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class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South-eastern_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South-eastern_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>South-eastern Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South-eastern_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dutch_East_Indies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_East_Indies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Dutch East Indies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_East_Indies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_and_New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Australia and New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Southern Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Western Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Eastern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Northern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Royalty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royalty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.1</span> <span>Royalty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royalty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.2</span> <span>Politics and law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Western Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.3</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.4</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.5</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_Revolution_of_1830" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Revolution_of_1830"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.5.1</span> <span>French Revolution of 1830</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Revolution_of_1830-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canut_revolts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canut_revolts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.5.2</span> <span>Canut revolts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canut_revolts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.5.3</span> <span>Other events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Southern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire_(Balkans)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire_(Balkans)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1</span> <span>Ottoman Empire (Balkans)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire_(Balkans)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_Peninsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_Peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.3</span> <span>Italian Peninsula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_Peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.4</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.5</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_conquest_of_Algeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_conquest_of_Algeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11.1</span> <span>French conquest of Algeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_conquest_of_Algeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.2.1</span> <span>Slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.2.2</span> <span>Settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.2.3</span> <span>Native Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.2.4</span> <span>Presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supreme_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.2.5</span> <span>Supreme Court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.2.6</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texas_War_of_Independence_(Texas_Revolution)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texas_War_of_Independence_(Texas_Revolution)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.3</span> <span>Texas War of Independence (Texas Revolution)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texas_War_of_Independence_(Texas_Revolution)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Texas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Texas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.4</span> <span>Republic of Texas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Texas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.5</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicaragua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicaragua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.6</span> <span>Nicaragua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicaragua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costa_Rica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costa_Rica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.7</span> <span>Costa Rica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costa_Rica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puerto_Rico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puerto_Rico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.8</span> <span>Puerto Rico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puerto_Rico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honduras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honduras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.9</span> <span>Honduras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honduras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>The Caribbean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jamaica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jamaica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13.1</span> <span>Jamaica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jamaica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14.1</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riograndense_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riograndense_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14.2</span> <span>Riograndense Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riograndense_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uruguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14.3</span> <span>Uruguay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14.4</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Falkland_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Falkland_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14.5</span> <span>Falkland Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Falkland_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14.6</span> <span>Peru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecuador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecuador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14.7</span> <span>Ecuador</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecuador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14.8</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Science and technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Astronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical_Engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_Engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mechanical Engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_Engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Electricity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telegraph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telegraph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Telegraph</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telegraph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Computers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Sociology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11.1</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11.2</span> <span>Flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automobile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automobile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11.3</span> <span>Automobile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automobile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steamships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steamships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11.4</span> <span>Steamships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steamships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Fashion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disasters,_natural_events,_and_notable_mishaps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disasters,_natural_events,_and_notable_mishaps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Disasters, natural events, and notable mishaps</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disasters,_natural_events,_and_notable_mishaps-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Disasters, natural events, and notable mishaps subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Disasters,_natural_events,_and_notable_mishaps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cholera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cholera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cholera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cholera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Establishments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1830s</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 97 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">97 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1830" title="عقد 1830 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقد 1830" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyos_1830" title="Anyos 1830 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anyos 1830" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ans_1830" title="Ans 1830 – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ans 1830" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_del_1830" title="Década del 1830 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Década del 1830" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-cu_ill%C9%99r" title="1830-cu illər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1830-cu illər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-an" title="1830-an – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1830-an" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830_n%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="1830 nî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1830 nî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-%D1%8F" title="1830-я – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1830-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-%D1%8F" title="1830-я – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1830-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-%D1%82%D0%B5" title="1830-те – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1830-те" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-e" title="1830-e – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1830-e" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloavezhio%C3%B9_1830" title="Bloavezhioù 1830 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bloavezhioù 1830" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8cada_del_1830" title="Dècada del 1830 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dècada del 1830" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="1830-мĕш çулсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1830-мĕш çулсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830au" title="1830au – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1830au" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830%27erne" title="1830'erne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1830'erne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_1830" title="عوام 1830 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عوام 1830" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-lohku" title="1830-lohku – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1830-lohku" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830er" title="1830er – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1830er" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830._aastad" title="1830. aastad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1830. aastad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_1830" title="An 1830 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="An 1830" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830_%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="1830 це иеть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1830 це иеть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1os_1830" title="Años 1830 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Años 1830" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-aj_jaroj" title="1830-aj jaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1830-aj jaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830eko_hamarkada" title="1830eko hamarkada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1830eko hamarkada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B3%DB%B0_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="دهه ۱۸۳۰ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دهه ۱۸۳۰ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830s" title="1830s – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="1830s" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-%C3%A1rini" title="1830-árini – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1830-árini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1830" title="Années 1830 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Années 1830" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830id%C3%AD" title="1830idí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1830idí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830an" title="1830an – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1830an" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1830" title="Década de 1830 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Década de 1830" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1830年代 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1830年代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80" title="1830년대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1830년대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yari_1830a" title="Yari 1830a – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yari 1830a" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-an" title="1830-an – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1830-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-%D1%82%C3%A6" title="1830-тæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1830-тæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1831-1840" title="1831-1840 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1831-1840" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1830" title="Anni 1830 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anni 1830" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-30_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-19" title="שנות ה-30 של המאה ה-19 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנות ה-30 של המאה ה-19" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-an" title="1830-an – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1830-an" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="1830-იანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1830-იანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830_%D0%B6%D0%B6." title="1830 жж. – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="1830 жж." data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaka_ya_1830" title="Miaka ya 1830 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miaka ya 1830" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81" title="1830-ӧд вояс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1830-ӧд вояс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1830" title="Anni 1830 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anni 1830" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830._gadi" title="1830. gadi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1830. gadi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1830" title="Anni 1830 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Anni 1830" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-lugu_vuvvet" title="1830-lugu vuvvet – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="1830-lugu vuvvet" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-as_%C3%A9vek" title="1830-as évek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1830-as évek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-%D1%82%D0%B8" title="1830-ти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1830-ти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १८३० चे दशक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १८३० चे दशक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="1830-იანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1830-იანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1830" title="عقد 1830 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عقد 1830" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-an" title="1830-an – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1830-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830_ni%C3%A8ng-d%C3%A2i" title="1830 nièng-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1830 nièng-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830%D1%82" title="1830т – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1830т" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-1839" title="1830-1839 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1830-1839" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1830年代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1830年代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-%C3%A5rene" title="1830-årene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1830-årene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%C3%A9es_1830" title="Annaées 1830 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Annaées 1830" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ans_1830" title="Ans 1830 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ans 1830" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830_%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="1830 ийла – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1830 ийла" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-lar" title="1830-lar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1830-lar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="1830 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1830 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_30._XIX_wieku" title="Lata 30. XIX wieku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lata 30. XIX wieku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1830" title="Década de 1830 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Década de 1830" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anii_1830" title="Anii 1830 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anii 1830" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830_watakuna" title="1830 watakuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1830 watakuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="1830-е годы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1830-е годы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-%D1%81" title="1830-с – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1830-с" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830s" title="1830s – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1830s" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitet_1830" title="Vitet 1830 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitet 1830" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830ini" title="1830ini – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1830ini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830s" title="1830s – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1830s" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/30._roky_19._storo%C4%8Dia" title="30. roky 19. storočia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="30. roky 19. storočia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830." title="1830. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1830." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-%D0%B5" title="1830-е – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1830-е" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-e" title="1830-e – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1830-e" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-an" title="1830-an – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1830-an" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-luku" title="1830-luku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1830-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-talet" title="1830-talet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1830-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="1830கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1830கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1830-еллар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1830-еллар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9_1830" title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1830 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1830" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B8_1830_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3)" title="Даҳаи 1830 (мелодӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Даҳаи 1830 (мелодӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830%27lar" title="1830'lar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1830'lar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830%C3%BD%C3%BD" title="1830ýý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1830ýý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830-%D1%82%D1%96" title="1830-ті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1830-ті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830%D8%A1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="1830ء کی دہائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1830ء کی دہائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_ni%C3%AAn_1830" title="Thập niên 1830 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thập niên 1830" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%AAyes_1830" title="Anêyes 1830 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Anêyes 1830" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830_nga_dekada" title="1830 nga dekada – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1830 nga dekada" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1830年代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1830年代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="1830ער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="1830ער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Decade</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1830s_collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/1830s_collage.jpg/335px-1830s_collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="335" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/1830s_collage.jpg/503px-1830s_collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/1830s_collage.jpg/670px-1830s_collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2998" /></a><figcaption>From top left, clockwise: The <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Coronation of Queen Victoria">coronation of Queen Victoria</a> marked the beginning of her 64-year long reign. Her reign meant the revival of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> rapidly grew powerful territorially and economically. Under her rule, Britain saw a massive upheaval of colonial power, as over a quarter of the world fell into British rule; <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">France's 1830 revolution</a> reinstated liberal values – and later French imperialism – back into French governance and power. The revolution resulted in the dethroning of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a> and indirectly rebirthed the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Frederic_Daniell" title="John Frederic Daniell">John Daniell</a>'s studies helped form the basis of <a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemistry</a> via the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">electromagnetic induction</a>. Their discoveries moulded a huge part of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, and forever changed the way people utilized <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>; <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS Beagle</a> circumnavigates the world twice. Its <a href="/wiki/Second_voyage_of_HMS_Beagle" title="Second voyage of HMS Beagle">second expedition</a> with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> has proven to be particularly pioneering, as the discoveries and theories he made on said voyage, helped him develop the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of evolution">theory of evolution</a>, widely enhanced scientific consensus and knowledge on <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, and birthed the concept of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">Slave and free states</a> grow in number and power; a dynamic movement widely perceived as a prelude to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> as abolishment and establishment began to socio-politically polarize the United States' society, subsequently forming <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> states. The <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> is invented by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a>. His patent opened the world to global networking and broke long distances as boundaries with it – the first of its kind; an 1832 still-life image developed by a <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a>. The daguerreotype was first introduced to the public in 1839. Its release made it the first invention that enabled the public to capture images on a recurrent basis – a move that would eventually nurture the growth of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a> publishes his first collection of fairy tales in 1837. His publications profoundly transformed literature, and grew to become one of the most popular and influential storywriters of the 19th century, with stories like <a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid" title="The Little Mermaid">The Little Mermaid</a> (as pictured), and <a href="/wiki/Thumbelina" title="Thumbelina">Thumbelina</a>; a legacy that today retains as <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>'s national icon.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Millennium</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Centuries</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1810s" title="1810s">1810s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820s" title="1820s">1820s</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1830s</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840s" title="1840s">1840s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1850s" title="1850s">1850s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1830" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1830">1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1831" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1831">1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1832" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1832">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1833" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1833">1833</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1834" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1834">1834</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1835" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1835">1835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1836" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1836">1836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1837" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1837">1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1838" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1838">1838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1839" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1839">1839</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1830s_births" title="Category:1830s births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1830s_deaths" title="Category:1830s deaths">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1830s_by_country" title="Category:1830s by country">By country</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1830s_establishments" title="Category:1830s establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1830s_disestablishments" title="Category:1830s disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decadebox" title="Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decadebox" title="Template talk:Decadebox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1830s</b> (pronounced "eighteen-thirties") was a <a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">decade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> that began on January 1, 1830, and ended on December 31, 1839. </p><p>In this decade, the world saw a rapid rise of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. Britain saw a surge of power and world dominance, as <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> took to the throne in 1837. Conquests took place all over the world, particularly around the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. New outposts and settlements flourished in Oceania, as Europeans began to settle over <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_1830s" title="List of sovereign states in the 1830s">List of sovereign states in the 1830s</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacific">Pacific</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pacific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(missionary)" title="John Williams (missionary)">John Williams</a> brings <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> to <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_30" title="July 30">July 30</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – The first <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> newspaper is published in <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> become a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a> of the United Kingdom; and women there are the first in the world to be granted, and maintain, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destruction_of_opium_in_1839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Destruction_of_opium_in_1839.jpg/250px-Destruction_of_opium_in_1839.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Destruction_of_opium_in_1839.jpg/330px-Destruction_of_opium_in_1839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Destruction_of_opium_in_1839.jpg/500px-Destruction_of_opium_in_1839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lin_Zexu" title="Lin Zexu">Lin Zexu</a> supervising the destruction of opium in 1839</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Daoguang_Emperor" title="Daoguang Emperor">Daoguang Emperor</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a></div> <p>China was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Daoguang_Emperor" title="Daoguang Emperor">Daoguang Emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> during the 1830s. The decade witnessed a rapid rise in the sale of opium in China,<sup id="cite_ref-greenberg-113_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenberg-113-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite efforts by the Daoguang Emperor to end the trade.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A turning point came in 1834, with the end of the monopoly of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, leaving trade in the hands of private entrepreneurs. By 1838, opium sales climbed to 40,000 chests.<sup id="cite_ref-greenberg-113_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenberg-113-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CIH_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIH-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1839, newly appointed imperial commissioner <a href="/wiki/Lin_Zexu" title="Lin Zexu">Lin Zexu</a> banned the sale of opium and imposed several restrictions on all foreign traders. Lin also closed the channel to <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou (Canton)</a>, leading to the seizure and destruction of 20,000 chests of opium.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British retaliated, seizing <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> on <a href="/wiki/August_23" title="August 23">August 23</a> of that year, starting what would be known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a>. It would end three years later with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a> in 1842. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>July <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._King" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles W. King">Charles W. King</a> sets sail on the American merchant ship <i>Morrison</i>. In the <a href="/wiki/Morrison_incident" title="Morrison incident">Morrison incident</a>, he is turned away from <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> ports with cannon fire.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South-eastern_Asia">South-eastern Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: South-eastern Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_28" title="March 28">March 28</a>, <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Java_War" title="Java War">Java War</a> ends.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a> – H.R.H. Prince <a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Mongkut</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Siam</a> founds the <a href="/wiki/Dhammayuttika_Nikaya" title="Dhammayuttika Nikaya">Dhammayut</a> Buddhist reform movement.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dutch_East_Indies">Dutch East Indies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dutch East Indies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></div><p>The <a href="/wiki/Padri_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Padri War">Padri War</a> was fought from 1803 until 1837 in <a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a> between the <i>Padris</i> and the <i>Adats</i>. The latter asked for the help of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_East_Indies_Army" title="Royal Netherlands East Indies Army">Dutch</a>, who intervened from 1821 and helped the Adats defeat the Padri faction. The conflict intensified in the 1830s, as the war soon centered on Bonjol, the fortified last stronghold of the Padris. It finally fell in 1837<sup id="cite_ref-Abdullah2009_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdullah2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after being besieged for three years, and along with the exile of Padri leader <a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Imam_Bonjol" title="Tuanku Imam Bonjol">Tuanku Imam Bonjol</a>, the conflict died out. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a>–<a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1833%E2%80%931834)" title="Siamese–Vietnamese War (1833–1834)">Siamese–Vietnamese War</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Vietnam" title="Southern Vietnam">Southern Vietnam</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – The Emperor <a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a> renames <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Việt Nam</a> to Đại Nam.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_and_New_Zealand">Australia and New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Australia and New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a>, <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – The <a href="/wiki/South_Australia_Act_1834" title="South Australia Act 1834">South Australia Act</a> allows for the creation of a colony there.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_8" title="June 8">June 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> is founded by <a href="/wiki/John_Batman" title="John Batman">John Batman</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Pascoe_Fawkner" title="John Pascoe Fawkner">John Pascoe Fawkner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_28" title="October 28">October 28</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – <a href="/wiki/United_Tribes_of_New_Zealand" title="United Tribes of New Zealand">United Tribes of New Zealand</a> founded at <a href="/wiki/Waitangi,_Northland" title="Waitangi, Northland">Waitangi</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand">Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_19" title="November 19">November 19</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – A force of 500 <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori people</a> invade, massacre, ate and enslave the <a href="/wiki/Moriori" title="Moriori">Moriori</a> people of the <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_27" title="July 27">July 27</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, is founded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_26" title="December 26">December 26</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">Colony of South Australia</a>, founded by Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Hindmarsh" title="John Hindmarsh">John Hindmarsh</a>, is officially proclaimed (now celebrated in the state of <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> as <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_Day_(South_Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclamation Day (South Australia)">Proclamation Day</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_10" title="June 10">June 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> – 28 <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> are killed in the <a href="/wiki/Myall_Creek_massacre" title="Myall Creek massacre">Myall Creek massacre</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> – Five <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Sisters_of_Charity" title="Religious Sisters of Charity">Religious Sisters of Charity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> become the first women of religion to set foot on <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> soil.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Asia">Southern Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Southern Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>December <a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> – <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a>: <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_armies" title="Presidency armies">Presidency armies</a> set out from <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> in support of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Shujah_Durrani" title="Shah Shujah Durrani">Shah Shujah Durrani</a>'s claim to the throne of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule in India</a></div><p>The British government appointed a series of administrative heads of British India in the 1830s ("<a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a>" starting in 1833): <a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Lord William Bentinck</a> (1828–1835), <a href="/wiki/Charles_Metcalfe,_1st_Baron_Metcalfe" title="Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe">Sir Charles Metcalfe, Bt</a> (1835–1836), and <a href="/wiki/George_Eden,_1st_Earl_of_Auckland" title="George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland">The Lord Auckland</a> (1836–1842). The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1833" title="Government of India Act 1833">Government of India Act 1833</a> was enacted to remove the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>'s remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions, renewing the company's political and administrative authority for another twenty years. It invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/English_Education_Act_1835" title="English Education Act 1835">English Education Act</a> by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India. In 1837, the British East India company <a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">replaced Persian with local vernacular</a> in various provinces as the official and court language. However, in the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, <a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Urdu instead of Hindi</a> was chosen to replace Persian.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_R._Brass_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_R._Brass-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1835, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Sleeman" title="William Henry Sleeman">William Henry Sleeman</a> captured "Feringhea" in his efforts to suppress the <a href="/wiki/Thuggee" title="Thuggee">Thuggee</a> secret society. Sleeman's work led to his appointment as General Superintendent of the operations for the Suppression of <a href="/wiki/Thuggee" title="Thuggee">Thuggee</a>. In February 1839, he assumed charge of the office of <i><a href="/wiki/Thagi_and_Dakaiti_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Thagi and Dakaiti Department">Commissioner for the Suppression of Thuggee and Dacoity</a></i>. During these operations, more than 1400 <a href="/wiki/Thuggee" title="Thuggee">Thugs</a> were hanged or <a href="/wiki/Transported_for_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Transported for life">transported for life</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Asia">Western Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Western Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a>'s French-trained forces occupy <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_10" title="May 10">May 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a>, aided by <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronites</a>, seize <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> after a 7-month <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1832)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Acre (1832)">siege</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_21" title="December 21">December 21</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Konya" title="Battle of Konya">Battle of Konya</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptians</a> defeat the main <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> army in central <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1" title="September 1">September 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – Rebuilding begins at the <a href="/wiki/Hurva_Synagogue" title="Hurva Synagogue">Hurva Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_19" title="January 19">January 19</a>, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – The <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> captures <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_23" title="July 23">July 23</a>, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghazni" title="Battle of Ghazni">Battle of Ghazni</a>: British forces capture the fortress city of <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Europe">Eastern Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Eastern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_29" title="November 29">November 29</a>, <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> – The <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a> begins in Warsaw against Russian rule.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_20" title="February 20">February 20</a>, <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olszynka_Grochowska" title="Battle of Olszynka Grochowska">Battle of Olszynka Grochowska</a>: <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> rebel forces divide a <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> army.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_26" title="May 26">May 26</a>, <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka_(1831)" title="Battle of Ostrołęka (1831)">Battle of Ostrołęka</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> fight another indecisive battle.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_6" title="September 6">September 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/September_8" title="September 8">September 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1831)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1831)">Battle of Warsaw</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> take the <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> capital and crush resistance.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Europe">Northern Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Northern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Royalty">Royalty</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Royalty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dronning_victoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dronning_victoria.jpg/200px-Dronning_victoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dronning_victoria.jpg/300px-Dronning_victoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dronning_victoria.jpg/400px-Dronning_victoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="1441" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/June_20" title="June 20">June 20</a>: <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837–1901).</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1830, <a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a> succeeded his brother <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a> as King of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. Upon his death in 1837, his 18-year-old niece, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Princess Victoria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_1820-1840_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org_1820-1840-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Salic_law" title="Salic law">Salic law</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a> passed to William's brother, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> of Britain and Hanover which had existed since <a href="/wiki/1714" title="1714">1714</a>. <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> took up residence in <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a>, the first reigning British monarch to make this, rather than <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a>, her London home.<sup id="cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Politics_and_law">Politics and law</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Politics and law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Britain had four <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">prime ministers</a> during the 1830s. As the decade began, Tory <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a> led parliament. Wellington's government fell in late 1830, failing to react to calls for reform.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Whigs selected <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey</a> to succeed him, who led passage of many reforms, including the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">Slavery Abolition Act 1833</a> (abolishing slavery throughout the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Factory_Acts" title="Factory Acts">Factory Acts</a> (limiting <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labour</a>). </p><p>In 1834 Grey retired from public life, leaving <a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Lord Melbourne</a> as his successor. Reforms continued under Lord Melbourne, with the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act_1834" title="Poor Law Amendment Act 1834">Poor Law Amendment Act</a> in 1834, which stated that no able-bodied British man could receive assistance unless he entered a <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">workhouse</a>. King <a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a>'s opposition to the Whigs' reforming ways led him to dismiss Melbourne in November and then appoint Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a> to form a Tory government. Peel's failure to win a House of Commons majority in the resulting <a href="/wiki/1835_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1835 United Kingdom general election">general election</a> (January 1835) made it impossible for him to govern, and the Whigs returned to power under Melbourne in April 1835. The <a href="/wiki/Marriage_Act_1836" title="Marriage Act 1836">Marriage Act 1836</a> established <a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">civil marriage</a> and registration systems that permit marriages in <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformist</a> chapels, and a <a href="/wiki/Registrar_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Registrar General">Registrar General</a> of Births, Marriages, and Deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CBH_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBH-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were protests and significant unrest during the decade. In May and June 1831 in Wales, coal miners and others rioted for improved working conditions in what was known as the <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Rising" title="Merthyr Rising">Merthyr Rising</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Howley" title="William Howley">William Howley</a> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> has his coach attacked by an angry mob on his first official visit to <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a> in 1832. In 1834, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a> organized the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Consolidated_Trades_Union" title="Grand National Consolidated Trades Union">Grand National Consolidated Trades Union</a>, an early attempt to form a national <a href="/wiki/Union_confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Union confederation">union confederation</a>. In May <a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a>, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Charter_of_1838" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Charter of 1838">People's Charter</a> was drawn up in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, demanding <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>. Chartism continued to gain popularity, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Newport_Rising" title="Newport Rising">Newport Rising</a> in 1839, the last large-scale armed rebellion against authority in mainland Britain. </p><p>In 1835, <a href="/wiki/James_Pratt_and_John_Smith" title="James Pratt and John Smith">James Pratt and John Smith</a> were <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanged</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Newgate_Prison" title="Newgate Prison">Newgate Prison</a> in London after a conviction of <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>, the last deadly victims of the judicial <a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">persecution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Homosexual_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual men">homosexual men</a> in England.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Europe">Western Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Western Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_30" title="May 30">May 30</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – Germany: <a href="/wiki/Hambach_Festival" title="Hambach Festival">Hambacher Festival</a>, a demonstration for <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> and national unity, ends with no result.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_14" title="December 14">December 14</a>, <a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kaspar_Hauser" title="Kaspar Hauser">Kaspar Hauser</a>, a mysterious German youth, is stabbed, dying three days later on <a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a>: <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">Customs</a> charges are abolished at borders within <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_13" title="October 13">October 13</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fliedner" title="Theodor Fliedner">Theodor Fliedner</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> minister, and Friederike, his wife, open the <a href="/wiki/Deaconess#Modern_history" title="Deaconess">Deaconess</a> Home and Hospital at <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf-Kaiserswerth" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsseldorf-Kaiserswerth">Kaiserswerth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, as an institute to train women in <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nursing</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> – The 5th century BC <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Foundry_Cup" title="Berlin Foundry Cup">Berlin Foundry Cup</a> is acquired for the <a href="/wiki/Antikensammlung_Berlin" title="Antikensammlung Berlin">Antikensammlung Berlin</a> in Germany.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Austria">Austria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_2" title="March 2">March 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand</a> becomes Emperor of <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>October, 1830 – Start of the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland#Regeneration" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Regeneration in Switzerland</a>: more liberal constitutions adopted in most <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_3" title="August 3">August 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, troops of the <a href="/wiki/Basel-Stadt" title="Basel-Stadt">city of Basel</a> march on rebels in <a href="/wiki/Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal</a>, but are beaten back at the Battle of Hülftenschanz.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_26" title="August 26">August 26</a>, <a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Basel" title="Canton of Basel">Canton of Basel</a> is partitioned by the <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tagsatzung" title="Tagsatzung">Tagsatzung</a></i>, to create the two <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">half-cantons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Basel-City" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel-City">Basel-City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basel-Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel-Country">Basel-Country</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belgium">Belgium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_(1832)" title="Siege of Antwerp (1832)">Siege of Antwerp (1832)</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_25" title="August 25">August 25</a>, <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a> begins.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_27" title="September 27">September 27</a>, <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a> ends by liberating Brussels from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> – The Provisional Government in Brussels <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">declares</a> the creation of the independent state of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, in revolt against the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_20" title="December 20">December 20</a>, <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> – The independence of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> is recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great Powers</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_21" title="July 21">July 21</a>, <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I of Belgium</a> is inaugurated as first king of the <a href="/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">Belgians</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – The Dutch <a href="/wiki/Ten_days%27_campaign" title="Ten days' campaign">ten days' campaign</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> is halted by a <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> army.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_4" title="December 4">December 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – Battle of Antwerp: The last remaining <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> enforcement, the <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a>, is under <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> attack.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_23" title="December 23">December 23</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – The Battle of Antwerp ends with the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> losing the city.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – Half of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Limburg_(1815%E2%80%931839)" title="Province of Limburg (1815–1839)">Limburg</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> is added to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (since 1839 there is a <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Belgium)" title="Limburg (Belgium)">Belgian Limburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Dutch Limburg</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_19" title="April 19">April 19</a>, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">Treaty of London</a> establishes <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">kingdom</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg/220px-La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg/330px-La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg/440px-La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10128" data-file-height="8103" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">French Revolution of 1830</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="French_Revolution_of_1830">French Revolution of 1830</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: French Revolution of 1830"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French Revolution of 1830 was also known as the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a>, Second French Revolution or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Trois Glorieuses</i></span> in French. It saw the overthrow of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a>, the French <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> monarch, and the ascent of his brother <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis, Duke of Orléans</a> (who would in turn be overthrown in 1848). The revolution ended the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a>, shifting power to the <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a> (rule by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">House of Orléans</a>). <a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Duc de Broglie</a> briefly served as <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Minister_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Minister of France (page does not exist)">State Minister</a>, with many successors over the course of 2 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Canut_revolts">Canut revolts</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Canut revolts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first two <a href="/wiki/Canut_revolts" title="Canut revolts">Canut revolts</a> occurred in the 1830s. They were among the first well-defined worker uprisings of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. The word <a href="/wiki/Canut" title="Canut">Canut</a> was a common term to describe to all Lyonnais silk workers. </p><p>The First Canut revolt in 1831 was provoked by a drop in workers' wages caused by a drop in silk prices. After a bloody battle with the military causing 600 casualties, rebellious silk workers seize <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, France. The government sent Marshal <a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a>, a veteran of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, at the head of an army of 20,000 to restore order. Soult was able to retake the town without any bloodshed, and without making any compromises with the workers. The Second Canut revolt in 1834 occurred when owners attempted to impose a wage decrease. The government crushed the rebellion in a bloody battle, and deported or imprisoned 10,000 insurgents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Other_events">Other events</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Other events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/June_6" title="June 6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a>: <a href="/wiki/June_Rebellion" title="June Rebellion">June Rebellion</a>, anti-<a href="/wiki/Monarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchist">monarchist</a> riots, chiefly by students, in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – The <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> word for their language changes to <i>français</i>, from <i>françois</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Europe">Southern Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Southern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman_Empire_(Balkans)"><span id="Ottoman_Empire_.28Balkans.29"></span>Ottoman Empire (Balkans)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire (Balkans)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire">Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_29" title="March 29">March 29</a>, <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Great_Bosnian_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Bosnian uprising">Great Bosnian uprising</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> breaks out.</li> <li>April, 1839 – Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> dies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1" title="July 1">July 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I" title="Abdülmecid I">Abdülmecid I</a> (1839–<a href="/wiki/1861" title="1861">1861</a>) succeeds <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> (<a href="/wiki/1808" title="1808">1808</a>–1839) as <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Emperor">Ottoman Emperor</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>, backed by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, compels <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a> France to abandon <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a>, and it forces him to return <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.</li> <li>November 3, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> starts in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece">Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_3" title="February 3">February 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> – <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> is liberated from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> forces as the final result of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_20" title="July 20">July 20</a>, <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> – <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> grants citizenship to <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_7" title="May 7">May 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London,_1832" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of London, 1832">Treaty of London</a> creates an independent <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Greece" title="Otto of Greece">Otto of Wittelsbach, Prince of Bavaria</a>, is chosen <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Greece" title="List of kings of Greece">King</a>. Thus begins the <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Greece" title="History of modern Greece">history of modern Greece</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_11" title="May 11">May 11</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> is recognized as a sovereign nation; the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1832)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1832)">Treaty of Constantinople</a> ends the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> in July.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a> – Greece recaptures the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_7" title="June 7">June 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> independence: <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Kolokotronis" title="Theodoros Kolokotronis">Theodoros Kolokotronis</a> is sentenced to death for <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> for resisting the rule of <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Greece" title="Otto of Greece">Otto of Greece</a> (he is released next year).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>'s capital city.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian_Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Italian Peninsula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_8" title="November 8">November 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand II</a> becomes King of the <a href="/wiki/Two_Sicilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a>.</li> <li>February–March <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – Revolts in <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> are put down by <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> troops.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_27" title="April 27">April 27</a>, <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia" title="Charles Albert of Sardinia">Charles Albert</a> becomes king of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> after the death of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_Felix_of_Sardinia" title="Charles Felix of Sardinia">Charles Felix</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – A pro-<a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> uprising fails in <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>; one of the activists is <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_3" title="October 3">October 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a>, a railway between <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portici" title="Portici">Portici</a> (7.4 km length) is inaugurated by H.M. King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand II</a> of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> (the first railway in the Italian peninsula).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_29" title="September 29">September 29</a>, <a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a> – Three-year-old <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II" title="Isabella II">Isabella II</a> becomes Queen of Spain, under the regency of her mother, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Cristina_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies">Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies</a>. Her uncle <a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos,_Count_of_Molina" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Carlos, Count of Molina">Don Carlos, Conde de Molina</a> challenges her claim, beginning the <a href="/wiki/First_Carlist_War" title="First Carlist War">First Carlist War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_15" title="July 15">July 15</a>, <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a>, which began in the 15th century, is suppressed by royal decree.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_19" title="September 19">September 19</a>, <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aranzueque" title="Battle of Aranzueque">Battle of Aranzueque</a>: Liberal victory for the forces loyal to Queen <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabel II</a> of Spain, end of the Carlist campaign known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Expedici%C3%B3n_Real" class="mw-redirect" title="Expedición Real">Expedición Real</a></i> – The <a href="/wiki/First_Carlist_War" title="First Carlist War">First Carlist War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1" title="October 1">October 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> – Supporters of <a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos,_Count_of_Molina" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Carlos, Count of Molina">Infante Carlos, Count of Molina</a>, are victorious in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maella" title="Battle of Maella">Battle of Maella</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Carlist_War" title="First Carlist War">First Carlist War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_31" title="August 31">August 31</a>, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – The <a href="/wiki/First_Carlist_War" title="First Carlist War">First Carlist War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>) ends with the Convenio de Vergara, also known as the Abrazo de Vergara ("the embrace in Vergara"; Bergara in Basque), between liberal general <a href="/wiki/Baldomero_Espartero" title="Baldomero Espartero">Baldomero Espartero</a>, Count of Luchana and Carlist General Rafael Maroto.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portugal">Portugal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_5" title="July 5">July 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a> – <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1833)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1833)">Battle of Cape St. Vincent</a>: The forces of Queen <a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II of Portugal</a> win decisively.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_24" title="July 24">July 24</a>, <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a> end in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_26" title="January 26">January 26</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – Queen <a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II of Portugal</a> marries <a href="/wiki/Auguste,_Duke_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Auguste, Duke of Leuchtenberg">Auguste, Duke of Leuchtenberg</a>, in Lisbon; he dies only two months later.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – Queen <a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II of Portugal</a> marries <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Portugal" title="Ferdinand II of Portugal">Prince Ferdinand Augustus Francis Anthony of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egba_people" title="Egba people">Egba</a> refugees fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Civil_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba Civil Wars">Yoruba Civil Wars</a> found the city of <a href="/wiki/Abeokuta" title="Abeokuta">Abeokuta</a> in south-west <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_14" title="February 14">February 14</a>, <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debre_Abbay" title="Battle of Debre Abbay">Battle of Debre Abbay</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles#Ras" title="Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles">Ras</a> <a href="/wiki/Marye_of_Yejju" title="Marye of Yejju">Marye of Yejju</a> marches into <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Province" title="Tigray Province">Tigray</a> and defeats and kills the warlord <a href="/wiki/Sabagadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabagadis">Sabagadis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rifa%27a_at-Tahtawi" title="Rifa'a at-Tahtawi">Rifa'a at-Tahtawi</a> returns from study in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_11" title="December 11">December 11</a>, <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars#Sixth_war_(1834–1836)" title="Xhosa Wars">Sixth Xhosa War</a> is characterized by severe clashes between white settlers and <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu peoples</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>-speaking settlers colonize the area north of <a href="/wiki/Orange_River" title="Orange River">Orange River</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1" title="February 1">February 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> is <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">abolished</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_10" title="October 10">October 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/October_13" title="October 13">October 13</a>, <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> – The French army <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantine" title="Siege of Constantine">besieges and captures Constantine</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_16" title="December 16">December 16</a>, <a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a> win a decisive victory over the <a href="/wiki/Zulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulus">Zulus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blood_River" title="Battle of Blood River">Battle of Blood River</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_conquest_of_Algeria">French conquest of Algeria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: French conquest of Algeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest of Algeria</a></div> <p>In 1830, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> invaded and quickly seized <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a>, and rapidly took control of other coastal communities. Fighting would continue throughout the decade, with the French pitted against forces under <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Bey">Ahmed Bey</a> at <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>, primarily in the east, and nationalist forces in <a href="/wiki/Kabylia" title="Kabylia">Kabylia</a> and the west. The French made treaties with the nationalists under <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Jaza%27iri" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri">'Abd al-Qādir</a>, enabling them to capture Constantine in 1837. Al-Qādir continued to give stiff resistance in the west, which lasted throughout the decade (and well into the <a href="/wiki/1840s" title="1840s">1840s</a>, with Al-Qādir surrendering in 1847). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_30" title="May 30">May 30</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – Canada: The <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Canal" title="Rideau Canal">Rideau Canal</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> is opened.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_6" title="March 6">March 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – <a href="/wiki/York,_Upper_Canada" title="York, Upper Canada">York, Upper Canada</a>, is incorporated as <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>.</li> <li>November–December <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> – In <a href="/wiki/The_Canadas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadas">the Canadas</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">William Lyon Mackenzie</a> leads the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada Rebellion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph_Papineau" title="Louis-Joseph Papineau">Louis-Joseph Papineau</a> leads the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada Rebellion</a>.</li> <li>May <a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> – Lord Durham and his entourage arrive in Upper Canada to investigate the cause of the 1837 rebellion in that province. This leads to Durham submitting the <a href="/wiki/Durham_Report" title="Durham Report">Durham Report</a> to Britain.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_SlaveFree1837.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/US_SlaveFree1837.gif/300px-US_SlaveFree1837.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/US_SlaveFree1837.gif/450px-US_SlaveFree1837.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/US_SlaveFree1837.gif/600px-US_SlaveFree1837.gif 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>United States territories and states that forbade or allowed slavery, 1837.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Slavery">Slavery</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a> begins publishing <i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(newspaper)" title="The Liberator (newspaper)">The Liberator</a></i>, an antislavery newspaper, in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_21" title="August 21">August 21</a>, <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">USA</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_Rebellion" title="Nat Turner's Rebellion">Nat Turner's Rebellion</a> breaks out in <a href="/wiki/Southampton_County,_Virginia" title="Southampton County, Virginia">Southampton County, Virginia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_19" title="September 19">September 19</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a> publishes <a href="/wiki/Angelina_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Angelina Grimké">Angelina Grimké</a>'s anti-slavery letter in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(newspaper)" title="The Liberator (newspaper)">The Liberator</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_13" title="May 13">May 13</a>, <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hall_(Philadelphia)" title="Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia)">Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia)</a> burned by mob hostile to slavery.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_7" title="November 7">November 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> – American <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> and newspaper editor <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Lovejoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah Lovejoy">Elijah Lovejoy</a> is killed by a pro-<a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> mob, at his warehouse in Alton, Illinois.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_1" title="July 1">July 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – Slaves aboard the <i><a href="/wiki/Amistad_(case)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amistad (case)">Amistad</a></i> rebel and capture the ship off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. Under direction to sail the ship to Africa, the crew sailed the ship to <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, New York, where the slaves were taken into custody by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a>. The slaves would later win the right to return to Africa in <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._The_Amistad" title="United States v. The Amistad">United States v. The Amistad</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Settlement">Settlement</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_9" title="February 9">February 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> Legislative Council grants a city charter for <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_10" title="July 10">July 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">Survey of the Coast</a> revived (with <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Treasury">US Department of Treasury</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_12" title="August 12">August 12</a>, <a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a> – The city of <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> is established at the <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_River" title="Chicago River">Chicago River</a> by 350 settlers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_11" title="March 11">March 11</a>, <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – U.S. Survey of the <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">Coast</a> transferred to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Department of the Navy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_27" title="March 27">March 27</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – United States Survey of the Coast returned to <a href="/wiki/U.S._Treasury_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Treasury Department">U.S. Treasury Department</a>; renamed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">U.S. Coast Survey</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_20" title="April 20">April 20</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Territory" title="Wisconsin Territory">Wisconsin Territory</a> is created.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> is the 25th state admitted into the United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_26" title="January 26">January 26</a>, <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> becomes the 26th state admitted to the United States.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Native_Americans">Native Americans</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Native Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_28" title="May 28">May 28</a>, <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> – The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passes the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_6" title="April 6">April 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a> begins.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_9" title="July 9">July 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Indian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioner of Indian Affairs">Commissioner of Indian Affairs</a> post created within the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bad_Axe" title="Battle of Bad Axe">Battle of Bad Axe</a> ends the last major Native American rebellion east of the Mississippi in the U.S.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a> starts to live among the <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – The federal government establishes a <a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">smallpox vaccination</a> program for Native Americans (<i>The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_29" title="July 29">July 29</a>, <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Indian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Indian Affairs">Office of Indian Affairs</a> organized in the United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_28" title="December 28">December 28</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War" title="Second Seminole War">Second Seminole War</a> breaks out in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_29" title="December 29">December 29</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_New_Echota" title="Treaty of New Echota">Treaty of New Echota</a> is signed between the United States Government and members of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_(1794%E2%80%931907)" title="Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)">Cherokee Nation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fort_Cass" title="Fort Cass">Fort Cass</a> is established, the military headquarters and site of the largest internment camps during the 1838 <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_19" title="May 19">May 19</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fort_Parker_massacre" title="Fort Parker massacre">Fort Parker massacre</a>: Among those captured by <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> is nine-year-old <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Ann_Parker" title="Cynthia Ann Parker">Cynthia Ann Parker</a>; she later gives birth to a son named <a href="/wiki/Quanah_Parker" title="Quanah Parker">Quanah</a>, who becomes the last <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a> ends his 6-year tour of 50 tribes in the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_4" title="February 4">February 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> – <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminoles</a> attack <a href="/wiki/Fort_Foster" title="Fort Foster">Fort Foster</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_26" title="May 26">May 26</a>, <a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">USA</a>: The people of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_(1794%E2%80%931907)" title="Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)">Cherokee Nation</a> are forcibly relocated during the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Presidents">Presidents</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_3" title="December 3">December 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1832" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1832">U.S. presidential election, 1832</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> is re-elected president.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_4" title="March 4">March 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> is sworn in for his second term as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_6" title="May 6">May 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, Virginia</a>, the first public physical attack on an <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">American President</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> struck by a disgruntled <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Randolph" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert B. Randolph">Robert B. Randolph</a>, who was dismissed from the navy by Jackson for embezzlement. Though the assailant was immediately apprehended, Jackson decided not to press charges.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_27" title="March 27">March 27</a>, <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> is censured by the Congress of the United States (expunged in 1837).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_30" title="January 30">January 30</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – An <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassination</a> is attempted against President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> (the first assassination attempt against a <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_7" title="December 7">December 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – Future U.S. President <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_4" title="December 4">December 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> holds its first national convention, in <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg, Pennsylvania</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_7" title="December 7">December 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – <a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836 United States presidential election</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> defeats <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_4" title="March 4">March 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> – <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> succeeds <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Supreme_Court">Supreme Court</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Supreme Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_12" title="January 12">January 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/January_27" title="January 27">January 27</a>, <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Y._Hayne" title="Robert Y. Hayne">Robert Y. Hayne</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> debates the question of states' rights vs. federal authority with <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_12" title="March 12">March 12</a>, <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> – <i>Craig v. Missouri</i>: The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> rules that state loan certificates are unconstitutional because they were bills of credit emitted by a state in violation of Article I, Section 10 of the Constitution.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_16" title="February 16">February 16</a>, <a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Barron_v._Baltimore" title="Barron v. Baltimore">Barron v. Baltimore</a></i>: The United States Supreme Court rules that the Bill of Right only applies to the federal government, and not the state government.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_28" title="March 28">March 28</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> becomes the 5th <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Supreme Court Justice</a>, succeeding <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshal</a>, and beginning the 28 year <a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">Taney Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Other">Other</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_14" title="November 14">November 14</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Charles Carroll</a>, the last surviving signer of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> dies at his home in Maryland at age 95.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_14" title="April 14">April 14</a>, <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> is officially named by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">United States Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_11" title="August 11">August 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/August_12" title="August 12">August 12</a>, <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ursuline_Convent_riots" title="Ursuline Convent riots">Ursuline Convent riots</a>: A convent of Ursuline nuns is burned near <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_8" title="January 8">January 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – The <a href="/wiki/United_States_public_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="United States public debt">United States public debt</a> contracts to $0 for the only time in history.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Strutt_Abdy" title="Edward Strutt Abdy">Edward Strutt Abdy</a> publishes his <i>Journal of a Residence and Tour in the United States of North America: From April, 1833, to October 1834</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_10" title="May 10">May 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a> begins in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a>, <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Broad_Street_Riot" title="Broad Street Riot">Broad Street Riot</a> occurs in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, fueled by ethnic tensions between the Irish and the Yankees.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – the first state law permitting women to own property is passed in <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Texas_War_of_Independence_(Texas_Revolution)"><span id="Texas_War_of_Independence_.28Texas_Revolution.29"></span>Texas War of Independence (Texas Revolution)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Texas War of Independence (Texas Revolution)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_2" title="October 2">October 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Tejas,_Northern_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Province of Tejas, Northern Mexico (page does not exist)">Province of Tejas, Northern Mexico</a>, – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gonzales" title="Battle of Gonzales">Battle of Gonzales</a>: Under orders from Mexican President-turned dictator, General <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> soldiers attempt to capture a cannon that the Mexican government had earlier provided to the settlers of <a href="/wiki/Gonzales,_Texas" title="Gonzales, Texas">Gonzales, Texas</a> for protection against hostile Indians, but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia. This became known as the "Come-and-Take-it" skirmish.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_9" title="December 9">December 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – Texian "army" volunteers, under General Burleson, capture the town of <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_de_Bejar" class="mw-redirect" title="San Antonio de Bejar">San Antonio de Bejar</a> from the Mexican forces occupying the town under General Martin Perfecto de Cos.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_20" title="December 20">December 20</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – A <a href="/wiki/Texas_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Texas Declaration of Independence">Texas Declaration of Independence</a> is first signed at <a href="/wiki/Goliad,_Texas" title="Goliad, Texas">Goliad, Texas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_5" title="January 5">January 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – <a href="/wiki/David_Crockett" class="mw-redirect" title="David Crockett">David Crockett</a> arrives in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_23" title="February 23">February 23</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Alamo" title="Siege of the Alamo">Siege of the Alamo</a> begins, with a Texian army under the command of Lt Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willam_B._Travis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willam B. Travis (page does not exist)">Willam B. Travis</a> and volunteers under Colonel <a href="/wiki/James_Bowie" title="James Bowie">James Bowie</a>, hastily fortifying and defending the Alamo against the Mexican Army under <a href="/wiki/General_Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" class="mw-redirect" title="General Antonio López de Santa Anna">Santa Anna</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1" title="March 1">March 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_1836" title="Convention of 1836">Convention of 1836</a>: Delegates from several Texian settlements gather in <a href="/wiki/Washington-on-the-Brazos,_Texas" title="Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas">Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas</a>, to deliberate and vote on independence from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2" title="March 2">March 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_1836" title="Convention of 1836">Convention of 1836</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Texas_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Texas Declaration of Independence">Texas Declaration of Independence</a> is signed by 60 delegates and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a> is declared.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sam Houston is elected as Commanding General of the Texian "Army".</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alamo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Alamo.jpg/250px-Alamo.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Alamo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption> March 6, 1836: The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Battle of the Alamo">Battle of the Alamo</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_6" title="March 6">March 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Battle of the Alamo">Battle of the Alamo</a> ends the 13-day siege; approximately 200 defenders (Anglo settlers & Tejano townsfolk) die in a fierce struggle with approximately 5,000 Mexican soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_17" title="March 17">March 17</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_1836" title="Convention of 1836">Convention of 1836</a>: Delegates adopt the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Texas" title="Constitution of the Republic of Texas">Constitution of the Republic of Texas</a>, modeled after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>. It allows slavery, requires <a href="/wiki/Free_black" class="mw-redirect" title="Free black">free blacks</a> to petition Congress to live in the country, but prohibits import of slaves from anywhere but the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_27" title="March 27">March 27</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – On Palm Sunday, 342 Texian prisoners captured a week earlier are shot and killed in the <a href="/wiki/Goliad_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliad Massacre">Goliad Massacre</a> along with Texian Colonel <a href="/wiki/James_Walker_Fannin" class="mw-redirect" title="James Walker Fannin">James Walker Fannin</a> by Mexican troops in <a href="/wiki/Goliad" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliad">Goliad</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Presidio_La_Bahia" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidio La Bahia">Presidio La Bahia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_21" title="April 21">April 21</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto" title="Battle of San Jacinto">Battle of San Jacinto</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> forces under <a href="/wiki/General_Santa_Anna" class="mw-redirect" title="General Santa Anna">General Santa Anna</a> are defeated in a battle lasting 18 minutes by the <a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_River_(Texas)" title="San Jacinto River (Texas)">San Jacinto River, Texas</a>. (General Houston is wounded during the battle, and is later relieved of command by interim President David G. Burnet. This action enables Houston to recover from his wounds.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_22" title="April 22">April 22</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – Forces under Texian General <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a> capture <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a> who had attempted to escape during the chaos of the battle the previous day. Capturing Santa Anna guarantees Texas independence from Mexico.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Republic_of_Texas">Republic of Texas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Republic of Texas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_3" title="January 3">January 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – The government of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> imprisons <a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin" title="Stephen F. Austin">Stephen F. Austin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_30" title="August 30">August 30</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – The city of <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas is founded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_5" title="September 5">September 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a> is elected as the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_Texas" title="President of the Republic of Texas">President of the Republic of Texas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_22" title="October 22">October 22</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – Sam Houston is inaugurated as first elected President of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> – The city of <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, is incorporated by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_10" title="December 10">December 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mirabeau_B._Lamar" title="Mirabeau B. Lamar">Mirabeau B. Lamar</a> is inaugurated as second elected President of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1830s for Mexico saw the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic" title="First Mexican Republic">First Mexican Republic</a> and saw General Santa Anna move in and out of the presidency in a 30-year span now known as the "Age of Santa Anna". In 1834, President <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a> dissolved Congress, forming a new government. That government instituted the <a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico">Centralist Republic of Mexico</a> by approving a new centralist constitution ("<a href="/wiki/Siete_Leyes" title="Siete Leyes">Siete Leyes</a>"). From its formation in 1835 until its dissolution in 1846, the Centralist Republic was governed by eleven <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">presidents</a> (none of which finished their term). It called for the state militias to disarm, but many states resisted, including <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Texas" title="Mexican Texas">Mexican Texas</a>, which declared independence in the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a> of 1836. During the <a href="/wiki/1840s" title="1840s">1840s</a>, other provinces separated. The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Rio_Grande" title="Republic of the Rio Grande">Republic of the Rio Grande</a> in 1840, and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Republic of Yucatán">Republic of Yucatán</a> declared independence in 1841. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_23" title="May 23">May 23</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – The Mexican <a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes" title="Aguascalientes">State of Aguascalientes</a> is formed by decree of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Santa Anna</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_28" title="December 28">December 28</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> recognizes the independence of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.</li> <li>May <a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> – An insurrection breaks out in <a href="/wiki/Tizim%C3%ADn" title="Tizimín">Tizimín</a>, beginning the campaign for the independence of <a href="/wiki/Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatan">Yucatan</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.</li> <li>November 1838 – The <a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Pastry War</a> (also known as the <i>First <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> intervention in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></i>) began with the naval blockade of some Mexican ports and the capture of the fortress of <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa" title="San Juan de Ulúa">San Juan de Ulúa</a> in Veracruz by French forces sent by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">King Louis-Philippe</a>. The intervention followed many claims by French nationals of losses due to unrest in Mexico City, as well as the failure of Mexico to pay a large debt to France.</li> <li>March 1839 – The <a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Pastry War</a> ends with a British-brokered peace.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Nicaragua"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_30" title="April 30">April 30</a>, <a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> declares independence from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a> (<i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua#Fight_for_independence" title="History of Nicaragua">Nicaragua's early history</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Costa_Rica">Costa Rica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Costa Rica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – <a href="/wiki/Braulio_Carrillo_Colina" title="Braulio Carrillo Colina">Braulio Carrillo</a> is sworn in as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Costa_Rica" title="President of Costa Rica">Head of State of Costa Rica</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_28" title="May 28">May 28</a>, <a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> – <a href="/wiki/Braulio_Carrillo_Colina" title="Braulio Carrillo Colina">Braulio Carrillo</a> is sworn in as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Costa_Rica" title="President of Costa Rica">Head of State of Costa Rica</a>, thus beginning his second term in office.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Puerto_Rico">Puerto Rico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Puerto Rico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_7" title="May 7">May 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – The settlement of <a href="/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez,_Puerto_Rico" title="Mayagüez, Puerto Rico">Mayagüez, Puerto Rico</a>, is elevated to the royal status of <a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">villa</a> by the government of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Honduras">Honduras</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Honduras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_5" title="November 5">November 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Second_Central_American_Civil_War" title="Second Central American Civil War">Second Central American Civil War</a> begins with <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>' separation from the <a href="/wiki/Central_American_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Central American Federation">Central American Federation</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Caribbean">The Caribbean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: The Caribbean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jamaica">Jamaica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Jamaica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/27_December" class="mw-redirect" title="27 December">27 December</a>, <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sam_Sharpe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Sharpe">Sam Sharpe</a> leads a major slave rebellion, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_War" title="Baptist War">Baptist War</a>. The slave uprising lasted for 10 days and spread throughout the entire island, mobilizing as many as 60,000 of Jamaica's enslaved population. The British colonial government used the armed Jamaican military forces and warriors from the towns of the Jamaican <a href="/wiki/Maroons" title="Maroons">Maroons</a> to put down the rebellion, suppressing it within two weeks. Some 14 whites were killed by armed slave battalions, but more than 200 slaves were killed by troops.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_7" title="April 7">April 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I</a> abdicates as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Brazil">emperor of Brazil</a> in favor of his 5-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a>, who will reign for almost 59 years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_7" title="November 7">November 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – Slave trading is forbidden in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – In the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>, the Additional Act provides: <ul><li>Establishment of the Provincial Legislative Assembly</li> <li>Extinction of the State Council</li> <li>Replacement of the Regency Trina</li> <li>Introduction of a direct and secret ballot.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_24" title="January 24">January 24</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> - a major <a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">slave rebellion</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%AA_revolt" title="Malê revolt">Malê revolt</a> takes place in <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador, Bahia</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Riograndense_Republic">Riograndense Republic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Riograndense Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_20" title="September 20">September 20</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_War" title="Ragamuffin War">Ragamuffin War</a> begins in <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>, Brazil.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">September 11</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – <a href="/wiki/Riograndense_Republic" title="Riograndense Republic">Riograndense Republic</a> is proclaimed in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uruguay">Uruguay</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Uruguay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_18" title="July 18">July 18</a>, <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> – <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> adopts its first <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Uruguay_of_1830" title="Constitution of Uruguay of 1830">constitution</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – Civil war erupts in <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> between supporters of <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Uruguay)" title="National Party (Uruguay)">Blanco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Party_(Uruguay)" title="Colorado Party (Uruguay)">Colorado</a> parties.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina">Argentina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">Caudillo</a> of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Falkland_Islands">Falkland Islands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Falkland Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_3" title="January 3">January 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a> – <a href="/wiki/Reassertion_of_British_sovereignty_over_the_Falkland_Islands_(1833)" title="Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (1833)">Britain retakes the Falkland Islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="South Atlantic">South Atlantic</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peru">Peru</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Peru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">January 20</a>, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yungay" title="Battle of Yungay">Battle of Yungay</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> defeats the <a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Bolivian_Confederation" title="Peru–Bolivian Confederation">Peru–Bolivian Confederation</a>, leading to the restoration of an independent Peru.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ecuador">Ecuador</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Ecuador"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_13" title="May 13">May 13</a>, <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> separates from <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_12" title="February 12">February 12</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> annexes the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chile">Chile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_25" title="May 25">May 25</a>, <a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Constitution_of_1833" title="Chilean Constitution of 1833">Chilean Constitution of 1833</a> is promulgated.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Science and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phot-34a-05-fullres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Phot-34a-05-fullres.jpg/250px-Phot-34a-05-fullres.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Phot-34a-05-fullres.jpg/330px-Phot-34a-05-fullres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Phot-34a-05-fullres.jpg/500px-Phot-34a-05-fullres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert%27s_Quartet" title="Robert's Quartet">Robert's Quartet</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomy">Astronomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Astronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_14" title="March 14">March 14</a>, <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a> discovers the open cluster of stars now known as <a href="/wiki/NGC_3603" title="NGC 3603">NGC 3603</a>, observing from the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sher1965_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sher1965-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_30" title="September 30">September 30</a>, <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert%27s_Quartet" title="Robert's Quartet">Robert's Quartet</a>, a group of galaxies, is discovered by <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Herschel1847_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herschel1847-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_15" title="May 15">May 15</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francis_Baily" title="Francis Baily">Francis Baily</a>, during an <a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">eclipse</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, observes the phenomenon named after him as <a href="/wiki/Baily%27s_beads" title="Baily's beads">Baily's beads</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> – <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Bessel">Friedrich Bessel</a> makes the first accurate measurement of distance to a <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – The first <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a> measurement of the distance to <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Centauri" title="Alpha Centauri">Alpha Centauri</a> is published by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_James_Henderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas James Henderson">Thomas Henderson</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_Engineering">Mechanical Engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Mechanical Engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_17" title="July 17">July 17</a>, <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Thimonnier" title="Barthélemy Thimonnier">Barthélemy Thimonnier</a> is granted a <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> (#7454) for a <a href="/wiki/Sewing_machine" title="Sewing machine">sewing machine</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>; it chains stitches at 200/minute.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_31" title="August 31">August 31</a>, <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Beard_Budding" title="Edwin Beard Budding">Edwin Beard Budding</a> is granted a patent for the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Lawnmower" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawnmower">lawnmower</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_25" title="February 25">February 25</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Colt" title="Samuel Colt">Samuel Colt</a> receives a United States <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Colt_Firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Colt Firearms">Colt</a> <a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">revolver</a>, the first revolving barrel multishot firearm.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_24" title="February 24">February 24</a>, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Otis" title="William Otis">William Otis</a> receives a <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Steam_shovel" title="Steam shovel">steam shovel</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photography">Photography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daguerreotype_Daguerre_Atelier_1837.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Daguerreotype_Daguerre_Atelier_1837.jpg/250px-Daguerreotype_Daguerre_Atelier_1837.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Daguerreotype_Daguerre_Atelier_1837.jpg/330px-Daguerreotype_Daguerre_Atelier_1837.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Daguerreotype_Daguerre_Atelier_1837.jpg/500px-Daguerreotype_Daguerre_Atelier_1837.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2328" /></a><figcaption><i>L'Atelier de l'artiste.</i> An 1837 <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Daguerre" title="Louis Daguerre">Louis Daguerre</a>, the first to complete the full process.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1833 – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Plateau" title="Joseph Plateau">Joseph Plateau</a> invented an early <a href="/wiki/Stroboscope" title="Stroboscope">stroboscopic</a> device, the "<a href="/wiki/Phenakistiscope" title="Phenakistiscope">phenakistiscope</a>", which gives the illusion of a moving image. This invention was an important <a href="/wiki/History_of_film_technology" title="History of film technology">precursor to cinema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>August <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox_Talbot" title="Henry Fox Talbot">Henry Fox Talbot</a> exposes the world's first known <a href="/wiki/Negative_(photography)" title="Negative (photography)">photographic negatives</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lacock_Abbey" title="Lacock Abbey">Lacock Abbey</a> in England.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>April <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_Daguerre" title="Louis Daguerre">Louis Daguerre</a> develops the <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2" title="January 2">January 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – First photo of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> taken by photographer <a href="/wiki/Louis_Daguerre" title="Louis Daguerre">Louis Daguerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_9" title="January 9">January 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – The <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a> announces the <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a> photography process.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_22" title="June 22">June 22</a>, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_Daguerre" title="Louis Daguerre">Louis Daguerre</a> receives a patent for his camera (commercially available by September at the price of 400 francs).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_19" title="August 19">August 19</a>, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – The French government gives <a href="/wiki/Louis_Daguerre" title="Louis Daguerre">Louis Daguerre</a> a pension and gives the <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> "for the whole world".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electricity">Electricity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Electricity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many key discoveries about electricity were made in the 1830s. <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">Electromagnetic induction</a> was discovered independently by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a> in 1831; however, Faraday was the first to publish the results of his experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electromagnetic induction is the production of a <a href="/wiki/Potential_difference" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential difference">potential difference</a> (voltage) across a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">conductor</a> when it is exposed to a varying <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>. This discovery was essential to the invention of <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">inductors</a>, and many types of <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electrical motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">generators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solenoid" title="Solenoid">solenoids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sadiku386_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadiku386-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1834, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>'s published his research regarding the quantitative relationships in electrochemical reactions, now known as <a href="/wiki/Faraday%27s_laws_of_electrolysis" title="Faraday's laws of electrolysis">Faraday's laws of electrolysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1834, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Charles_Athanase_Peltier" title="Jean Charles Athanase Peltier">Jean C. A. Peltier</a> discovered the <a href="/wiki/Peltier_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Peltier effect">Peltier "effect"</a>, which is the presence of heating or cooling at an electrified junction of two different conductors. In 1836, <a href="/wiki/John_Frederic_Daniell" title="John Frederic Daniell">John Daniell</a> invented a primary cell in which <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> was eliminated in the generation of the electricity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telegraph">Telegraph</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Telegraph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_6" title="May 6">May 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Weber</a> obtain permission to build an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">electromagnetic telegraph</a> in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>.</li> <li>May <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> – <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a> patents the <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraph</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – The world's first commercial electric <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraph</a> line comes into operation alongside the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a> line, from <a href="/wiki/Paddington_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddington Station">Paddington Station</a> to <a href="/wiki/West_Drayton" title="West Drayton">West Drayton</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computers">Computers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Computers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ada_Lovelace" title="Ada Lovelace">Ada Lovelace</a> is introduced to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Somerville" title="Mary Somerville">Mary Somerville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a> begins the conceptual design of an "<a href="/wiki/Analytical_engine" title="Analytical engine">analytical engine</a>", a mechanical forerunner of the modern computer. It will not be built in his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a> – The dawn of <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>: The first <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diastase" title="Diastase">diastase</a>, is discovered by <a href="/wiki/Anselme_Payen" title="Anselme Payen">Anselme Payen</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_24" title="October 24">October 24</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – The earliest United States <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> <a href="/wiki/Match#Friction_matches" title="Match">friction match</a> is granted to Alonzo Dwight Phillips of <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield, Massachusetts</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Goodyear" title="Charles Goodyear">Charles Goodyear</a> <a href="/wiki/Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization">vulcanizes</a> <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biology">Biology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpg/120px-Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpg/250px-Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="2811" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyage_of_the_Beagle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Voyage_of_the_Beagle.jpg/200px-Voyage_of_the_Beagle.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Voyage_of_the_Beagle.jpg/300px-Voyage_of_the_Beagle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Voyage_of_the_Beagle.jpg/400px-Voyage_of_the_Beagle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="1399" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a>'s voyage aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS <i>Beagle</i></a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_27" title="December 27">December 27</a>, <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> embarks on his <a href="/wiki/Second_voyage_of_HMS_Beagle" title="Second voyage of HMS Beagle">historic voyage</a> aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS <i>Beagle</i></a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_7" title="January 7">January 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS <i>Beagle</i></a> anchors off the <a href="/wiki/Chonos_Archipelago" title="Chonos Archipelago">Chonos Archipelago</a> on the voyage of <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a>–<a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_7" title="September 7">September 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> arrives at the <a href="/wiki/Galapagos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Galapagos Islands">Galapagos Islands</a> aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS <i>Beagle</i></a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_12" title="January 12">January 12</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS <i>Beagle</i></a> with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> reaches <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_20" title="July 20">July 20</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> climbs Green Hill on <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2" title="October 2">October 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> returns to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS <i>Beagle</i></a> with biological data he will later use to develop his <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of evolution">theory of evolution</a>, having left <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> on <a href="/wiki/August_17" title="August 17">August 17</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> – <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteins</a> are discovered by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – An archaeological excavation on <a href="/wiki/Cop%C3%A1n" title="Copán">Copán</a> begins.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chatsworth_Head" title="Chatsworth Head">Chatsworth Head</a> found near <a href="/wiki/Tamassos" title="Tamassos">Tamassos</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chatsworth_Head" title="Chatsworth Head">Chatsworth Head</a> acquired by the <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_6th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire">6th Duke of Devonshire</a> at <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> from <a href="/wiki/Henry_Perigal_Borrell" title="Henry Perigal Borrell">Henry Perigal Borrell</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociology">Sociology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_2" title="July 2">July 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Michel_Guerry" title="André-Michel Guerry">André-Michel Guerry</a> presents his <i>Essay on moral statistics of France</i>, to the French Academy of Sciences, a significant step in the founding of empirical <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail">Rail</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_15" title="September 15">September 15</a>, <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway">Liverpool and Manchester Railway opens</a>, the world's first intercity <a href="/wiki/Passenger_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger railway">passenger railway</a> operated solely by <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Wilmington_and_Raleigh_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad">Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad</a> is chartered in <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington, North Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">Railroad</a> construction begins in earnest in the United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Belgium" title="Rail transport in Belgium">Rail transport in Belgium</a>: a railway is opened between <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mechelen" title="Mechelen">Mechelen</a>, the first in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_7" title="December 7">December 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Ludwig_Railway" title="Bavarian Ludwig Railway">Bavarian Ludwig Railway</a> opens between <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth" title="Fürth">Fürth</a>, with a train hauled by <i>Der Adler</i> ("<i>The Eagle</i>"), the <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Germany" title="History of rail transport in Germany">first railway in Germany</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_21" title="December 21">December 21</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Raleigh_and_Gaston_Railroad" title="Raleigh and Gaston Railroad">Raleigh and Gaston Railroad</a> is chartered in <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_8" title="February 8">February 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – <a href="/wiki/London_and_Greenwich_Railway" title="London and Greenwich Railway">London and Greenwich Railway</a> opens its first section, the first railway in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_13" title="July 13">July 13</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – The first numbered <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1">U.S. patent 1</a></span> (after filing 9,957 unnumbered patents) is granted, to <a href="/wiki/John_Ruggles" title="John Ruggles">John Ruggles</a> for improvements to railroad <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotive</a> tires.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_21" title="July 21">July 21</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Champlain_and_St._Lawrence_Railroad" title="Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad">Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad</a> opens between <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu" title="Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu">St. John</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Prairie,_Quebec" title="La Prairie, Quebec">La Prairie, Quebec</a>, the first steam-worked passenger railroad in <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_25" title="October 25">October 25</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – Construction begins on the <a href="/wiki/Wilmington_and_Raleigh_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad">Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>. Due to a lack of support in <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a>, the route is revised to run from <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Petersburg_Railroad" title="Petersburg Railroad">Petersburg Railroad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Weldon,_North_Carolina" title="Weldon, North Carolina">Weldon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flight">Flight</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Flight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_24" title="May 24">May 24</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – Francois Arban, early French balloonist makes his 1st ascent.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Automobile">Automobile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Automobile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davenport_(inventor)" title="Thomas Davenport (inventor)">Thomas Davenport</a>, the inventor of the first American <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a> electrical motor, installs his motor in a small model car, creating one of the first <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">electric cars</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Steamships">Steamships</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Steamships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a>, <a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</a> ship <a href="/wiki/SS_Royal_William" title="SS Royal William">SS <i>Royal William</i></a> sets out from <a href="/wiki/Pictou,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictou, Nova Scotia">Pictou, Nova Scotia</a>, on a 25-day passage of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> largely under steam to <a href="/wiki/Gravesend,_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravesend, Kent">Gravesend, Kent</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_4" title="April 4">April 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/April_22" title="April 22">April 22</a>, <a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Paddle_steamer" title="Paddle steamer">paddle steamer</a> <a href="/wiki/SS_Sirius_(1837)" title="SS Sirius (1837)">SS <i>Sirius</i> (1837)</a> makes the <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_Crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Transatlantic Crossing">Transatlantic Crossing</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, in eighteen days, though not using steam continuously.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_8" title="April 8">April 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/April_23" title="April 23">April 23</a>, <a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel">Isambard Kingdom Brunel</a>'s paddle steamer <a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Western" title="SS Great Western">SS <i>Great Western</i></a> (1838) makes the Transatlantic Crossing to New York from <a href="/wiki/Avonmouth" title="Avonmouth">Avonmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, in fifteen days, inaugurating a regular steamship service.<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_1820-1840_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org_1820-1840-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A period of economic <a href="/wiki/Prosperity" title="Prosperity">prosperity</a> in America and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, mainly due to increasing <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>, the mass production of <a href="/wiki/Railroads" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroads">railroads</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a>.</li> <li>Dutch-speaking farmers known as <a href="/wiki/Voortrekkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Voortrekkers">Voortrekkers</a> emigrate northwards from the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>.</li> <li>The destruction of the 17th bank of the United States occurred in 1836</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> publishes his first novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pickwick_Papers" title="The Pickwick Papers">The Pickwick Papers</a></i> followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Twist" title="Oliver Twist">Oliver Twist</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Nickleby" title="Nicholas Nickleby">Nicholas Nickleby</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_14" title="January 14">January 14</a>, <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">The Hunchback of Notre-Dame</a></i> is first published by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – Publication of the first <a href="/wiki/Baedeker" title="Baedeker">Baedeker</a> guidebook, <i>Voyage du Rhin de Mayence à Cologne</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – Publication begins (posthumously) of <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Carl von Clausewitz</a>'s <i>Vom Kriege</i> ("<i><a href="/wiki/On_War" title="On War">On War</a></i>").</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_10" title="June 10">June 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a> moves to <a href="/wiki/Cheyne_Row" title="Cheyne Row">Cheyne Row</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carlyle%27s_House" title="Carlyle's House">Carlyle's House</a>) in London.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_25" title="August 25">August 25</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – In the U.S., the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Sun">New York Sun</a></i> prints the first of six installments of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Moon_Hoax" title="Great Moon Hoax">Great Moon Hoax</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1" title="December 1">December 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a> publishes his first book of fairy tales.</li> <li>March <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – First monthly part of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pickwick_Papers" title="The Pickwick Papers">The Pickwick Papers</a></i> ("<i>The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club ...</i>, edited by Boz") published in London.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – The first printed literature in <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a> is produced by <a href="/wiki/Justin_Perkins" title="Justin Perkins">Justin Perkins</a>, an American <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a>.</li> <li>February <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Twist" title="Oliver Twist">Oliver Twist</a></i> begins publication in serial form in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23" title="March 23">March 23</a>, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – The <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Morning_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Morning Post">Boston Morning Post</a></i> first records the use of "<a href="/wiki/OK" title="OK">OK</a>" (oll korrect).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_1" title="March 1">March 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Antonio García Gutiérrez</a>'s play <i>El Trovador</i> is performed for the first time in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1830s_in_music" class="mw-redirect" title="1830s in music">1830s in music</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_5" title="December 5">December 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>'s most famous work, <i><a href="/wiki/Symphonie_fantastique" title="Symphonie fantastique">Symphonie fantastique</a></i>, has its world premiere in Paris.</li> <li>1833 – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> completes his first opera, <a href="/wiki/Die_Feen" title="Die Feen">Die Feen</a> (The Fairies).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">November 17</a>, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>'s first opera, <i><a href="/wiki/Oberto_(opera)" title="Oberto (opera)">Oberto, conte di San Bonifacio</a></i>, opens in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1830s_in_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="1830s in sports">1830s in sports</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croquet" title="Croquet">Croquet</a> invented in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: Fashion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1830s_in_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="1830s in fashion">1830s in fashion</a></div> <ul><li>Innovations in <a href="/wiki/Roller_printing_on_textiles" title="Roller printing on textiles">roller printing on textiles</a> introduced new dress fabrics.</li> <li>Broad, exaggerated sleeves for women and padded shoulders for men contrasted a narrow, idealized waist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">Brocades</a> come back into style.</li> <li>Low boots with <a href="/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer">elastic</a> insets appear.</li> <li><i>Greatcoats</i>, overcoats with wide sleeves, become fashionable for men to wear with day wear.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_26" title="March 26">March 26</a>, <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> is published in <a href="/wiki/Palmyra,_New_York" title="Palmyra, New York">Palmyra, New York</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_6" title="April 6">April 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> and 5 others organize the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Christ</a> (later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints</a>), the first formally organized church of the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a>, in northwestern <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Pope Gregory XVI</a> succeeds <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VIII" title="Pope Pius VIII">Pope Pius VIII</a> as the 254th <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_7" title="August 7">August 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – American <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> minister <a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(preacher)" title="William Miller (preacher)">William Miller</a> preaches his first sermon on the Second Advent of Christ in Dresden, New York, launching the Advent Movement in the United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Hiram,_Ohio" title="Hiram, Ohio">Hiram, Ohio</a>, a group of men beat, <a href="/wiki/Tar_and_feather" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar and feather">tar and feather</a> <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_27" title="October 27">October 27</a>, <a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> – Missouri Governor <a href="/wiki/Lilburn_Boggs" title="Lilburn Boggs">Lilburn Boggs</a> declares Mormons to be enemies of the state and encourages the extermination or the exile of the religious minority, forcing nearly 10,000 Mormons out of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> – <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Christian_Hermann_Weisse" title="Christian Hermann Weisse">Christian Hermann Weisse</a> proposes the <a href="/wiki/Two-source_hypothesis" title="Two-source hypothesis">two-source hypothesis</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disasters,_natural_events,_and_notable_mishaps"><span id="Disasters.2C_natural_events.2C_and_notable_mishaps"></span>Disasters, natural events, and notable mishaps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: Disasters, natural events, and notable mishaps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_29" title="June 29">June 29</a>, <a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Fraser_Tolmie" title="William Fraser Tolmie">William Fraser Tolmie</a> experiences an earthquake at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nisqually" title="Fort Nisqually">Fort Nisqually</a>. His journal entry records the first written eyewitness account of an earthquake in the <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> region.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_12" title="November 12">November 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/November_13" title="November 13">November 13</a>, <a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stars_Fell_on_Alabama" title="Stars Fell on Alabama">Stars Fell on Alabama</a>: A spectacular occurrence of the <a href="/wiki/Leonid_meteor_shower" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid meteor shower">Leonid meteor shower</a> is observed in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_25" title="November 25">November 25</a>, <a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a> – A major 8.7 <a href="/wiki/1833_Sumatra_earthquake" title="1833 Sumatra earthquake">earthquake</a> strikes <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_16" title="October 16">October 16</a>, <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> is destroyed by fire.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_20" title="February 20">February 20</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – <a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile" title="Concepción, Chile">Concepción, Chile</a>, is destroyed by an <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_16" title="November 16">November 16</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a> reaches <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a>, its closest approach to the sun.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_16" title="December 16">December 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_New_York" title="Great Fire of New York">Great Fire of New York</a> destroys 530 buildings, including the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_15" title="December 15">December 15</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent Office</a> burns in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_27" title="December 27">December 27</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lewes_avalanche" title="Lewes avalanche">Lewes avalanche</a>: An <a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">avalanche</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lewes" title="Lewes">Lewes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>, England, kills eight of fifteen people buried when a row of cottages is engulfed in snow.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_30" title="December 30">December 30</a>, <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, the Lehman Theater catches fire, killing 800 people.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> – <a href="/wiki/Galilee_earthquake_of_1837" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilee earthquake of 1837">Galilee earthquake</a>.</li> <li>August 1837 to August 1838 – <a href="/wiki/Agra_famine_of_1837%E2%80%931838" title="Agra famine of 1837–1838">Agra famine of 1837–1838</a>, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a>, <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fire_in_the_Winter_Palace" title="Fire in the Winter Palace">Fire in the Winter Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_10" title="January 10">January 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> – A fire destroys <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Coffee_House" title="Lloyd's Coffee House">Lloyd's Coffee House</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Exchange (London)">Royal Exchange</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_7" title="September 7">September 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> – <a href="/wiki/Grace_Darling" title="Grace Darling">Grace Darling</a> and her father rescue thirteen survivors from the <a href="/wiki/SS_Forfarshire_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Forfarshire (ship)">SS <i>Forfarshire</i></a> off the <a href="/wiki/Farne_Islands" title="Farne Islands">Farne Islands</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_9" title="September 9">September 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – In the Great Fire of <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a>, hundreds of buildings are burned.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_25" title="November 25">November 25</a>, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – A disastrous <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclone</a> slams <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> with terrible winds and a giant 40-foot <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surge</a>, wiping out the port city of <a href="/wiki/Coringa_(village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coringa (village)">Coringa</a>; 300,000 people die.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cholera">Cholera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=88" title="Edit section: Cholera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_cholera_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Second cholera pandemic">Second cholera pandemic</a></div> <p>Historians believe that the <a href="/wiki/First_Cholera_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="First Cholera pandemic">first cholera pandemic</a> had lingered in Indonesia and the Philippines in 1830. The second cholera pandemic spread from India to Russia and then to the rest of Europe claiming hundreds of thousands of lives.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reached <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> in August 1830, and by 1831, the epidemic had infiltrated Russia's main cities and towns. </p><p>Russian soldiers brought the disease to Poland during the <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Cholera_riots" title="Cholera riots">Cholera riots</a>" occurred in Russia, caused by the anti-cholera measures undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/Tsarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarist">tsarist</a> government. </p><p>The epidemic reached western Europe later in 1831. In London, the disease claimed 6,536 victims; in Paris, 20,000 died (out of a population of 650,000), with about 100,000 deaths in all of France.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenberg_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1832 the epidemic reached <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, Canada; and <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in the United States. It reached the Pacific coast of North America between 1832 and 1834.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishments">Establishments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=89" title="Edit section: Establishments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_11" title="January 11">January 11</a>, <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> – <a href="/wiki/LaGrange_College" title="LaGrange College">LaGrange College</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Alabama" title="University of North Alabama">University of North Alabama</a>) opens its doors, becoming the first publicly chartered college in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_13" title="July 13">July 13</a>, <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> – The General Assembly's Institution, now the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Church_College" title="Scottish Church College">Scottish Church College</a>, one of the pioneering institutions that ushered the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a>, is founded by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Duff_(missionary)" title="Alexander Duff (missionary)">Alexander Duff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> – <a href="/wiki/Austins_of_Derry" class="mw-redirect" title="Austins of Derry">Austins of Derry</a> established in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and, until 2016, remained standing as the world's oldest independent <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department store</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_10" title="March 10">March 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – The <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a> is founded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_31" title="December 31">December 31</a>, <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gramercy_Park" title="Gramercy Park">Gramercy Park</a> is deeded to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_18" title="April 18">April 18</a>, <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a> founded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – Founding of <a href="/wiki/Denison_University" title="Denison University">Denison University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Granville,_Ohio" title="Granville, Ohio">Granville, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – Founding of <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University" title="Wesleyan University">Wesleyan University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Middletown,_Connecticut" title="Middletown, Connecticut">Middletown, Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – Founding of <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – Founding of <a href="/wiki/Xavier_University_(Cincinnati)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xavier University (Cincinnati)">Xavier University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati, Ohio">Cincinnati, Ohio</a> (as "The Athenaeum")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a></i> newspaper is first published.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_4" title="July 4">July 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Durham" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Durham">The University of Durham</a> is founded by an act of Parliament and given royal assent by King William IV.</li> <li>1832 – <a href="/wiki/Belvedere_College" title="Belvedere College">Belvedere College</a>, Dublin, is founded by the order of the Jesuit Society of Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_19" title="October 19">October 19</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Phi" title="Alpha Delta Phi">Alpha Delta Phi</a> fraternity is founded at Hamilton College.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_21" title="November 21">November 21</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wabash_College" title="Wabash College">Wabash College</a>, a small, private, liberal arts college for men, is founded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a> – <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_College" title="King William's College">King William's College</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> officially opens.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a> – Foundation of <a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo_College" title="Kalamazoo College">Kalamazoo College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo,_Michigan" title="Kalamazoo, Michigan">Kalamazoo, Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a> – Foundation of <a href="/wiki/Madras_College" title="Madras College">Madras College</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews">St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a> – Foundation of <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oberlin,_Ohio" title="Oberlin, Ohio">Oberlin, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_19" title="March 19">March 19</a>, <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – Founding of Cavendish Villa Football Club.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2011)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">November 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – <a href="/wiki/Delta_Upsilon" title="Delta Upsilon">Delta Upsilon</a> fraternity is founded at <a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams College</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – Medical School of Louisiana is founded, later to become <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23" title="March 23">March 23</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Academia_Mexicana_de_la_Lengua" title="Academia Mexicana de la Lengua">Mexican Academy of Language</a> is established.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">June 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Penitentiary" title="Kingston Penitentiary">Kingston Penitentiary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, opens.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_14" title="July 14">July 14</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – Organisation of the universal <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Catholic Apostolic Church</a>, initially in the U.K.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_28" title="August 28">August 28</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – <a href="/wiki/Castleknock_College" title="Castleknock College">Castleknock College</a> is founded by the Vincentian order in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_3" title="October 3">October 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – <a href="/wiki/Staedtler" title="Staedtler">Staedtler Company</a> founded by J.S. Staedtler in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, Germany.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – The <a href="/wiki/British_Geological_Survey" title="British Geological Survey">British Geological Survey</a> is founded as the world's first national <a href="/wiki/Geological_survey" title="Geological survey">geological survey</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – The Cachar Levy, forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Assam_Rifles" title="Assam Rifles">Assam Rifles</a>, is founded in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – The first <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a>-language school opens in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles-Louis_Havas" title="Charles-Louis Havas">Charles-Louis Havas</a> creates <a href="/wiki/Havas" title="Havas">Havas</a>, the first news agency in the world (which later spawns <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a> – The <a href="/wiki/New_Board" title="New Board">New Board</a> brokerage group is founded in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_25" title="February 25">February 25</a>, <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Colored_Youth" title="Institute for Colored Youth">Institute for Colored Youth</a> (ICY) is founded as the first institution for the higher education of black people in the United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_4" title="March 4">March 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> – The city of Chicago is incorporated.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> – At <a href="/wiki/Le_Mans" title="Le Mans">Le Mans</a>, France, Father <a href="/wiki/Basil_Moreau" title="Basil Moreau">Basil Moreau</a>, CSC, founds the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Holy_Cross" title="Congregation of Holy Cross">Congregation of Holy Cross</a> by joining the Brothers of St. Joseph and the Auxiliary Priests of Le Mans.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_8" title="November 8">November 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> – Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, later <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College</a>, is founded in South Hadley, Massachusetts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> – <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> is established in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_3" title="November 3">November 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bombay_Times_and_Journal_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce">The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce</a></i> is founded (renamed <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/1861" title="1861">1861</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_11" title="February 11">February 11</a>, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a> is established, becoming the first public university west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_5" title="March 5">March 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – <a href="/wiki/Longwood_University" title="Longwood University">Longwood University</a> is founded in <a href="/wiki/Farmville,_Virginia" title="Farmville, Virginia">Farmville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_7" title="March 7">March 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_City_College" title="Baltimore City College">Baltimore City College</a>, the third public high school in the United States, is established in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_26" title="March 26">March 26</a>, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – The first <a href="/wiki/Henley_Royal_Regatta" title="Henley Royal Regatta">Henley Royal Regatta</a> is held.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_8" title="August 8">August 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Beta_Theta_Pi" title="Beta Theta Pi">Beta Theta Pi</a> fraternity is founded in <a href="/wiki/Oxford,_Ohio" title="Oxford, Ohio">Oxford, Ohio</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_11" title="November 11">November 11</a>, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute">Virginia Military Institute</a> is founded in Lexington, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_27" title="November 27">November 27</a>, <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Statistical_Association" title="American Statistical Association">American Statistical Association</a> is founded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_High_School_(Alexandria,_Virginia)" title="Episcopal High School (Alexandria, Virginia)">Episcopal High School</a> in Alexandria, Virginia, is founded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Corn_Law_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Corn Law League">Anti-Corn Law League</a> is founded in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=90" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/keys/webtours/GE_P1_1_EN.html">The Aftermath of the Rebellions</a> — The Rebellions of 1837–1838: the most dramatic political event in Canadian history</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830s&action=edit&section=91" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/womens-suffrage/world-suffrage-timeline">"World suffrage timeline – women and the vote"</a>. New Zealand Ministry of Culture and Heritage.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+suffrage+timeline+%E2%80%93+women+and+the+vote&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Ministry+of+Culture+and+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzhistory.net.nz%2Fpolitics%2Fwomens-suffrage%2Fworld-suffrage-timeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greenberg-113-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greenberg-113_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenberg-113_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Greenberg_(economist)" title="Michael Greenberg (economist)">Greenberg, Michael</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QNo8AAAAIAAJ"><i>British Trade and the Opening of China 1800–1841</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(preview)</span>. p. 113. <q>expansion in imports from 16,550 chests in the season 1831-2 to over 30,000 in 1835-6, and 40,000 in 1838-9</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Trade+and+the+Opening+of+China+1800%E2%80%931841&rft.pages=113&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQNo8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFay1976" class="citation book cs1">Fay, Peter Ward (1976). <i>The Opium War, 1840-1842: barbarians in the Celestial Empire in the early part of the nineteenth century and the war by which they forced her gates ajar</i>. The Norton library. New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00823-4"><bdi>978-0-393-00823-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Opium+War%2C+1840-1842%3A+barbarians+in+the+Celestial+Empire+in+the+early+part+of+the+nineteenth+century+and+the+war+by+which+they+forced+her+gates+ajar&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+Norton+library&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-393-00823-4&rft.aulast=Fay&rft.aufirst=Peter+Ward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIH-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIH_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEbrey2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Buckley_Ebrey" title="Patricia Buckley Ebrey">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley</a>, ed. (2010). "9. Manchus and Imperialism: The Qing Dynasty 1644–1900". <i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of China</i> (second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19620-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19620-8"><bdi>978-0-521-19620-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9.+Manchus+and+Imperialism%3A+The+Qing+Dynasty+1644%E2%80%931900&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+China&rft.pages=236&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19620-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoon" class="citation web cs1">Poon, Leon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/modern.html#opium">"Emergence Of Modern China"</a>. University of Maryland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 Dec</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emergence+Of+Modern+China&rft.pub=University+of+Maryland&rft.aulast=Poon&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-chaos.umd.edu%2Fhistory%2Fmodern.html%23opium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abdullah2009-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abdullah2009_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaufik_Abdullah2009" class="citation book cs1">Taufik Abdullah (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c39TDpLki8wC&pg=PA5"><i>Indonesia: Towards Democracy</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-366-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-366-0"><bdi>978-981-230-366-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia%3A+Towards+Democracy&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-981-230-366-0&rft.au=Taufik+Abdullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc39TDpLki8wC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116054250/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=52&pg=703">"Melbourne.vic.gov.au"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=52&pg=703">the original</a> on January 16, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Melbourne.vic.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.melbourne.vic.gov.au%2Finfo.cfm%3Ftop%3D52%26pg%3D703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKing2000" class="citation book cs1">King, Michael (2000). <i>Moriori: A People Rediscovered</i>. Penguin Books. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143771289" title="Special:BookSources/9780143771289"><bdi>9780143771289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moriori%3A+A+People+Rediscovered&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780143771289&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_R._Brass-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paul_R._Brass_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Language, Religion and Politics in North India by Paul R. Brass, Publisher: iUniverse, Incorporated, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-34394-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-34394-2">978-0-595-34394-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_R._McLane1970" class="citation book cs1">John R. McLane (1970). <i>The political awakening in India</i>. Prentice-Hall. Inc, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. p. 105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+political+awakening+in+India&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall.+Inc%2C+Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.date=1970&rft.au=John+R.+McLane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-web.archive.org_1820-1840-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-web.archive.org_1820-1840_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-web.archive.org_1820-1840_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070922055840/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/icons-timeline/1820-1840">"Icons, a portrait of England 1820–1840"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/icons-timeline/1820-1840">the original</a> on 22 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Icons%2C+a+portrait+of+England+1820%E2%80%931840&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icons.org.uk%2Ftheicons%2Ficons-timeline%2F1820-1840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Penguin Pocket On This Day</i>. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-102715-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-102715-0"><bdi>0-14-102715-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penguin+Pocket+On+This+Day&rft.pub=Penguin+Reference+Library&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-14-102715-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes (2002). p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1836_(33)_Registration_of_Births_%26c._A_bill_for_registering_Births_Deaths_and_Marriages_in_England" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1836 (33) Registration of Births &c. A bill for registering Births Deaths and Marriages in England">wikisource:1836 (33) Registration of Births &c. A bill for registering Births Deaths and Marriages in England</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBH-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBH_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalmerPalmer1992" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). <i>The Chronology of British History</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.niepce-daguerre.com&rft.atitle=Boulevard+du+Temple+de+Daguerre&rft.date=2002-04-05&rft.aulast=Darcy-Roquencourt.&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niepce-daguerre.com%2Fboulevard_du_Temple_de_dag.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUlaby2007" class="citation book cs1">Ulaby, Fawwaz (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0132413264/ref=ord_cart_shr?%5Fencoding=UTF8&m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&v=glance"><i>Fundamentals of applied electromagnetics</i></a> (5th ed.). Pearson:Prentice Hall. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-241326-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-241326-8"><bdi>978-0-13-241326-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+applied+electromagnetics&rft.pages=255&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Pearson%3APrentice+Hall&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-13-241326-8&rft.aulast=Ulaby&rft.aufirst=Fawwaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fexec%2Fobidos%2Ftg%2Fdetail%2F-%2F0132413264%2Fref%3Dord_cart_shr%3F%255Fencoding%3DUTF8%26m%3DATVPDKIKX0DER%26v%3Dglance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061209134636/http://www.nas.edu/history/members/henry.html">"Joseph Henry"</a>. <i>Distinguished Members Gallery, National Academy of Sciences</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nas.edu/history/members/henry.html">the original</a> on 2006-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Distinguished+Members+Gallery%2C+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Joseph+Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nas.edu%2Fhistory%2Fmembers%2Fhenry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sadiku386-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sadiku386_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSadiku,_M._N._O.2007" class="citation book cs1">Sadiku, M. N. O. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w2ITHQAACAAJ"><i>Elements of Electromagnetics</i></a> (fourth ed.). New York (USA)/Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press. p. 386. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530048-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530048-2"><bdi>978-0-19-530048-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Electromagnetics&rft.place=New+York+%28USA%29%2FOxford+%28UK%29&rft.pages=386&rft.edition=fourth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530048-2&rft.au=Sadiku%2C+M.+N.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw2ITHQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/py106/Electricgenerators.html">"Applications of electromagnetic induction"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>. 1999-07-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Applications+of+electromagnetic+induction&rft.pub=Boston+University&rft.date=1999-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.bu.edu%2F~duffy%2Fpy106%2FElectricgenerators.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhl,_Rosemary_GeneIhde,_Aaron1954" class="citation journal cs1">Ehl, Rosemary Gene; Ihde, Aaron (1954). "Faraday's Electrochemical Laws and the Determination of Equivalent Weights". <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>31</b> (May): <span class="nowrap">226–</span>232. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954JChEd..31..226E">1954JChEd..31..226E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed031p226">10.1021/ed031p226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Faraday%27s+Electrochemical+Laws+and+the+Determination+of+Equivalent+Weights&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=May&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E226-%3C%2Fspan%3E232&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed031p226&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1954JChEd..31..226E&rft.au=Ehl%2C+Rosemary+Gene&rft.au=Ihde%2C+Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHyman1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._Anthony_Hyman" title="R. Anthony Hyman">Hyman, Anthony</a> (1982). <i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage:_Pioneer_of_the_Computer" title="Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer">Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/charlesbabbagepi0000hyma/page/177">177</a>–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691083032" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691083032"><bdi>978-0691083032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Babbage%3A+Pioneer+of+the+Computer&rft.pages=177-8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0691083032&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHyman1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._Anthony_Hyman" title="R. Anthony Hyman">Hyman, Anthony</a> (1982). <i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage:_Pioneer_of_the_Computer" title="Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer">Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691083032" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691083032"><bdi>978-0691083032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Babbage%3A+Pioneer+of+the+Computer&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0691083032&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100920230519/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/computing_and_data_processing/1878-3.aspx">"Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1834–1871 (Trial model)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Museum (London)">Science Museum (London)</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/computing_and_data_processing/1878-3.aspx">the original</a> on 2010-09-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Babbage%27s+Analytical+Engine%2C+1834%E2%80%931871+%28Trial+model%29&rft.pub=Science+Museum+%28London%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemuseum.org.uk%2Fobjects%2Fcomputing_and_data_processing%2F1878-3.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelly1996" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Joyce (1996). <i>An archaeological guide to northern Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador</i>. Jay I. Kislak Reference Collection (Library of Congress). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2858-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2858-0"><bdi>978-0-8061-2858-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+archaeological+guide+to+northern+Central+America%3A+Belize%2C+Guatemala%2C+Honduras%2C+and+El+Salvador&rft.place=Norman&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-2858-0&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMattusch1988" class="citation book cs1">Mattusch, Carol C. (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekbronzestatu00matt"><i>Greek Bronze Statuary: from the beginnings through the fifth century B.C.</i></a></span>. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekbronzestatu00matt/page/3">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-2148-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-2148-9"><bdi>0-8014-2148-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Bronze+Statuary%3A+from+the+beginnings+through+the+fifth+century+B.C.&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8014-2148-9&rft.aulast=Mattusch&rft.aufirst=Carol+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreekbronzestatu00matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historync.org/railroad-WWRR.htm">"Railroad — Wilmington & Raleigh (later Weldon)"</a>. <i>North Carolina Business History</i>. 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Carolina+Business+History&rft.atitle=Railroad+%E2%80%94+Wilmington+%26+Raleigh+%28later+Weldon%29&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historync.org%2Frailroad-WWRR.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726152211/http://historync.org/railroads.htm">"Railroads — prior to the Civil War"</a>. <i>North Carolina Business History</i>. 2006. 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London: Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-0468-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-0468-X"><bdi>0-7134-0468-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London%27s+First+Railway+%E2%80%93+The+London+%26+Greenwich&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-7134-0468-X&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=R.+H.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historync.org/railroad-WWRR.htm">"Railroad — Wilmington & Raleigh (later Weldon)"</a>. <i>North Carolina Business History</i>. CommunicationSolutions/ISI. 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Carolina+Business+History&rft.atitle=Railroad+%E2%80%94+Wilmington+%26+Raleigh+%28later+Weldon%29&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historync.org%2Frailroad-WWRR.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRecks" class="citation web cs1">Recks, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ballooninghistory.com/whoswho/who%27swho-a.html">"Who's Who of Ballooning"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+of+Ballooning&rft.aulast=Recks&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ballooninghistory.com%2Fwhoswho%2Fwho%2527swho-a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vrcurassow.com/2dvrc/sscuracao/sscuracao.html">"Steamship Curaçao"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101224202256/http://vrcurassow.com/2dvrc/sscuracao/sscuracao.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steamship+Cura%C3%A7ao&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vrcurassow.com%2F2dvrc%2Fsscuracao%2Fsscuracao.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190234/http://rsc.byu.edu/archived/mormon-thoroughfare/7-quincy-illinois-temporary-refuge-1838%E2%80%9339">"Quincy, Illinois: A Temporary Refuge, 1838–39"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rsc.byu.edu/archived/mormon-thoroughfare/7-quincy-illinois-temporary-refuge-1838%E2%80%9339">the original</a> on October 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quincy%2C+Illinois%3A+A+Temporary+Refuge%2C+1838%E2%80%9339&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frsc.byu.edu%2Farchived%2Fmormon-thoroughfare%2F7-quincy-illinois-temporary-refuge-1838%25E2%2580%259339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._N._Hays2005" class="citation book cs1">J. N. Hays (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays"><i>Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History</i></a></span>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-658-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-658-9"><bdi>978-1-85109-658-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/606929770">606929770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epidemics+and+Pandemics%3A+Their+Impacts+on+Human+History&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F606929770&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-658-9&rft.au=J.+N.+Hays&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fepidemicspandemi0000hays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_Durand1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_Raymond_Durand" title="Louis Marie Raymond Durand">Raymond Durand</a> (1980). Robert Bielecki (ed.). <i>Depesze z powstańczej Warszawy 1830–1831: raporty konsula francuskiego w Królestwie Polskim</i> [<i>Memoranda from Warsaw during the Uprising 1830–1831: reports of the French consul to the Kingdom of Poland</i>]. Warsaw: Czytelnik. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-07-00254-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-07-00254-5"><bdi>978-83-07-00254-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7732541">7732541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Depesze+z+powsta%C5%84czej+Warszawy+1830%E2%80%931831%3A+raporty+konsula+francuskiego+w+Kr%C3%B3lestwie+Polskim&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Czytelnik&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7732541&rft.isbn=978-83-07-00254-5&rft.au=Raymond+Durand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenberg-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenberg_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg1987" class="citation book cs1">Rosenberg, Charles E. (1987). <i>The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-72677-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-72677-0"><bdi>0-226-72677-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cholera+Years%3A+The+United+States+in+1832%2C+1849%2C+and+1866&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-226-72677-0&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbc-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cbc_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504">"Cholera's seven pandemics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a></i>. December 2, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=Cholera%27s+seven+pandemics&rft.date=2008-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fcholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span>Note: The second pandemic started in India and reached <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> by 1830, then spreading into <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and Poland. A two-year outbreak began in England in October 1831 and claimed 22,000 lives. Irish immigrants fleeing poverty and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a>, carried the disease from Europe to North America. Soon after the immigrants' arrival in Canada in the summer of 1832, 1,220 people died in Montreal and another 1,000 across Quebec. The disease entered the U.S. via ship traffic through <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. Spread by ship passengers, it reached Latin America by 1833. Another outbreak across England and Wales began in 1848, killing 52,000 over two years.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHasson" class="citation web cs1">Hasson, Declan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012221455/http://www.austinsstore.com/files/aboutus/history/inbrief.php">"Austins in brief – the world's oldest independent department store"</a>. <i>austinsstore.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austinsstore.com/files/aboutus/history/inbrief.php">the original</a> on 12 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=austinsstore.com&rft.atitle=Austins+in+brief+%E2%80%93+the+world%27s+oldest+independent+department+store&rft.aulast=Hasson&rft.aufirst=Declan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austinsstore.com%2Ffiles%2Faboutus%2Fhistory%2Finbrief.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belvederecollege.ie/">"Belvedere College S.J."</a> <i>www.belvederecollege.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.belvederecollege.ie&rft.atitle=Belvedere+College+S.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belvederecollege.ie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jesuitarchives.ie/belvedere-college-dublin">"Belvedere College SJ, Dublin, 1832- - Irish Jesuit Archives"</a>. <i>www.jesuitarchives.ie</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202093036/https://jesuitarchives.ie/belvedere-college-dublin">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jesuitarchives.ie&rft.atitle=Belvedere+College+SJ%2C+Dublin%2C+1832-+-+Irish+Jesuit+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jesuitarchives.ie%2Fbelvedere-college-dublin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1830s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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