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id="toc-Oppvekst_og_familie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Start_på_yrkeskarrièren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Start_på_yrkeskarrièren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Start på yrkeskarrièren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Start_på_yrkeskarrièren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utvikling_av_teorier_for_elektromagnetisme_og_praktiske_anvendelser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utvikling_av_teorier_for_elektromagnetisme_og_praktiske_anvendelser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Utvikling av teorier for elektromagnetisme og praktiske anvendelser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utvikling_av_teorier_for_elektromagnetisme_og_praktiske_anvendelser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eldre_dager" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eldre_dager"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Eldre dager</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eldre_dager-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liste_over_vitenskapelige_bidrag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liste_over_vitenskapelige_bidrag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Liste over vitenskapelige bidrag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liste_over_vitenskapelige_bidrag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Oliver Heaviside</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 57 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="أوليفر هيفسايد – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوليفر هيفسايد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="الیور هویساید – søraserbajdsjansk" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الیور هویساید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="søraserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1" title="অলিভার হেভিসাইড – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অলিভার হেভিসাইড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Олівер Хэвісайд – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Олівер Хэвісайд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Оливър Хевисайд – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оливър Хевисайд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%A7%CE%AD%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Όλιβερ Χέβισαϊντ – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όλιβερ Χέβισαϊντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="الیور هویساید – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الیور هویساید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%AC%EB%B2%84_%ED%97%A4%EB%B9%84%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="올리버 헤비사이드 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="올리버 헤비사이드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80_%D5%80%D6%87%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A4" title="Օլիվեր Հևիսայդ – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օլիվեր Հևիսայդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93" title="אוליבר הביסייד – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוליבר הביסייד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ოლივერ ჰევისაიდი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოლივერ ჰევისაიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivers_Hevisaids" title="Olivers Hevisaids – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Olivers Hevisaids" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B4" title="Оливер Хевисајд – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оливер Хевисајд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – gassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="gassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="اوليفر هيفسايد – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوليفر هيفسايد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%98%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89" title="オリヴァー・ヘヴィサイド – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オリヴァー・ヘヴィサイド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A1" title="ਓਲੀਵਰ ਹੈਵੀਸਾਈਡ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਓਲੀਵਰ ਹੈਵੀਸਾਈਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1_%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88" title="اولیور ہیویسائیڈ – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اولیور ہیویسائیڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – piemontesisk" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4,_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хевисайд, Оливер – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хевисайд, Оливер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B4" title="Оливер Хевисајд – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оливер Хевисајд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="ஆலிவர் ஹெவிசைடு – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆலிவர் ஹெவிசைடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="โอลิเวอร์ เฮวิไซด์ – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โอลิเวอร์ เฮวิไซด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Олівер Гевісайд – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Олівер Гевісайд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Oliver Heaviside" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E9%BB%91%E7%B6%AD%E5%A1%9E" title="奧利弗·黑維塞 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奧利弗·黑維塞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q154345#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Oliver_Heaviside" rel="discussion" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bytt språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">norsk bokmål</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&action=history" title="Tidligere sideversjoner av denne siden [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktøy" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktøy</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktøy</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere alternativer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&action=history"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Lenker_hit/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Liste over alle wikisider som lenker hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lenker hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringer/Oliver_Heaviside" rel="nofollow" title="Siste endringer i sider som blir lenket fra denne siden [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=no" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Spesialsider" title="Liste over alle spesialsider [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesialsider</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&oldid=24644168" title="Permanent lenke til denne versjonen av siden"><span>Permanent lenke</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&action=info" title="Mer informasjon om denne siden"><span>Sideinformasjon</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Siteringshjelp&page=Oliver_Heaviside&id=24644168&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasjon om hvordan denne siden kan siteres"><span>Siter denne siden</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOliver_Heaviside"><span>Hent forkortet URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOliver_Heaviside"><span>Last ned QR-kode</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut / eksporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Oliver_Heaviside&action=show-download-screen"><span>Last ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvennlig versjon av denne siden [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvennlig versjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oliver_Heaviside" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q154345" title="Lenke til koblet 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th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.biografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.transport tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bygning tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.infrastruktur tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.ekstrabred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad td{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24461009"><table class="infobox infoboks biografi fastbredde"><tbody><tr class="hode overskrift"><th colspan="4">Oliver Heaviside</th></tr> <tr class="bilde" valign="top"><td colspan="4" class="sentrert"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Oheaviside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Oheaviside.jpg/250px-Oheaviside.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Oheaviside.jpg/375px-Oheaviside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Oheaviside.jpg/500px-Oheaviside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1045" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="thumbcaption">Heaviside rundt 1900<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23957101">.mw-parser-output .byline{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .byline .hidden{display:none}</style><div class="byline"></div></div></td></tr> <tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><span class="edit-props-marker edit-props-P1477 edit-props-P569 edit-props-P19">Født</span></th><td colspan="2"><span><a href="/wiki/18._mai" title="18. mai">18. mai</a> <a href="/wiki/1850" title="1850">1850</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-hash-00d2e3f72ea0eeccf6a5ed1e00ecc6926d884127_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-00d2e3f72ea0eeccf6a5ed1e00ecc6926d884127-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-71d76c27c56a0aef5beb4117d5cf2756c05a263b_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-71d76c27c56a0aef5beb4117d5cf2756c05a263b-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-9cad1e5e17e85cc1dc1b176c7d4bf09cd8452aea_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-9cad1e5e17e85cc1dc1b176c7d4bf09cd8452aea-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-0d0da48a661cfda4e12ec01b1c2f7f6470386056_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-0d0da48a661cfda4e12ec01b1c2f7f6470386056-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="wb-edithandle" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154345?uselang=nb#P569" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Camden_Town" title="Camden Town">Camden Town</a> i <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> i England</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><span class="edit-props-marker edit-props-P570 edit-props-P20 edit-props-P509">Død</span></th><td colspan="2"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/3._februar" title="3. februar">3. februar</a></span> <a href="/wiki/1925" title="1925">1925</a> (74 år)<br /><a href="/wiki/Torquay" title="Torquay">Torquay</a> i <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> i England</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Beskjeftigelse</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Matematiker" title="Matematiker">Matematiker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fysiker" title="Fysiker">fysiker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingeni%C3%B8r" title="Ingeniør">ingeniør</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telegrafist" title="Telegrafist">telegrafist</a> (1868–1874) <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154345?uselang=nb#P106" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Nasjonalitet</th><td colspan="2"><span class="flagg"><span><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Storbritannia" title="Storbritannia"><img alt="Storbritannias flagg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> Storbritannia</td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Gravlagt</th><td colspan="2">Paignton Cemetery (<span title="tidspunkt: 6. feb. 1925">1925</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-845497c96a663c2e120c89a7590f95a102281273_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-845497c96a663c2e120c89a7590f95a102281273-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Medlem av</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> (<span title="startdato: 4. jun. 1891">1891</span>–)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-845497c96a663c2e120c89a7590f95a102281273_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-845497c96a663c2e120c89a7590f95a102281273-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Maxwellians<sup id="cite_ref-hash-845497c96a663c2e120c89a7590f95a102281273_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-845497c96a663c2e120c89a7590f95a102281273-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />American Academy of Arts and Sciences</td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Utmerkelser</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Faraday_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday Medal">Faraday Medal</a> <small style="line-height:130%">(1922)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%86resdoktor" class="mw-redirect" title="Æresdoktor">Æresdoktor</a> ved <a href="/wiki/Universitetet_i_G%C3%B6ttingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitetet i Göttingen">Universitetet i Göttingen</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Arbeidssted</th><td colspan="2">Great Northern Telegraph Company</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Fagfelt</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetisme" title="Elektromagnetisme">Elektromagnetisme</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-845497c96a663c2e120c89a7590f95a102281273-v2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-845497c96a663c2e120c89a7590f95a102281273-v2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vektoralgebra<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-845497c96a663c2e120c89a7590f95a102281273-v2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-845497c96a663c2e120c89a7590f95a102281273-v2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Forskning</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elektroteknikk" title="Elektroteknikk">Elektroteknikk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telefoni" title="Telefoni">telefoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetisme" title="Elektromagnetisme">elektromagnetisme</a> og <a href="/wiki/Matematikk" title="Matematikk">matematikk</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Utdannelse</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">Grammar school</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Kjent for</th><td colspan="2">Elektrotekniske begreper<br /> Kennelly–Heaviside laget (<a href="/wiki/E-laget" title="E-laget">E-laget</a>)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Unit-step_funksjonen" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit-step funksjonen">Unit-step funksjonen</a><br /> Differensialoperatorer<br /> Vektor analyse<br /> <a href="/wiki/Koaksialkabel" title="Koaksialkabel">Koaksialkabelen</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><td colspan="4"><hr /><div class="sentrert"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oliver_Heaviside" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside på Commons</a></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Oliver Heaviside</b> (1850–1925) var en <a href="/wiki/Autodidakt" title="Autodidakt">autodidakt</a> engelsk <a href="/wiki/Elektroteknikk" title="Elektroteknikk">elektroingeniør</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matematiker" title="Matematiker">matematiker</a> og <a href="/wiki/Fysiker" title="Fysiker">fysiker</a> som hadde stor påvirkning innenfor utviklingen av teorien rund elektromagnetisme og teknologiutvikling i siste halvdel av 1800-tallet. Han utviklet matematiske teknikker for løsning av <a href="/wiki/Differensiallikninger" class="mw-redirect" title="Differensiallikninger">differensiallikninger</a> (senere funnet å være lik <a href="/wiki/Laplacetransformasjon" title="Laplacetransformasjon">Laplacetransformasjon</a>), reformulerte <a href="/wiki/Maxwells_ligninger" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxwells ligninger">Maxwells ligninger</a> på formen for <a href="/wiki/Elektrisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektrisk">elektriske</a>- og <a href="/wiki/Magnetisme" title="Magnetisme">magnetiske</a> krefter og <a href="/wiki/Fluks" title="Fluks">energifluks</a>, samt reformulerte teknikker for <a href="/wiki/Vektoranalyse" title="Vektoranalyse">vektoranalyse</a>. Selv om han var i opposisjon til det vitenskapelige etablissement gjennom det meste av sitt liv, hadde han stor innflytelse innenfor så vel praktiske som teoretiske felter, spesielt innenfor <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetisme" title="Elektromagnetisme">elektromagnetisme</a> og matematikk. Han gjorde også viktige bidrag innenfor utviklingen av <a href="/wiki/Telefoni" title="Telefoni">telefoni</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oppvekst_og_familie">Oppvekst og familie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Oppvekst og familie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Oppvekst og familie"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heaviside ble født i Kings Gate 55<sup id="cite_ref-Birth_street_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birth_street-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (nå Plender Street) i bydelen <a href="/wiki/Camden_Town" title="Camden Town">Camden Town</a> i London, som den yngste av fire sønner til Thomas Heaviside og Rachel West. Faren Thomas Heaviside var <a href="/wiki/Treskj%C3%A6rer" title="Treskjærer">treskjærer</a>, mens moren Rachel West var <a href="/wiki/Guvernante" title="Guvernante">guvernante</a>, blant annet hos familien Spottiswoode. <span class="note" title="Artikkel mangler: William Spottiswoode">William Spottiswoode</span>, som senere ble president i <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, var en av hennes elever. Familien Heaviside var svært dårlig stilt, og fattigdommen i de tidlige årene hadde varig innflytelse på sønnen Oliver.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heaviside var kortvokst og rødhåret, og som barn fikk han <a href="/wiki/Skarlagensfeber" title="Skarlagensfeber">skarlagensfeber</a> noe som førte til hørselshemming. Dette gjorde at han som gutt hørte så dårlig at han ikke kunne leke sammen med de andre barna i nabolaget. Livet i Camden Town var hardt med mange mennesker som kjempet for levebrødet. Heaviside observerte tuskhandlernes sjofle triks som han foraktet. Han så også de voksnes fyll på vertshusene, noe som han selv ga som forklaring på at han ble <a href="/wiki/Totalavhold" title="Totalavhold">totalavholdsmann</a> for resten av livet.<sup id="cite_ref-AFRO_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFRO-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En liten arv tillot familien å flytte til en bedre del av Camden da han var 13 år. Der ble han sendt til Camden House Grammar School. Han var en flink elev (for eksempel ble han rangert som nummer 15 av 500 studenter i 1865), men til tross for dette kunne ikke foreldrene holde ham på skolen etter at han var fylt 16 år. Dermed ble det til at han fortsatte å studere på egen hånd det neste året. Ut over dette hadde han ingen videre formell utdanning.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Start_på_yrkeskarrièren"><span id="Start_p.C3.A5_yrkeskarri.C3.A8ren"></span>Start på yrkeskarrièren</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Start på yrkeskarrièren" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Start på yrkeskarrièren"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heavisides <a href="/wiki/Filleonkel" title="Filleonkel">filleonkel</a> var professor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> (1802-1875), en av de opprinnelige oppfinnerne av den første kommersielt vellykkede telegrafen i 1830-årene, og en internasjonalt anerkjent ekspert på <a href="/wiki/Telegrafi" title="Telegrafi">telegrafi</a> og elektromagnetisme. Wheatstone fikk tidlig interesse for sin nevøs utdanning<sup id="cite_ref-wheatstone_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wheatstone-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og i 1867 ble han sendt nordover for å arbeide sammen med sin eldre bror Arthur som administrerte ett av Wheatstones telegrafselskaper i <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunt199153_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt199153-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To år senere tok Heavisides jobb som telegrafist ved det danske <a href="/wiki/GN_Store_Nord" title="GN Store Nord">Store Nordiske Telegraf-Selskab</a>. Dette selskapet arbeidet med å legge en kabel fra Newcastle til <a href="/wiki/Danmark" title="Danmark">Danmark</a> med britiske entreprenører, og Heaviside ble snart tekniker i selskapet. Han fortsatte å studere mens han var i arbeid, og i en alder av 22 år publiserte han en artikkel i det prestisjetunge <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophical Magazine (ikke skrevet ennå)">Philosophical Magazine</a></i>. Tittelen på denne var «Den beste ordningen for å bruke <a href="/wiki/Wheatstone-bro" title="Wheatstone-bro">Wheatstone-broen</a> for å måle en gitt <a href="/wiki/Motstand_(resistans)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motstand (resistans)">resistans</a> med et gitt batteri».<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeaviside18923–8_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaviside18923–8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artikkelen fikk positive mottagelser fra fysikere som uten hell hadde forsøkt å løse dette <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebraiske</a> problemet, blant annet <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson">William Thomson</a> og <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>. </p><p>Han publiserte også en artikkel om <a href="/wiki/Dupleks_(kommunikasjonsteknologi)" title="Dupleks (kommunikasjonsteknologi)">dupleksmetoden</a> for en telegraflinje, og gjorde narr av R. S. Culley som var sjefingeniør for <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office_(Storbritannia)" title="General Post Office (Storbritannia)">Post Office-telegrafen</a>. Culley hadde nemlig tidligere forkastet dupleks som en umulig og upraktisk løsning på et problem for telegrafoverføring. Senere i 1873 søkte Heaviside om å bli medlem av <i>Society of Telegraph Engineers</i>, men ble avvist med kommentaren at «de ikke ønsker telegrafbetjenter som medlemmer». Dette opphisset Heaviside som spurte sin venn Thomson om støtte, og dermed ble han innvalgt, «på tross av P.O.-snobbene».<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunt199160_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt199160-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I 1873, da Heaviside var 23 år, hadde han støtt på <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwells</a> nylig publiserte og berømte tobindsverk <i>A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism</i>. I sin alderdom fortalte Heaviside om denne hendelsen: «Jeg husker min første titt på den store avhandlingen til Maxwell da jeg var en ung mann... Jeg så at den var stor, større og størst, med uhyre muligheter i sin kraft... Jeg var fast bestemt på å mestre boken og satt i gang å arbeide med den. Jeg var veldig uvitende. Jeg hadde ingen kunnskap om matematisk analyse ( jeg hadde bare lært skolealgebra og trigonometri som jeg stort sett hadde glemt) og med dette var arbeid lagt ut for meg. Det tok meg flere år før jeg kunne forstå så mye som jeg muligens kunne. Så jeg satte Maxwell til side og fulgte min egen kurs. Og da kom mine fremskritt mye raskere... Det skal være klart at jeg forkynner evangeliet ifølge min tolkning av Maxwell.»<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heaviside drev sin egen forskning på fritiden og bidrog til å utvikle en teori for overføringslinjer (bedre kjent som <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegrafligningene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telegrafligningene (ikke skrevet ennå)">telegrafligningene</a></i>). Han viste blant annet matematisk at jevnt fordelt <a href="/wiki/Induktans" title="Induktans">induktans</a> i en telegraflinje vil redusere både <i>demping</i> og <i>forvrengning</i> av signalet. Dersom induktansen var stor nok og <a href="/wiki/Elektrisk_motstand" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektrisk motstand">motstanden</a> i <a href="/wiki/Isolator" class="mw-redirect" title="Isolator">isolasjonen</a> ikke er for høy, ville transmisjonen kunne bli uten forstyrrelser, samt at <a href="/wiki/Elektrisk_str%C3%B8m" title="Elektrisk strøm">strømmer</a> av alle <a href="/wiki/Frekvens" title="Frekvens">frekvenser</a> ville ha lik hastighet. Heavisides ligninger ble dermed viktig for den videre utviklingen av telefoni.<sup id="cite_ref-AFRO_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFRO-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utvikling_av_teorier_for_elektromagnetisme_og_praktiske_anvendelser">Utvikling av teorier for elektromagnetisme og praktiske anvendelser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Utvikling av teorier for elektromagnetisme og praktiske anvendelser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Utvikling av teorier for elektromagnetisme og praktiske anvendelser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em; font-size: 85%; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 30%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;"> <p><b>Maxwells likninger på Heavisides form</b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Gauss%27_lov" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauss' lov">Gauss' lov</a><br /> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {D} =\rho }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">D</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>ρ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {D} =\rho }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/76835fc646d3912b71f4157618db7fdca02a174e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.965ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {D} =\rho }"></span></dd></dl> <p>Gauss' lov for magnetisme<br /> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/16ee950683349dacdd9e9c262ff6133812747edd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.777ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0}"></span></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Faradays_induksjonslov" title="Faradays induksjonslov">Faradays induksjonslov</a><br /> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2eb118e22c941e34f5537dbbdcaa3d7ba23603e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:15.495ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amp%C3%A8res_lov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ampères lov (ikke skrevet ennå)">Ampères lov</a><br /> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {H} =\mathbf {J} +{\frac {\partial \mathbf {D} }{\partial t}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">D</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {H} =\mathbf {J} +{\frac {\partial \mathbf {D} }{\partial t}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5b1e547245786c1011ba70585139a832c95c3bfc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:18.391ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {H} =\mathbf {J} +{\frac {\partial \mathbf {D} }{\partial t}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>der: </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d7f22b39d51f780fc02859059c1757c606b9de2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.757ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }"></span> = <a href="/wiki/Elektrisk_felt" title="Elektrisk felt">elektrisk felt</a> også kalt elektrisk feltstyrke, <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a> per <a href="/wiki/Meter" title="Meter">meter</a></li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f017b876ed763037d8818ec5dfbbdc6703e0f683" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.091ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }"></span> = <a href="/wiki/Magnetisk_felt" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetisk felt">magnetisk felt</a> også kalt magnetisk feltstyrke, <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a> per meter</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {D} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">D</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {D} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b2345293072878db24e119c580def49ad582e3ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.05ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {D} }"></span> = <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dielektrisk_forskyvning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dielektrisk forskyvning (ikke skrevet ennå)">dielektrisk forskyvning</a> også kalt elektrisk flukstetthet, coulomb per <a href="/wiki/Kvadratmeter" title="Kvadratmeter">kvadratmeter</a></li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cafb0ef39b0f5ffa23c170aa7f7b4e718327c4d1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.901ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }"></span> = <a href="/wiki/Magnetisk_flukstetthet" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetisk flukstetthet">magnetisk flukstetthet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tesla" title="Tesla">tesla</a></li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ \rho \ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>ρ</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ \rho \ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8d7dff7ad612756660f48dc7d749cccd21947e34" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.363ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ \rho \ }"></span> = <i>fri</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrisk_ladningstetthet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektrisk ladningstetthet (ikke skrevet ennå)">elektrisk ladningstetthet</a>, ikke inkludert dipollading bundet i et materiale, <a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulomb</a> per <a href="/wiki/Kubikkmeter" title="Kubikkmeter">kubikkmeter</a></li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7686846b1a6b756cb514954000004ab5e7b2a5ba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.381ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} }"></span> = <i>fri</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektriskk_str%C3%B8mtetthet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektriskk strømtetthet (ikke skrevet ennå)">strømtetthet</a>, ikke inkludert polarisasjon eller magnetiseringsstrømmer bundet i et materiale, <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">Ampere</a> per kvadratmeter</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6df6024211b717870f07844116e116b2eb314d12" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot }"></span> divergensoperator per meter</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \times }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>×</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \times }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8255aabfb5dba42ab97b2bf70d0dd19a9849a5eb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.744ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \times }"></span> rotasjonsoperator per meter</li></ul> <p>Uthevede symboler betyr <a href="/wiki/Vektor_(matematikk)" title="Vektor (matematikk)">vektorfelt</a>. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Fra 1882 til 1902, med unntak av tre år, bidrog han jevnlig med artikler til tidsskriftet <i>The Electrician</i>. Dette tidsskriftet ville forbedre sitt faglige nivå og han ble derfor betalt 40 <a href="/wiki/Britisk_pund" title="Britisk pund">pund</a> per år for sitt bidrag. Beløpet var neppe nok til å leve av, men hans krav til tilværelsen var små og han likte å gjøre det han selv ville. Mellom 1883 og 1887 var hans bidrag i gjennomsnitt to til tre artikler per måned og disse dannet senere størsteparten av hans <i>Electromagnetic Theory</i> og <i>Electrical Papers</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunt199171_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt199171-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I 1880 forsket Heaviside på <a href="/wiki/Skinneffekt" title="Skinneffekt">skinneffekt</a> i telegraflinjer. Samme år <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patenterte</a> han <a href="/wiki/Koaksialkabel" title="Koaksialkabel">koaksialkabelen</a> i England.<sup id="cite_ref-DR_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DR-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I 1884 forandret han på arbeidet til Maxwells om elektromagnetisme som opprinnelig hadde en tungvint form (Maxwells analyse hadde på dette tidspunktet blitt omgjort til <a href="/wiki/Kvaternion" title="Kvaternion">kvaternioner</a>.) Heaviside omformet på sin side Maxwells ligninger til moderne <a href="/wiki/Vektor_(matematikk)" title="Vektor (matematikk)">vektorterminologi</a> som i dag er vanlig. Han introduserte de matematiske begrepene <a href="/wiki/Nabla-operator#Curl" title="Nabla-operator">curl</a> og <a href="/wiki/Nabla-operator#Divergens" title="Nabla-operator">divergens</a> som er operatorer i <a href="/wiki/Vektoranalyse" title="Vektoranalyse">vektoranalysen</a>. I tillegg introduserte han begrepene <a href="/wiki/Magnetisk_flukstetthet" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetisk flukstetthet">magnetisk flukstetthet</a> <b>B</b>, <a href="/wiki/Elektrisk_felt" title="Elektrisk felt">Elektrisk felt</a> <b>E</b>, elektrisk strømtetthet <b>J</b> og <a href="/wiki/Elektrisk_ladning" title="Elektrisk ladning">elektrisk ladningstetthet</a> <i>ρ</i> i forbindelse med Maxwells likninger. Dermed kunne tolv av de opprinnelige tjue ligningene med tjue ukjente kortes ned til de fire <a href="/wiki/Differensialligning" title="Differensialligning">differensialligninger</a> med to ukjente. </p><p>Denne formen er i dag kjent som <a href="/wiki/Maxwells_ligninger" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxwells ligninger">Maxwells ligninger</a>. De fire reformulerte maxwellske ligninger beskriver statiske og bevegelige elektriske ladninger og magnetiske dipoler, samt forholdet mellom de to som er elektromagnetisk induksjon. Mindre kjent er at Heavisides bearbeidelse av ligningene og Maxwells opprinnelige form, ikke er akkurat den samme. En fordel med Heavisides form er at det er lettere å gjøre dem kompatible med <a href="/wiki/Kvantefysikk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvantefysikk">kvantefysikken</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mellom 1880 og 1887 utviklet Heaviside <i>operatoralgebraen</i> som en metode for å løse differensialligninger ved å forvandle dem til ordinære <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebraiske likninger</a>. Dette forårsaket store kontroverser da konseptet ble introdusert på grunn av mangel på stringens i utledningene.<sup id="cite_ref-DR_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DR-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han ble berømt for sin kommentar til kritikken: «Matematikk er en eksperimentell vitenskap og definisjoner kommer ikke først, men senere.» Ved en annen anledning uttalte han noe mer defensivt: «Jeg nekter ikke å spise middag selv om jeg ikke forstår prosessen med fordøyelsen.» </p><p>I 1887 arbeidet Heaviside sammen med broren Arthur på en artikkel med tittel «The Bridge System of Telephon». Publisering av artikkelen ble imidlertid blokkert av Heavisides overordnede <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Henry_Preece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Henry Preece (ikke skrevet ennå)">William Henry Preece</a>, sjefen for Post Office, fordi en del av forslaget var at seriekoblede <a href="/wiki/Spole" class="mw-disambig" title="Spole">spoler</a> ble foreslått å skulle settes inn i telefon- og telegraflinjer for å øke <a href="/wiki/Induktans" title="Induktans">selvinduktansen</a>. Dette for å korrigere forvrengningen som da var et problem. Preece hadde nemlig på denne tiden erklært at selvinduktans var den store fiende til støyfri overføring. Heaviside var også overbevist om at Preece stod bak oppsigelsen av redaktøren av tidsskriftet <i>The Electrician</i>, noe som førte til at Heaviside fikk et opphold i sin langvarige artikkelproduksjon (helt til 1891)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dette var én av flere episoder i det langvarige fiendskapet mellom Preece og Heaviside. Heaviside anså Preece å være matematisk inkompetent, en vurdering som også ble støttet av hans biograf Paul J. Nahin: «Preece var en mektig embetsmann, enormt ambisiøs, og i noen bemerkelsesverdige måter, absolutt dum.» Preece motivasjon i å undertrykke Heavisides arbeid var å beskytte sitt eget omdømme, samt unngå å måtte innrømme egne feil.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Electromagnetic_effects_of_a_moving_charge.djvu" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Electromagnetic_effects_of_a_moving_charge.djvu/page1-250px-Electromagnetic_effects_of_a_moving_charge.djvu.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="437" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Electromagnetic_effects_of_a_moving_charge.djvu/page1-375px-Electromagnetic_effects_of_a_moving_charge.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Electromagnetic_effects_of_a_moving_charge.djvu/page1-500px-Electromagnetic_effects_of_a_moving_charge.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2262" data-file-height="3952" /></a><figcaption>En side fra Heavisides artikkel «Electromagnetic effects of a moving charge» i tidsskriftet <i>Electricalpapers</i> fra 1889.</figcaption></figure> <p>Betydningen av Heavisides arbeid forble uoppdaget en tid etter publisering i <i>The Electrician</i>. I 1897 tok <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">American Telephone and Telegraph Companys</a> (AT & T) forsker <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Ashley_Campbell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Ashley Campbell (ikke skrevet ennå)">George Campbell</a> og den eksterne vitenskapsmannen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mihajlo_Idvorski_Pupin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin (ikke skrevet ennå)">Michael Pupin</a> initiativ til å undersøke om Heavisides arbeid var ufullstendig eller uriktig. Campbell og Pupin utvidet Heavisides arbeid som førte til at AT & T tok ut patenter, ikke bare basert på sin egen forskning, men også prinsippet for å sette inn seriespolene tidligere oppfunnet av Heaviside. Senere tilbød AT & T Heaviside penger i bytte for hans rettigheter. Det er mulig at respekten ingeniørene i AT & T hadde for Heaviside påvirket dette tilbudet. Heaviside avslo imidlertid tilbudet, han ville ikke akseptere penger med mindre selskapet var villige til å gi ham full anerkjennelse for ideene. Heaviside var da kronisk fattig noe som gjorde hans avslag av tilbudet enda mer spesielt.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dette tilbakeslaget fikk Heaviside til å snu oppmerksomhet mot elektromagnetisk stråling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunt2004_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt2004-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I to artikler i 1888 og 1889 beregnet han deformasjonene av elektriske og magnetiske felt rundt en ladning i bevegelse, samt effekter som skjer når disse feltene forplanter seg fra et medium til ett annet. Dette innebar en prediksjon av det som nå er kjent som <a href="/wiki/Tsjerenkov-str%C3%A5ling" title="Tsjerenkov-stråling">Tsjerenkov-stråling</a>, og inspirerte hans venn <a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Fitzgerald" title="George Francis Fitzgerald">George FitzGerald</a> til å foreslå det som i <a href="/wiki/Relativitetsteorien" class="mw-redirect" title="Relativitetsteorien">relativistisk fysikk</a> er kjent som <a href="/wiki/Lengdekontraksjon" title="Lengdekontraksjon">lengdekontraksjon</a> eller <i>Lorentz–FitzGerald kontraksjon</i>. </p><p>I 1889 var Heaviside den første til å publisere en riktig avledning av den magnetiske kraften som virker på en bevegelig ladet partikkel,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> det som i dag er kjent som <a href="/wiki/Lorentzkraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorentzkraft">lorentzkraften</a>. </p><p>På slutten av 1880-årene og begynnelsen av 1890-årene arbeidet Heaviside med konseptet om <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektromagnetisk_masse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektromagnetisk masse (ikke skrevet ennå)">elektromagnetisk masse</a>. Heaviside behandlet dette som materiale med <a href="/wiki/Masse" title="Masse">masse</a> som er i stand til å produsere de samme effektene. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wilhelm Wien</a> verifiserte senere Heavisides uttrykk (for lave hastigheter). </p><p>I 1891 anerkjente <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> Heavisides bidrag til den matematiske beskrivelsen av elektromagnetiske fenomener ved å gi ham tittelen <i><a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a></i> av <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. Året etter viet <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Society</i> (norsk: <i>Vitenskapelige transaksjoner fra Royal Society</i>) mer enn femti sider til hans vektormetoder og teorier om elektromagnetisme. I 1905 ble Heaviside gitt en <a href="/wiki/%C3%86resdoktorgrad" title="Æresdoktorgrad">æresdoktortittel</a> ved <a href="/wiki/Georg-August-Universit%C3%A4t_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Georg-August-Universität Göttingen">Universitetet i Göttingen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eldre_dager">Eldre dager</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eldre dager" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eldre dager"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22146855">@media only screen and (min-width:840px){.mw-parser-output .aligned-right{float:right;width:20em;margin:0.5em 0 2.2em 1em;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .aligned-left{float:left;width:20em;padding-left:0em;border-left:none;border-right:solid 0.3em #eee;clear:left}}@media all{.mw-parser-output .quoted{text-align:right;font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .textbox-heading{font-weight:bold;line-height:2}}.mw-parser-output .mw-parser-output>dl:first-child dd{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;border-left:0.4em solid green;border-right:1px solid silver}.mw-parser-output .mw-parser-output>dl:first-child dd:first-child{margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0.5em;border-top:1px solid silver}.mw-parser-output .mw-parser-output>dl:first-child dd:last-child{margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid silver}.mw-parser-output .mw-parser-output>dl:first-child dd+dd{padding-top:0.5em}</style> <blockquote class="aligned-right" style=""><p><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Laquote.svg/17px-Laquote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Laquote.svg/26px-Laquote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Laquote.svg/34px-Laquote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span>Heaviside er en førsteklasses merkverdighet ...aldri, ved noe tidspunkt... mentalt tilbakestående <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFRO_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFRO-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Raquote.svg/17px-Raquote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Raquote.svg/26px-Raquote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Raquote.svg/34px-Raquote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </p><div class="quoted">George Frederick Charles Searle </div> </blockquote> <p>I 1896 oppnådde FitzGerald og den irske ingeniøren John Perry at Heaviside fikk en pensjon på 120 pund per år. De overtalte han til å godta dette tilbudet, etter at han tidligere hadde avvist et annet veldedig tilbud fra Royal Society. På denne tiden bodde Heaviside i <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunt2004_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt2004-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I 1902 foreslo Heaviside at det måtte eksistere et eget lag av <a href="/wiki/Ioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Ioner">ionisert</a> <a href="/wiki/Gass" title="Gass">gass</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ionosf%C3%A6ren" title="Ionosfæren">ionosfæren</a>. Dette er i dag er kjent som Kennelly-Heaviside laget eller <a href="/wiki/E-laget" title="E-laget">E-laget</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hans hypotese gir en forklaring på at <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radiosignaler</a> overføres omkring jordens krumning. Eksistensen av ionosfæren ble bekreftet i 1923. </p><p>På sine eldre dager ble Heavisides oppførsel mer eksentrisk. Ifølge kollegaen Bernard Arthur Behrend ble han en eneboer. Han utviklet uvilje mot å møte folk og den ble så sterk at han leverte sine manuskripter til <i>The Electrician</i> i en butikk hvor redaktørene kunne plukke dem opp senere.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selv om han hadde vært aktiv syklist i sin ungdom, ble helsen svært mye dårligere etter at han passerte 60 år. I løpet av denne tiden begynte han å signere brev med initialene «<i>W.O.R.M.</i>» etter sitt navnetrekk. Angivelig skal han også ha begynt å male neglene rosa, og flyttet granittblokker inn i huset sitt for å bruke disse som møbler.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I 1922 ble han den første mottakeren av <a href="/wiki/Faradaymedaljen" title="Faradaymedaljen">Faradaymedaljen</a>, som ble etablert samme år. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Wikiheavisidegullies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wikiheavisidegullies.jpg/250px-Wikiheavisidegullies.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wikiheavisidegullies.jpg/375px-Wikiheavisidegullies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wikiheavisidegullies.jpg/500px-Wikiheavisidegullies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Heavisides krater i Mare Australe på <a href="/wiki/Mars_(planet)" title="Mars (planet)">Mars</a> er oppkalt etter Oliver Heaviside <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23957101"><div class="byline"><span class="hidden"> </span>Foto: <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> </div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Heaviside_grave.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Heaviside_grave.JPG/250px-Heaviside_grave.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Heaviside_grave.JPG/375px-Heaviside_grave.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Heaviside_grave.JPG/500px-Heaviside_grave.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Heavisides grav i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paignton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paignton (ikke skrevet ennå)">Paignton</a>. Han ble begravet sammen med sine foreldre Thomas Heaviside og Rachel West.</figcaption></figure> <p>Heavisides var han <a href="/wiki/Unitarisme" title="Unitarisme">unitarist</a>, om enn ikke religiøs. Det sies at han selv skulle ha gjort narr av folk som tror på et høyeste vesen.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heaviside døde i <a href="/wiki/Torquay" title="Torquay">Torquay</a> i Devon, og er begravd nær det østlige hjørnet av kirkegården i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paignton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paignton (ikke skrevet ennå)">Paignton</a>. Han er gravlagt sammen med sine foreldre Thomas og Rachel Elizabeth Heaviside. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liste_over_vitenskapelige_bidrag">Liste over vitenskapelige bidrag</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Liste over vitenskapelige bidrag" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Liste over vitenskapelige bidrag"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selv om Heaviside var i opposisjon til det vitenskapelige etablissement gjennom det meste av sitt liv, hadde han stor innflytelse over utviklingen av telekommunikasjon, elektroteknikk, elektromagnetisme, fysikk og matematikk.<sup id="cite_ref-AFRO_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFRO-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han innførte blant annet disse termene og begrepene innenfor disse fagene: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elektrisk_ledningsevne" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektrisk ledningsevne">Konduktans</a>, elektrisk ledningsevne i et materiale<sup id="cite_ref-DR_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DR-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (september 1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeabilitet_(fysikk)" title="Permeabilitet (fysikk)">Permeabilitet</a>, evne til et stoff til å lede magnetiske felter (september 1885)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektret (ikke skrevet ennå)">Elektret</a>, en elektrisk analog til en permanentmagnet. Enhver substans som oppviser en kvasi-permanent elektrisk polarisasjon<sup id="cite_ref-DR_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DR-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impedans" title="Impedans">Impedans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DR_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DR-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eller vekselstrømsmotstand (juli 1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induktans" title="Induktans">Induktans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DR_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DR-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at det oppstår en indre indusert spenning i ledere om strømmen endres (februar 1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeans" title="Permeans">Permeans</a>, magnetisk ledningsevne (juni 1887)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Admitans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Admitans (ikke skrevet ennå)">Admitans</a>, eller <a href="/wiki/Vekselstr%C3%B8m" title="Vekselstrøm">vekselstrøms</a> ledningsevne<sup id="cite_ref-DR_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DR-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (desember 1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reluktans" class="mw-redirect" title="Reluktans">Reluktans</a>, eller magnetisk motstand<sup id="cite_ref-DR_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DR-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (mai 1888)</li> <li>Telegraflikningene, ligninger for karakteristiske størrelser i overføringslinjer<sup id="cite_ref-DofOH_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DofOH-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit-step_funksjonen" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit-step funksjonen">Unit-step funksjonen</a> et spesielt tilfelle av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enhetssprangfunksjon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enhetssprangfunksjon (ikke skrevet ennå)">enhetssprangfunksjonen</a><sup id="cite_ref-DR_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DR-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heaviside_cover-up_method&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heaviside cover-up method (ikke skrevet ennå)">Heaviside cover-up method</a><sup id="cite_ref-DR_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DR-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-laget" title="E-laget">E-laget</a>, et spesielt lag i ionosfæren<sup id="cite_ref-DR_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DR-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Viktige bidrag til utviklingen av <a href="/wiki/Vektoranalyse" title="Vektoranalyse">vektoranalyse</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Differensialoperator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Differensialoperator (ikke skrevet ennå)">differensialoperatorer</a> mellom 1880 og 1887<sup id="cite_ref-DofOH_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DofOH-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografi">Bibliografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Bibliografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Bibliografi"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>«Electromagnetic induction and its propagation» i journalen <i>The Electrician</i> (1885, 1886, og 1887).</li> <li><i>Electrical Papers</i> (1887).</li> <li>«<a href="https://no.wikisource.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_effects_of_a_moving_charge" class="extiw" title="s:Electromagnetic effects of a moving charge">Electromagnetic waves, the propagation of potential, and the electromagnetic effects of a moving charge</a>» i journalen <i>The Electrician</i> (1888/89).</li> <li>«<a href="https://no.wikisource.org/wiki/Motion_of_Electrification_through_a_Dielectric" class="extiw" title="s:Motion of Electrification through a Dielectric">On the Electromagnetic Effects due to the Motion of Electrification through a Dielectric</a>», <i>Philosophical Magazine.5</i> 27: 324 (1889).</li> <li>«On the Forces, Stresses, and Fluxes of Energy in the Electromagnetic Field», <i>Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society A</i> 183:423–80 (1892).</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electricalpapers01heavuoft"><i>Electrical Papers</i></a>. Volume 1. Macmillan Co, London and New York. 1892.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.btitle=Electrical+Papers&rft.date=1892&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Macmillan+Co%2C+London+and+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectricalpapers01heavuoft&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electricalpapers02heavrich"><i>Electrical Papers</i></a>. Volume 2. Macmillan Co, London and New York. 1894.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.btitle=Electrical+Papers&rft.date=1894&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Macmillan+Co%2C+London+and+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectricalpapers02heavrich&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027123043/http://geocities.com/neveyaakov/electro_science/heaviside.html">A gravitational and electromagnetic analogy,</a>» i journalen <i>The Electrician</i> (1893)</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electromagnetict01heavrich"><i>Electromagnetic Theory</i></a>. Volume 1. The Electrician Printing and Publishing Co, London. 1893.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.btitle=Electromagnetic+Theory&rft.date=1893&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=The+Electrician+Printing+and+Publishing+Co%2C+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectromagnetict01heavrich&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electromagnetict02heavrich"><i>Electromagnetic Theory</i></a>. Volume 2. The Electrician Printing and Publishing Co, London. 1899.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.btitle=Electromagnetic+Theory&rft.date=1899&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=The+Electrician+Printing+and+Publishing+Co%2C+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectromagnetict02heavrich&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electromagnetict03heavuoft"><i>Electromagnetic Theory</i></a>. Volume 3. The Electrician Printing and Publishing Co, London. 1912.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.btitle=Electromagnetic+Theory&rft.date=1912&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=The+Electrician+Printing+and+Publishing+Co%2C+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectromagnetict03heavuoft&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><i>Electromagnetic theory: The complete & unabridged edition</i> (1951) <a href="/wiki/ASIN" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CI0WA">[1]</a></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electromagnetict0000heav"><i>Electromagnetic theory: Including an account of Heaviside's unpublished notes for a fourth volume</i></a>. Chelsea Publishing Company, Incorporated. 1971. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-8284-0237-X" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-8284-0237-X">0-8284-0237-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.btitle=Electromagnetic+theory%3A+Including+an+account+of+Heaviside%27s+unpublished+notes+for+a+fourth+volume&rft.date=1971&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8284-0237-X&rft.pub=Chelsea+Publishing+Company%2C+Incorporated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectromagnetict0000heav&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><i>Electrical Papers</i>. Chelsea Publishing Company, Incorporated. 1970. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-8284-0235-4" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-8284-0235-4">978-0-8284-0235-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.btitle=Electrical+Papers&rft.date=1970&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8284-0235-4&rft.pub=Chelsea+Publishing+Company%2C+Incorporated&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><i>Electrical Papers</i>. 1. desember 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-8218-2840-3" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-8218-2840-3">978-0-8218-2840-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.btitle=Electrical+Papers&rft.date=2001-12-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8218-2840-3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Se også"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetisk_krets" title="Magnetisk krets">Magnetisk krets</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noter">Noter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Noter"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18775549">.mw-parser-output .following-list-style-type-lower-alpha+ol li{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .following-list-style-type-upper-alpha+ol li{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .following-list-style-type-lower-roman+ol li{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output .following-list-style-type-upper-roman+ol li{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .following-list-style-type-decimal+ol li{list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .following-list-style-type-lower-alpha+.mw-references-wrap>ol.references li{list-style-type:lower-alpha!important}.mw-parser-output .following-list-style-type-upper-alpha+.mw-references-wrap>ol.references li{list-style-type:upper-alpha!important}.mw-parser-output .following-list-style-type-lower-roman+.mw-references-wrap>ol.references li{list-style-type:lower-roman!important}.mw-parser-output .following-list-style-type-upper-roman+.mw-references-wrap>ol.references li{list-style-type:upper-roman!important}.mw-parser-output .following-list-style-type-decimal+.mw-references-wrap>ol.references li{list-style-type:decimal!important}</style><div class="ve-conditional-display-block following-list-style-type-lower-alpha"><b>Type nummerering</b></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Heaviside is a first-rate oddity ...never, at any time... a mental invalid.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&action=edit&section=9" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hash-00d2e3f72ea0eeccf6a5ed1e00ecc6926d884127-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-00d2e3f72ea0eeccf6a5ed1e00ecc6926d884127_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</span></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica Online-ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Oliver-Heaviside">biography/Oliver-Heaviside</a></span></span>, besøkt 9. oktober 2017<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-71d76c27c56a0aef5beb4117d5cf2756c05a263b-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-71d76c27c56a0aef5beb4117d5cf2756c05a263b_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Hrvatska enciklopedija</span></span>, Hrvatska enciklopedija-ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=24685">24685</a></span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-9cad1e5e17e85cc1dc1b176c7d4bf09cd8452aea-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-9cad1e5e17e85cc1dc1b176c7d4bf09cd8452aea_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Proleksis Encyclopedia</span></span>, Proleksis enciklopedija-ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://proleksis.lzmk.hr/25718">25718</a></span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-0d0da48a661cfda4e12ec01b1c2f7f6470386056-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-0d0da48a661cfda4e12ec01b1c2f7f6470386056_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana</span></span>, Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana-ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0032300.xml">0032300</a></span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-845497c96a663c2e120c89a7590f95a102281273-5"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-845497c96a663c2e120c89a7590f95a102281273_5-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-845497c96a663c2e120c89a7590f95a102281273_5-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-845497c96a663c2e120c89a7590f95a102281273_5-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-845497c96a663c2e120c89a7590f95a102281273-v2-6"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-845497c96a663c2e120c89a7590f95a102281273-v2_6-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-845497c96a663c2e120c89a7590f95a102281273-v2_6-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFColin_Matthew2004">Colin Matthew, red. (2004) (på en), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/"><i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i></a>, Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17565097" class="extiw" title="d:Q17565097">Q17565097</a><span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/">https://www.oxforddnb.com/</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.date=2004&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=%5B%5BOxford+University+Press%7COxford+University+Press%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Oliver_Heaviside"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birth_street-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Birth_street_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="Nahin" class="citation book">Nahin, Paul J. (9. oktober 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oliverheavisidel00nahi"><i>Oliver Heaviside: The Life, Work, and Times of an Electrical Genius of the Victorian Age</i></a>. JHU Press. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oliverheavisidel00nahi/page/13">13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-8018-6909-9" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-8018-6909-9">978-0-8018-6909-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.au=Nahin%2C+Paul+J.&rft.btitle=Oliver+Heaviside%3A+The+Life%2C+Work%2C+and+Times+of+an+Electrical+Genius+of+the+Victorian+Age&rft.date=2002-10-09&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6909-9&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foliverheavisidel00nahi&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theiet.org/resources/library/archives/biographies/heaviside.cfm">«Archives biographies: Oliver Heaviside 1850-1925»</a>. The Institution of Engineering and Technology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 8. juni 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.btitle=Archives+biographies%3A+Oliver+Heaviside+1850-1925&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Institution+of+Engineering+and+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theiet.org%2Fresources%2Flibrary%2Farchives%2Fbiographies%2Fheaviside.cfm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFRO-9"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-AFRO_9-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFRO_9-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFRO_9-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFRO_9-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bruce J. Hunt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/magazine/physicstoday/article/65/11/10.1063/PT.3.1788">«Oliver Heaviside: A first-rate oddity»</a>. Physics Today<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 8. juni 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.au=Bruce+J.+Hunt&rft.btitle=Oliver+Heaviside%3A+A+first-rate+oddity&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Physics+Today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscitation.aip.org%2Fcontent%2Faip%2Fmagazine%2Fphysicstoday%2Farticle%2F65%2F11%2F10.1063%2FPT.3.1788&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHunt1991" class="citation book">Hunt, Bruce J. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maxwellians0000hunt"><i>The Maxwellians</i></a>. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maxwellians0000hunt/page/51">51</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.aufirst=Bruce+J.&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.btitle=The+Maxwellians&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=51&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaxwellians0000hunt&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wheatstone-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wheatstone_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sarkar, T. K. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historywireless00sark_558"><i>History of Wireless</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historywireless00sark_558/page/230">230</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-471-78301-5" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-471-78301-5">978-0-471-78301-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.au=Sarkar%2C+T.+K.&rft.btitle=History+of+Wireless&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-471-78301-5&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorywireless00sark_558&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt199153-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunt199153_12-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunt1991">Hunt 1991</a>, s. 53.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: inline; font-size:100%"> sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFHunt1991 (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaviside18923–8-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeaviside18923–8_13-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeaviside1892">Heaviside 1892</a>, s. 3–8.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFHeaviside1892 (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt199160-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunt199160_14-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunt1991">Hunt 1991</a>, s. 60.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: inline; font-size:100%"> sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFHunt1991 (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sarkar, T. K. (30. januar 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historywireless00sark_558"><i>History of Wireless</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historywireless00sark_558/page/232">232</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-471-78301-5" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-471-78301-5">978-0-471-78301-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.au=Sarkar%2C+T.+K.&rft.btitle=History+of+Wireless&rft.date=2006-01-30&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-471-78301-5&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorywireless00sark_558&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Schønning-Andreassen, Karl (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2007050404019"><i>Grunnlag i moderne systemanalyse</i></a>. Oslo: Gyldendal. s. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.au=Sch%C3%B8nning-Andreassen%2C+Karl&rft.btitle=Grunnlag+i+moderne+systemanalyse&rft.date=1968&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=1&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Gyldendal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.nb.no%2FURN%3ANBN%3Ano-nb_digibok_2007050404019&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt199171-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunt199171_17-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunt1991">Hunt 1991</a>, s. 71.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: inline; font-size:100%"> sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFHunt1991 (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DR-18"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-DR_18-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DR_18-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DR_18-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DR_18-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DR_18-4"><sup>e</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DR_18-5"><sup>f</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DR_18-6"><sup>g</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DR_18-7"><sup>h</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DR_18-8"><sup>i</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DR_18-9"><sup>j</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DR_18-10"><sup>k</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myreckonings.com/wordpress/2007/12/07/heavisides-operator-calculus/">«Heaviside’s Operator Calculus»</a>. Ron Doerfler<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 7. juni 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.btitle=Heaviside%E2%80%99s+Operator+Calculus&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Ron+Doerfler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmyreckonings.com%2Fwordpress%2F2007%2F12%2F07%2Fheavisides-operator-calculus%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i>Topological Foundations of Electromagnetism</i>, World Scientific Series in Contemporary Chemical Physics, 13 March 2008, Terence W. Barrett.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2004" class="citation book">Hunt, Bruce J. (2004). «Heaviside, Oliver». <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33796"><i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i></a>. <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:90%; color:#555">(<span title="Det er ikke påkrevd at kilder skal være tilgjengelig på nett. Kilder på nett må ikke være fritt tilgjengelig. Det kan være at nettstedet krever betalt abonnement." style="border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help">abonnement kreves</span>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.atitle=Heaviside%2C+Oliver&rft.aufirst=Bruce+J.&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F33796&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nahin">Nahin</a>, pp. xi–xvii, 162–183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiener,_Norbert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiener, Norbert (ikke skrevet ennå)">Wiener, Norbert</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inventioncarefee00wien_021"><i>Invention: The Care and Feeding of Ideas</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inventioncarefee00wien_021/page/n94">70</a>–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-262-73111-8" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-262-73111-8">0-262-73111-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.au=Wiener%2C+Norbert&rft.btitle=Invention%3A+The+Care+and+Feeding+of+Ideas&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-262-73111-8&rft.pages=70-75&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finventioncarefee00wien_021&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt2004-23"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunt2004_23-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunt2004_23-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunt2004">Hunt 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Heaviside, O (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electromagnetic01heavgoog">«XXXIX. On the electromagnetic effects due to the motion of electrification through a dielectric»</a>. <i>Philosophical Magazine Series 5 27 (167): 324</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.atitle=XXXIX.+On+the+electromagnetic+effects+due+to+the+motion+of+electrification+through+a+dielectric&rft.au=Heaviside%2C+O&rft.date=1889&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine+Series+5+27+%28167%29%3A+324&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectromagnetic01heavgoog&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Riddervold, Hans (1877-1971) (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2014080808021"><i>Elektrisitetslære: for studerende og teknikere</i></a>. Oslo: Gyldendal. s. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.au=Riddervold%2C+Hans+%281877-1971%29&rft.btitle=Elektrisitetsl%C3%A6re%3A+for+studerende+og+teknikere&rft.date=1945&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=85&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Gyldendal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.nb.no%2FURN%3ANBN%3Ano-nb_digibok_2014080808021&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bugge, F. (1885-1968) (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2014101408005"><i>Lærebok i radio: autorisert av Telegrafstyret til bruk ved skipsradiokursene</i></a>. Oslo: Aschehoug. s. 300.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.au=Bugge%2C+F.+%281885-1968%29&rft.btitle=L%C3%A6rebok+i+radio%3A+autorisert+av+Telegrafstyret+til+bruk+ved+skipsradiokursene&rft.date=1946&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=300&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Aschehoug&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.nb.no%2FURN%3ANBN%3Ano-nb_digibok_2014101408005&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Isaacs, Alan (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2012011908001"><i>Fysikk</i></a>. Oslo: Schibsted. s. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/8251601150" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/8251601150">8251601150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.au=Isaacs%2C+Alan&rft.btitle=Fysikk&rft.date=1972&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=8251601150&rft.pages=77&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Schibsted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.nb.no%2FURN%3ANBN%3Ano-nb_digibok_2012011908001&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Popular-Radio/Popular-Radio-1925-06.pdf">«Pages with the Editor»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Popular Radio</i>. New York: Popular Radio, Inc. 7 (6): 6. juni 1925<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 14. august 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.atitle=Pages+with+the+Editor&rft.date=1925-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Popular+Radio&rft.pages=6&rft.volume=7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanradiohistory.com%2FArchive-Popular-Radio%2FPopular-Radio-1925-06.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nahin">Nahin</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickover,_Clifford_A.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pickover, Clifford A. (ikke skrevet ennå)">Pickover, Clifford A.</a> (1998). «Oliver Heaviside». <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strangebrainsgen0000pick_x1c3"><i>Strange Brains and Genius: The Secret Lives of Eccentric Scientists and Madmen</i></a>. Plenum Publishing Company Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9780306457845" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/9780306457845">9780306457845</a>. «Religion: A Unitarian, but not religious. Poked fun at those who put their faith in a Supreme Being.»</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.atitle=Oliver+Heaviside&rft.au=Pickover%2C+Clifford+A.&rft.btitle=Strange+Brains+and+Genius%3A+The+Secret+Lives+of+Eccentric+Scientists+and+Madmen&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9780306457845&rft.pub=Plenum+Publishing+Company+Limited&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrangebrainsgen0000pick_x1c3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DofOH-32"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-DofOH_32-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DofOH_32-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Alan Chodos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201002/physicshistory.cfm">«February 3, 1925: Death of Oliver Heaviside»</a>. AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 7. juni 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.au=Alan+Chodos&rft.btitle=February+3%2C+1925%3A+Death+of+Oliver+Heaviside&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=AMERICAN+PHYSICAL+SOCIETY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.org%2Fpublications%2Fapsnews%2F201002%2Fphysicshistory.cfm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Rediger avsnitt: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&action=edit&section=10" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Litteratur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Lee, G. (1947). <i>Oliver Heaviside</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.btitle=Oliver+Heaviside&rft.date=1947&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><i>The Heaviside Centenary Volume</i>. The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London. 1950.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.btitle=The+Heaviside+Centenary+Volume&rft.date=1950&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=The+Institution+of+Electrical+Engineers%2C+London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Josephs, H. J. (1963). <i>Oliver Heaviside : a biography</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.aufirst=H.+J.&rft.aulast=Josephs&rft.btitle=Oliver+Heaviside+%3A+a+biography&rft.date=1963&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMooreWhittaker1928" class="citation book">Moore, Douglas H.; Whittaker, Edmund Taylor (1928). <i>Heaviside operational calculus: an elementary foundation</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-444-00090-9" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-444-00090-9">0-444-00090-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.au=Whittaker%2C+Edmund+Taylor&rft.aufirst=Douglas+H.&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.btitle=Heaviside+operational+calculus%3A+an+elementary+foundation&rft.date=1928&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-444-00090-9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBuchwald1985" class="citation book">Buchwald, Jed Z. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frommaxwelltomic00jedz"><i>From Maxwell to Microphysics: Aspects of Electromagnetic Theory in the Last Quarter of the Nineteenth Century</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Chicago Press (ikke skrevet ennå)">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-226-07882-3" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-226-07882-3">978-0-226-07882-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.aufirst=Jed+Z.&rft.aulast=Buchwald&rft.btitle=From+Maxwell+to+Microphysics%3A+Aspects+of+Electromagnetic+Theory+in+the+Last+Quarter+of+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-226-07882-3&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrommaxwelltomic00jedz&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSearle1987" class="citation book">Searle, G. F. C. (1987). <i>Oliver Heaviside, the man</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-906340-05-5" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-906340-05-5">0-906340-05-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.aufirst=G.+F.+C.&rft.aulast=Searle&rft.btitle=Oliver+Heaviside%2C+the+man&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-906340-05-5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNahin1987" class="citation book">Nahin, Paul J. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e9wEntQmA0IC"><i>Oliver Heaviside, sage in solitude: the life, work, and times of an electrical genius of the Victorian age</i></a>. IEEE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-87942-238-7" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-87942-238-7">978-0-87942-238-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rft.aulast=Nahin&rft.btitle=Oliver+Heaviside%2C+sage+in+solitude%3A+the+life%2C+work%2C+and+times+of+an+electrical+genius+of+the+Victorian+age&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-87942-238-7&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De9wEntQmA0IC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Laithwaite, E. R., "<i>Oliver Heaviside – establishment shaker</i>". Electrical Review, 12 November 1982.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHunt1991" class="citation book">Hunt, Bruce J. (1991). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Maxwellians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Maxwellians (ikke skrevet ennå)">The Maxwellians</a></i> (paperback 2005 utg.). Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-8014-8234-2" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-8014-8234-2">978-0-8014-8234-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.aufirst=Bruce+J.&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.btitle=The+Maxwellians&rft.date=1991&rft.edition=paperback+2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8234-2&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Lynch, A. C. (1991). G. Hollister-Short, red. «The Sources for a Biography of Oliver Heaviside». <i>History of Technology, London & New York</i>. Vol. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.atitle=The+Sources+for+a+Biography+of+Oliver+Heaviside&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Technology%2C+London+%26+New+York&rft.volume=Vol.+13&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFYavetz1995" class="citation book">Yavetz, I. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JgXZQTeYby8C"><i>From Obscurity to Enigma: The Work of Oliver Heaviside, 1872–1889</i></a>. Birkhauser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/978-3-7643-5180-9" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/978-3-7643-5180-9">978-3-7643-5180-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.aulast=Yavetz&rft.btitle=From+Obscurity+to+Enigma%3A+The+Work+of+Oliver+Heaviside%2C+1872%E2%80%931889&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-7643-5180-9&rft.pub=Birkhauser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJgXZQTeYby8C&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>James B. Calvert (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/math/laplace.htm">Heaviside, Laplace, and the Inversion Integral</a>, from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Denver" title="University of Denver">University of Denver</a>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMahon2009" class="citation book">Mahon, Basil (11. mai 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oliverheavisidem0000maho"><i>Oliver Heaviside: Maverick Mastermind of Electricity</i></a>. Institution of Engineering and Technology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-86341-965-2" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-86341-965-2">978-0-86341-965-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOliver+Heaviside&rft.aufirst=Basil&rft.aulast=Mahon&rft.btitle=Oliver+Heaviside%3A+Maverick+Mastermind+of+Electricity&rft.date=2009-05-11&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-86341-965-2&rft.pub=Institution+of+Engineering+and+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foliverheavisidem0000maho&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Heaviside&action=edit&section=11" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oliver_Heaviside" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a> – kategori av bilder, video eller lyd på <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Commons</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p373"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154345?uselang=nb#P373" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li>Bexte, Peter: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freitag.de/autoren/der-freitag/kabel-im-denkraum">«Kabel im Denkraum»</a></li> <li>The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Heaviside.html">«Oliver Heaviside»</a>, School of Mathematics and Statistics. University of St Andrews, Skottland</li> <li>Heather, Alan: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oliverheaviside.com">«Oliver Heaviside»</a>, <i>Torbay Amateur Radio Society</i>.</li> <li>Katz, Eugenii: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027123043/http://geocities.com/neveyaakov/electro_science/heaviside.html">«Oliver Heaviside»</a> hos Wayback Machine (arkivert 27. oktober 2009). Hebrew University of Jerusalem.</li> <li>Lienhard, John H.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi426.htm">«Oliver Heaviside»</a>, <i>The Engines of Our Ingenuity</i>. NPR. KUHF-FM Houston. 1990. Nr. 426.</li> <li>Ghigo, F.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrao.edu/whatisra/hist_prehist.shtml#heaviside">«Pre-History of Radio Astronomy, Oliver Heaviside (1850–1925)»</a>, <i>National Radio Astronomy Observatory</i>, Green Bank, West Virginia.</li> <li>Naughton, Russell: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/13071/20040303-0000/www.acmi.net.au/AIC/HEAVISIDE_BIO.html">«Oliver W. Heaviside 1850 – 1925»</a>, <i>Adventures in CyberSound</i>.</li> <li>McGinty, Phil: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031129065714/http://www.torbytes.co.uk/op/tm2/lv2/item932-def.htm">«Oliver Heaviside»</a>, <i>Devon Life</i>, Torbay Library Services.</li> <li>Gustafson, Grant: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.utah.edu/~gustafso/HeavisideCoverup.pdf">«Heaviside's Methods»</a> (PDF), <i>Math.Utah.edu</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myreckonings.com/wordpress/2007/12/07/heavisides-operator-calculus/">Heaviside's Operator Calculus</a></li> <li>Weisstein, Eric W.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Heaviside.html">«Heaviside, Oliver (1850–1925)»</a>, <i>Eric Weisstein’s World of Scientific Biography.</i> Wolfram Media, Inc.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output 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