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<span>Funding models</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Funding_models-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Funding models subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Funding_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compulsory_insurance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compulsory_insurance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Compulsory insurance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compulsory_insurance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Single-payer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single-payer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Single-payer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single-payer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tax-based_financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tax-based_financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tax-based financing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tax-based_financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_health_insurance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_health_insurance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Social health insurance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_health_insurance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_insurance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_insurance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Private insurance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_insurance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community-based_health_insurance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community-based_health_insurance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Community-based health insurance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community-based_health_insurance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation_and_comparisons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation_and_comparisons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Implementation and comparisons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation_and_comparisons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview_of_Health_Coverage_Reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview_of_Health_Coverage_Reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Overview of Health Coverage Reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview_of_Health_Coverage_Reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism and support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9" title="رعاية صحية شاملة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رعاية صحية شاملة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asistencia_sanitaria_universal" title="Asistencia sanitaria universal – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Asistencia sanitaria universal" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE" title="বৈশ্বিক স্বাস্থ্যসেবা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৈশ্বিক স্বাস্থ্যসেবা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%88%CE%B7" title="Καθολική υγειονομική περίθαλψη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καθολική υγειονομική περίθαλψη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asistencia_sanitaria_universal" title="Asistencia sanitaria universal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asistencia sanitaria universal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universala_sanzorgado" title="Universala sanzorgado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Universala sanzorgado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osasun_arreta_unibertsal" title="Osasun arreta unibertsal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Osasun arreta unibertsal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مراقبت سلامتی همگانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مراقبت سلامتی همگانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couverture_universelle_des_soins_de_sant%C3%A9" title="Couverture universelle des soins de santé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Couverture universelle des soins de santé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%ED%8E%B8%EC%A0%81_%EA%B1%B4%EA%B0%95%EB%B3%B4%EC%9E%A5" title="보편적 건강보장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보편적 건강보장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzalna_zdravstvena_za%C5%A1tita" title="Univerzalna zdravstvena zaštita – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Univerzalna zdravstvena zaštita" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakupan_kesehatan_semesta" title="Cakupan kesehatan semesta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cakupan kesehatan semesta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistenza_sanitaria_universale" title="Assistenza sanitaria universale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assistenza sanitaria universale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penjagaan_kesihatan_sejagat" title="Penjagaan kesihatan sejagat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penjagaan kesihatan sejagat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%80%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Бүх нийтийн эрүүл мэндийн хамгаалал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бүх нийтийн эрүүл мэндийн хамгаалал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="युनिभर्सल हेल्थ केयर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="युनिभर्सल हेल्थ केयर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%8B%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B1%E3%82%A2" title="ユニバーサルヘルスケア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユニバーサルヘルスケア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84_%DA%AB%DA%89%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87_%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%86%DA%93%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%90_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%90" title="ټول ګډونه یا نړیوالې روغتیایي پاملرنې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټول ګډونه یا نړیوالې روغتیایي پاملرنې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%BAde_universal" title="Saúde universal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Saúde universal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Всеобщий охват услугами здравоохранения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Всеобщий охват услугами здравоохранения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Universal health care" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzalna_zdravstvena_za%C5%A1tita" title="Univerzalna zdravstvena zaštita – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Univerzalna zdravstvena zaštita" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evrensel_sa%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k_hizmeti" title="Evrensel sağlık hizmeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Evrensel sağlık hizmeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Обов'язкове медичне страхування – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Обов'язкове медичне страхування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%81%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="عالمی صحت کی نگہداشت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عالمی صحت کی نگہداشت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%B0%91%E5%8C%BB%E4%BF%9D" title="全民医保 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="全民医保" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3274205#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="View 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Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">System that grants access to healthcare to all residents or citizens of a country or region</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Universal health care</b> (also called <b>universal health coverage</b>, <b>universal coverage</b>, or <b>universal care</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Health_care_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care system">health care system</a> in which all residents of a particular country or region are assured <a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">access to health care</a>. It is generally organized around providing either all residents or only those who cannot afford on their own, with either health services or the means to acquire them, with the end goal of improving health outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Universal healthcare does not imply coverage for all cases and for all people – only that all people have access to healthcare when and where needed without financial hardship. Some universal healthcare systems are government-funded, while others are based on a requirement that all citizens purchase private health insurance. Universal healthcare can be determined by three critical dimensions: who is covered, what services are covered, and how much of the cost is covered.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_2010_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is described by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> as a situation where citizens can access health services without incurring financial hardship.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then-Director General of the WHO <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chan" title="Margaret Chan">Margaret Chan</a> described universal health coverage as the "single most powerful concept that public health has to offer" since it unifies "services and delivers them in a comprehensive and integrated way".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the goals with universal healthcare is to create a system of protection which provides equality of opportunity for people to enjoy the highest possible level of health.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics say that universal healthcare leads to longer wait times and worse quality healthcare.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals#Goal_3:_Good_health_and_well-being" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> member states have agreed to work toward worldwide universal health coverage by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Health_Organization_2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization_2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Therefore, the inclusion of the universal health coverage (UHC) within the SDGs targets can be related to the reiterated endorsements operated by the WHO.<sup id="cite_ref-Greco,_S.,_Putans,_R.,_&_Springe,_L._(2022)_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greco,_S.,_Putans,_R.,_&_Springe,_L._(2022)-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_health_care&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_universal_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries with universal health care">List of countries with universal health care</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:5px; float:right;"> <caption style="border: 1px solid;">Starting year of universal health care.<sup id="cite_ref-NY.gov_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY.gov-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Links are "Healthcare in COUNTRY" </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>1975 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Austria" title="Healthcare in Austria">Austria</a> </td> <td>1967 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Bahrain" title="Healthcare in Bahrain">Bahrain</a> </td> <td>1957 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Belgium" title="Healthcare in Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td>1945 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Bhutan">Bhutan</a> </td> <td>1970 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Brazil" title="Healthcare in Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td>1988 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Brunei">Brunei</a> </td> <td>1958 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td>1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_China" title="Healthcare in China">China</a> </td> <td>2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </td> <td>1980 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Denmark" title="Healthcare in Denmark">Denmark</a> </td> <td>1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Finland" title="Healthcare in Finland">Finland</a> </td> <td>1972 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in France">France</a> </td> <td>1974 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Germany" title="Healthcare in Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>1941 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Greece" title="Healthcare in Greece">Greece</a> </td> <td>1983 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Hong_Kong" title="Healthcare in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> </td> <td>1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iceland" title="Healthcare in Iceland">Iceland</a> </td> <td>1990 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td>1977 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Israel" title="Healthcare in Israel">Israel</a> </td> <td>1995 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td>1978 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td>1938 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Kuwait" title="Healthcare in Kuwait">Kuwait</a> </td> <td>1950 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Luxembourg" title="Healthcare in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> </td> <td>1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Malaysia" title="Healthcare in Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </td> <td>1980s </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td>1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_New_Zealand" title="Healthcare in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td> <td>1938 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Norway" title="Healthcare in Norway">Norway</a> </td> <td>1912 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Portugal" title="Healthcare in Portugal">Portugal</a> </td> <td>1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Russia" title="Healthcare in Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td>1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> </td> <td>2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Singapore" title="Healthcare in Singapore">Singapore</a> </td> <td>1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Slovenia" title="Healthcare in Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </td> <td>1972 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_South_Korea" title="Healthcare in South Korea">South Korea</a> </td> <td>1988 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td>1986 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Sweden" title="Healthcare in Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td>1955 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Switzerland" title="Healthcare in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td> <td>1994 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Taiwan" title="Healthcare in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> </td> <td>1995 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Turkey">Turkey</a><sup id="cite_ref-njm_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njm-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2003 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Armenia">Armenia</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> </td> <td>1971 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>1948 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The first move towards a national health insurance system was launched in <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> in 1883, with the Sickness Insurance Law. Industrial employers were mandated to provide injury and illness insurance for their low-wage workers, and the system was funded and administered by employees and employers through "sick funds", which were drawn from deductions in workers' wages and from employers' contributions. This social health insurance model, named the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismarck Model">Bismarck Model</a> after Prussian Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, was the first form of universal care in modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other countries soon began to follow suit. In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance_Act_1911" title="National Insurance Act 1911">National Insurance Act 1911</a> provided coverage for primary care (but not specialist or hospital care) for wage earners, covering about one-third of the population. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> established a similar system in 1912, and other industrialized countries began following suit. By the 1930s, similar systems existed in virtually all of Western and Central Europe. <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> introduced an employee health insurance law in 1927, expanding further upon it in 1935 and 1940. Following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of 1917, a <a href="/wiki/Semashko_model" title="Semashko model">fully public and centralized health care system</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was not a truly universal system at that point, as rural residents were not covered. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, a universal health care system was created in a series of steps, from 1938 to 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-Abel-Smith_1987_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abel-Smith_1987-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-New_Zealand_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Zealand-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the state of <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> introduced a free public hospital system in 1946. </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, universal health care systems began to be set up around the world. On July 5, 1948, the United Kingdom launched its universal <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>. Universal health care was next introduced in the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (1955),<sup id="cite_ref-Sweden_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweden-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (1956),<sup id="cite_ref-Iceland_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iceland-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (1956),<sup id="cite_ref-Norway_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norway-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (1961)<sup id="cite_ref-Denmark_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denmark-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (1964).<sup id="cite_ref-Finland_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finland-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Universal health insurance was introduced in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in 1961, and in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> through stages, starting with the province of <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> in 1962, followed by the rest of Canada from 1968 to 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-Abel-Smith_1987_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abel-Smith_1987-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saskatchewan_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saskatchewan-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A public healthcare system was introduced in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 1952">Egyptian revolution of 1952</a>. Centralized public healthcare systems were set up in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern bloc">Eastern bloc</a> countries. The Soviet Union extended universal health care to its rural residents in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-Abel-Smith_1987_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abel-Smith_1987-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USSR_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USSR-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> introduced their universal healthcare systems in 1950 and 1957 respectively (prior to independence).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> introduced its <i>Servizio Sanitario Nazionale</i> (National Health Service) in 1978. Universal health insurance was implemented in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> in 1975 with the <i>Medibank</i>, which led to universal coverage under the current <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(Australia)" title="Medicare (Australia)">Medicare</a> system from 1984.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From the 1970s to the 2000s, Western European countries began introducing universal coverage, most of them building upon previous health insurance programs to cover the whole population. For example, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> built upon its 1928 national health insurance system, with subsequent legislation covering a larger and larger percentage of the population, until the remaining 1% of the population that was uninsured received coverage in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-austerity_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-austerity-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Germany_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Germany-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Single payer healthcare systems were introduced in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (1972), <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (1979), <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (1980), <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (1986) and <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (1990). <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> introduced a universal healthcare system based on an insurance mandate in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, universal health coverage was introduced in some <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a> countries, including <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (1980s),<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (1989), <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (1995), <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> (1993), <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (1995) and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (2001). </p><p>Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> retained and reformed its universal health care system,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did other now-independent former Soviet republics and Eastern bloc countries. </p><p>Beyond the 1990s, many countries in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a> region, including developing countries, took steps to bring their populations under universal health coverage, including <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> which has the largest universal health care system in the world<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sistema_%C3%9Anico_de_Sa%C3%BAde" title="Sistema Único de Saúde">SUS</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which improved coverage up to 80% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> introduced a tax-payer funded decentralised universal healthcare system as well as comprehensive public and private health insurances that helped reduce mortality rates drastically and improved healthcare infrastructure across the country dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2012 study examined progress being made by these countries, focusing on nine in particular: <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, most industrialized countries and many developing countries operate some form of publicly funded health care with universal coverage as the goal. According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine">National Academy of Medicine</a> and others, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> is the only wealthy, industrialized nation that does not provide universal health care. The only forms of government-provided healthcare available are <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> (for elderly patients as well as people with disabilities), <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> (for low-income people),<sup id="cite_ref-IOM_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOM-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Military_Health_System" title="Military Health System">Military Health System</a> (active, reserve, and retired military personnel and dependants), and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Health_Service" title="Indian Health Service">Indian Health Service</a> (members of federally recognized Native American tribes). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding_models">Funding models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_health_care&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Funding models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Health_care_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care economics">Health care economics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Health_spending_by_country._Percent_of_GDP_(Gross_domestic_product).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Health_spending_by_country._Percent_of_GDP_%28Gross_domestic_product%29.png/310px-Health_spending_by_country._Percent_of_GDP_%28Gross_domestic_product%29.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Health_spending_by_country._Percent_of_GDP_%28Gross_domestic_product%29.png/465px-Health_spending_by_country._Percent_of_GDP_%28Gross_domestic_product%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Health_spending_by_country._Percent_of_GDP_%28Gross_domestic_product%29.png/620px-Health_spending_by_country._Percent_of_GDP_%28Gross_domestic_product%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2562" data-file-height="1281" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Health_spending_as_a_percent_of_GDP_by_country_(gross_domestic_product)" class="mw-redirect" title="Health spending as a percent of GDP by country (gross domestic product)">Health spending by country</a>. Percent of GDP (<a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Gross domestic product</a>). For example: 11.2% for Canada in 2022. 16.6% for the United States in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-OECD-barcharts_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD-barcharts-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Health_spending._OECD_countries._US_dollars_per_capita_(using_economy-wide_PPPs).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Health_spending._OECD_countries._US_dollars_per_capita_%28using_economy-wide_PPPs%29.png/310px-Health_spending._OECD_countries._US_dollars_per_capita_%28using_economy-wide_PPPs%29.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Health_spending._OECD_countries._US_dollars_per_capita_%28using_economy-wide_PPPs%29.png/465px-Health_spending._OECD_countries._US_dollars_per_capita_%28using_economy-wide_PPPs%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Health_spending._OECD_countries._US_dollars_per_capita_%28using_economy-wide_PPPs%29.png/620px-Health_spending._OECD_countries._US_dollars_per_capita_%28using_economy-wide_PPPs%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2562" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_health_expenditure_per_capita" title="List of countries by total health expenditure per capita">Total healthcare cost per person</a>. Public and private spending. US dollars <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>. For example: $6,319 for Canada in 2022. $12,555 for the US in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-OECD-barcharts_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD-barcharts-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_vs_healthcare_spending.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Life_expectancy_vs_healthcare_spending.jpg/310px-Life_expectancy_vs_healthcare_spending.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Life_expectancy_vs_healthcare_spending.jpg/465px-Life_expectancy_vs_healthcare_spending.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Life_expectancy_vs_healthcare_spending.jpg/620px-Life_expectancy_vs_healthcare_spending.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="1816" /></a><figcaption>Life expectancy vs healthcare spending of rich OECD countries. <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_health_expenditure_per_capita" title="List of countries by total health expenditure per capita">US average of $10,447 in 2018</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-life_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Universal health care in most countries has been achieved by a mixed model of funding. General <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a> revenue is the primary source of funding, but in many countries it is supplemented by specific charge (which may be charged to the individual or an employer) or with the option of private payments (by direct or optional insurance) for services beyond those covered by the public system. Almost all European systems are financed through a mix of public and private contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-Bentes_2004_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bentes_2004-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most universal health care systems are funded primarily by <a href="/wiki/Tax_revenue" title="Tax revenue">tax revenue</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bentes_2004_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bentes_2004-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, Spain, Denmark and Sweden). Some nations, such as Germany, France,<sup id="cite_ref-PNHP_2004_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNHP_2004-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Japan,<sup id="cite_ref-Chua_2006_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chua_2006-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> employ a multi-payer system in which health care is funded by private and public contributions. However, much of the non-government funding comes from contributions from employers and employees to regulated <a href="/wiki/Non-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit">non-profit</a> sickness funds. Contributions are compulsory and defined according to law. A distinction is also made between municipal and national healthcare funding. For example, one model is that the bulk of the healthcare is funded by the municipality, specialty healthcare is provided and possibly funded by a larger entity, such as a municipal co-operation board or the state, and medications are paid for by a state agency. A paper by Sherry A. Glied from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Mailman_School_of_Public_Health" title="Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health">Columbia University</a> found that universal health care systems are modestly redistributive and that the progressivity of health care financing has limited implications for overall <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">income inequality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Glied_2008_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glied_2008-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compulsory_insurance">Compulsory insurance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_health_care&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Compulsory insurance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">National health insurance</a></div> <p>This is usually enforced via legislation requiring residents to purchase insurance, but sometimes the government provides the insurance. Sometimes there may be a choice of multiple public and private funds providing a standard service (as in Germany) or sometimes just a single public fund (as in the Canadian provinces). <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Switzerland" title="Healthcare in Switzerland">Healthcare in Switzerland</a> is based on compulsory insurance.<sup id="cite_ref-Tomasky_2010_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomasky_2010-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some European countries where private insurance and universal health care coexist, such as Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands, the problem of <a href="/wiki/Adverse_selection" title="Adverse selection">adverse selection</a> is overcome by using a risk compensation pool to equalize, as far as possible, the risks between funds. Thus, a fund with a predominantly healthy, younger population has to pay into a compensation pool and a fund with an older and predominantly less healthy population would receive funds from the pool. In this way, sickness funds compete on price and there is no advantage in eliminating people with higher risks because they are compensated for by means of risk-adjusted capitation payments. Funds are not allowed to pick and choose their policyholders or deny coverage, but they compete mainly on price and service. In some countries, the basic coverage level is set by the government and cannot be modified.<sup id="cite_ref-Varkevisser_2002_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varkevisser_2002-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> at one time had a "community rating" system by <a href="/wiki/VHI" class="mw-redirect" title="VHI">VHI</a>, effectively a single-payer or common risk pool. The government later opened VHI to competition, but without a compensation pool. That resulted in foreign insurance companies entering the Irish market and offering much less expensive health insurance to relatively healthy segments of the market, which then made higher profits at VHI's expense. The government later reintroduced community rating by a pooling arrangement and at least one main major insurance company, BUPA, withdrew from the Irish market.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Poland, people are obliged to pay a percentage of the average monthly wage to the state, even if they are covered by private insurance.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People working under a <a href="/wiki/Employment_contract" title="Employment contract">employment contract</a> pay a percentage of their wage, while entrepreneurs pay a fixed rate, based on the average national wage. Unemployed people are insured by the labor office. </p><p>Among the potential solutions posited by economists are single-payer systems as well as other methods of ensuring that health insurance is universal, such as by requiring all citizens to purchase insurance or by limiting the ability of insurance companies to deny insurance to individuals or vary price between individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothschild_1976_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothschild_1976-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Belli_2001_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belli_2001-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single-payer">Single-payer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_health_care&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Single-payer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Single-payer_healthcare" title="Single-payer healthcare">Single-payer healthcare</a></div> <p>Single-payer health care is a system in which the government, rather than private insurers, pays for all <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a> costs.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Single-payer systems may contract for healthcare services from private organizations, or own and employ healthcare resources and personnel (as was the case in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> before the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_Act_2012" title="Health and Social Care Act 2012">Health and Social Care Act</a>). In some instances, such as Italy and Spain, both these realities may exist at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Single-payer" thus describes only the funding mechanism and refers to health care financed by a single public body from a single fund and does not specify the type of delivery or for whom doctors work. Although the fund holder is usually the state, some forms of single-payer use a mixed public-private system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tax-based_financing">Tax-based financing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_health_care&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tax-based financing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In tax-based financing, individuals contribute to the provision of health services through various taxes. These are typically pooled across the whole population unless local governments raise and retain tax revenues. Some countries (notably <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>) choose to fund public health care directly from taxation alone. Other countries with insurance-based systems effectively meet the cost of insuring those unable to insure themselves via <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a> arrangements funded from taxation, either by directly paying their medical bills or by paying for insurance premiums for those affected.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_health_insurance">Social health insurance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_health_care&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Social health insurance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a social health insurance system, contributions from workers, the self-employed, enterprises and governments are pooled into single or multiple funds on a compulsory basis. This is based on <a href="/wiki/Risk_pool" title="Risk pool">risk pooling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The social health insurance model is also referred to as the <b>Bismarck Model</b>, after Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, who introduced the first universal health care system in Germany in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The funds typically contract with a mix of public and private providers for the provision of a specified benefit package. Preventive and public health care may be provided by these funds or responsibility kept solely by the Ministry of Health. Within social health insurance, a number of functions may be executed by parastatal or non-governmental sickness funds, or in a few cases, by private health insurance companies. Social health insurance is used in a number of Western European countries and increasingly in Eastern Europe as well as in Israel and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_insurance">Private insurance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_health_care&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Private insurance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In private health insurance, premiums are paid directly from employers, associations, individuals and families to insurance companies, which pool risks across their membership base. Private insurance includes policies sold by commercial for-profit firms, non-profit companies and community health insurers. Generally, private insurance is voluntary in contrast to social insurance programs, which tend to be compulsory.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_2008_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_2008-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some countries with universal coverage, private insurance often excludes certain health conditions that are expensive and the state health care system can provide coverage. For example, in the United Kingdom, one of the largest private health care providers is <a href="/wiki/BUPA" class="mw-redirect" title="BUPA">BUPA</a>, which has a long list of general exclusions even in its highest coverage policy,<sup id="cite_ref-Bupa_2010_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bupa_2010-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of which are routinely provided by the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>. In the Netherlands, which has regulated competition for its main insurance system (but is subject to a budget cap), insurers must cover a basic package for all enrollees, but may choose which additional services they offer in supplementary plans; which most people possess <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning Commission of India">Planning Commission of India</a> has also suggested that the country should embrace insurance to achieve universal health coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-Varshney_2012_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varshney_2012-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General tax revenue is currently used to meet the essential health requirements of all people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community-based_health_insurance">Community-based health insurance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_health_care&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Community-based health insurance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A particular form of private health insurance that has often emerged, if <a href="/wiki/Financial_risk" title="Financial risk">financial risk</a> protection mechanisms have only a limited impact, is community-based health insurance.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual members of a specific community pay to a collective health fund which they can draw from when they need medical care. Contributions are not risk-related and there is generally a high level of community involvement in the running of these plans. Community-based health insurance generally only play a limited role in helping countries move towards universal health coverage. Challenges includes inequitable access by the poorest<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that health service utilization of members generally increase after enrollment.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation_and_comparisons">Implementation and comparisons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_health_care&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Implementation and comparisons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_universal_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries with universal health care">List of countries with universal health care</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">Health system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_care_systems_by_country" title="Health care systems by country">Health care systems by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_health_expenditure_per_capita,_US_Dollars_PPP.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Total_health_expenditure_per_capita%2C_US_Dollars_PPP.png/250px-Total_health_expenditure_per_capita%2C_US_Dollars_PPP.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Total_health_expenditure_per_capita%2C_US_Dollars_PPP.png/375px-Total_health_expenditure_per_capita%2C_US_Dollars_PPP.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Total_health_expenditure_per_capita%2C_US_Dollars_PPP.png/500px-Total_health_expenditure_per_capita%2C_US_Dollars_PPP.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Health spending per capita, in US$ <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a>-adjusted, among various <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries. For later data see <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_health_expenditure_per_capita" title="List of countries by total health expenditure per capita">List of countries by total health expenditure per capita</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Universal health care systems vary according to the degree of government involvement in providing care or health insurance. In some countries, such as Canada, the UK, Italy, Australia, and the Nordic countries, the government has a high degree of involvement in the commissioning or delivery of health care services and access is based on residence rights, not on the purchase of insurance. Others have a much more pluralistic delivery system, based on obligatory health with contributory insurance rates related to salaries or income and usually funded by employers and beneficiaries jointly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sometimes, the health funds are derived from a mixture of insurance premiums, salary-related mandatory contributions by employees or employers to regulated sickness funds, and by government taxes. These insurance based systems tend to reimburse private or public medical providers, often at heavily regulated rates, through mutual or publicly owned medical insurers. A few countries, such as the Netherlands and Switzerland, operate via privately owned but heavily regulated private insurers, which are not allowed to make a profit from the mandatory element of insurance but can profit by selling supplemental insurance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Universal health care is a broad concept that has been implemented in several ways. The common denominator for all such programs is some form of government action aimed at extending access to health care as widely as possible and setting minimum standards. Most implement universal health care through legislation, regulation, and taxation. Legislation and regulation direct what care must be provided, to whom, and on what basis. Usually, some costs are borne by the patient at the time of consumption, but the bulk of costs come from a combination of compulsory insurance and tax revenues. Some programs are paid for entirely out of tax revenues. In others, tax revenues are used either to fund insurance for the very poor or for those needing long-term chronic care. </p><p>A critical concept in the delivery of universal healthcare is that of population healthcare. This is a way of organizing the delivery, and allocating resources, of healthcare (and potentially social care) based on populations in a given geography with a common need (such as <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">end of life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urgent_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Urgent care">urgent care</a>). Rather than focus on institutions such as hospitals, primary care, community care etc. the system focuses on the population with a common as a whole. This includes people currently being treated, and those that are not being treated but should be (i.e. where there is <a href="/wiki/Health_equity" title="Health equity">health inequity</a>). This approach encourages <a href="/wiki/Integrated_care" title="Integrated care">integrated care</a> and a more effective use of resources.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United Kingdom <a href="/wiki/National_Audit_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Audit Office (United Kingdom)">National Audit Office</a> in 2003 published an international comparison of ten different health care systems in ten developed countries, nine universal systems against one non-universal system (the United States), and their relative costs and key health outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-NAO_2003_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAO_2003-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A wider international comparison of 16 countries, each with universal health care, was published by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_2004_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_2004-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, government involvement also includes directly managing the <a href="/wiki/Health_care_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care system">health care system</a>, but many countries use mixed public-private systems to deliver universal health care. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_of_Health_Coverage_Reports">Overview of Health Coverage Reports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_health_care&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Overview of Health Coverage Reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2023 report from the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> indicates that the advancement towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by the year 2030 has not progressed since 2015. The UHC Service Coverage Index (SCI) has remained constant at a score of 68 from 2019 to 2021. It is reported that catastrophic out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditures have impacted over 1 billion individuals globally. Additionally, in the year 2019, it was found that 2 billion people experienced financial difficulties due to health expenses, with ongoing, significant disparities in coverage. The report suggests several strategies to mitigate these challenges: it calls for the acceleration of essential health services, sustained attention to infectious disease management, improvement in health workforce and infrastructure, the elimination of financial barriers to care, an increase in pre-paid and pooled health financing, policy initiatives to curtail OOP expenses, a focus on primary healthcare to reinforce overall health systems, and the fortification of collaborative efforts to achieve UHC. These measures aim to increase health service coverage by an additional 477 million individuals by the year 2023 and to continue progress towards covering an extra billion people by the 2030 deadline.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_and_support">Criticism and support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_health_care&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Criticism and support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid 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.mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Universal_health_care" title="Special:EditPage/Universal health care">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Universal_health_care" title="Talk:Universal health care">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_health_care&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Universal_health_care" title="Talk:Universal health care">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_health_care&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Critics of universal healthcare say that it leads to longer wait times and a decrease in the quality of healthcare.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics of implementing universal healthcare in the United States say that it would require healthy people to pay for the medical care of unhealthy people, which they say goes against the American values of individual choice and personal responsibility; it would raise healthcare expenditures due to the high cost of implementation that the United States government supposedly cannot pay; and represents unnecessary government overreach into the lives of American citizens, healthcare, the health insurance industry, and employers' rights to choose what health coverage they want to offer to their employees.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most contemporary studies posit that a single payer universal healthcare system would benefit the United States. According to a 2020 study published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a></i>, the proposed <a href="/wiki/Medicare_for_All_Act" title="Medicare for All Act">Medicare for All Act</a> would save 68,000 lives and $450 billion in <a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">national healthcare expenditure</a> annually.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2022 study published in the <i><a href="/wiki/PNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PNAS">PNAS</a></i> found that a single-payer universal healthcare system would have saved 212,000 lives and averted over $100 billion in medical costs during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic in the United States</a> in 2020 alone.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_health_care&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acronyms_in_healthcare" title="Acronyms in healthcare">Acronyms in healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence_in_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural competence in health care">Cultural competence in health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_Health_Consumer_Index" title="Euro Health Consumer Index">Euro Health Consumer Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_promotion" title="Health promotion">Health promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_law" title="Health law">Health law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_cooperative" title="Health insurance cooperative">Health insurance cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_spending_as_a_percent_of_GDP_by_country_(gross_domestic_product)" class="mw-redirect" title="Health spending as a percent of GDP by country (gross domestic product)">Health spending as a percent of GDP by country (gross domestic product)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_reform_debate_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare reform debate in the United States">Healthcare reform debate in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_health_insurance_coverage" title="List of countries by health insurance coverage">List of countries by health insurance coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_health_expenditure_per_capita" title="List of countries by total health expenditure per capita">List of countries by total health expenditure per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_universal_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries with universal health care">List of countries with universal health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">National health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary healthcare">Primary healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_health_care" title="Publicly funded health care">Publicly funded health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-payer_healthcare" title="Single-payer healthcare">Single-payer healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialized_medicine" title="Socialized medicine">Socialized medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-tier_healthcare" title="Two-tier healthcare">Two-tier healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Health_Coverage_Day" title="Universal Health Coverage Day">Universal Health Coverage Day</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_health_care&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WHO_2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_2010_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_2010_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2010" class="citation book cs1">World Health Organization (November 22, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100820120444/http://www.who.int/whr/2010/en/"><i>The world health report: health systems financing: the path to universal coverage</i></a>. Geneva: World Health Organization. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-156402-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-156402-1"><bdi>978-92-4-156402-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/whr/2010/en/">the original</a> on August 20, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+health+report%3A+health+systems+financing%3A+the+path+to+universal+coverage&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2010-11-22&rft.isbn=978-92-4-156402-1&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fwhr%2F2010%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+health+care" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs395/en/">"Universal health coverage (UHC)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 164–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-40217-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-40217-1"><bdi>978-1-107-40217-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Making+New+Zealand+1930%E2%80%931949&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+New+Zealand&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=164-65&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-40217-1&rft.aulast=Mein+Smith&rft.aufirst=Philippa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC4WZFbNXpPMC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+health+care" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sweden-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sweden_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerner1980" class="citation book cs1">Serner, Uncas (1980). "Swedish health legislation: milestones in reorganisation since 1945". In Heidenheimer, Arnold J.; Elvander, Nils; Hultén, Charly (eds.). <i>The shaping of the Swedish health system</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-71627-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-71627-1"><bdi>978-0-312-71627-1</bdi></a>. <q>Universal and comprehensive health insurance was debated at intervals all through the Second World War, and in 1946 such a bill was voted in Parliament. For financial and other reasons, its promulgation was delayed until 1955, at which time coverage was extended to include drugs and sickness compensation, as well.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Swedish+health+legislation%3A+milestones+in+reorganisation+since+1945&rft.btitle=The+shaping+of+the+Swedish+health+system&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-312-71627-1&rft.aulast=Serner&rft.aufirst=Uncas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+health+care" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iceland-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iceland_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhnleHort2004" class="citation web cs1">Kuhnle, Stein; Hort, Sven E.O. (September 1, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/9C6E3A3338E09652C1256D8100457272?OpenDocument">"The developmental welfare state in Scandinavia: lessons to the developing world"</a>. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+developmental+welfare+state+in+Scandinavia%3A+lessons+to+the+developing+world&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=United+Nations+Research+Institute+for+Social+Development&rft.date=2004-09-01&rft.aulast=Kuhnle&rft.aufirst=Stein&rft.au=Hort%2C+Sven+E.O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unrisd.org%2F80256B3C005BCCF9%2F%28httpPublications%29%2F9C6E3A3338E09652C1256D8100457272%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+health+care" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norway-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norway_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvang1970" class="citation book cs1">Evang, Karl (1970). <i>Health services in Norway. English version by Dorothy Burton Skårdal</i> (3rd ed.). Oslo: Norwegian Joint Committee on International Social Policy. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/141033">141033</a>. <q>Since 2 July 1956 the entire population of Norway has been included under the obligatory health national insurance program.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+services+in+Norway.+English+version+by+Dorothy+Burton+Sk%C3%A5rdal&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pages=23&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Norwegian+Joint+Committee+on+International+Social+Policy&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F141033&rft.aulast=Evang&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+health+care" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denmark-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Denmark_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannikHolstWagner1976" class="citation book cs1">Gannik, Dorte; Holst, Erik; Wagner, Mardsen (1976). "Primary health care". <i>The national health system in Denmark</i>. DHEW publication ; no. (NIH) 77-673. Bethesda: National Institutes of Health. pp. 43–44. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fpur1.32754081249264">2027/pur1.32754081249264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Primary+health+care&rft.btitle=The+national+health+system+in+Denmark&rft.place=Bethesda&rft.series=DHEW+publication+%3B+no.+%28NIH%29+77-673&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=National+Institutes+of+Health&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fpur1.32754081249264&rft.aulast=Gannik&rft.aufirst=Dorte&rft.au=Holst%2C+Erik&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Mardsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+health+care" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finland-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finland_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlestaloUusitalo1987" class="citation book cs1">Alestalo, Matti; Uusitalo, Hannu (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F16VaIYewIEC&pg=PA139">"Finland"</a>. In Flora, Peter (ed.). <i>Growth to limits: the Western European welfare states since World War II, Vol. 4 Appendix (synopses, bibliographies, tables)</i>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 137–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-011133-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-011133-0"><bdi>978-3-11-011133-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Finland&rft.btitle=Growth+to+limits%3A+the+Western+European+welfare+states+since+World+War+II%2C+Vol.+4+Appendix+%28synopses%2C+bibliographies%2C+tables%29&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=137-40&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-3-11-011133-0&rft.aulast=Alestalo&rft.aufirst=Matti&rft.au=Uusitalo%2C+Hannu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF16VaIYewIEC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+health+care" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saskatchewan-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saskatchewan_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1990" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Malcolm G. (1990). "Saskatchewan medical care insurance". <i>Insuring national health care: the Canadian experience</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 96–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1934-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1934-0"><bdi>978-0-8078-1934-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saskatchewan+medical+care+insurance&rft.btitle=Insuring+national+health+care%3A+the+Canadian+experience&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=96-130&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-1934-0&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+health+care" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaioni1998" class="citation book cs1">Maioni, Antonia (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PUd7vAlbi_0C&pg=PA122">"The 1960s: the political battle"</a>. <i>Parting at the crossroads: the emergence of health insurance in the United States and Canada</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 121–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05796-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05796-5"><bdi>978-0-691-05796-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+1960s%3A+the+political+battle&rft.btitle=Parting+at+the+crossroads%3A+the+emergence+of+health+insurance+in+the+United+States+and+Canada&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=121-22&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05796-5&rft.aulast=Maioni&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPUd7vAlbi_0C%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+health+care" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USSR-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USSR_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaser1976" class="citation book cs1">Kaser, Michael (1976). "The USSR". <i>Health care in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe</i>. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. pp. 38–39, 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89158-604-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89158-604-3"><bdi>978-0-89158-604-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+USSR&rft.btitle=Health+care+in+the+Soviet+Union+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colo.&rft.pages=38-39%2C+43&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-89158-604-3&rft.aulast=Kaser&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+health+care" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoemer1993" class="citation book cs1">Roemer, Milton Irwin (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HMa8ZP5SRUEC&pg=PA94">"Social security for medical care"</a>. <i>National health systems of the world: Volume II: The issues</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507845-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507845-9"><bdi>978-0-19-507845-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+security+for+medical+care&rft.btitle=National+health+systems+of+the+world%3A+Volume+II%3A+The+issues&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507845-9&rft.aulast=Roemer&rft.aufirst=Milton+Irwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHMa8ZP5SRUEC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+health+care" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenisova2010" class="citation book cs1">Denisova, Liubov N. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vJJaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167">"Protection of childhood and motherhood in the countryside"</a>. In Mukhina, Irina (ed.). <i>Rural women in the Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia</i>. New York: Routledge. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-84684-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-84684-1"><bdi>978-0-203-84684-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Protection+of+childhood+and+motherhood+in+the+countryside&rft.btitle=Rural+women+in+the+Soviet+Union+and+post-Soviet+Russia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-203-84684-1&rft.aulast=Denisova&rft.aufirst=Liubov+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvJJaBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+health+care" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrin2016" class="citation book cs1">Perrin, Karen (Kay) M. (September 8, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hlf_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92"><i>Principles of Health Navigation</i></a>. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-284-09076-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-284-09076-5"><bdi>978-1-284-09076-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Health+Navigation&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2016-09-08&rft.isbn=978-1-284-09076-5&rft.aulast=Perrin&rft.aufirst=Karen+%28Kay%29+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHlf_DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+health+care" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-austerity-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-austerity_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/austerity-and-the-unraveling-of-european-universal-health-care">"Austerity and the Unraveling of European Universal Health Care"</a>. Dissent Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Austerity+and+the+Unraveling+of+European+Universal+Health+Care&rft.pub=Dissent+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dissentmagazine.org%2Farticle%2Fausterity-and-the-unraveling-of-european-universal-health-care&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+health+care" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Germany-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Germany_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBärnighausenSauerborn2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bärnighausen, Till; Sauerborn, Rainer (May 2002). 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(2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9231482">"Universal healthcare as pandemic preparedness: The lives and costs that could have been saved during the COVID-19 pandemic"</a>. <i>PNAS</i>. <b>119</b> (25): e2200536119. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PNAS..11900536G">2022PNAS..11900536G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2200536119">10.1073/pnas.2200536119</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9231482">9231482</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35696578">35696578</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249645274">249645274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Universal+healthcare+as+pandemic+preparedness%3A+The+lives+and+costs+that+could+have+been+saved+during+the+COVID-19+pandemic&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=e2200536119&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9231482%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249645274%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PNAS..11900536G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35696578&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2200536119&rft.aulast=Galvani&rft.aufirst=Alison+P.&rft.au=Parpia%2C+Alyssa+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9231482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+health+care" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_health_care&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">20</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="1176" data-mwtitle="En-Universal_healthcare-article.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/En-Universal_healthcare-article.ogg/En-Universal_healthcare-article.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/En-Universal_healthcare-article.ogg" type="audio/ogg; 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Theme issue: authors from 19 countries on dimensions of the challenges of providing universal access to health care.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.formosapost.com/universal-health-coverage-reform-costs/">Catalyzing Change: The System Reform Costs of Universal Health Coverage</a> (November 15, 2010). New York: The Rockefeller Foundation. Report on the feasibility of establishing the systems and institutions needed to pursue UHC.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnhp.org/">Physicians for a National Health Program</a> Chicago: PNHP. A group of physicians and health professionals who support single-payer reform.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/health-topics/primary-health-care#tab=tab_1">Primary health care</a>, World Health Organization</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311003726/http://uhcforward.org/">UHC Forward</a> Washington, D.C.: Results for Development Institute. Portal on universal health coverage.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PKA5AAAAMAAJ&dq=Percentage+of+population+covered+under+national+health+programs+,+selected+countries+,+1955+and+1970&pg=PA43">Percentage of population covered under national health programs , selected countries , 1955 and 1970</a></li> <li>Information on health coverage in various countries <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nVsWAAAAIAAJ&dq=National+health+insurance+resource+book+1974+France&pg=PA357">in the 1970s</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HMa8ZP5SRUEC&q=national+health+systems+of+the+world+roemer">in the 1980s</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Unmet_health_care_needs_statistics&oldid=587170#Unmet_needs_for_health_care">Unmet health care needs statistics</a>", - 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