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<span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Stop consonant" redirects here. For the broader definition, see <a href="/wiki/Occlusive" title="Occlusive">Occlusive</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Plosive" title="Special:EditPage/Plosive">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Plosive%22">"Plosive"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Plosive%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Plosive%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Plosive%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Plosive%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Plosive%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetics</a>, a <b>plosive</b>, also known as an <b><a href="/wiki/Occlusive" title="Occlusive">occlusive</a></b> or simply a <b>stop</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_consonant" title="Pulmonic consonant">pulmonic consonant</a> in which the vocal tract is <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">blocked</a> so that all <a href="/wiki/Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism">airflow</a> ceases. </p><p>The occlusion may be made with the tongue tip or blade (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>]</span>), tongue body (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</span>), lips (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</span>), or glottis (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</span>). Plosives contrast with <a href="/wiki/Nasal_occlusive" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal occlusive">nasals</a>, where the vocal tract is blocked but airflow continues through the nose, as in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span>, and with <a href="/wiki/Fricatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricatives">fricatives</a>, where partial occlusion impedes but does not block airflow in the vocal tract. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Terminology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Terminology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Articulation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Articulation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Common_plosives"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Common plosives</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Classification"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Classification</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Voice"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Voice</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Aspiration"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Aspiration</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Length"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Length</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Nasalization"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Nasalization</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Airstream_mechanism"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Airstream mechanism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Tenseness"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Tenseness</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Transcription"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Transcription</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#English"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">English</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Variations"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Variations</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plosive&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The terms <i>stop, occlusive,</i> and <i>plosive</i> are often used interchangeably. Linguists who distinguish them may not agree on the distinction being made. The terms refer to different features of the consonant. "Stop" refers to the airflow that is stopped. "Occlusive" refers to the articulation, which occludes (blocks) the vocal tract. "Plosive" refers to the release burst (plosion) of the consonant. Some object to the use of "plosive" for <a href="/wiki/Unreleased_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Unreleased stop">inaudibly released stops</a>, which may then instead be called "applosives". The <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Association" title="International Phonetic Association">International Phonetic Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Clinical_Phonetics_and_Linguistics_Association" title="International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association">International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association</a> use the term "plosive". </p><p>Either "occlusive" or "stop" may be used as a general term covering the other together with nasals. That is, 'occlusive' may be defined as <a href="/wiki/Oral_consonant" title="Oral consonant">oral</a> occlusive (plosives and <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a>) plus nasal occlusives (nasals such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</span>), or 'stop' may be defined as oral stops (plosives) plus nasal stops (nasals). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Maddieson" title="Ian Maddieson">Maddieson</a> (1996) prefer to restrict 'stop' to oral non-affricated occlusives. They say,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>what we call simply nasals are called nasal stops by some linguists. We avoid this phrase, preferring to reserve the term 'stop' for sounds in which there is a complete interruption of airflow.</p></blockquote> <p>In addition, they restrict "plosive" for <a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_consonant" title="Pulmonic consonant">pulmonic consonants</a>; "stops" in their usage include <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a> and <a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">implosive</a> consonants.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a term such as "plosive" is used for oral non-affricated obstruents, and nasals are not called nasal stops, then a <i>stop</i> may mean the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>; "plosive" may even mean non-glottal stop. In other cases, however, it may be the word "plosive" that is restricted to the glottal stop. Generally speaking, plosives do not have plosion (a release burst). In English, for example, there are plosives with <a href="/wiki/No_audible_release" title="No audible release">no audible release</a>, such as the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> in <i>apt</i>. However, English plosives do have plosion in other environments. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, the term for plosive was <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄφωνον</span></span> (<i>áphōnon</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which means "unpronounceable", "voiceless", or "silent", because plosives could not be pronounced without a vowel. This term was <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calqued</a> into <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mūta</i></span>, and from there borrowed into English as <i>mute</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Mute</i> was sometimes used instead for voiceless consonants, whether plosives or fricatives, a usage that was later replaced with <i>surd</i>, from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">surdus</i></span> "deaf" or "silent",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a term still occasionally seen in the literature.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For more information on the Ancient Greek terms, see <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology#Terminology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient Greek phonology § Terminology</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Articulation">Articulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plosive&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Articulation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>A plosive is typically analysed as having up to three phases: </p> <ul><li>Approach, during which articulators come together</li> <li>Hold (or "occlusion" or "closure"), during which the articulators are held and block the airstream</li> <li>Release (or "burst" or "plosion"), when the articulators are separated, releasing the compressed air<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Only the hold phase is requisite. A plosive may lack an approach when it is preceded by a consonant that involves an occlusion at the same place of articulation, as in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span> in <i>end</i> or <i>old</i>. In many languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, word-final plosives lack a release burst, even when followed by a vowel, or have a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_release" title="Nasal release">nasal release</a>. See <a href="/wiki/No_audible_release" title="No audible release">no audible release</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">affricates</a>, the catch and hold are those of a plosive, but the release is that of a <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricative</a>. That is, affricates are plosive–fricative <a href="/wiki/Contour_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Contour (phonetics)">contours</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Common_plosives">Common plosives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plosive&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Common plosives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>All spoken natural languages in the world have plosives,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most have at least the voiceless plosives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span>. However, there are exceptions: Colloquial <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> lacks the <a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">coronal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span>, and several North American languages, such as the <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquoian">Iroquoian</a> languages (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> lack the <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span>. In fact, the labial is the least stable of the voiceless plosives in the languages of the world, as the unconditioned sound change <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span> (→ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">Ø</span>) is quite common in unrelated languages, having occurred in the history of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Japanese language">Classical Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a>, for instance. Formal <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> has only one word with <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span>; colloquial Samoan conflates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>. <a href="/wiki/Ni%E2%80%98ihau" class="mw-redirect" title="Ni‘ihau">Ni‘ihau</a> <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> has <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> to a greater extent than Standard Hawaiian, but neither distinguish a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> from a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>. It may be more accurate to say that Hawaiian and colloquial Samoan do not distinguish velar and coronal plosives than to say they lack one or the other. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ontena_Gadsup" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontena Gadsup">Ontena Gadsup</a> has only 1 phonemic plosive <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yanyuwa_language" title="Yanyuwa language">Yanyuwa</a> distinguishes plosives in 7 places of articulations <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b<span class="wrap"> </span>d̪<span class="wrap"> </span>d<span class="wrap"> </span>ḏ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɖ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ̟<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ̠/</span> (it does not have voiceless plosives) which is the most out of all languages. <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>See <a href="/wiki/Occlusive#Common_occlusives" title="Occlusive">Common occlusives</a> for the distribution of both plosives and nasals. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plosive&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voice">Voice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plosive&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Voice" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">Voiced</a> plosives</b> are pronounced with vibration of the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_cords" title="Vocal cords">vocal cords</a>, <b><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a> plosives</b> without. Plosives are commonly voiceless, and many languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>, have only voiceless plosives. Others, such as most <a href="/wiki/Australian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian languages">Australian languages</a>, are indeterminate: plosives may vary between voiced and voiceless without distinction, some of them like <a href="/wiki/Yanyuwa_language" title="Yanyuwa language">Yanyuwa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yidiny_language" title="Yidiny language">Yidiny</a> have only voiced plosives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspiration">Aspiration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plosive&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aspiration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In <b><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> plosives</b>, the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_cords" title="Vocal cords">vocal cords</a> (vocal folds) are abducted at the time of release. In a prevocalic aspirated plosive (a plosive followed by a vowel or sonorant), the time when the vocal cords begin to vibrate will be delayed until the vocal folds come together enough for voicing to begin, and will usually start with breathy voicing. The duration between the release of the plosive and the voice onset is called the <i><a href="/wiki/Voice_onset_time" title="Voice onset time">voice onset time</a></i> (VOT) or the <i>aspiration interval</i>. Highly aspirated plosives have a long period of aspiration, so that there is a long period of voiceless airflow (a phonetic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span>) before the onset of the vowel. In <a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">tenuis</a> plosives, the vocal cords come together for voicing immediately following the release, and there is little or no aspiration (a voice onset time close to zero). In English, there may be a brief segment of breathy voice that identifies the plosive as voiceless and not voiced. In voiced plosives, the vocal folds are set for voice before the release, and often vibrate during the entire hold, and in English, the voicing after release is not breathy. A plosive is called "fully voiced" if it is voiced during the entire occlusion. In English, however, initial voiced plosives like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/#b/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/#d/</span> may have no voicing during the period of occlusion, or the voicing may start shortly before the release and continue after release, and word-final plosives tend to be fully devoiced: In most dialects of English, the final /b/, /d/ and /g/ in words like <i>rib</i>, <i>mad</i> and <i>dog</i> are fully devoiced.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial voiceless plosives, like the <i>p</i> in <i>pie</i>, are aspirated, with a palpable puff of air upon release, whereas a plosive after an <i>s</i>, as in <i>spy</i>, is <a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">tenuis</a> (unaspirated). When spoken near a candle flame, the flame will flicker more after the words <i>par, tar,</i> and <i>car</i> are articulated, compared with <i>spar, star,</i> and <i>scar</i>. In the common pronunciation of <i>papa</i>, the initial <i>p</i> is aspirated whereas the medial <i>p</i> is not. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Length">Length</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plosive&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Length" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In a <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminate</a> or <b>long</b> consonant, the occlusion lasts longer than in simple consonants. In languages where plosives are only distinguished by length (e.g., Arabic, Ilwana, Icelandic), the long plosives may be held up to three times as long as the short plosives. <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> is well known for its geminate plosives, as the double <i>t</i> in the name <i>Vittoria</i> takes just as long to say as the <i>ct</i> does in English <i>Victoria</i>. <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> also prominently features geminate consonants, such as in the minimal pair 来た <i>kita</i> 'came' and 切った <i>kitta</i> 'cut'. <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> is unusual for contrasting three lengths, as in the minimal triplet <i>kabi</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɑpi/</span> 'hoof', <i>kapi</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɑpːi/</span> 'wardrobe [gen. sg.]', and <i>kappi</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɑpːːi/</span> 'wardrobe [ill. sg.]'.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many languages where the features voice, aspiration, and length reinforce each other, and in such cases it may be hard to determine which of these features predominates. In such cases, the terms <a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis</a> is sometimes used for aspiration or gemination, whereas <a href="/wiki/Lenis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenis">lenis</a> is used for single, tenuous, or voiced plosives. However, the terms <i>fortis</i> and <i>lenis</i> are poorly defined, and their meanings vary from source to source. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nasalization">Nasalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plosive&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nasalization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal consonant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">Nasalization</a></div> <p>Simple <a href="/wiki/Nasal_occlusive" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal occlusive">nasals</a> are differentiated from plosives only by a lowered <a href="/wiki/Soft_palate" title="Soft palate">velum</a> that allows the air to escape through the nose during the occlusion. Nasals are acoustically <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a>, as they have a non-turbulent airflow and are nearly always voiced, but they are articulatorily <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a>, as there is complete blockage of the oral cavity. The term <a href="/wiki/Occlusive" title="Occlusive">occlusive</a> may be used as a cover term for both nasals and plosives. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenasalized stop">prenasalized stop</a> starts out with a lowered velum that raises during the occlusion. The closest examples in English are consonant clusters such as the [nd] in <i>candy</i>, but many languages have prenasalized stops that function phonologically as single consonants. <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> is well known for having words beginning with prenasalized stops, as in <i>ndege</i> 'bird', and in many languages of the South Pacific, such as <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a>, these are even spelled with single letters: <i>b</i> [mb], <i>d</i> [nd]. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Nasal_release" title="Nasal release">postnasalized plosive</a> begins with a raised velum that lowers during the occlusion. This causes an audible nasal <i>release</i>, as in English <i>sudden</i>. This could also be compared to the /dn/ cluster found in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and other Slavic languages, which can be seen in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper River">Dnieper River</a>. </p><p>The terms <i>prenasalization</i> and <i>postnasalization</i> are normally used only in languages where these sounds are phonemic: that is, not analyzed into sequences of plosive plus nasal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airstream_mechanism">Airstream mechanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plosive&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Airstream mechanism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Stops may be made with more than one <a href="/wiki/Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism">airstream mechanism</a>. The normal mechanism is <a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_egressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonic egressive">pulmonic egressive</a>, that is, with air flowing outward from the lungs. All spoken languages have pulmonic stops. Some languages have stops made with other mechanisms as well: <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective stops</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glottalic_egressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottalic egressive">glottalic egressive</a>), <a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">implosive stops</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glottalic_ingressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottalic ingressive">glottalic ingressive</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">click consonants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lingual_ingressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingual ingressive">lingual ingressive</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenseness">Tenseness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plosive&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tenseness" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tenseness" title="Tenseness">Tenseness</a></div> <p>A <b><a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis</a> plosive</b> is produced with more muscular tension than a <b><a href="/wiki/Lenis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenis">lenis</a> plosive</b>. However, this is difficult to measure, and there is usually debate over the actual mechanism of alleged fortis or lenis consonants. </p><p>There are a series of plosives in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean language</a>, sometimes written with the IPA symbol for ejectives, which are produced using "<a href="/wiki/Stiff_voice" title="Stiff voice">stiff voice</a>", meaning there is increased contraction of the glottis than for normal production of voiceless plosives. The indirect evidence for stiff voice is in the following vowels, which have a higher fundamental frequency than those following other plosives. The higher frequency is explained as a result of the glottis being tense. Other such <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> types include <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">breathy voice</a>, or murmur; <a href="/wiki/Slack_voice" title="Slack voice">slack voice</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">creaky voice</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Transcription">Transcription</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plosive&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Transcription" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>The following plosives have been given dedicated symbols in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Symbols for plosive consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">p</span>⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">voiceless bilabial plosive</a> </td> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">b</span>⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">voiced bilabial plosive</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">t</span>⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">voiceless alveolar plosive</a> </td> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">d</span>⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">voiced alveolar plosive</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ʈ</span>⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">voiceless retroflex plosive</a> </td> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɖ</span>⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">voiced retroflex plosive</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">c</span>⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">voiceless palatal plosive</a> </td> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɟ</span>⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">voiced palatal plosive</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">k</span>⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">voiceless velar plosive</a> </td> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɡ</span>⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">voiced velar plosive</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">q</span>⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">voiceless uvular plosive</a> </td> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɢ</span>⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">voiced uvular plosive</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ʡ</span>⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_plosive" title="Epiglottal plosive">epiglottal plosive</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ʔ</span>⟩ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plosive&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: English" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p<span class="wrap"> </span>t<span class="wrap"> </span>k]</span> </th> <td>voiceless,<br>aspirated word-initially, tenuis in clusters after <i>s</i>, word-final often with no audible release </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b<span class="wrap"> </span>d<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ]</span> </th> <td>unaspirated,<br>partially voiced word-initially, fully voiced intervocalically, fully devoiced when word-final </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>, not as a <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> in most dialects </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations">Variations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plosive&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Variations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Many subclassifications of plosives are transcribed by adding a <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter" title="Modifier letter">modifier letter</a> to the IPA symbols above. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">Phonation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voice-onset_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice-onset time">voice-onset time</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> t</span>⟩ </th> <td>voiceless </td> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> d</span>⟩ </th> <td>voiced </td></tr> <tr> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">t˭</span>⟩ </th> <td>tenuis </td> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">tʰ</span>⟩ </th> <td>aspirated </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> </td> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> dʱ</span>⟩ </th> <td>breathy-voiced </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Airstream mechanism </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">t</span>⟩ </th> <td> </td> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">d</span>⟩ </th> <td>pulmonic egressive </td></tr> <tr> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">tʼ</span>⟩ </th> <td>ejective </td> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɗ</span>⟩ </th> <td>implosive </td></tr> <tr> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">!</span>⟩ </th> <td>click </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Nasality </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ⁿd</span>⟩ </th> <td>prenasalized </td> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">dⁿ</span>⟩ </th> <td>nasally released </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">d̥</span>⟩ </th> <td>lenis:<br>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">d</span>⟩ with <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voicelessness</a> diacritic </td> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">t͈</span>⟩ </th> <td>tense </td> <th>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">tt dd</span>⟩<br>⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">tː dː</span>⟩ </th> <td>geminate </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plosive&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuant" title="Continuant">Continuant</a> (the opposite of a stop)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_phonetics_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of phonetics topics">List of phonetics topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_filter" title="Pop filter">Pop filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonexplosive_stop" title="Nonexplosive stop">Nonexplosive stop</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plosive&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ian_Maddieson" title="Ian Maddieson">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/The_Sounds_of_the_World%27s_Languages" title="The Sounds of the World's Languages"><i>The Sounds of the World's Languages</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6"><bdi>0-631-19815-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-631-19815-6&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Maddieson%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlosive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ian_Maddieson" title="Ian Maddieson">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/The_Sounds_of_the_World%27s_Languages" title="The Sounds of the World's Languages"><i>The Sounds of the World's Languages</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 77–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6"><bdi>0-631-19815-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=77-78&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-631-19815-6&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Maddieson%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlosive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)/fwnos"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄφωνος</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-mute" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=mute">"mute"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=mute&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dmute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlosive" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=surdus">surdus</a>. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-surd" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=surd">"surd"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=surd&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dsurd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlosive" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsMees2013" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Beverly; Mees, Inger M. (2013). <i>Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students</i> (3rd ed.). Routledge. pp. 85–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-50650-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-50650-2"><bdi>978-0-415-50650-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Phonetics+and+Phonology%3A+A+Resource+Book+for+Students&rft.pages=85-6&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-50650-2&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Beverly&rft.au=Mees%2C+Inger+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlosive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">König, W. (ed) <i>dtv Atlas zur deutschen Sprache</i> dtv 1994<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2018)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlfsbjorninnLahrouchi" class="citation journal cs1">Ulfsbjorninn, Shanti; Lahrouchi, Mohamed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220219205744/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01728030/document">"The Typology of the Distribution of Edge : the propensity for bipositionality"</a>. <i>Papers in Historical Phonology</i>. <b>1</b>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01728030/document">the original</a> on 2022-02-19 – via HAL-SHS - Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+in+Historical+Phonology&rft.atitle=The+Typology+of+the+Distribution+of+Edge+%3A+the+propensity+for+bipositionality&rft.volume=1&rft.aulast=Ulfsbjorninn&rft.aufirst=Shanti&rft.au=Lahrouchi%2C+Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-01728030%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlosive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308155324/https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/14/55/28/145528924996124292827377513229587788840/Gadsup_Ontena.pdf">"Organised Phonology Data - Gadsup ( Ontena dialect) Language [GAJ] - Eastern Highlands Province"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/14/55/28/145528924996124292827377513229587788840/Gadsup_Ontena.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2022-03-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL+International&rft.atitle=Organised+Phonology+Data+-+Gadsup+%28+Ontena+dialect%29+Language+%5BGAJ%5D+-+Eastern+Highlands+Province&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Freapdata%2F14%2F55%2F28%2F145528924996124292827377513229587788840%2FGadsup_Ontena.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlosive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phonetics.ucla.edu/appendix/languages/yanuya/yanuwa.html">"Yanuyuwa"</a>. <i>UCLA Phonetics Lab Data</i>. University of California, Los Angeles.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Phonetics+Lab+Data&rft.atitle=Yanuyuwa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphonetics.ucla.edu%2Fappendix%2Flanguages%2Fyanuya%2Fyanuwa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlosive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Cruttenden, Alan Gimsons Pronunciation of English</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cruttenden%2C+Alan+Gimsons+Pronunciation+of+English&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlosive" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2018)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTürkLippusŠimko2017" class="citation journal cs1">Türk, Helen; Lippus, Pärtel; Šimko, Juraj (2017). "Context-dependent articulation of consonant gemination in Estonian". <i>Laboratory Phonology</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Laboratory+Phonology&rft.atitle=Context-dependent+articulation+of+consonant+gemination+in+Estonian&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=T%C3%BCrk&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Lippus%2C+P%C3%A4rtel&rft.au=%C5%A0imko%2C+Juraj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlosive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plosive&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li>Ian Maddieson, <i>Patterns of Sounds</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-26536-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-26536-3">0-521-26536-3</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Plosive&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothenberg_M." class="citation web cs1">Rothenberg M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rothenberg.org/Breath-Stream/BSD_contents.htm">"The Breath-Stream Dynamics of Simple-Released Plosive Production"</a>. <i>Vol. 6</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vol.+6&rft.atitle=The+Breath-Stream+Dynamics+of+Simple-Released+Plosive+Production&rft.au=Rothenberg+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rothenberg.org%2FBreath-Stream%2FBSD_contents.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlosive" class="Z3988"></span> Bibliotheca Phonetica, Karger, Basel, 1968</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235389435">.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-captioned{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-caption{padding:0.2em;text-align:center;background-color:#f2f2ce;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-table{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-table .wraplinks .selflink{white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plosive&oldid=1255052929">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plosive&oldid=1255052929</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Plosive&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Rasteem" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1730585541"> <span>Last edited on 2 November 2024, at 22:12</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksplosief" title="Eksplosief – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eksplosief" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plosiv" title="Plosiv – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Plosiv" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="صامت انفجاري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صامت انفجاري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonante_oclusiva" title="Consonante oclusiva – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Consonante oclusiva" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Преградна съгласна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Преградна съгласна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plosiv" title="Plosiv – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Plosiv" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="འགག་སྒྲ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འགག་སྒྲ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensonenn_dre_serri%C3%B1" title="Kensonenn dre serriñ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kensonenn dre serriñ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_oclusiva" title="Consonant oclusiva – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Consonant oclusiva" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plozivn%C3%AD_souhl%C3%A1ska" title="Plozivní souhláska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plozivní souhláska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffrwydrolyn" title="Ffrwydrolyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffrwydrolyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klusil_konsonant" title="Klusil konsonant – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Klusil konsonant" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plosiv" title="Plosiv – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plosiv" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulgh%C3%A4%C3%A4lik" title="Sulghäälik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sulghäälik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC_%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Κλειστά σύμφωνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλειστά σύμφωνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonante_oclusiva" title="Consonante oclusiva – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Consonante oclusiva" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plozivo" title="Plozivo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plozivo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontsonante_leherkari" title="Kontsonante leherkari – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kontsonante leherkari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="انفجاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انفجاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonne_occlusive" title="Consonne occlusive – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Consonne occlusive" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corockle_bleaystagh" title="Corockle bleaystagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Corockle bleaystagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consoante_oclusiva" title="Consoante oclusiva – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Consoante oclusiva" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%97%B4%EC%9D%8C" title="파열음 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파열음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պայթական հնչյուններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պայթական հնչյուններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="स्पर्श व्यंजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्पर्श व्यंजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapornik" title="Zapornik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zapornik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonan_letup" title="Konsonan letup – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konsonan letup" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokhlj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Lokhljóð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lokhljóð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonante_occlusiva" title="Consonante occlusiva – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Consonante occlusiva" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="עיצורים סותמים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיצורים סותמים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Үзілмелі дауыссыздар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үзілмелі дауыссыздар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C4%93dzenis" title="Slēdzenis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Slēdzenis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprogstamieji_priebalsiai" title="Sprogstamieji priebalsiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sprogstamieji priebalsiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plosief" title="Plosief – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Plosief" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunsunant_plusiv" title="Cunsunant plusiv – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cunsunant plusiv" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1rhang" title="Zárhang – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zárhang" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Избувна согласка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Избувна согласка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonan_hentian" title="Konsonan hentian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konsonan hentian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plosief" title="Plosief – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Plosief" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E8%A3%82%E9%9F%B3" title="破裂音 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="破裂音" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plosiver" title="Plosiver – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Plosiver" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukkelyd" title="Lukkelyd – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lukkelyd" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portlovchi_undosh_tovushlar" title="Portlovchi undosh tovushlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Portlovchi undosh tovushlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_zwarta" title="Spółgłoska zwarta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spółgłoska zwarta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consoante_oclusiva" title="Consoante oclusiva – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Consoante oclusiva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_oclusiv%C4%83" title="Consoană oclusivă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Consoană oclusivă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Взрывные согласные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Взрывные согласные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_consonant" title="Stop consonant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stop consonant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1verov%C3%A1_spoluhl%C3%A1ska" title="Záverová spoluhláska – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Záverová spoluhláska" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapornik" title="Zapornik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zapornik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Праскави сугласник – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Праскави сугласник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploziv" title="Ploziv – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ploziv" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klusiili" title="Klusiili – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Klusiili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klusil" title="Klusil – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klusil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plosibo" title="Plosibo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Plosibo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="வெடிப்பொலி மெய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெடிப்பொலி மெய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Шартлаулы тартыклар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шартлаулы тартыклар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94" title="เสียงพยัญชนะหยุด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เสียงพยัญชนะหยุด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Проривні приголосні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Проривні приголосні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonante_ocluziva" title="Consonante ocluziva – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Consonante ocluziva" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4%C3%BCspeethel%C3%BC" title="Täüspeethelü – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Täüspeethelü" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="塞音" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="塞音" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%86%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3" title="爆发音 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="爆发音" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 November 2024, at 22:12<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li 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