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Environment</a></span> 禄 <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">What Are the 5 Koppen Climate Classification Types?</span></span></div><h1 class="entry-title">What Are the 5 Koppen Climate Classification Types?</h1><div class="entry-meta entry-meta-divider-customicon"> <div class="meta-comments"><span class="kadence-svg-iconset"><svg class="kadence-svg-icon kadence-comments-alt-svg" fill="currentColor" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><title>Comments</title><path d="M10 14c0 1.109-0.891 2-2 2s-2-0.891-2-2 0.891-2 2-2 2 0.891 2 2zM16 14c0 1.109-0.891 2-2 2s-2-0.891-2-2 0.891-2 2-2 2 0.891 2 2zM22 14c0 1.109-0.891 2-2 2s-2-0.891-2-2 0.891-2 2-2 2 0.891 2 2zM14 6c-6.5 0-12 3.656-12 8 0 2.328 1.563 4.547 4.266 6.078l1.359 0.781-0.422 1.5c-0.297 1.109-0.688 1.969-1.094 2.688 1.578-0.656 3.016-1.547 4.297-2.672l0.672-0.594 0.891 0.094c0.672 0.078 1.359 0.125 2.031 0.125 6.5 0 12-3.656 12-8s-5.5-8-12-8zM28 14c0 5.531-6.266 10-14 10-0.766 0-1.531-0.047-2.266-0.125-2.047 1.813-4.484 3.094-7.187 3.781-0.562 0.156-1.172 0.266-1.781 0.344h-0.078c-0.313 0-0.594-0.25-0.672-0.594v-0.016c-0.078-0.391 0.187-0.625 0.422-0.906 0.984-1.109 2.109-2.047 2.844-4.656-3.219-1.828-5.281-4.656-5.281-7.828 0-5.516 6.266-10 14-10v0c7.734 0 14 4.484 14 10z"></path> </svg></span><a class="meta-comments-link anchor-scroll" href="#comments">6 Comments</a></div></div></header> <div class="entry-content single-content"> <figure class="wp-block-image is-style-default"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="678" height="378" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Climate-Classification-1-678x378.png" alt="Koppen Climate Classification" class="wp-image-4870"/></figure> <div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-default"/> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote has-text-align-center is-style-large is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p>“The Koppen climate classification is the most widely used system to catalog climate types in the world.”</p> </blockquote> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-default"/> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div><p>The Koppen climate classification was developed by Wladimir Koppen more than a century ago. Because Koppen was a botanist, he heavily tied climate to vegetation. He also experimented with weather balloons to plot seasonal temperature ranges.</p> <p>In the eyes of Koppen, the world consists of 5 climate types:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><strong>TROPICAL OR MEGATHERMAL CLIMATES (A):</strong> Tropical or megathermal climates are characterized as having constant warm temperatures.</li> <li><strong>DRY OR ARID CLIMATES (B):</strong> Dry or arid climates have low precipitation rates.</li> <li><strong>TEMPERATE OR MESOTHERMAL CLIMATES (C):</strong> Temperate or mesothermal climates maintain mild annual temperatures.</li> <li><strong>CONTINENTAL OR MICROTHERMAL CLIMATES (D):</strong> Continental or microthermal climates have hot summers and cold winters occurring typically at the interior of a continent.</li> <li><strong>POLAR OR ALPINE CLIMATES (E)</strong> Polar or alpine climates sustain consistent cold temperatures throughout the year.</li> </ul> <p>These classifications can be divided into finer units. So let鈥檚 go through each class and explore where you fit the criteria.</p></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">1. Tropical (A)</h3> <figure class="wp-block-image is-style-default"><img decoding="async" width="675" height="399" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Tropical-0-675x399.png" alt="Koppen Tropical" class="wp-image-4893" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Tropical-0-675x399.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Tropical-0-300x177.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Tropical-0-425x251.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Tropical-0-550x325.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Tropical-0-850x502.png 850w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Tropical-0.png 1056w" sizes="(max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px"/></figure> <p>It鈥檚 <strong>warm all year round</strong> for tropical climates. You can typically find this type of climate near the equator from 15掳N to 15掳S latitude.</p> <p>For example, tropical rainforests are hot, moist regions easily distinguishable by their enormous trees, <a href="https://earthhow.com/biological-diversity-biodiversity/">diverse species</a> and thick soils.</p> <p>Tropical climates sustain a healthy portion of <strong>high temperature (+18掳C)</strong> with its lowest mean monthly air temperature greater than 18 掳C.</p> <p>And you can divide tropical climates further by their amount of precipitations:</p> <figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Climate Type</strong></td><td><strong>Criteria</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Tropical (A)</td><td>The lowest mean monthly temperature is greater than 18掳C.</td></tr><tr><td>Tropical rainforest (Af)</td><td>Precipitation in the driest month is at least 6 cm or greater.</td></tr><tr><td>Tropical monsoon (Am)</td><td>Precipitation in the driest month is less than 6 cm but more than 4% of total annual precipitation.</td></tr><tr><td>Tropical wet and dry savannah (Aw)</td><td>Precipitation in the driest month is less than 10 cm and less than 4% of total annual precipitation.</td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">2. Dry (B)</h3> <figure class="wp-block-image is-style-default"><img decoding="async" width="675" height="399" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Dry-0-675x399.png" alt="Koppen Dry" class="wp-image-4898" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Dry-0-675x399.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Dry-0-300x177.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Dry-0-425x251.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Dry-0-550x325.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Dry-0-850x502.png 850w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Dry-0.png 1056w" sizes="(max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px"/></figure> <p>Dry climates are the only category in the Koppen climate classification that isn’t entirely based on temperature. They are characterized by having a <strong>shortage of water</strong> with a low annual mean precipitation rate because water evaporates quickly from its temperatures.</p> <p>In order to classify dry climates, you calculate the precipitation threshold based on how much total precipitation falls during the high sun period. In the northern hemisphere, the defined period is from April to September. But in the southern hemisphere, it鈥檚 from October through March.</p> <p>If the annual precipitation is less than 50% of the precipitation threshold, the classification is BW (arid: desert climate). But if it is more than 50%, the Koppen climate classification is BS (semi-arid: steppe climate). For example, Phoenix, Arizona has an average annual temperature of 21.8掳C. Approximately 38.4% of its annual precipitation falls from April to September. Because its precipitation threshold is less than 50%, Phoenix, Arizona is an <strong>arid desert climate</strong>.</p> <figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Climate Type</strong></td><td><strong>Criteria</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Arid desert (BW)</td><td>Annual precipitation is less than 50% of the precipitation threshold.</td></tr><tr><td>Semi-arid steppe (BS)</td><td>Annual precipitation is more than 50% of the precipitation threshold.</td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">3. Temperate (C)</h3> <figure class="wp-block-image is-style-default"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="675" height="399" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Temperate-675x399.png" alt="Koppen Temperate" class="wp-image-4900" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Temperate-675x399.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Temperate-300x177.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Temperate-425x251.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Temperate-550x325.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Temperate-850x502.png 850w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Temperate.png 1056w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px"/></figure> <p>Temperate climate types take the middle road for average temperature. These types of climates are common along the <strong>edge of continents</strong>.</p> <p>For example, coastal locations have moderate changes in temperature with mild winters and summers. <a href="https://earthhow.com/why-do-we-have-seasons/">Seasonal changes</a> aren’t as extreme as dry climates.</p> <p>If the average temperature of the warmest month is higher than 10掳C and the coldest month is between 18掳 and 0掳C, then it鈥檚 considered a <strong>temperature climate</strong>.</p> <p>You can add a second letter that describes precipitation patterns:</p> <figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Climate Type</strong></td><td><strong>Criteria</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Mild temperate dry summer (Cs)</td><td>Precipitation in the driest month of summer is less than 1/3 the amount in the wettest winter month.</td></tr><tr><td>Mild temperate dry winter (Cw)</td><td>Precipitation in the driest month of winter is less than 1/10 of the amount in the wettest summer month.</td></tr><tr><td>Mild temperate humid (Cf)</td><td>Does not satisfy Cs or Cw climate types.</td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">4. Continental (D)</h3> <figure class="wp-block-image is-style-default"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="675" height="399" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Continental-675x399.png" alt="Koppen Continental" class="wp-image-4903" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Continental-675x399.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Continental-300x177.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Continental-425x251.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Continental-550x325.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Continental-850x502.png 850w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Continental.png 1056w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px"/></figure> <p>Continental climates are usually situated in the <strong>interior of continents</strong>. They have at least one month with an average temperature below 0掳C. Likewise, at least one-month averages above 10 掳C.</p> <p>When you combine continental and dry climate types, they take up a large portion (approximately 56%) of the surface. It also experiences drastic shifts during <strong>seasonal changes</strong>.</p> <p>Typically, continental climates range from 40掳 to 75掳 latitudes in the northern and southern hemispheres. However, this type of climate type is rare in the southern hemisphere.</p> <figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Climate Type</strong></td><td><strong>Criteria</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Continental dry summer (Ds)</td><td>Precipitation in the driest month of summer is less than 1/3 the amount in the wettest winter month.</td></tr><tr><td>Continental dry winter (Dw)</td><td>Precipitation in the driest month of winter is less than 1/10 of the amount in the wettest summer month.</td></tr><tr><td>Continental humid (Df)</td><td>Does not satisfy Ds or Dw climate types.</td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">5. Polar (E)</h3> <figure class="wp-block-image is-style-default"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="675" height="399" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Polar-675x399.png" alt="Koppen Polar" class="wp-image-4905" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Polar-675x399.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Polar-300x177.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Polar-425x251.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Polar-550x325.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Polar-850x502.png 850w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-Polar.png 1056w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px"/></figure> <p>Lastly, polar climates endure frigid temperatures year-round. The average temperature of the warmest month in polar climatic zones is below 10掳C.</p> <p>Typically, these types of climates occur in the polar regions, generally greater than 70掳 latitude in the northern and southern hemispheres.</p> <p>Very little vegetation grows in polar types climates because it鈥檚 above the tree line. Most <a href="https://earthhow.com/how-do-glaciers-form/">icecap type of climates</a> belong to Inner Greenland and Antarctica.</p> <figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Climate Type</strong></td><td><strong>Criteria</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Tundra (ET)</td><td>The average temperature in the warmest month is between 10掳 and 0掳C.</td></tr><tr><td>Ice Cap (EF)</td><td>The average temperature of the warmest month is 0掳C or below.</td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">What’s the importance of defining climate systems?</h3> <figure class="wp-block-image is-style-default"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="675" height="399" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-675x399.png" alt="Koppen Climate Classification Map" class="wp-image-4866" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-675x399.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-300x177.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-425x251.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-550x325.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen-850x502.png 850w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Koppen.png 1056w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px"/></figure> <p>As <a href="https://earthhow.com/climate-change/">climate change becomes a reality</a>, it’s becoming more necessary to document and catalog climate types around the world.</p> <p>How is the climate changing? What was the climate a decade ago? Only when we can map the world with the <strong>Koppen climate classification system</strong> we can answer these crucial questions.</p> <p>Do you have any questions about the Koppen climate classification system?</p></div></div><div class="newsletter1"><span style="color:#FFFFFF">Subscribe to our newsletter:</span> <div class="tnp tnp-subscription-minimal"><form action="https://earthhow.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=tnp&na=s" method="post" style="text-align: center"><input type="hidden" name="nr" value="minimal"> <input type="hidden" name="nlang" value=""> <input class="tnp-email" type="email" required name="ne" value="" placeholder="Email"><input class="tnp-submit" type="submit" value="Subscribe" style=""> </form></div></div><div class="kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id18718_0cb308-dd alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout"><div class="kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top"> <div 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class="kt-blocks-post-footer"><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-left"></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-right"></div></footer></div></div></article><article class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item post-2638 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-dna-cells-and-organisms category-life-science mv-content-wrapper"><div class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner-wrap kt-feat-image-align-left kt-feat-image-mobile-align-side"><div class="kadence-post-image"><div class="kadence-post-image-intrisic kt-image-ratio-66-67" style="padding-bottom:66.67%;"><div class="kadence-post-image-inner-intrisic"><a href="https://earthhow.com/we-are-made-of-stardust/" aria-label="Read More We Are Made of Stardust from Old Supernovas" class="kadence-post-image-inner-wrap"><img width="300" height="225" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Human-Stardust-Supernova-300x225.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Human Stardust Supernova" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Human-Stardust-Supernova-300x225.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Human-Stardust-Supernova-675x507.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Human-Stardust-Supernova-425x319.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Human-Stardust-Supernova-550x413.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Human-Stardust-Supernova.png 678w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Human-Stardust-Supernova-326x245.png 326w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Human-Stardust-Supernova-80x60.png 80w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Human-Stardust-Supernova-267x200.png 267w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px"/></a></div></div></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner"><header><h6 class="entry-title"><a href="https://earthhow.com/we-are-made-of-stardust/">We Are Made of Stardust from Old Supernovas</a></h6><div class="kt-blocks-post-top-meta"></div></header><div class="entry-content"></div><footer class="kt-blocks-post-footer"><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-left"></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-right"></div></footer></div></div></article></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></article> <div id="comments" class="comments-area"> <h2 class="comments-title">6 Comments</h2> <ol class="comment-list"> <li id="comment-25298" class="comment even thread-even depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-25298" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Stephen Kernen</b> <span class="says">says:</span></div><div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://earthhow.com/koppen-climate-classification/#comment-25298"><time datetime="2023-11-29T08:26:29-06:00">November 29, 2023 at 8:26 am</time></a></div></footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>It’s really interesting how Koppen’s classification explains everything about climate.</p></div></article> </li> <li id="comment-24595" class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-24595" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Richy</b> <span class="says">says:</span></div><div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://earthhow.com/koppen-climate-classification/#comment-24595"><time datetime="2023-11-04T09:42:49-06:00">November 4, 2023 at 9:42 am</time></a></div></footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>It gave me a real nice understanding of Koppen’s classification criteria of climate</p></div></article> </li> <li id="comment-20359" class="comment even thread-even depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-20359" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Salvador Perez</b> <span class="says">says:</span></div><div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://earthhow.com/koppen-climate-classification/#comment-20359"><time datetime="2023-03-05T22:33:24-06:00">March 5, 2023 at 10:33 pm</time></a></div></footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Pretty interesting.</p></div></article> </li> <li id="comment-11852" class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-11852" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Wei</b> <span class="says">says:</span></div><div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://earthhow.com/koppen-climate-classification/#comment-11852"><time datetime="2022-02-24T17:14:42-06:00">February 24, 2022 at 5:14 pm</time></a></div></footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Is there is an algorithm to determine climate type based on coordinates? Thanks.</p></div></article> </li> <li id="comment-11789" class="comment even thread-even depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-11789" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Foo</b> <span class="says">says:</span></div><div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://earthhow.com/koppen-climate-classification/#comment-11789"><time datetime="2022-02-22T07:14:03-06:00">February 22, 2022 at 7:14 am</time></a></div></footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Let’s start by noting the difference between weather and climate:<br /> In most places, weather can change from minute-to-minute, hour-to-hour, day-to-day, and season-to-season. Climate, however, is the average of weather over time and space.<br /> The IPCC defines the time period for climate as the average measured over 30 years. Accurate global measurements have only existed since satellite measurements began in the 1970’s. That’s about 2 dots on the global climate graph…</p></div></article> </li> <li id="comment-11569" class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-11569" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Kaydin Helms</b> <span class="says">says:</span></div><div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://earthhow.com/koppen-climate-classification/#comment-11569"><time datetime="2022-02-15T19:03:32-06:00">February 15, 2022 at 7:03 pm</time></a></div></footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>I really don’t have any questions for now. It is fascinating though.</p></div></article> </li> </ol> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Leave a Reply</h3><form action="https://earthhow.com/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form" novalidate><p class="comment-notes"><span id="email-notes">Your email address will not be published.</span> <span class="required-field-message">Required fields are marked <span class="required">*</span></span></p><p class="comment-form-comment comment-form-float-label"><textarea autocomplete="new-password" id="i477054932" name="i477054932" placeholder="Leave a comment..." cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="65525" aria-required="true" required="required"></textarea><textarea id="comment" aria-label="hp-comment" aria-hidden="true" name="comment" autocomplete="new-password" style="padding:0 !important;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px) !important;position:absolute !important;white-space:nowrap !important;height:1px 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