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<!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM "http://www.w3.org/Style/HTML40-plus-blink.dtd">   <html lang=en> <head profile="http://microformats.org/profile/hcard"> <title>Web Style Sheets</title> <meta content="W3C's overview of Web style sheets." name=description > <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv=Content-Type> <meta content="width=device-width" name=viewport> <link href="CSS/w3c-2010/main" media="screen, handheld, projection, tv" rel=stylesheet title=Main> <link href="CSS/floatspan-n" media="screen, handheld, projection, tv" rel="alternate stylesheet" title=Cascade> <link href="CSS/daily-color" media="screen, handheld, projection, tv" rel="alternate stylesheet" title=Cascade> <link href="CSS/floatspan" media="screen, handheld, projection, tv" rel="alternate stylesheet" title="Cascade (older browsers)"> <link href="CSS/daily-color" media="screen, handheld, projection, tv" rel="alternate stylesheet" title="Cascade (older browsers)"> <link href="CSS/asymmetric" media="screen, handheld, 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href="https://www.mark-goeder-tarant.com/w3/style/overview/vietnamese/" hreflang=vi rel=alternate title="Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese) [2010-03-14]"> <link href="https://www.webstyles-chinese.info/Style/" hreflang=zh-hans rel=alternate title="简体中文 (Chinese simplified) [2009-02-03]"> <link href="https://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/Style.html" hreflang=zh-hant rel=alternate title="繁體中文 (Traditional Chinese) [2009-03-02]"> <style type="text/css"> table {border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 1em} td, th {border-top: thin dotted; border-bottom: thin dotted; padding: 0.2em 0.5em} .hint, .alt-hint {font-style: italic} blink {text-decoration: blink} /* Use animation to simulate blink on browsers that do not do blink. But only blink five times, to avoid attracting attention when the user has read, but not yet closed the page. @supports (animation: blink 2s 5 step-end) { blink {text-decoration: none; animation: blink 2s 5 step-end} } @keyframes blink { 0% {visibility: hidden} 25%, 100% {visibility: visible} } /**/ /* Or use animation to simulate marquee. (The 'rtl' allows overflow on the left, although with side effects. The 7.5em is specific to this document. */ @supports (animation: marquee 5s 2 linear none) { blink {text-decoration: none; animation: marquee 5s 2 linear none; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: bottom; unicode-bidi: isolate; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left} } @keyframes marquee { 0% {width: 7.5em; padding-left: 0; padding-right: 0; direction: rtl} 49.99% {width: 7.5em; padding-left: 0; padding-right: 7.5em; direction: rtl} 50% {width: 7.5em; padding-left: 7.5em; padding-right: 0; direction: ltr} 100% {width: 7.5em; padding-left: 0; padding-right: 0; direction: ltr} } /**/ </style> <body> <div class=section id=language> <p><a href="#translations">Languages</a> </div> <h1><em>Web Style Sheets</em> home page</h1> <div class=section id=summary> <blockquote class=motto> <p><a href="http://www.useit.com/alertbox/styles_vs_frames.html" >“Hopefully, future Web innovations will emulate the example set by the Web Consortium in its work on CSS”</a> <address> <a href="http://www.useit.com/alertbox/styles_vs_frames.html" >— Jakob Nielsen</a></address> </blockquote> <div class=aside id=new> <h3>What's new?</h3> <p>See the “what's new?” sections of <a href="CSS/#news">CSS,</a > <a href="XSL/#news">XSL</a> and <a href="../dpub/">Digital Publishing.</a> </div> </div> <div class=section id=what> <h2>What are style sheets?</h2> <p>Style sheets describe how documents are presented on screens, in print, or perhaps how they are pronounced. W3C has actively promoted the use of style sheets on the Web since the Consortium was founded in 1994. The <a href=Activity>Style Activity</a> has produced several W3C Recommendations (CSS1, CSS2, XPath, XSLT). <a href="CSS/">CSS</a> especially is widely implemented in browsers. <p>By attaching style sheets to structured documents on the Web (e.g. HTML), authors and readers can influence the presentation of documents without sacrificing device-independence or adding <a href=customdtd><blink>new HTML tags</blink></a>. <p>The easiest way to start experimenting with style sheets is to find a <a href="CSS/software#browsers">browser that supports CSS</a>. Discussions about style sheets are carried out on the <a href="../Mail/Lists.html#www-style">www-style@w3.org</a> mailing list and on <a href="news:comp.infosystems.www.authoring.stylesheets" >comp.infosystems.www.authoring.stylesheets</a>. <p>The W3C Style Activity is also developing <a href="XSL/">XSL</a >, which consists of a combination of XSLT and “Formatting Objects” (XSL-FO). </div> <div class=section id=why> <h2>Why two Style Sheet languages?</h2> <div class=figure> <p><img alt="Diagram of the role of XSL and CSS in rendering HTML and XML documents" class=diagram src=xsl-and-css1> <p>Wondering which one to choose? Read <a href=CSS-vs-XSL>"CSS & XSL"</a> </div> <p>The fact that W3C has developed XSL in addition to CSS has caused some confusion. Why develop a second style sheet language when implementors haven't even finished the first one? The answer can be found in the table below: <table> <tbody> <tr> <th> <th>CSS <th>XSL <tr> <td>Can be used with HTML? <td>yes <td>no <tr> <td>Can be used with XML? <td>yes <td>yes <tr> <td>Transformation language? <td>no <td>yes <tr> <td>Syntax <td>CSS <td>XML </table> <p>The unique features are that CSS can be used to style HTML & XML documents. XSL, on the other hand, is able to transform documents. For example, XSL can be used to transform XML data into HTML/CSS documents on the Web server. This way, the two languages complement each other and can be used together. <p>Both languages can be used to <a href=styling-XML>style XML documents</a>. <p>CSS and XSL use the same underlying formatting model and designers therefore have access to the same formatting features in both languages. W3C will work hard to ensure that interoperable implementations of the formatting model are available. <p>A W3C Note on <a href="../TR/NOTE-XSL-and-CSS">"Using XSL and CSS together"</a> is available. </div> <div class=section id=press> <h2>Press clippings</h2> <p>If you are new to the subject, you may want to start by reading some press clippings on style sheets: <ul> <li><a href="http://www.useit.com/alertbox/9707a.html">Effective Use of Style Sheets</a>, by <a href="http://www.useit.com/jakob/" >Jakob Nielsen</a> (in: <em><a href="http://www.useit.com/alertbox/">Alertbox</a>,</em> July 1997), Also recommended: his book <a href="http://www.useit.com/errata/"><cite>Designing Web usability: the practice of simplicity</cite></a> (New Riders, 2000). <li><span class=date>2000-06-02</span> <a href="http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/network/2000/06/30/magazine/mozilla_stylesheets.html" ><cite>Tap the power of Mozilla's user style sheets,</cite></a> an article by <a href="http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/au/83" >Andrew Wooldridge</a> in the <a href="http://www.mozillazine.org/">O'Reilly MozillaZine</a>, shows why client-side style sheets are so important. <li><a href="https://www.xml.com/pub/a/2000/03/29/tutorial/index.html" >XML Web pages with Mozilla</a>, by <a href="http://www.simonstl.com/">Simon St. Laurent</a>, a tutorial on styling XML. </ul> <p>See the <a href="CSS/">CSS</a> and <a href="XSL/">XSL</a> pages for more (and more recent) articles. </div> <div class=section id=css> <h2>CSS</h2> <div class=figure> <p><img alt=CSS height=48 src="CSS/Buttons/cssom" width=135> <p>Information about the buttons at the bottom of this page is available on the <a href="CSS/Buttons/">button page</a> and at the <a href="https://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/">CSS validator</a>. </div> <p><a href="CSS/">Cascading Style Sheets</a> (CSS) is a style sheet mechanism that has been specifically developed to meet the needs of Web designers and users. <ul> <li><a href="CSS/learning">How can I learn more about CSS?</a> <li><a href="CSS/software#browsers">What browsers support CSS? And what features do they support?</a> <li><a href="CSS/software#editors">What authoring tools support CSS?</a> <li><a href="CSS/current-work">Where are the CSS specifications?</a> <li><a href="CSS20/"><img alt="" class=icon src="../2016/CSS20years.gif">On 17 December 2016, CSS was 20 years old!</a> </ul> </div> <div class=section id=xsl> <h2>XSL</h2> <p>W3C's XSL Working Group developed the eXtensible Style Language. (As of 2016, the Working Group is not active.) XSL builds on DSSSL and CSS and is primarily targeted for highly structured XML data which, e.g., needs element reordering before presentation. For more information on XSL see the <a href="XSL/">W3C XSL resource page</a >. </div> <div class=section id=dpub> <h2>Digital Publishing</h2> <p>The <a href="../dpub/">Digital Publishing activity and Interest Group</a> looks at how Web technology can be improved for and used in publishing. Both XSL and CSS play a big role, along with other technologies, such as <a href="../XML/">XML,</a> <a href="../Graphics/SVG/">SVG</a> and <a href="../RDF/">RDF.</a> </div> <div class=section id=dsssl> <h2>DSSSL</h2> <p>DSSSL is a document tree transformation and style language in with many adherents in the SGML community. DSSSL resources on the Web: <ul> <li>The <a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/sun-info/standards/dsssl/draft/" >Document Style Semantics and Specification Language (DSSSL)</a> specification is available in compressed form. <li><a href="http://www.mulberrytech.com/dsssl/dssslist/" >DSSSList</a> is the DSSSL Users' Mailing List. <li><a href="http://www.jclark.com/jade/">Jade</a> is <a href="http://www.jclark.com/">James Clark</a>'s DSSSL engine. </ul> </div> <div class=section id=CSS-DOM> <h2>CSS-DOM & SAC</h2> <p>A CSS file can be created and edited “by hand,” i.e., with a text editor, but you can also write a program in ECMAscript, Java or some other language, that manipulates a style sheet. This is in fact so common, that there are software libraries of useful functions available. To help in porting such program & libraries to different computer platforms, W3C has developed a specification called <em>CSS-DOM,</em> that defines a set of functions that all such libraries must provide. <p>The CSS Document Object Model is an <em>API</em> (Abstract Programming Interface) for manipulating CSS (and to a certain extent also other style languages) from within a program. An API is the specification of a software library. You can see it as a manual: it describes the functions and their parameters, but doesn't contain the actual code. <p>There are several CSS-DOM libraries available, for different platforms. Many of them are free. Many browsers have a CSS-DOM library built-in, for use by ECMAScript programs. <p>SAC (Simple API for CSS) is a complement to the CSS-DOM. The CSS-DOM contains functions to manipulate a style sheet after it has been loaded into memory; the functions defined by SAC help in <em >parsing</em> a style sheet, i.e., in transferring a style sheet from a file into memory. <p>The <a href="../TR/DOM-Level-2-Style/">CSS-DOM</a> is a W3C Recommendation. <a href="CSS/SAC/">SAC</a> is a project under development. <a href="CSS/software">Some software</a> (other than browsers) is listed on the CSS overview page. </div> <div class=section id=conferences> <h2>Conferences, workshops, research</h2> <div class=alt-hint> <p>See also: <ul> <li><a href="../Member/Eventscal">W3C calendar [members only]</a > <li><a href="news:news.announce.conferences">Usenet newsgroup news. announce. conferences</a> </ul> </div> <p>The W3C team and representatives of W3C members often give <a href="../Talks/">presentations.</a> </div> <div class=section id=dynamic> <h2>Dynamic HTML</h2> <p>Dynamic HTML is a term used to describe HTML pages with dynamic content. <a href="CSS/">CSS</a> is one of three components in dynamic HTML; the other two are <a href="../MarkUp/">HTML</a> itself and JavaScript (which is being standardized under the name <a href="https://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm" >EcmaScript</a>). The three components are glued together with <a href="../DOM/">DOM</a>, the Document Object Model. </div> <div class=section id=resource> <h2>Related resources</h2> <ul> <li><a href="http://home.olemiss.edu/~mudws/font.html">What's wrong with the <FONT> element? (1996)</a> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081228024342/http://alis.isoc.org/web_ml/html/fontface.en.html" ><FONT FACE> considered harmful</a> [via <a href="https://web.archive.org/">web.archive.org</a>] <li>W3C hosts the <a href="../Mail/Lists.html#www-style" >www-style@w3.org</a> mailing list on style sheets. Feel free to add yourself or browse the <a href="https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/">archive</a >. <li>David Siegel's <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021125050819/http://www.dsiegel.com/balkanization/" >Balkanization of the web</a> (1995–1996) <li>A separate page on <a href="History/">historical style sheet proposals</a> is also available. <li>The history of CSS is described in <a href="LieBos2e/history/" >chapter 20</a> of the book <a href="http://www.informit.com/store/product.aspx?isbn=0321193121&rll=1" ><cite>Cascading Style Sheets, designing for the Web,</cite></a > by Håkon Wium Lie and Bert Bos (3rd ed., 2005, Addison Wesley, ISBN 0-321-19312-1) </ul> </div> <div class=section id=banner> <h2>Site navigation</h2> <form action="../Help/search"> <ul> <li class=home><a href="/" rel=home><img alt=W3C src="../Icons/w3c_home"></a> <li><a href="CSS/">CSS home</a> <li><a href="CSS/learning">Learn & use</a> <li><a href="CSS/software">Software</a> <li><a 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title=2009-08-12>Dansk (Danish)</a> <li><a href=Overview.de.html hreflang=de rel=alternate title=2009-11-24>Deutsch (German)</a> <li><a href="http://www.merbau.info/Style/" hreflang=el rel=alternate title=2008-01-13>Ελληνικά (Greek)</a> <li><a href=Overview.en.html hreflang=en rel=alternate>English</a > <li><a href="http://www.spanish-translator-services.com/espanol/t/Style/" hreflang=es rel=alternate title=2008-04-01>Español (Spanish)</a> <li><a href="http://buildingblocksjava.com/ee/Style/WebSS.htm" hreflang=et rel=alternate title=2009-07-03>Eesti (Estonian)</a> <li><a href=Overview.fa.html hreflang=fa rel=alternate title=2022-03-31>فارسی</a> <li><a href="http://www.webstyles-finnish.info/Style/" hreflang=fi rel=alternate title=2009-02-03>Suomi (Finnish)</a> <li><a href="http://www.stylesheets.fr/Style/" hreflang=fr rel=alternate title=2009-02-03>Français (French)</a> <li><a href="http://www.webstyles-hebrew.com/Style/index.html" hreflang=he rel=alternate title=2009-08-17>עברית (Hebrew)</a> <li><a href="http://www.webstyles.in/Style/index.html" hreflang=hi rel=alternate title=2009-08-11>हिन्दी (Hindi)</a> <li><a href="http://www.crolingva.com/w3c/style/" hreflang=hr rel=alternate title=2012-04-02>Hrvatski (Croatian)</a> <li><a href="http://www.hungarian-webstyles.com/Style/index.html" hreflang=hu rel=alternate title=2010-09-30>Magyar (Hungarian)</a > <li><a href="http://www.idebagus.com/w3/Style/" hreflang=id rel=alternate title=2007-11-09>Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian)</a> <li><a href="https://www.mark-goeder-tarant.com/w3/style/icelandic/" hreflang=is rel=alternate title=2009-10-12>Íslenska (Icelandic)</a> <li><a href="http://www.web-styles.it/Style/" hreflang=it rel=alternate title=2009-02-03>Italiano (Italian)</a> <li><a href="http://www.a2ztutorial.com/Style/" hreflang=ja rel=alternate title=2008-10-21>日本語 (Japanese)</a> <li><a href="http://www.gew3.org/Style/" hreflang=ka rel=alternate title=2008-03-04>ქართული (Georgian)</a> <li><a href="http://www.kazaja.com/Style/" hreflang=kk rel=alternate title=2008-11-04>Қазақша (Kazakh)</a> <li><a href="" hreflang=km rel=alternate></a> <li><a href="http://www.webstyles.kr/Style/index.html" hreflang=ko rel=alternate title=2009-08-14>한국어 (Korean)</a> <li><a href="http://www.css-styles.lt/Style/" hreflang=lt rel=alternate title=2009-08-15>Lietuvių (Lithuanian)</a> <li><a href="http://www.bjornenki.com/articles/w3_style" hreflang=nb rel=alternate title=2008-11-20>Norsk (Norwegian)</a> <li><a href="http://www.traveldoozie.com/w3/style/" hreflang=ne rel=alternate title=2010-04-01>नेपाली (Nepalese)</a> <li><a href="http://www.sftcc.com/style/" hreflang=nl rel=alternate title=2008-07-26>Nederlands (Dutch)</a> <li><a href="http://www.webstyles-portuguese.info/Style/" hreflang=pt rel=alternate title=2009-02-03>Português (Portuguese)</a> <li><a href="http://www.softacid.net/scripts/w3/style.htm" hreflang=ro rel=alternate title="Teodor Birca] [2008-01-11" >Română (Romanian)</a> <li><a href=Overview.ru.html hreflang=ru rel=alternate title=2016-06-13>Русский (Russian)</a> <li><a href="http://www.dhtmlonline.com/sk/WebSS.htm" hreflang=sk rel=alternate title=2009-07-28>Slovenčina (Slovak)</a> <li><a href="http://www.inverudio.com/w3c/Style/" hreflang=sr-cyrl rel=alternate title=2008-03-27>Српски (Serbian)</a> <li><a href="http://www.inverudio.com/w3c/Style/index-L.html" hreflang=sr-latn rel=alternate title=2008-03-27>Srpski (Serbian)</a> <li><a href="http://www.thaiw3c.com/" hreflang=th rel=alternate title=2010-01-18>ไทย (Thai)</a> <li><a href="http://tl.tz8.de/style.html" hreflang=tl rel=alternate title=2008-11-04>Tagalog</a> <li><a href="http://www.tatarw3.com/Style/" hreflang=tt rel=alternate title=2007-01-11>татарча (Tatar)</a> <li><a href="http://www.indeep76.com/Style/ua/" hreflang=uk rel=alternate title=2007-07-23>Українська (Ukrainian)</a> <li><a href="http://www.uzbek-webstyles.com/Style/index.html" hreflang=uz rel=alternate title=2010-09-30>Ўзбек (Uzbek)</a> <li><a href="https://www.mark-goeder-tarant.com/w3/style/overview/vietnamese/" hreflang=vi rel=alternate title=2010-03-14>Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese)</a> <li><a href="http://www.webstyles-chinese.info/Style/" hreflang=zh-hans rel=alternate title=2009-02-03>简体中文 (Chinese simplified)</a> <li><a href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/Style.html" hreflang=zh-hant rel=alternate title=2009-03-02>繁體中文 (Traditional Chinese)</a> </ul> <p><a href="/Style/CSS/translating">About the translations</a> </div> </html>