballūṭī</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'ites</a> sparred with <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafite</a> jurists who sought to justify practices such as <a href="/wiki/Istihsan" title="Istihsan">Istihsan</a>, on the basis of grammatical and linguistic arguments.<sup id="cite_ref-cart34_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cart34-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus suspicion and antagonism toward grammarians in the east, where the Hanafite rite predominated, had already been started before Ibn Mada began his whole-scale vehemence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Mada%27&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Mada%27&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn Mada's mastery of the Arabic language and its subfields was so great that, at the time, he was said to have been isolated from the general body of scholarship in terms of sheer knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-kojiro_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kojiro-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His refutation was written toward the end of his life and demonstrated his clarity of thought and independent judgment, causing his student <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Dihya_al-Kalby" title="Ibn Dihya al-Kalby">Ibn Dihya al-Kalby</a> to brand him as the leader of all grammarians.<sup id="cite_ref-brill_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brill-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His critical views of Arabic grammar as it was taught in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> found an audience with other linguistic and religious scholars of the western half, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hayyan_Al_Gharnati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hayyan Al Gharnati">Abu Hayyan Al Gharnati</a> being one example.<sup id="cite_ref-granja_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-granja-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gharnati also criticized so-called "eastern grammarians" and, after his treatise on the non-existence of grammatic causality, cited Ibn Mada as his inspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-shadow39_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shadow39-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Ibn Dihya, Abu Hayyan and Ibn Mada shared their Zahirite and Andalusian backgrounds,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not all of Ibn Mada's intellectual descendants shared these traits.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Thus, while Ibn Mada opened the discussion regarding the competence of grammarians, suspicion surrounding them and the religious implications of their work continued even after his death. In the mid-20th century, the rediscovery of Ibn Mada's <i>Refutation</i> by Egyptian linguist <a href="/wiki/Shawqi_Daif" title="Shawqi Daif">Shawqi Daif</a> caused minor shockwaves.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Convinced that Ibn Mada's abolition of linguistic analogy and governance were the solutions to the failure of Arabic language education, Daif used this foundation for his later advocacy of modernizing language arts education in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-kees_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kees-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So strong was Ibn Mada's refutation of grammarians that <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> <a href="/wiki/Laudian_Professor_of_Arabic" title="Laudian Professor of Arabic">Laudian Professor of Arabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Geert_Jan_van_Gelder" title="Geert Jan van Gelder">Geert Jan van Gelder</a> referred to Ibn Mada as the <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works">Works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Mada%27&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Radd ‘alá al-Nuḥāh</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الرد على النحاة</span></span>)</li> <li><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Mashriq fī Iṣlāḥ al-Manṭiq</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المشرق في إصلاح المنطق</span></span>)</li> <li><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Tanzīh al-Qur’ān ‘ammā lā Yalīqu min al-Bayān</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تنزيه القرآن عما لا يليق من البيان</span></span>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Mada%27&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ash%27aris" title="List of Ash'aris">List of Ash'aris</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Mada%27&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-arabency-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arabency_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arabency_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arabency_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218150535/http://www.arab-ency.com/index.php?module=pnEncyclopedia&func=display_term&id=13644">"Ibn Mada' (Ahmad ibn Abdul Rahman-) Ibn Mada'(Ahmad ibn Abdul Rahman-)"</a>. Archived from the original on 18 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ibn+Mada%27+%28Ahmad+ibn+Abdul+Rahman-%29+Ibn+Mada%27%28Ahmad+ibn+Abdul+Rahman-%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arab-ency.com%2Findex.php%3Fmodule%3DpnEncyclopedia%26func%3Ddisplay_term%26id%3D13644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Mada%27" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hazm-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hazm_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hazm_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brill.com/ibn-azm-cordoba">"Ibn Maḍāʾ al-Qurṭubī as a Ẓāhirī linguist"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kees_Versteegh" title="Kees Versteegh">Kees Versteegh</a>, taken from: <a href="/wiki/Camilla_Adang" title="Camilla Adang">Camilla Adang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maribel_Fierro" title="Maribel Fierro">Maribel Fierro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Schmidtke" title="Sabine Schmidtke">Sabine Schmidtke</a>. <i>Ibn Ḥazm of Cordoba: The Life and Works of a Controversial Thinker</i>. 1. 103. Brill Publishers, 2012. 934. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-creed-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-creed_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creed_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJose_Gomez-Rivera_III2021" class="citation book cs1">Jose Gomez-Rivera III (18 July 2021). "12". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nc05EAAAQBAJ"><i>The Hand of Allah</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Xlibris" title="Xlibris">Xlibris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781664184190" title="Special:BookSources/9781664184190"><bdi>9781664184190</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12&rft.btitle=The+Hand+of+Allah&rft.pub=Xlibris&rft.date=2021-07-18&rft.isbn=9781664184190&rft.au=Jose+Gomez-Rivera+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNc05EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Mada%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shadow38-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shadow38_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shadow38_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael G. Carter, "The Andalusian Grammarians: Are they Different?" Taken from <i>In the Shadow of Arabic: The Centrality of Language to Arab Culture,</i> Pg. 38. Ed. <a href="/wiki/Bilal_Orfali" title="Bilal Orfali">Bilal Orfali</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, 2011. Print. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004215375" title="Special:BookSources/9789004215375">9789004215375</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaalbaki2017" class="citation book cs1">Baalbaki, Ramzi (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgokDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT265"><i>The Early Islamic Grammatical Tradition</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351891257" title="Special:BookSources/9781351891257"><bdi>9781351891257</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Islamic+Grammatical+Tradition&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351891257&rft.aulast=Baalbaki&rft.aufirst=Ramzi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcgokDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Mada%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ver142-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ver142_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ver142_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ver142_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ver142_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ver142_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kees_Versteegh" title="Kees Versteegh">Kees Versteegh</a>, <i>The Arabic Linguistic Tradition</i>, pg. 142. Part of Landmarks in Linguistic Thought series, vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415157575" title="Special:BookSources/9780415157575">9780415157575</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shawqi Daif, Introduction to Ibn Mada's <i>Refutation of the Grammarians</i>, pg. 48. Cairo, 1947.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-granja-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-granja_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-granja_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-granja_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-granja_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Granja, F. de la. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ibn-mada-SIM_3275">Ibn Maḍāʾ</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>, Second Edition. Brill Online, 2012. Reference. 23 December 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kojiro-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kojiro_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kojiro_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kojiro_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kojiro_Nakamura" title="Kojiro Nakamura">Kojiro Nakamura</a>, "Ibn Mada's Criticism of Arab Grammarians." <i>Orient</i>, v. 10, pgs. 89-113. 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brill-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brill_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brill_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brill_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brill_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brill_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brill_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brill_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brill_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. III, H-IRAM, pg. 747 Eds. <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Charles Pellat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Joseph Schacht</a>. Assist. J. Burton-Page, C. Dumont and V.L. Menage. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1971. Photomechanical print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Al-Suyuti" title="Al-Suyuti">Al-Suyuti</a>, <i>Bughyah al-wu`a fi tabaqat al-lughawiyyin wa al-nuhat</i>, pg. 138. Cairo, 1907.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. III, H-IRAM, pg. 747.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hajji-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hajji_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hajji_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Katip_%C3%87elebi" class="mw-redirect" title="Katip Çelebi">Katip Çelebi</a>, <i>Kashf az-zunun</i>, vol. 3, pg. 355. Ed. <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Leberecht_Fl%C3%BCgel" title="Gustav Leberecht Flügel">Gustav Leberecht Flügel</a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: 1835-1858.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shawqi Daif, pg. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kees-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kees_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kees_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kees_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acc.teachmideast.org/texts.php?module_id=1&reading_id=35&print=1">"The Emergency of Modern Standard Arabic,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094845/http://acc.teachmideast.org/texts.php?module_id=1&reading_id=35&print=1">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Kees Versteegh. Taken from <i>The Arabic Language</i> by permission of the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhammad Abdukhaliq, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nizwa.com/volume3/p252_255.html">Ibn Madāʾ Al-Qurṭubi, An attack on Mshriq schools to ease the burden of Grammar ابن مضاء القرطبي هجوم على مدارس المشرق لتخفيف أثقال النحو</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080212061211/http://www.nizwa.com/volume3/p252_255.html">Archived</a> 12 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Accessed 2008-02-25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yasir Suleiman, <i>The Arabic Grammatical Tradition: a Study in taʻlīl</i>, pg. 161. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748606979" title="Special:BookSources/9780748606979">9780748606979</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kees Versteegh, <i>Arabic Linguistic Tradition</i>, pg. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cart34-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cart34_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cart34_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael G. Carter, <i>Andalusian Grammarians</i>, pg. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shadow39-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shadow39_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael G. Carter, <i>Andalusian Grammarians</i>, pg. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130111233852/http://ghuraba.info/history/names-of-zahiri-scholars/">"Names of Zahiri Scholars"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ghuraba.info/history/names-of-zahiri-scholars/">the original</a> on 11 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Names+of+Zahiri+Scholars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fghuraba.info%2Fhistory%2Fnames-of-zahiri-scholars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Mada%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. III, H-IRAM, pg. 856.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Geert_Jan_van_Gelder" title="Geert Jan van Gelder">Geert Jan van Gelder</a>, "Against the Arabic Grammarians: Some Poems." Taken from in the Shadow of Arabic: The Centrality of Language to Arab Culture, pg. 249. Ed. Bilal Orfali. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2011. Print. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004215375" title="Special:BookSources/9789004215375">9789004215375</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Muslim_scholars_of_the_Zahiri_School" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zahiri_scholars" title="Template:Zahiri scholars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zahiri_scholars" title="Template talk:Zahiri scholars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zahiri_scholars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zahiri scholars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muslim_scholars_of_the_Zahiri_School" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Muslim scholars of the Zahiri School</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Dawud al-Zahiri">Dawud al-Zahiri</a> (founder of the school; d. 883/884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Qaysi" title="Abd Allah al-Qaysi">Abd Allah al-Qaysi</a> (d. 885/886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Asim" title="Ibn Abi Asim">Ibn Abi Asim</a> (d. 900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri">Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri</a> (d. 909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruwaym" title="Ruwaym">Ruwaym</a> (d. 915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niftawayh" title="Niftawayh">Niftawayh</a> (d. 935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Mughallis" title="Ibn al-Mughallis">Ibn al-Mughallis</a> (d. 936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundhir_ibn_Sa%27%C4%ABd_al-Ball%C5%AB%E1%B9%AD%C4%AB" title="Mundhir ibn Sa'īd al-Ballūṭī">Mundhir ibn Sa'īd al-Ballūṭī</a> (887–966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qassab" title="Al-Qassab">Al-Qassab</a> (d. 970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a> (994–1064)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Humayd%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Humaydī">Al-Humaydī</a> (1029–1095)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tahir_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Tahir of Caesarea">Ibn Tahir of Caesarea</a> (d. 1113)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a> (d. 1128/30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ma%E1%B8%8D%C4%81%CA%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Maḍāʾ">Ibn Maḍāʾ</a> (1116–1196)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Dihya_al-Kalby" title="Ibn Dihya al-Kalby">Ibn Dihya al-Kalby</a> (1150–1235)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_al-Nabati" title="Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati">Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati</a> (1166–1239)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Ibn_Sayyid_al-N%C4%81s" title="Abu Bakr Ibn Sayyid al-Nās">Abu Bakr Ibn Sayyid al-Nās</a> (1200–1261)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hayyan_al-Gharnati" title="Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati">Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati</a> (1256–1344)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Taqi-ud-Din_al-Hilali" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali">Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali</a> (1893–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Turab_al-Zahiri" title="Abu Turab al-Zahiri">Abu Turab al-Zahiri</a> (1923–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihsan_Abbas" title="Ihsan Abbas">Ihsan Abbas</a> (1920–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abu_Khubza" title="Muhammad Abu Khubza">Muhammad Abu Khubza</a> (1932–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abd_al-Rahman_Ibn_Aqil_al-Zahiri" title="Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri">Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri</a> (b. 1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Aziz_al-Harbi" title="Abdul Aziz al-Harbi">Abdul Aziz al-Harbi</a> (b. 1965)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanafi_scholars" title="Template:Hanafi scholars">Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanbali_scholars" title="Template:Hanbali scholars">Hanbali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Maliki_scholars" title="Template:Maliki scholars">Maliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Shafi%27i_scholars" title="Template:Shafi'i scholars">Shafi'i</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zayd_al-Qayrawani" title="Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani">Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani</a> (d. 386 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqillani" title="Al-Baqillani">Al-Baqillani</a> (d. 403 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Imran_al-Fasi" title="Abu Imran al-Fasi">Abu Imran al-Fasi</a> (d. 430 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sidah" title="Ibn Sidah">Ibn Sidah</a> (d. 458 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Walid_al-Baji" title="Abu al-Walid al-Baji">Abu al-Walid al-Baji</a> (d. 474 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Turtushi" title="Abu Bakr al-Turtushi">Abu Bakr al-Turtushi</a> (d. 520 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maziri" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maziri">Al-Maziri</a> (d. 536 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Barrajan" title="Ibn Barrajan">Ibn Barrajan</a> (d. 536 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_al-Arabi" title="Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi">Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi</a> (d. 543 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Ayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Ayyad">Al-Qadi 'Ayyad</a> (d. 544 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suhayli" title="Al-Suhayli">Al-Suhayli</a> (d. 581 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Qattan" title="Ibn al-Qattan">Ibn al-Qattan</a> (d. 628 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Malik" title="Ibn Malik">Ibn Malik</a> (d. 672 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_al-Qarafi" title="Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi">Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi</a> (d. 684 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Daqiq_al-%27Id" title="Ibn Daqiq al-'Id">Ibn Daqiq al-'Id</a> (d. 702 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ata_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Ata Allah">Ibn 'Ata' Allah al-Iskandari</a> (d. 709 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Adjurrum" title="Ibn Adjurrum">Ibn Adjurrum</a> (d. 723 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Hajj_al-Abdari" title="Ibn al-Hajj al-Abdari">Ibn al-Hajj al-'Abdari</a> (d. 737 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Juzayy" title="Ibn Juzayy">Ibn Juzayy</a> (d. 741 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_ibn_Ishaq_al-Jundi" title="Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Jundi">Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Jundi</a> (d. 776 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Shatibi" title="Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi">Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi</a> (d. 790 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Arafa">Ibn 'Arafa</a> (d. 803 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> (d. 808 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Tha%27alibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi</a> (d. 876 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zarruq" title="Ahmad Zarruq">Ahmad Zarruq</a> (d. 899 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wansharisi" title="Ahmad al-Wansharisi">Ahmad al-Wansharisi</a> (d. 914 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Akhdari" title="Al-Akhdari">Al-Akhdari</a> (d. 953 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hattab" title="Al-Hattab">Al-Hattab</a> (d. 954 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Baba_al-Timbukti" title="Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti">Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti</a> (d. 1036 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mohammed_al-Maqqari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari">Al-Maqqari al-Tilimsani</a> (d. 1041 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Laqani" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Laqani">Ibrahim al-Laqani</a> (d. 1041 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mayyara" title="Muhammad Mayyara">Muhammad Mayyara</a> (d. 1072 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ashir" title="Ibn Ashir">Ibn 'Ashir</a> (d. 1090 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasan_al-Yusi" title="Al-Hasan al-Yusi">Al-Hasan al-Yusi</a> (d. 1102 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Zurqani" title="Muhammad al-Zurqani">Muhammad al-Zurqani</a> (d. 1122 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Dardir" title="Ahmad al-Dardir">Ahmad al-Dardir</a> (d. 1201 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_M%27hamed_Bou_Qobrine" title="Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine">M'Hamed al-Azhari</a> (d. 1208 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_%27Ajiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba">Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba</a> (d. 1224 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Tijani" title="Ahmad al-Tijani">Ahmad al-Tijani</a> (d. 1230 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Arafa_al-Desouki" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki">Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki</a> (d. 1230 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ali_al-Sanusi" title="Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi">Muhammad ibn 'Ali al-Sanusi</a> (d. 1276 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_%27Ilish" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad 'Ilish">Muhammad 'Ilish</a> (d. 1299 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Ghumari" title="Ahmad al-Ghumari">Ahmad al-Ghumari</a> (d. 1380 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Tahir_ibn_Ashur" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur">Muhammad al-Tahir ibn 'Ashur</a> (d. 1393 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel-Halim_Mahmoud" title="Abdel-Halim Mahmoud">Abdel-Halim Mahmoud</a> (d. 1397 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Metwalli_al-Sha%27rawi" title="Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi">Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi</a> (d. 1419 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Alawi_al-Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Alawi al-Maliki">Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki</a> (d. 1425 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_el-Tayeb" title="Ahmed el-Tayeb">Ahmed el-Tayeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_Yusuf" title="Hamza Yusuf">Hamza Yusuf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27is" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'is">Shafi'is</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hibban" title="Ibn Hibban">Ibn Hibban</a> (d. 354 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khafif" title="Ibn Khafif">Ibn Khafif</a> (d. 371 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Nishapuri" title="Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri">Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri</a> (d. 405 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Furak" title="Ibn Furak">Ibn Furak</a> (d. 406 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Isfarayini" title="Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini">Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini</a> (d. 418 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tha%27labi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tha'labi">Al-Tha'labi</a> (d. 427 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi">Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi</a> (d. 429 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nu%27aym_al-Isfahani" title="Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani">Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani</a> (d. 430 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayhaqi" title="Al-Bayhaqi">Al-Bayhaqi</a> (d. 458 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khatib_al-Baghdadi" title="Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi">Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi</a> (d. 463 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qushayri" title="Al-Qushayri">Al-Qushayri</a> (d. 465 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Shirazi" title="Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi">Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi</a> (d. 476 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qahir_al-Jurjani" title="Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani">Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani</a> (d. 471 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Juwayni" title="Al-Juwayni">Al-Juwayni</a> (d. 478 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Raghib_al-Isfahani" title="Al-Raghib al-Isfahani">Al-Raghib al-Isfahani</a> (d. 502 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> (d. 505 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baghawi" title="Al-Baghawi">Al-Baghawi</a> (d. 516 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrastani" title="Al-Shahrastani">Al-Shahrastani</a> (d. 548 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Asakir" title="Ibn Asakir">Ibn 'Asakir</a> (d. 571 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a> (d. 578 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a> (d. 606 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Salah" title="Ibn al-Salah">Ibn al-Salah</a> (d. 643 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Din_ibn_%27Abd_al-Salam" title="Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam">Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam</a> (d. 660 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nawawi" title="Al-Nawawi">Al-Nawawi</a> (d. 676 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baydawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baydawi">Al-Baydawi</a> (d. 685 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Daqiq_al-%27Id" title="Ibn Daqiq al-'Id">Ibn Daqiq al-'Id</a> (d. 702 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Din_al-Nisapuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri">Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri</a> (d. 728 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Mizzi" title="Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi">Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi</a> (d. 742 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Subki" title="Taqi al-Din al-Subki">Taqi al-Din al-Subki</a> (d. 756 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Safadi" title="Al-Safadi">Al-Safadi</a> (d. 764 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Din_al-Subki" title="Taj al-Din al-Subki">Taj al-Din al-Subki</a> (d. 771 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Shams al-Din al-Kirmani">Shams al-Din al-Kirmani</a> (d. 786 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zarkashi" title="Al-Zarkashi">Al-Zarkashi</a> (d. 794 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zain_al-Din_al-%27Iraqi" title="Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi">Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi</a> (d. 806 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Haythami" title="Nur al-Din al-Haythami">Nur al-Din al-Haythami</a> (d. 807 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jazari" title="Ibn al-Jazari">Ibn al-Jazari</a> (d. 833 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">Al-Maqrizi</a> (d. 845 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Asqalani" title="Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani">Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani</a> (d. 852 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sakhawi" title="Al-Sakhawi">Al-Sakhawi</a> (d. 902 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suyuti" title="Al-Suyuti">Al-Suyuti</a> (d. 911 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Samhudi" title="Nur al-Din al-Samhudi">Nur al-Din al-Samhudi</a> (d. 911 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_al-Dawani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal al-Din al-Dawani">Jalal al-Din al-Dawani</a> (d. 918 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qastallani" title="Al-Qastallani">Al-Qastallani</a> (d. 923 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariyya_al-Ansari" title="Zakariyya al-Ansari">Zakariyya al-Ansari</a> (d. 926 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sha%27rani" title="Al-Sha'rani">Al-Sha'rani</a> (d. 973 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Haytami" title="Ibn Hajar al-Haytami">Ibn Hajar al-Haytami</a> (d. 974 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khatib_al-Shirbini" title="Al-Khatib al-Shirbini">Al-Khatib al-Shirbini</a> (d. 977 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Munawi" title="Al-Munawi">Al-Munawi</a> (d. 1031 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Alawi_al-Haddad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah ibn Alawi al-Haddad">'Abdallah ibn 'Alawi al-Haddad</a> (d. 1132 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Attar" title="Hasan al-Attar">Hasan al-Attar</a> (d. 1230 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zayni_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Zayni Dahlan">Ahmad Zayni Dahlan</a> (d. 1304 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_Nurs%C3%AE" title="Said Nursî">Bediuzzaman Said Nursi</a> (d. 1379 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_al-Qudah" class="mw-redirect" title="Noah al-Qudah">Noah al-Qudah</a> (d. 1432 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Harari" title="Abdullah al-Harari">'Abdallah al-Harari</a> (d. 1432 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Said_Ramadan_al-Bouti" title="Muhammad Said Ramadan al-Bouti">Al-Bouti</a> (d. 1434 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Gomaa" title="Ali Gomaa">Ali Gomaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Jifri" title="Ali al-Jifri">Ali al-Jifri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibril_Haddad" title="Gibril Haddad">Gibril Haddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanbalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbalis">Hanbalis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_%27Aqil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn 'Aqil">Ibn 'Aqil</a> (d. 508 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a> (d. 534 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zahiris" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiris">Zahiris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a> (d. 524 AH)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ibn Mada'</a> (d. 592 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hayyan_al-Andalusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hayyan al-Andalusi">Abu Hayyan al-Andalusi</a> (d. 745 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A.png/150px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A.png/225px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A.png/300px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#01796F; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Ash'ari leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a> (d. 485 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Tashfin" title="Yusuf ibn Tashfin">Yusuf ibn Tashfin</a> (d. 500 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">'Abd al-Mu'min ibn 'Ali</a> (d. 558 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> (d. 589 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_I" title="Al-Adil I">Abu Bakr ibn Ayyub</a> (d. 615 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil" title="Al-Kamil">Al-Kamil</a> (d. 635 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Musa,_Emir_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Damascus">Al-Ashraf Musa</a> (d. 635 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutuz" title="Qutuz">Qutuz</a> (d. 658 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad" title="Al-Nasir Muhammad">Al-Nasir ibn Qalawun</a> (d. 741 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader_al-Jazairi" class="mw-redirect" title="Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi">Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi</a> (d. 1300 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Mukhtar" title="Omar al-Mukhtar">Omar al-Mukhtar</a> (d. 1350 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam" title="Izz ad-Din al-Qassam">'Izz al-Din al-Qassam</a> (d. 1354 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_el-Krim" title="Abd el-Krim">Ibn Abdelkarim al-Khattabi</a> (d. 1382 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Al-Muwahhidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#01796F; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Theology books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabyin_Kadhib_al-Muftari" title="Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari">Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asas_al-Taqdis" title="Asas al-Taqdis">Asas al-Taqdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baz_al-Ashhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baz al-Ashhab">Al-Baz al-Ashhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farq_bayn_al-Firaq" title="Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq">Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Milal_wa_al-Nihal" title="Al-Milal wa al-Nihal">Al-Milal wa al-Nihal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Conclusive_Proofs_for_the_Principles_of_Belief" title="A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief">Al-Irshad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moderation_in_Belief" title="The Moderation in Belief">Al-Iqtisad fi al-I'tiqad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayf_al-Saqil_fi_al-Radd_ala_Ibn_Zafil" title="Al-Sayf al-Saqil fi al-Radd ala Ibn Zafil">Al-Sayf al-Saqil fi al-Radd ala Ibn Zafil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#01796F; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_international_conference_on_Sunni_Islam_in_Grozny" title="2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny">2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y" title="Ahl al-Ra'y">Ahl al-Ra'y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Al-Ahbash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#01796F; color:#FFFFFF"><div>Ash'ari-related templates <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Maturidi" title="Template:Maturidi"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:Orange">Maturidi</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Template:Hanafi_scholars" title="Template:Hanafi scholars"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">Hanafi</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Maliki_scholars" title="Template:Maliki scholars"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">Maliki</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Shafi%27i_scholars" title="Template:Shafi'i scholars"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">Shafi'i</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_theology" title="Template:Islamic theology"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">Islamic theology</span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5984236#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1026320208">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82268117">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p22966797X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khwztd235f6cfwf">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007306314005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td 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