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Mapuche rebels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reinstatement_of_slavery_for_Mapuche_rebels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africans_in_the_early_colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africans_in_the_early_colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Africans in the early colonial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africans_in_the_early_colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_slavery_in_the_late_colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_slavery_in_the_late_colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Black slavery in the late colonial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_slavery_in_the_late_colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fugitive_slaves_in_Spanish_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fugitive_slaves_in_Spanish_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fugitive slaves in Spanish territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fugitive_slaves_in_Spanish_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ending_of_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ending_of_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ending of slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ending_of_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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The specific problem is: <b>Lots of word salad. POV issues sugar coating enslavement. More needs to be said about genocide, forced conversion, and extermination of indigenous peoples.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Special:EditPage/Slavery in colonial Spanish America">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">Slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forced_labour" title="Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forced_labour" title="Template talk:Forced labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forced_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:19em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom: 0.45em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ddddff;font-size: 145%; padding: 0.15em 0.4em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization<br />of the Americas</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.65em; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Americas_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/125px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/188px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top: 0.40em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_wave_of_European_colonization" title="First wave of European colonization">First wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Basque colonization of the Americas">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Curonian colonization of the Americas">Curonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Dutch colonization of the Americas">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="German colonization of the Americas">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Hospitaller colonization of the Americas">Hospitaller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_and_the_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Italy and the colonization of the Americas">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America" title="Russian colonization of North America">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_colonies_in_the_Americas" title="Swedish colonies in the Americas">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Colonization of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonization of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_the_Americas" title="Decolonization of the Americas">Decolonization</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid; padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Euromericas" title="Template:Euromericas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Euromericas" title="Template talk:Euromericas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Euromericas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Euromericas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Slavery in the Spanish American viceroyalties</b> included indigenous peoples, enslaved people from Africa, and enslaved people from Asia. The economic and social <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institution</a> of slavery existed throughout the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> including <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> itself. Enslaved Africans were brought over to the continent for their labour, indigenous people were enslaved until the 1543 laws that prohibited it. </p><p>The Spanish empire <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">enslaved people of African origin</a>. The Spanish often depended on others to obtain enslaved Africans and transport them across the Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cofc_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cofc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish colonies were major recipients of enslaved Africans, with around 22% of the Africans delivered to American shores ending up in the Spanish Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian people</a> (<i>chinos</i>) in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">colonial Mexico</a> were also taken from the Philippines and enslaved. They were taken to Acapulco by Novohispanic ships and sold.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish restricted and outright forbade the <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">enslavement</a> of Native Americans from the early years of the Spanish Empire with the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_Burgos" title="Laws of Burgos">Laws of Burgos</a> of 1512 and the <a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws</a> of 1542.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The latter led to the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>, private grants of groups of Native Americans to individual Spaniards as well as to Native American nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The implementation of the New Laws and liberation of tens of thousands of Native Americans led to a number of rebellions and conspiracies by "Encomenderos" (Encomienda holders) which had to be put down by the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spanish crown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yeager1995_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yeager1995-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People were in enslaved in what is now Spain since <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">the times</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Slavery also existed among Native Americans of both Meso-America and South America. The <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Crown</a> attempted to limit the bondage of indigenous people, rejecting forms of slavery based on <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>. Conquistadors regarded indigenous forced labor and tribute as rewards for participation in the conquest and the Crown gave some conquerors <i><a href="/wiki/Encomiendas" class="mw-redirect" title="Encomiendas">encomiendas</a></i>. The indigenous people held in <i>encomienda</i> were not slaves, but their underpaid labor was mandatory and coerced, while they had rights and could take to trial to their managers,<sup id="cite_ref-Yeager1995_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yeager1995-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they were "cared for" by the person in whose charge they were placed (<i>encomendado</i>), this might mean offering them the Christian religion and other perceived (by the Spaniards) benefits of Christian civilization. With the collapse of indigenous populations in the Caribbean, where Spaniards created permanent settlements starting in 1493, Spaniards raided other islands and the mainland for indigenous people to enslave on Hispaniola. With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> cultivation as an export product in 1810, Spaniards increasingly utilized <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">enslaved African people</a> for labor on commercial plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although plantation slavery in Spanish America was one aspect of slave labor, urban slavery in households, religious institutions, textile workshops (<i>obrajes</i>), and other venues was also important.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spanish slavery in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> diverged from other <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European powers</a> in that it took on an early abolitionist stance towards Native American slavery. Although it did not directly partake in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">trans-Atlantic slave trade</a>, enslaved Black people were sold throughout the Spanish Empire, particularly in Caribbean territories.<sup id="cite_ref-Fradera_and_Schmidt-Nowara_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fradera_and_Schmidt-Nowara-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the colonial period, Spanish territories were the most extensive and wealthiest in the Americas. Since Spaniards themselves were barred by the Crown from participating in the Atlantic slave trade, the right to export slaves in these territories, known as the <a href="/wiki/Asiento_de_Negros" title="Asiento de Negros">Asiento de Negros</a> was a major foreign policy objective of other European powers, sparking numerous European wars such as the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Spanish_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Spanish Succession">War of Spanish Succession</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a>. In the mid-nineteenth century when most countries in the Americas reformed to <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_abolition_of_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the abolition of slavery">disallow chattel slavery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> – the last two remaining Spanish American colonies – were among the last, followed only by <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_World_Slavery,_1997_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_World_Slavery,_1997-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Enslaved people challenged their captivity in ways that ranged from introducing non-European elements into Christianity (<a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">syncretism</a>) to mounting alternative societies outside the plantation (slave labour camp) system (<a href="/wiki/Maroon_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroon (people)">Maroons</a>). The first open Black rebellion occurred in Spanish labour camps (plantations) in 1521.<sup id="cite_ref-First_Blacks_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_Blacks-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resistance, particularly to the enslavement of indigenous people, also came from Spanish religious and legal ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-Tierney_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tierney-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Montesinos" title="Antonio de Montesinos">first speech</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> for the universality of human rights and against the abuses of slavery was also given on Hispaniola, a mere nineteen years after the <a href="/wiki/Columbus%27_first_voyage" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbus' first voyage">first contact</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Montesinos'_Legacy_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montesinos'_Legacy-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resistance to indigenous captivity in the Spanish colonies produced the first modern debates over the legitimacy of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And uniquely in the Spanish American colonies, laws like the <a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws</a> of 1542, were enacted early in the colonial period to protect natives from bondage.<sup id="cite_ref-Clayton_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clayton-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Castro_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castro-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To complicate matters further, Spain's haphazard grip on its extensive American dominions and its erratic economy acted to impede the broad and systematic spread of plantations operated by slave labor. Altogether, the struggle against slavery in the Spanish American colonies left a notable tradition of opposition that set the stage for conversations about <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_2014_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_2014-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iberian_precedents_to_New_World_slavery">Iberian precedents to New World slavery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Iberian precedents to New World slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain#Slavery_prior_to_1492" title="Slavery in Spain">Slavery in Spain § Slavery prior to 1492</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Las_Siete_Partidas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Las_Siete_Partidas.jpg/260px-Las_Siete_Partidas.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Las_Siete_Partidas.jpg/390px-Las_Siete_Partidas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Las_Siete_Partidas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X of Castile</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Siete_Partidas" title="Siete Partidas">Siete Partidas</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Slavery in Spain can be traced to the times of the Greeks, Phoenicians and Romans. Slavery was cross-cultural and multi-ethnic. It had an important role in the development of the economy for Spain and other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romans extensively utilized slavery for labor and slaves' status was specified in the Code of Justinian. With the rise of Christianity, the status of was altered in that Christians were in theory banned from enslaving fellow Christians, but the practice persisted. With the rise of Islam, and the conquest of most of the Iberian peninsula in the eighth century, slavery declined in remaining Iberian Christian kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the formation of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, Muslims were prohibited from enslaving fellow believers, but there was a slave trade of non-Muslims in which Muslims and local Jewish merchants traded in Spanish and Eastern European Christian slaves. Mozarabs and Jews were allowed to remain and retain their slaves if they paid a head tax for themselves and half-value for the slaves. However, non-Muslims were prohibited from holding Muslim slaves, and so if one of their slaves converted to Islam, they were required to sell the slave to a Muslim. Mozarabs were later, by the 9th and 10th centuries, permitted to purchase new non-Muslim slaves via the peninsula's established slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">reconquista</a>, Christian Spain sought to retake territory lost to Muslims and this led to changing norms regarding slavery. Though enslavement of Christians was originally permitted, over the period from the 8th to the 11th centuries the Christian kingdoms gradually ceased this practice, limiting their pool of slaves to Muslims from Al-Andalus. Conquered Muslims were enslaved with the justification conversion and acculturation, but Muslim captives were often offered back to their families and communities for cash payments (<i>rescate</i>). The thirteenth-century code of law, the <i><a href="/wiki/Siete_Partidas" title="Siete Partidas">Siete Partidas</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso "the learned"</a> (1252–1284) specified who could be enslaved: those who were captured in just war; offspring of an enslaved mother; those who voluntarily sold themselves into slavery, and specified slaves' good treatment by their masters. At the time it was generally domestic slavery and was a temporary condition of members of outgroups.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as the formal parameters for slavery, the <i>Siete Partidas</i> also makes a value judgment, stating that it "was the basest and most wretched condition into which anyone could fall because man, who is the freest noble of all God's creatures, becomes thereby in the power of another, who can do with him what he wishes as with any property, whether living or dead."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spain_and_Portugal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Spain_and_Portugal.png/400px-Spain_and_Portugal.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Spain_and_Portugal.png/600px-Spain_and_Portugal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Spain_and_Portugal.png/800px-Spain_and_Portugal.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Lines dividing the non-Christian world between Castile and Portugal: the 1494 Tordesillas meridian (purple) and the 1529 Zaragoza antimeridian (green)</figcaption></figure> <p>As the Spanish (Castilians) and Portuguese expanded overseas, they conquered and occupied Atlantic islands off the north coast of Africa, including the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="São Tomé">São Tomé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> where they introduced plantation sugar cultivation. They treated the Canarian natives as pagans, supposedly justifying their enslavement, although several attempts were made by the Catholic Church to prevent their enslavement and defend the freedom of evangelized Canarians. The Canary Islands came under Castilian control, and in the period from 1498 (when the Catholic Kings ordered the freedom of the Guanches enslaved) until 1520 (when the last Guanche slaves were freed), indigenous slavery was replaced by African slavery. Multiple West African states were participants in slave raiding and trading, and the slaves the Castilians purchased were considered legitimate slaves. Slave-trading African states accepted a variety of European goods, including firearms, horses, and other desirable goods in exchange for slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the Spanish and the Portuguese colonized the Atlantic islands off the coast of Africa, where they engaged in <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> production following the model of Mediterranean production. The sugar complex consisted of slave labor for cultivation and processing, with the sugar mill (<i>ingenio</i>) and equipment established with significant investor capital. When plantation slavery was established in Spanish America and Brazil, they replicated the elements of the complex in the New World on a much larger scale.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese exploration of the African coast and the division of overseas territories via the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a> meant that the African slave trade was held by the Portuguese. However, demand for African slaves as the Spanish established themselves in the Caribbean meant that became part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>'s social mosaic. Black slaves in Spain were overwhelmingly domestic servants, and increasingly became prestigious property for elite Spanish households though at a much smaller scale than the Portuguese. Artisans acquired black slaves and trained them in their trade, increasing the artisans' output.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another form of forced labor used in the New World with origins in Spain was the <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a>, on the model of the award of the labor to Christian victors over Muslims during the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">reconquista</a>. This institution of forced labor was initially employed by the Spaniards in the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> following their conquest, but the <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanche</a> (Canarian) population precipitously declined. The institution as an institution was much more widespread following the Spanish contact and conquests in Mexico and Peru, but the precedents were set prior to 1492.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status_of_forced_labor_of_indigenous_peoples">Legal status of forced labor of indigenous peoples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legal status of forced labor of indigenous peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas#Spanish_Law_and_indigenous_peoples" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas § Spanish Law and indigenous peoples</a>, and <a href="/wiki/European_Enslavement_of_Indigenous_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="European Enslavement of Indigenous Americans">European Enslavement of Indigenous Americans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punishing_Slaves_in_Cuba.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punishing_Slaves_in_Cuba.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Punishing_Slaves_in_Cuba.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punishing_Slaves_in_Cuba.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Punishing_Slaves_in_Cuba.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punishing_Slaves_in_Cuba.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Punishing_Slaves_in_Cuba.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1121" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuban slaves</a> punished by their owner in 1844.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collared.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Collared.jpg/220px-Collared.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Collared.jpg/330px-Collared.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Collared.jpg 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>An Aztec slave</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xochipilla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Xochipilla.jpg/220px-Xochipilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Xochipilla.jpg/330px-Xochipilla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Xochipilla.jpg/440px-Xochipilla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="2292" /></a><figcaption>Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza and Tlaxcalan Indians battle with the Caxcanes in the Mixtón War.</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a>, slavery <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">was a common institution among some Pre-Columbian indigenous peoples</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztecs</a>. The Spanish conquest and settlement in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> quickly led to large-scale subjugation of indigenous peoples, mainly of the <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Native Caribbean people</a>, by Columbus on his four voyages. Initially, forced labor represented a means by which the <a href="/wiki/Conquistadores" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquistadores">conquistadores</a> mobilized native labor, with <a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">disastrous effects on the population</a>. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Crown</a>'s support for the slave trade in Africa, <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic monarchs">los Reyes Católicos</a></i> (English: <span lang="en">Catholic Monarchs</span>) opposed the enslavement of the native peoples in the newly conquered lands on religious grounds. When Columbus <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus#Slavery,_settlers,_and_tribute" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">returned with indigenous slaves</a>, they ordered the survivors to be returned to their homelands. In 1512, after pressure from Dominican friars, the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_Burgos" title="Laws of Burgos">Laws of Burgos</a> were introduced to protect the rights of the natives in the New World and secure their freedom. The papal bull <a href="/wiki/Sublimis_Deus" title="Sublimis Deus"><i>Sublimus Dei</i></a> of 1537, to which Spain was committed, also officially banned enslavement of indigenous peoples, but it was rescinded a year after its promulgation. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponce de León">Ponce de León</a> and the Spaniards arrived on the island of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Borikén</a> (Puerto Rico), they enslaved Taíno tribes on the island, forcing them to work in the gold mines and in the construction of forts. Many Taíno died, particularly from smallpox, to which they had no <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity (medical)">immunity</a>. Other Taínos committed suicide or left the island after the failed Taíno revolt of 1511.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Spanish colonists, fearing the loss of their labour force, complained to the courts that they needed manpower. As an alternative, Las Casas suggested the importation and use of African slaves. In 1517, the Spanish Crown permitted its subjects to import twelve slaves each, thereby beginning the slave trade on the colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other major form of coerced labor in their colonies, the <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a> system, was also abolished, despite the considerable anger this caused in the conquistador group who had expected to hold their grants in perpetuity. It was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Repartimiento" title="Repartimiento">repartimiento</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-Scarano_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scarano-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paquette_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paquette-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rupert_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rupert-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After passage of the 1542 <a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws</a>, also known as the <i>New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of the Indians</i>, the Spanish greatly restricted the power of the <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a> system, allowed abuse by holders of the labor grants (<i>encomenderos</i>), and officially abolished the enslavement of the native population. However, indigenous people who rebelled against the Spanish could be enslaved, so that following the <a href="/wiki/Mixt%C3%B3n_War" title="Mixtón War">Mixtón War</a> (1540–42) in northwest Mexico many indigenous slaves were captured and moved elsewhere in Mexico. The statutes of 1573, within the "Ordinances Concerning Discoveries," forbade unauthorized operations against independent Indian peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It required appointment of a "protector de indios", an ecclesiastical representative who acted as the protector of the Indians and represented them in formal litigation.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackburn_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackburn-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Simpson,_Lesley_Byrd_1929_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson,_Lesley_Byrd_1929-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the 16th century, in <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a>, thousands of indigenous men were forced to hard work as underground miners in the silver mines of <a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_Potos%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerro de Potosí">Potosí</a>, by means of the continuation of the pre-Hispanic Inca <i><a href="/wiki/Mita_(Inca)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mita (Inca)">mita</a></i> tradition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reinstatement_of_slavery_for_Mapuche_rebels">Reinstatement of slavery for Mapuche rebels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reinstatement of slavery for Mapuche rebels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_of_Mapuches" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery of Mapuches">Slavery of Mapuches</a></div> <p>King <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a> inherited a difficult situation in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Chile" title="Colonial Chile">Chile</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a> raged and the local <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> succeeded in <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Seven_Cities" title="Destruction of the Seven Cities">razing seven Spanish cities</a> (1598–1604). An estimate by <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_N%C3%A1jera" title="Alonso González de Nájera">Alonso González de Nájera</a> put the toll at 3000 Spanish settlers killed and 500 Spanish women taken into captivity by Mapuche.<sup id="cite_ref-Luz2013_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luz2013-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In retaliation the proscription against <a href="/wiki/Slavery_of_Mapuches" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery of Mapuches">enslaving Indians</a> captured in war was lifted by Philip in 1608.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Valenzuela231-236_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valenzuela231-236-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decree was abused when Spanish settlers in <a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a> used it to launch slave raids against groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Chono_people" title="Chono people">Chono</a> of northwestern Patagonia who had never been under Spanish rule and never rebelled.<sup id="cite_ref-UrbinaRod2007_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UrbinaRod2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Real Audiencia of Santiago</a> opined in the 1650s that <a href="/wiki/Slavery_of_Mapuches" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery of Mapuches">slavery of Mapuches</a> was one of the reasons for constant state of war between the Spanish and the Mapuche.<sup id="cite_ref-Barana342_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barana342-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slavery for Mapuches "caught in war" was abolished in 1683 after decades of legal attempts by the Spanish Crown to suppress it.<sup id="cite_ref-Valenzuela231-236_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valenzuela231-236-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africans_in_the_early_colonial_period">Africans in the early colonial period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Africans in the early colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Asiento_for_the_African_slave_trade_to_Spanish_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento for the African slave trade to Spanish America">Asiento for the African slave trade to Spanish America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_azcatitlan222.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Codex_azcatitlan222.jpg/220px-Codex_azcatitlan222.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Codex_azcatitlan222.jpg/330px-Codex_azcatitlan222.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Codex_azcatitlan222.jpg/440px-Codex_azcatitlan222.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4278" data-file-height="3074" /></a><figcaption>Spanish conquistadors in Mexico led by <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a>. The Spaniards are accompanied by native porters, <a href="/wiki/La_Malinche" title="La Malinche">La Malinche</a>, and a black man (holding the horse). <a href="/wiki/Codex_Azcatitlan" title="Codex Azcatitlan">Codex Azcatitlan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>When Spain first enslaved <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, and then replaced them with captive Africans, it established slave labor as the basis for colonial sugar production. It was believed by Europeans that Africans had developed immunities to European diseases, and would not be as susceptible to fall ill as the Native Americans because they had not been exposed to the pathogens yet.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1501, Spanish colonists began importing enslaved Africans from the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> to their <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo colony</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>. These first Africans, who had been enslaved in Europe before crossing the Atlantic, may have spoken Spanish and perhaps were even Christians. About 17 of them started in the copper mines, and about a hundred were sent to extract gold. As Old World diseases decimated Caribbean indigenous populations in the first decades of the 1500s, enslaved blacks from Africa (<i>bozales</i>) gradually replaced their labor, but they also mingled and joined in flights to freedom, creating mixed-race <a href="/wiki/Maroon_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroon (people)">maroon</a> communities in all the islands where Europeans had established <a href="/wiki/Chattel_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattel slavery">chattel slavery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slaves first arrived in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> in 1511, after the Black conquistador <a href="/wiki/Juan_Garrido" title="Juan Garrido">Juan Garrido</a> helped invade the island in 1508-1509. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fray_Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Fray_Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas.jpg/220px-Fray_Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Fray_Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas.jpg/330px-Fray_Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Fray_Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas.jpg/440px-Fray_Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1733" /></a><figcaption>Fray <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amaro_Pargo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Amaro_Pargo.jpg/220px-Amaro_Pargo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Amaro_Pargo.jpg/330px-Amaro_Pargo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Amaro_Pargo.jpg/440px-Amaro_Pargo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>The Spanish <a href="/wiki/Amaro_Pargo" title="Amaro Pargo">Amaro Pargo</a>, who was one of the most famous privateers of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy" title="Golden Age of Piracy">Golden Age of Piracy</a>, participated in the African slave trade in <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Spanish colonist turned Dominican friar <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a> (1484–1566) observed and recorded the effects of enslavement on the Native populations. Initially he sought to protect the indigenous from enslavement by advocating and participating in the African slave trade. He later argued that enslavement of both indigenous and Africans was wrong, violating their human rights. Las Casas campaigned for protections of the indigenous, especially crown limits on the exploitation of the encomienda, helping to bring about the 1542 New Laws.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Spanish Florida and farther north, the first African slaves arrived in 1526 with <a href="/wiki/Lucas_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Ayll%C3%B3n" title="Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón">Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón</a>'s establishment of <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Gualdape" title="San Miguel de Gualdape">San Miguel de Gualdape</a> on the current Georgia coast.<sup id="cite_ref-record_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-record-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-tampa_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tampa-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They rebelled and lived with indigenous people, destroying the colony in less than 2 months.<sup id="cite_ref-wpost_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpost-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More slaves arrived in Florida in 1539 with <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a>, and in the 1565 founding of <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine, Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tampa_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tampa-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wpost_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpost-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Native Americans were also enslaved in Florida by the <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-guitar_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guitar-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-lehr_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lehr-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slaves escaping to Florida from the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">colony of Georgia</a> were freed by Carlos II's proclamation November 7, 1693 if the slaves were willing to convert to Catholicism,<sup id="cite_ref-vang_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vang-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it became a place of refuge for slaves fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vang_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vang-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-record2_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-record2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this early period, enslaved African men were often labor bosses, overseeing indigenous labor. Franciscan <a href="/wiki/Toribio_de_Benavente_Motolinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Toribio de Benavente Motolinia">Toribio de Benavente Motolinia</a> (1482-1568), one of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles_of_Mexico" title="Twelve Apostles of Mexico">First Twelve</a> Franciscans to arrive in Mexico in 1524, considered blacks the Fourth Plague on Mexican Indians. He wrote "In the first years these black overseers were so absolute in their maltreatment of the Indians, over-loading them, sending them far from their land and giving them many other tasks that many Indians died because of them and at their hands, which is the worst feature of the situation."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Yucatan, there were regulations attempting to prevent blacks presence in indigenous communities.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Mexico City in 1537, a number of blacks were accused of rebellion. They were executed in the main plaza (<i>zócalo</i>) by hanging, an event recorded in an indigenous pictorial and alphabetic manuscript.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Demand for African slaves was high and the slave trade was controlled by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts on the west coast of Africa. Spanish colonists purchased them directly from Portuguese traders, who in turn purchased them from African traders on the Atlantic coast. With the increased dependency on enslaved Africans and with the Spanish crown opposed to enslavement of indigenous, except in the case of rebellion, slavery became associated with race and racial hierarchy, with Europeans hardening their concepts of racial ideologies. These were buttressed by prior ideologies of differentiation as that of the <a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">limpieza de sangre</a> (en: purity of blood), which in Spain referred to individuals without the perceived taint of Jewish or Muslim ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-Asante_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asante-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in Spanish America, purity of blood came to mean a person free of any African ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the vocabulary of the time, each enslaved African who arrived at the Americas was called "<a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%A7a" title="Peça">Pieza de Indias</a>" (en: a piece of the Indies). The crown issued licenses "<a href="/wiki/Asiento_de_Negros" title="Asiento de Negros">asientos</a>", to merchants to specifically trade slaves, regulating the trade. During the 16th century, the Spanish colonies were the most important customers of the Atlantic slave trade, claiming several thousands in sales, but other <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonies</a> soon dwarfed these numbers when their demand for enslaved workers began to drive the slave market to unprecedented levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Scarano_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scarano-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the first <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black</a> people in the Americas were "<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Creole" title="Atlantic Creole">Atlantic Creoles</a>", as the charter generation is described by the American historian <a href="/wiki/Ira_Berlin" title="Ira Berlin">Ira Berlin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">Mixed-race</a> men of African and Portuguese/Spanish descent, some slaves and others free, sailed with Iberian ships and worked in the ports of Spain and Portugal; some were born in Europe, others in African ports as sons of Portuguese trade workers and African women. The mixed-race men often grew up bilingual, making them useful as interpreters in African and Iberian ports.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_Creoles_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_Creoles-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some famous black Spanish soldiers in the first stages of the Spanish conquest of America were <a href="/wiki/Juan_Valiente" title="Juan Valiente">Juan Valiente</a> and Juan Beltrán in Chile, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Garrido" title="Juan Garrido">Juan Garrido</a> (credited with the first harvesting of wheat planted in <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a>) and Sebastián Toral in Mexico, Juan Bardales in Honduras and Panama, and Juan García in Peru. </p><p>The first known and recorded Christian marriage anywhere in the continental United States was an interracial union between a free black Spanish woman from <a href="/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera" title="Jerez de la Frontera">Jerez de la Frontera</a> and a Spanish settler from <a href="/wiki/Segovia" title="Segovia">Segovia</a> who met in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> and embarked together as a couple to the New World. This marriage took place in 1565 in the Spanish settlement of St. Augustine, Florida. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Estevanico" title="Estevanico">Estevanico</a>, recorded as a black slave from Morocco, survived the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Narv%C3%A1ez_expedition" title="Narváez expedition">Narváez expedition</a> from 1527 to 1536 when most of the men died. After the ships, horses, equipment and finally most of the men were lost, with three other survivors, Estevanico spent six years traveling overland from present-day <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a>, and finally reaching the Spanish settlement at <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. He learned several <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> languages in the process. He went on to serve as a well-respected guide. Later, while leading an expedition in what is now <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> in search of <a href="/wiki/Quivira_and_C%C3%ADbola" class="mw-redirect" title="Quivira and Cíbola">the Seven Cities of Gold</a>, he was killed in a dispute with the <a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuñi</a> local people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Spanish privateer and merchant <a href="/wiki/Amaro_Pargo" title="Amaro Pargo">Amaro Pargo</a> (1678-1747) managed to transport slaves to the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, although, it is estimated, to a lesser extent than other captains and figures of the time dedicated to this activity.<sup id="cite_ref-amaropargoesclavitud_1_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amaropargoesclavitud_1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1710, the privateer was involved in a complaint by the priest Alonso García Ximénez, who accused him of freeing an African slave named Sebastián, who was transported to <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> on one of Amaro's ships. The aforementioned Alonso García granted a power of attorney on July 18, 1715 to Teodoro Garcés de Salazar so that he could demand his return in <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>. Despite this fact, Amaro Pargo himself also owned slaves in his domestic service.<sup id="cite_ref-amaropargoesclavitud_1_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amaropargoesclavitud_1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Black_slavery_in_the_late_colonial_period">Black slavery in the late colonial period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Black slavery in the late colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The population of slaves in Cuba received a large boost when the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Havana" title="Siege of Havana">British captured Havana</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, and imported 10,000 slaves from their <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">other colonies</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> to work on newly established agricultural plantations. These slaves were left behind when the British returned Havana to the Spanish as part of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">1763 Treaty of Paris</a>, and form a significant part of the <a href="/wiki/Afro-Cubans" title="Afro-Cubans">Afro-Cuban</a> population today.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While historians have studied the production of sugar on plantations by enslaved workers in nineteenth-century Cuba, they have sometimes overlooked the crucial role of the Spanish state before the 1760s. Cuba ultimately developed two distinct but interrelated sources using enslaved labor, which converged at the end of the eighteenth century. The first of these sectors was urban and was directed in large measure by the needs of the Spanish colonial state, reaching its height in the 1760s. As of 1778, it was reported by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kitchin" title="Thomas Kitchin">Thomas Kitchin</a> that "about 52,000 slaves" were being brought from Africa to the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> by Europeans, with approximately 4,000 being brought by the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-Kitchin1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitchin1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second sector, which flourished after 1790, was rural and was directed by private slaveholders/planters involved in the production of export <a href="/wiki/Commodity_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodity crop">agricultural commodities</a>, especially sugar. After 1763, the scale and urgency of defense projects led the state to deploy many of its enslaved workers in ways that were to anticipate the intense work regimes on sugar plantations in the nineteenth century. Another important group of workers enslaved by the Spanish colonial state in the late eighteenth century were the king's laborers, who worked on the city's <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortifications</a>. </p><p>The Spanish colonies were late to exploit slave labor in the production of <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, particularly on Cuba. The Spanish colonies in the Caribbean were among the last to abolish slavery. While the British <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">abolished slavery</a> by 1833, Spain abolished slavery in Puerto Rico in 1873. On the mainland of colonies, Spain ended African slavery in the eighteenth century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Peru was one of the countries that revived the institution for some decades after declaring independence from Spain in the early 19th century. </p><p>In 1789 the Spanish Crown led an effort to reform slavery and issued a decree, <i>Código Negro Español</i> (Spanish Black Code), that specified food and clothing provisions, put limits on the number of <a href="/wiki/Work_hours" class="mw-redirect" title="Work hours">work hours</a>, limited punishments, required religious instruction, and protected marriages, forbidding the sale of young children away from their mothers. But planters often flouted the laws and protested against them, considering them a threat to their authority and an intrusion into their personal lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Childs_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Childs-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The slaveowners did not protest against all the measures of the codex, many of which they argued were already common practices. They objected to efforts to set limits on their ability to apply physical punishment. For instance, the Black Codex limited <a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">whippings</a> to 25 and required the whippings "not to cause serious bruises or bleeding". The slave-owners thought that the slaves would interpret these limits as weaknesses, ultimately leading to resistance. Another contested issue was the work hours that were restricted "from sunrise to sunset"; plantation owners responded by explaining that cutting and processing of cane needed 20-hour days during the harvest season.<sup id="cite_ref-Childs_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Childs-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1570, the colonists found that the gold mines were depleted, relegating the island to a garrison for passing ships. The cultivation of crops such as tobacco, cotton, cocoa, and ginger became the cornerstone of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-GB_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GB-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With rising demand for sugar on the international market, major planters increased their labour-intensive cultivation and processing of sugar cane. Sugar plantations supplanted mining as Puerto Rico's main industry and kept demand high for African slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-GB_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GB-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those slaves who worked on sugar plantations and in sugar mills were often subject to the harshest of conditions. The field work was rigorous manual labour which the slaves began at an early age. The work days lasted close to 20 hours during harvest and processing, including cultivating and cutting the crops, hauling wagons, and processing sugarcane with dangerous machinery. The slaves were forced to reside in <a href="/wiki/Barracoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Barracoons">barracoons</a>, where they were crammed in and locked in by a padlock at night, getting about three to four hours of sleep. The conditions of the barracoons were harsh; they were highly unsanitary and extremely hot. Typically there was no ventilation; the only window was a small barred hole in the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-Montejo_pp._80-82_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montejo_pp._80-82-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slaves_Unloading_Ice_in_Cuba_1832.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Slaves_Unloading_Ice_in_Cuba_1832.jpg/220px-Slaves_Unloading_Ice_in_Cuba_1832.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Slaves_Unloading_Ice_in_Cuba_1832.jpg/330px-Slaves_Unloading_Ice_in_Cuba_1832.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Slaves_Unloading_Ice_in_Cuba_1832.jpg/440px-Slaves_Unloading_Ice_in_Cuba_1832.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2382" data-file-height="1539" /></a><figcaption>Slaves in Cuba unloading ice from <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, 1832</figcaption></figure> <p>Cuba's slavery system was gendered in a way that some duties were performed only by male slaves, some only by female slaves. Female slaves in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> from the 16th century onwards performed duties such as operating the town taverns, eating houses, and lodges, as well as being laundresses and domestic labourers and servants. Female slaves also served as the town prostitutes. Some Cuban women could gain freedom by having children with white men. As in other Latin cultures, there were looser borders with the <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a> or mixed-race population. Sometimes men who took slaves as wives or concubines freed both them and their children. As in New Orleans and Saint-Domingue, mulattos began to be classified as a third group between the European colonists and African slaves. <a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">Freedmen</a>, generally of mixed race, came to represent 20% of the total Cuban population and 41% of the non-white Cuban population.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_pp._144–145_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight_pp._144–145-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Planters encouraged Afro-Cuban slaves to have children in order to reproduce their work force. The masters wanted to pair strong and large-built black men with healthy black women. They were placed in the barracoons and forced to have sex and create offspring of "breed stock" children, who would sell for around 500 pesos. The planters needed children to be born to replace slaves who died under the harsh regime. Sometimes if the overseers did not like the quality of children, they separate the parents and sent the mother back to working in the fields.<sup id="cite_ref-Montejo_p._39_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montejo_p._39-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>African slaves were legally branded with a hot iron on the forehead, prevented their "theft" or lawsuits that challenged their captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-Diaz_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diaz-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colonists continued this branding practice for more than 250 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Graces_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graces-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were sent to work in the gold mines, or in the island's ginger and sugar fields. They were allowed to live with their families in a hut on the master's land, and given a patch of land where they could farm, but otherwise were subjected to harsh treatment; including sexual abuse as the majority of colonists had arrived without women; many of them intermarried with the Africans or Taínos. Their mixed-race descendants formed the first generations of the early Puerto Rican and Cuban populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Diaz_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diaz-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indemnity_slave-bond.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Indemnity_slave-bond.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Indemnity_slave-bond.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Indemnity_slave-bond.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Indemnity_slave-bond.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Indemnity_slave-bond.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Indemnity_slave-bond.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1462" data-file-height="2312" /></a><figcaption>On March 22, 1873, Spain abolished slavery in Puerto Rico. The owners were compensated.</figcaption></figure> <p>The slaves had little choice but to adapt. Many converted to Christianity and were given their masters' surnames.<sup id="cite_ref-Diaz_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diaz-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both women and men were subject to the punishments of violence and humiliating abuse. Slaves who misbehaved or disobeyed their masters were often placed in stocks in the depths of the boiler houses where they were abandoned for days at a time, and oftentimes two to three months. These wooden stocks were made in two types: lying-down or stand-up types. women were punished, even when pregnant. They were subjected to whippings: they had to lie "face down over a scooped-out piece of round [earth] to protect their bellies."<sup id="cite_ref-Montejo_p._40_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montejo_p._40-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some masters reportedly whipped pregnant women in the belly, often causing miscarriages. The wounds were treated with "compresses of tobacco leaves, urine and salt."<sup id="cite_ref-Montejo_pp._39–40_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montejo_pp._39–40-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1784, Spain provided five ways by which slaves could obtain freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-Graces_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graces-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five years later, the Spanish Crown issued the "Royal Decree of Graces of 1789", which set new rules related to the slave trade and added restrictions to the granting of freedman status. The decree granted its subjects the right to purchase slaves and to participate in the flourishing slave trade in the Caribbean. Later that year a new slave code, also known as <i>El Código Negro</i> (The Black Code), was introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Code_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Code-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under "El Código Negro", a slave could buy his freedom, in the event that his master was willing to sell, by paying the price sought in installments. Slaves were allowed to earn money during their spare time by working as shoemakers, cleaning clothes, or selling the produce they grew on their own plots of land. For the freedom of their newborn child, not yet baptized, they paid at half the going price for a baptized child.<sup id="cite_ref-Code_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Code-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these freedmen started settlements in the areas which became known as Cangrejos (<a href="/wiki/Santurce,_San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="Santurce, San Juan, Puerto Rico">Santurce</a>), <a href="/wiki/Carolina,_Puerto_Rico" title="Carolina, Puerto Rico">Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Can%C3%B3vanas,_Puerto_Rico" title="Canóvanas, Puerto Rico">Canóvanas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%ADza,_Puerto_Rico" title="Loíza, Puerto Rico">Loíza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luquillo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Luquillo, Puerto Rico">Luquillo</a>. Some became slave owners themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Diaz_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diaz-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these paths to freedom, from 1790 onwards, the number of slaves more than doubled in Puerto Rico as a result of the dramatic expansion of the sugar industry in the island.<sup id="cite_ref-GB_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GB-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fugitive_slaves_in_Spanish_territories">Fugitive slaves in Spanish territories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fugitive slaves in Spanish territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Florida" title="History of slavery in Florida">History of slavery in Florida</a></div> <p>On May 29, 1680 the Spanish crown decreed that slaves escaping to Spanish territories from Barlovento, Martinique, San Vicente and Granada in the Lesser Antilles would be free if they accepted Catholicism. On September 3, 1680 and June 1, 1685 the crown issued similar decrees for escaping French slaves. On November 7, 1693 King Carlos II issued a decree freeing all slaves escaping from the English colonies who accepted Catholicism. There were similar decrees October 29, 1733, March 11 and November 11, 1740, and September 24, 1850 in the Buen Retiro by Ferdinand VI and the Royal Decree of October 21, 1753.<sup id="cite_ref-borrego_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borrego-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1687, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a> attracted numerous African slaves who escaped from slavery in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. Since 1623 the official Spanish policy had been that all slaves who touched Spanish soil and asked for refuge could become free Spanish citizens, and would be assisted in establishing their own workshops if they had a trade or given a grant of land to cultivate if they were farmers. In exchange they would be required to convert to Catholicism and serve for a number of years in the Spanish militia. Most were settled in a community called <a href="/wiki/Fort_Mose_Historic_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Mose Historic State Park">Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose</a>, the first settlement of free Africans in North America. The enslaved African <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Men%C3%A9ndez_(creole)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Menéndez (creole)">Francisco Menéndez</a> escaped from South Carolina and traveled to St. Augustine, Florida,<sup id="cite_ref-Riordan199625_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riordan199625-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he became the leader of the settlers at Mose and commander of the black militia company there from 1726 until sometime after 1742.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson2015_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson2015-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The former slaves also found refuge among the <a href="/wiki/Creek_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek Indians">Creek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a>, Native Americans who had established settlements in Florida at the invitation of the Spanish government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (July 2018)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America#Dubious" title="Talk:Slavery in colonial Spanish America">discuss</a></i>]</sup> In 1771, Governor of Florida <a href="/wiki/John_Moultrie_(politician)" title="John Moultrie (politician)">John Moultrie</a> wrote to the Board of Trade, "It has been a practice for a good while past, for negroes to run away from their Masters, and get into the Indian towns, from whence it proved very difficult to get them back."<sup id="cite_ref-miller_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When colonial officials asked the Native Americans to return the fugitive slaves, they replied that they had "merely given hungry people food, and invited the slaveholders to catch the runaways themselves."<sup id="cite_ref-miller_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, slaves from the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._states)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (U.S. states)">state of Georgia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Lowcountry" title="South Carolina Lowcountry">Low Country</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> escaped to Florida. The U.S. Army led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory, including the 1817–1818 campaign by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> that became known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Seminole_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Seminole War">First Seminole War</a>. The United States afterwards effectively controlled <a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> (from the Atlantic to the <a href="/wiki/Appalachicola_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Appalachicola River">Appalachicola River</a>). According to Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>, the US had to take action there because Florida had become "a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage, of the United States, and serving no other earthly purpose than as a post of annoyance to them.".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain requested British intervention, but London declined to assist Spain in the negotiations. Some of President <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>'s cabinet demanded Jackson's immediate dismissal, but Adams realized that Jackson's actions had put the U.S. in a favorable diplomatic position. Adams negotiated very favorable terms.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons, the Crown decided to cede the territory to the United States. It accomplished this through the <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a> in 1819, effective 1821. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ending_of_slavery">Ending of slavery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ending of slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Special:EditPage/Slavery in colonial Spanish America">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Support for <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">abolitionism</a> rose in Great Britain. Slavery in France's Caribbean colonies was abolished by <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolutionary decree</a> in 1794, (slavery in Metropolitan France was abolished in 1315 by <a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of France">Louis X</a>) but was restored under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> in 1802. Slaves in Saint-Domingue revolted in response and became independent following a brutal conflict. The victorious former slaves founded the republic of Haiti in 1804. </p><p>Later slave revolts were arguably part of the upsurge of liberal and democratic values centered on individual rights and liberties which came in the aftermath of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution in Europe. As emancipation became more of a concrete reality, the slaves' concept of freedom changed. No longer did they seek to overthrow the whites and re-establish carbon-copy African societies as they had done during the earlier rebellions; the vast majority of slaves were creole, native born where they lived, and envisaged their freedom within the established framework of the existing society. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a> emancipated most of the overseas territories of Spain; in the Americas, various nations emerged from these wars. The wars were influenced by the ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> and economic affairs, which also led to the reduction and ending of feudalism. For example, in Mexico on 6 December 1810, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Hidalgo">Miguel Hidalgo</a>, leader of the independence movement, issued a decree abolishing slavery, threatening those who did not comply with death. In South America Simon Bolivar abolished slavery in the lands that he liberated. However, it was not a unified process. Some countries, including Peru and Ecuador, reintroduced slavery for some time after achieving independence. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Asamblea_del_A%C3%B1o_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Asamblea del Año XIII">Assembly of Year XIII</a> (1813) of the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="United Provinces of the Río de la Plata">United Provinces of the Río de la Plata</a> declared the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_wombs" title="Freedom of wombs">freedom of wombs</a>. It did not end slavery completely, but emancipated the children of slaves. Many slaves gained emancipation by joining the armies, either against royalists during the War of Independence, or during the later Civil Wars. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Confederation" title="Argentine Confederation">Argentine Confederation</a> ended slavery definitely with the sanction of the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Constitution_of_1853" title="Argentine Constitution of 1853">Argentine Constitution of 1853</a>. </p><p>In the treaty of 1814, King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a> promised to consider means for abolishing the slave trade. In the treaty of September 23, 1817, with Great Britain, the Spanish Crown said that "having never lost sight of a matter so interesting to him and being desirous of hastening the moment of its attainment, he has determined to co-operate with His Britannic Majesty in adopting the cause of humanity." The king bound himself "that the slave trade will be abolished in all the dominions of Spain, May 30, 1820, and that after that date it shall not be lawful for any subject of the crown of Spain to buy slaves or carry on the slave trade upon any part of the coast of Africa." The date of final suppression was October 30. The subjects of the king of Spain were forbidden to carry slaves for any one outside the Spanish dominions, or to use the flag to cover such dealings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On March 22, 1873, slavery was legally abolished in Puerto Rico. However, slaves were not emancipated but rather had to buy their own freedom, at whatever price was set by their last masters. They were also required to work for another three years for their former masters, for other colonists interested in their services, or for the state in order to pay some compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-AE_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AE-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1527 and 1873, slaves in Puerto Rico had carried out more than twenty revolts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez2007a398_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2007a398-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Slavery in Cuba</a> was abolished by Spanish royal decree on October 7, 1886. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">Afro-Mexicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_Mexico" title="History of slavery in New Mexico">History of slavery in New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Juliana" title="India Juliana">India Juliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Slavery in the British and French Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Slavery in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Slavery in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Latin_America" title="Race and ethnicity in Latin America">Race and ethnicity in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Las Casas, Bartolomé de, <i>The Devastation of the Indies</i>, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore & London, 1992.</li> <li>Las Casas, Bartolomé de, <i>History of the Indies</i>, translated by Andrée M. Collard, Harper & Row Publishers, New York, 1971,</li> <li>Las Casas, Bartolomé de, <i>In Defense of the Indians</i>, translated by Stafford Poole, C.M., Northern Illinois University, 1974.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_readings">Secondary readings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Secondary readings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Aguirre Beltán, Gonzalo. <i>La población negra de México, 1519-1819: Un estudio etnohistórico</i>. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1972, 1946.</li> <li>Aimes, Hubert H. <i>A History of Slavery in Cuba 1511 to 1868</i>, New York, NY : Octagon Books Inc, 1967.</li> <li>Bennett, Herman Lee. <i>Africans in Colonial Mexico</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005.</li> <li>Blackburn, Robin. <i>The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern,1492-1800</i>. New York: Verso 1997.</li> <li>Blanchard, Peter, <i>Under the flags of freedom : slave soldiers and the wars of independence in Spanish South America</i>. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, c2008.</li> <li>Bowser, Frederick. <i>The African Slave in Colonial Peru, 1524-1650</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974.</li> <li>Bush, Barbara. <i>Slave Women in Caribbean Society</i>, London: James Currey Ltd, 1990.</li> <li>Carroll, Patrick James. <i>Blacks in Colonial Veracruz: Race, Ethnicity, and Regional Development</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991.</li> <li>Curtin, Philip. <i>The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census</i>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969.</li> <li>Davidson, David M. "Negro Slave Control and Resistance in Colonial Mexico, 1519-1650." <i>Hispanic American Historical Review</i> 46 no. 3 (1966): 235–53.</li> <li>Diaz Soler, Luis Manuel <i>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/7965">Historia De La Esclavitud Negra en Puerto Rico (1950)</a>"</i>. LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses</li> <li>Ferrer, Ada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/656928370"><i>Insurgent Cuba: race, nation, and revolution, 1868-1898</i></a>, Chapel Hill; London: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.</li> <li>Figueroa, Luis A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=quXtGrIOlRsC">Sugar, Slavery, and Freedom in Nineteenth-Century Puerto Rico</a>. University of North Carolina Press, 2006.</li> <li>Foner, Laura, and Eugene D. Genovese, eds. <i>Slavery in the New World: A Reader in Comparative History</i>. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall, 1969.</li> <li>Fuente, Alejandro de la. "Slave Law and Claims Making in Cuba: The Tannenbaum Debate Revisited." <i>Law and History Review (2004): 339–69.</i></li> <li>Fuente, Alejandro de la. "From Slaves to Citizens? Tannenbaum and the Debates on Slavery, Emancipation, and Race Relations in Latin America," <i>International Labor and Working-Class History 77 no. 1 (2010), 154–73.</i></li> <li>Fuente, Alejandro de la. "Slaves and the Creation of Legal Rights in Cuba: Coartación and Papel", <i><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_American_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic American Historical Review">Hispanic American Historical Review</a></i> 87, no. 4 (2007): 659–92.</li> <li>García Añoveros, Jesús María. <i>El pensamiento y los argumentos sobre la esclavitud en Europa en el siglo XVI y su aplicación a los indios americanos y a lost negros africanos. Corpus Hispanorum de Pace</i>. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2000.</li> <li>Geggus, David Patrick. "Slave Resistance in the Spanish Caribbean in the Mid-1790s," in <i>A Turbulent Time: The French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean</i>, David Barry Gaspar and David Patrick Geggus. Bloomington: Indiana University Press 1997, pp. 130–55.</li> <li>Gibbings, Julie. "In the Shadow of Slavery: Historical Time, Labor, and Citizenship in Nineteenth-Century Alta Verapaz, Guatemala", <i>Hispanic American Historical Review</i> 96.1, (February 2016): 73–107.</li> <li>Grandin, Greg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gaCYAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Empire of Necessity: Slavery, Freedom, and Deception in the New World</i></a>, Macmillan, 2014.</li> <li>Gunst, Laurie. "Bartolomé de las Casas and the Question of Negro Slavery in the Early Spanish Indies." PhD dissertation, Harvard University 1982.</li> <li>Helg, Aline, <i>Liberty and Equality in Caribbean Colombia, 1770-1835</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.</li> <li>Heuman, Gad, and Trevor Graeme Burnard, eds. <i>The Routledge History of Slavery</i>. New York: Taylor and Francis, 2011.</li> <li>Hünefeldt, Christine. <i>Paying the Price of Freedom: Family and Labor among Lima's Slaves, 1800-1854</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1994.</li> <li>Johnson, Lyman L. "Manumission in Colonial Buenos Aires, 1776-1810." <i>Hispanic American Historical Review</i> 59, no. 2 (1979): 258-79.</li> <li>Johnson, Lyman L. "A Lack of Legitimate Obedience and Respect: Slaves and Their Masters in the Courts of Late Colonial Buenos Aires," <i><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_American_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic American Historical Review">Hispanic American Historical Review</a></i> 87, no. 4 (2007), 631–57.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Klein" title="Herbert S. Klein">Klein, Herbert S.</a> <i>The Middle Passage: Comparative Studies in the Atlantic Slave Trade</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978.</li> <li>Klein, Herbert S., and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Vinson_III" title="Ben Vinson III">Ben Vinson III</a>. <i>African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.</li> <li>Landers, Jane. <i>Black Society in Spanish Florida</i>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999.</li> <li>Landers, Jane and Barry Robinson, eds. <i>Slaves, Subjects, and Subversives: Blacks in Colonial Latin America</i>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2006.</li> <li>Lockhart, James. <i>Spanish Peru, 1532–1560: A Colonial Society</i>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968.</li> <li>Love, Edgar F. "Negro Resistance to Spanish Rule in Colonial Mexico," Journal of Negro History 52, no. 2 (April 1967), 89–103.</li> <li>Mondragón Barrios, Lourdes. <i>Esclavos africanos en la Ciudad de México: el servicio doméstico durante el siglo XVI</i>. Mexico: Ediciones Euroamericanas, 1999.</li> <li>O'Toole, Rachel Sarah. <i>Bound Lives: Africans, Indians, and the Making of Race in Colonial Peru</i>. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 2012.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMontejo2016" class="citation book cs1">Montejo, Esteban (2016). Barnet, Miguel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=INy4DAAAQBAJ"><i>Biography of a Runaway Slave: Fiftieth Anniversary Edition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University_Press" title="Northwestern University Press">Northwestern University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-3342-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-3342-6"><bdi>978-0-8101-3342-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biography+of+a+Runaway+Slave%3A+Fiftieth+Anniversary+Edition&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-3342-6&rft.aulast=Montejo&rft.aufirst=Esteban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DINy4DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Palacios Preciado, Jorge. <i>La trata de negros por Cartagena de Indias, 1650-1750</i>. Tunja: Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, 1973.</li> <li>Palmer, Colin. <i>Slaves of the White God: Blacks in Mexico, 1570-1650</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976.</li> <li>Palmer, Colin. <i>Human Cargoes: The British Slave Trade to Spanish America, 1700-1739</i>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981.</li> <li>Proctor, Frank T., III <i>"Damned Notions of Liberty": Slavery, Culture and Power in Colonial Mexico</i>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2010.</li> <li>Proctor III, Frank T. "Gender and Manumission of Slaves in New Spain," <i>Hispanic American Historical Review</i> 86, no. 2 (2006), 309–36.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResendez2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andres_Resendez" class="mw-redirect" title="Andres Resendez">Resendez</a>, Andres (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2gpCgAAQBAJ&q=Rese%CC%81ndez%2C%20Andre%CC%81s.%202017.%20The%20other%20slavery%3A%20the%20uncovered%20story%20of%20indian%20enslavement%20in%20America.&pg=PP1"><i>The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0544602670" title="Special:BookSources/978-0544602670"><bdi>978-0544602670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Slavery%3A+The+Uncovered+Story+of+Indian+Enslavement+in+America&rft.pages=448&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0544602670&rft.aulast=Resendez&rft.aufirst=Andres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ2gpCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DRese%25CC%2581ndez%252C%2520Andre%25CC%2581s.%25202017.%2520The%2520other%2520slavery%253A%2520the%2520uncovered%2520story%2520of%2520indian%2520enslavement%2520in%2520America.%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Restall" title="Matthew Restall">Restall, Matthew</a>, and Jane Landers, "The African Experience in Early Spanish America," <i>The Americas</i> 57, no. 2 (2000), 167–70.</li> <li>Rout, Leslie B. <i>The African Experience in Spanish America, 1502 to the Present Day</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976.</li> <li>Seijas, Tatiana. <i>Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indians</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.</li> <li>Sharp, William Frederick. <i>Slavery on the Spanish Frontier: The Colombian Chocó, 1680-1810</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976.</li> <li>Sierra Silva, Pablo Miguel. <i>Urban Slavery in Colonial Mexico: Puebla de los Angeles, 1531-1706</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press 2018.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verene_Shepherd" title="Verene Shepherd">Shepherd, Verene A.</a>, ed. <i>Slavery Without Sugar</i>. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2002. Print.</li> <li>Solow, Barard I. ed., <i>Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Tannenbaum" title="Frank Tannenbaum">Tannenbaum, Frank</a>. <i>Slave and Citizen: The Negro in the Americas</i>. New York Vintage Books, 1947.</li> <li>Toplin, Robert Brent. <i>Slavery and Race Relations in Latin America</i>. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 1974.</li> <li>Vinson, Ben, III, and Matthew Restall, eds. <i>Black Mexico: Race and Society from Colonial to Modern Times</i>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2009.</li> <li>Walker, Tamara J. "He Outfitted His Family in Notable Decency: Slavery, Honour, and Dress in Eighteenth-Century Lima, Peru," <i>Slavery & Abolition</i> 30, no. 3 (2009), 383–402.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Differently from Puerto Rico, which abolished slavery definitely in 1873, chattel slavery, in one way or another, remained legal in Cuba and Brazil until the 1880s. A series of legal procedures (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Moret_Law" title="Moret Law">Moret Law</a>) and apprenticeships imposed on those supposedly freed, delayed the complete abolition of slavery. Meanwhile, slavery was gradually replaced with <a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">peonage</a> and the harsh use of Asian migrant workers. See, Ferrer, <i>Insurgent Cuba</i>, UNC, 1999, p 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 2007, Castro challenged the position of Bartolomé de las Casas as a central human-rights figure: "rather than viewing him as the ultimate champion of indigenous causes, we must see the Dominican friar as the incarnation of a more benevolent, paternalistic form of ecclesiastical, political, cultural and economic imperialism rather than as a unique paradigmatic figure". See: Castro, <i>The Other Face</i>, Duke, 2007, p 8.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/african_laborers_for_a_new_emp/the_spanish_and_new_world_slav">African Laborers for a New Empire: Iberia, Slavery, and the Atlantic World</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcdl.library.cofc.edu/">Lowcountry Digital Library</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://firstblacks.org/">First Blacks in the Americas: the African presence in the Dominican Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/CUNY_Dominican_Studies_Institute" title="CUNY Dominican Studies Institute">CUNY Dominican Studies Institute</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missionsanluis.org/research/history5.cfm">North American Slavery in the Spanish and English colonies</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missionsanluis.org/">Mission San Luis)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discoveringbristol.org.uk/slavery/routes/places-involved/south-america/Spain-slavery-contract/">Slavery Contract</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portcities.org.uk/">PortCities UK)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3569">Slavery and Spanish Colonization</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/">University of Houston, Digital History)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slavevoyages.org/static/images/assessment/intro-maps/06.jpg">"Map: Countries and broad regions of the Atlantic world where slave voyages were organised"</a>. <i>www.slavevoyages.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.slavevoyages.org&rft.atitle=Map%3A+Countries+and+broad+regions+of+the+Atlantic+world+where+slave+voyages+were+organised&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slavevoyages.org%2Fstatic%2Fimages%2Fassessment%2Fintro-maps%2F06.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cofc-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cofc_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/african_laborers_for_a_new_emp/emperor_charles_v">"The Early Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: Emperor Charles V · African Laborers for a New Empire: Iberia, Slavery, and the Atlantic World · Lowcountry Digital History Initiative"</a>. <i>College of Charleston</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=College+of+Charleston&rft.atitle=The+Early+Trans-Atlantic+Slave+Trade%3A+Emperor+Charles+V+%C2%B7+African+Laborers+for+a+New+Empire%3A+Iberia%2C+Slavery%2C+and+the+Atlantic+World+%C2%B7+Lowcountry+Digital+History+Initiative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fldhi.library.cofc.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fshow%2Fafrican_laborers_for_a_new_emp%2Femperor_charles_v&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slaverysite.com/Body/facts%20and%20figures.htm">"Slavery and Atlantic slave trade facts and figures"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+Atlantic+slave+trade+facts+and+figures.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slaverysite.com%2FBody%2Ffacts%2520and%2520figures.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seijas, Tatiana.<i>Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indians</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press 2014.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuárez_Romero2017" class="citation journal cs1">Suárez Romero, Miguel Ángel (11 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22201%2Ffder.24488933e.2004.242.61367">"La Situación Jurídica del Indio Durante la Conquista Española en América"</a>. <i>Revista de la Facultad de Derecho de México</i>. <b>54</b> (242): 229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22201%2Ffder.24488933e.2004.242.61367">10.22201/fder.24488933e.2004.242.61367</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+la+Facultad+de+Derecho+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.atitle=La+Situaci%C3%B3n+Jur%C3%ADdica+del+Indio+Durante+la+Conquista+Espa%C3%B1ola+en+Am%C3%A9rica&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=242&rft.pages=229&rft.date=2017-08-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22201%2Ffder.24488933e.2004.242.61367&rft.aulast=Su%C3%A1rez+Romero&rft.aufirst=Miguel+%C3%81ngel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.22201%252Ffder.24488933e.2004.242.61367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yeager1995-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yeager1995_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yeager1995_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeager1995" class="citation journal cs1">Yeager, Timothy J. (December 1995). "Encomienda or Slavery? The Spanish Crown's Choice of Labor Organization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America". <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>55</b> (4): 842–859. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700042182">10.1017/S0022050700042182</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155030781">155030781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Encomienda+or+Slavery%3F+The+Spanish+Crown%27s+Choice+of+Labor+Organization+in+Sixteenth-Century+Spanish+America&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=842-859&rft.date=1995-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700042182&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155030781%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yeager&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blackburn, Robin. <i>The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492-1800</i>. New York: Verso 1997, 137-43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sierra Silva, Pablo Miguel.<i>Urban Slavery in Colonial Puebla de los Ángeles, 1531-1706</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fradera_and_Schmidt-Nowara-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fradera_and_Schmidt-Nowara_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraderaSchmidt-Nowara2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josep_Maria_Fradera" title="Josep Maria Fradera">Fradera, Josep M.</a>; Schmidt-Nowara, Christopher (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/FraderaSlavery">"Introduction"</a>. <i>Slavery and Antislavery in Spain's Atlantic Empire</i>. Berghahn Books. pp. 1–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-933-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-933-6"><bdi>978-0-85745-933-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+Antislavery+in+Spain%27s+Atlantic+Empire&rft.pages=1-12&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-933-6&rft.aulast=Fradera&rft.aufirst=Josep+M.&rft.au=Schmidt-Nowara%2C+Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berghahnbooks.com%2Ftitle%2FFraderaSlavery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_World_Slavery,_1997-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_World_Slavery,_1997_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Serna1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">de la Serna, Juan M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ATq5_6h2AT0C&q=abolition+Latin+America+The+Historical+Encyclopedia+of+World+Slavery&pg=RA1-PA7">"Abolition, Latin America"</a>. In Rodriguez, Junius P. (ed.). <i>The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery, Volume 1; Volume 7</i>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0874368855" title="Special:BookSources/0874368855"><bdi>0874368855</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185546935">185546935</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abolition%2C+Latin+America&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Encyclopedia+of+World+Slavery%2C+Volume+1%3B+Volume+7&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185546935&rft.isbn=0874368855&rft.aulast=de+la+Serna&rft.aufirst=Juan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DATq5_6h2AT0C%26q%3Dabolition%2BLatin%2BAmerica%2BThe%2BHistorical%2BEncyclopedia%2Bof%2BWorld%2BSlavery%26pg%3DRA1-PA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-First_Blacks-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-First_Blacks_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAponteAcevedo2016" class="citation web cs1">Aponte, Sarah; Acevedo, Anthony Steven (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://firstblacks.org/en/manuscripts/fb-primary-021-manuscript/commentary/">"A century between resistance and adaptation: commentary on source 021"</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/CUNY_Dominican_Studies_Institute" title="CUNY Dominican Studies Institute">CUNY Dominican Studies Institute</a>. <q>This constitutes the first documented mention that we know of, in a primary source of that time, of acts of resistance by enslaved Black people in La Española after the uprising of December 1521 across the south-central coastal plains of the colony, an event first reflected in the ordinances on Black people of January, 1522, and much later in the well-known chronicle by Fernández de Oviedo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+century+between+resistance+and+adaptation%3A+commentary+on+source+021&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=CUNY+Dominican+Studies+Institute&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Aponte&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Acevedo%2C+Anthony+Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffirstblacks.org%2Fen%2Fmanuscripts%2Ffb-primary-021-manuscript%2Fcommentary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tierney-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tierney_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTierney1997" class="citation book cs1">Tierney, Brian (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8MMRZQA1rVsC"><i>The Idea of Natural Rights: Studies on Natural Rights, Natural Law, and Church Law, 1150-1625</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 270–272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802848540" title="Special:BookSources/0802848540"><bdi>0802848540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Natural+Rights%3A+Studies+on+Natural+Rights%2C+Natural+Law%2C+and+Church+Law%2C+1150-1625&rft.pages=270-272&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0802848540&rft.aulast=Tierney&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8MMRZQA1rVsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montesinos'_Legacy-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Montesinos'_Legacy_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAspinallLorenzRaley2015" class="citation book cs1">Aspinall, Dana E.; Lorenz, Edward C.; Raley, J. Michael (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JuueBgAAQBAJ"><i>Montesinos' Legacy: Defining and Defending Human Rights for Five Hundred Years</i></a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1498504140" title="Special:BookSources/978-1498504140"><bdi>978-1498504140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montesinos%27+Legacy%3A+Defining+and+Defending+Human+Rights+for+Five+Hundred+Years&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1498504140&rft.aulast=Aspinall&rft.aufirst=Dana+E.&rft.au=Lorenz%2C+Edward+C.&rft.au=Raley%2C+J.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJuueBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clayton-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clayton_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton2010" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Lawrence A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NP1WfJFLePsC"><i>Bartolome de las Casas and the Conquest of the Americas</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444392739" title="Special:BookSources/978-1444392739"><bdi>978-1444392739</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bartolome+de+las+Casas+and+the+Conquest+of+the+Americas&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1444392739&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNP1WfJFLePsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Castro-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Castro_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastro2007" class="citation book cs1">Castro, Daniel (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uu8rwXn1UxQC"><i>Another Face of Empire: Bartolomé de Las Casas, Indigenous Rights, and Ecclesiastical Imperialism</i></a>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822389590" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822389590"><bdi>978-0822389590</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Another+Face+of+Empire%3A+Bartolom%C3%A9+de+Las+Casas%2C+Indigenous+Rights%2C+and+Ecclesiastical+Imperialism&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0822389590&rft.aulast=Castro&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duu8rwXn1UxQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elliott_2014-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_2014_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2014" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, John Huxtable (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zEJKW5FXrekC"><i>Spain, Europe & the Wider World, 1500-1800</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. 112–121, 198–217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300160017" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300160017"><bdi>978-0300160017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%2C+Europe+%26+the+Wider+World%2C+1500-1800&rft.pages=112-121%2C+198-217&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0300160017&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=John+Huxtable&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzEJKW5FXrekC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, William D. <i>The Middle Ages Series : Slavery in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ages+Series+%3A+Slavery+in+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Iberia&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=William+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blackburn, <i>The Making of New World Slavery</i>, pp.34-44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillips-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phillips_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, William D. <i>The Middle Ages Series : Slavery in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ages+Series+%3A+Slavery+in+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Iberia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=William+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blackburn, <i>The Making of New World Slavery</i>, pp. 50-51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in Blackburn,<i>The Making of New World Slavery</i>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blackburn, <i>The Making of New World Slavery</i>, pp. 62-63, 81-82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lockhart and Schwartz, <i>Early Latin America</i>, pp. 26-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lockhart, James and Stuart B. Schwartz, <i>Early Latin America</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press 1983, pp. 17-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lockhart and Schwartz, <i>Early Latin America</i>, pp. 21-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021226015714/http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/las_casas.html">"Bartoleme de las Casas"</a>. Oregonstate.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/las_casas.html">the original</a> on December 26, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bartoleme+de+las+Casas&rft.pub=Oregonstate.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foregonstate.edu%2Finstruct%2Fphl302%2Fphilosophers%2Flas_casas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scarano-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scarano_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scarano_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarano2012" class="citation book cs1">Scarano, Francisco A. (2012). "Spanish Hispaniola and Puerto Rico". In Smith, Mark M; Paquette, Robert L (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Slavery in the Americas</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199227990.013.0002">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199227990.013.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922799-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922799-0"><bdi>978-0-19-922799-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spanish+Hispaniola+and+Puerto+Rico&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Slavery+in+the+Americas&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199227990.013.0002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-922799-0&rft.aulast=Scarano&rft.aufirst=Francisco+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paquette-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paquette_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaquette,_Robert_L.Mark_M._Smith" class="citation web cs1">Paquette, Robert L. & Mark M. Smith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414123246/https://www.academia.edu/20706356">"Slavery in the Americas"</a>. <i>www.academia.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/20706356">the original</a> on 2020-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.academia.edu&rft.atitle=Slavery+in+the+Americas&rft.au=Paquette%2C+Robert+L.&rft.au=Mark+M.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F20706356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rupert-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rupert_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRupert2009" class="citation journal cs1">Rupert, Linda M. (September 2009). "Marronage, Manumission and Maritime Trade in the Early Modern Caribbean". <i>Slavery & Abolition</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 361–382. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01440390903098003">10.1080/01440390903098003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143505929">143505929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavery+%26+Abolition&rft.atitle=Marronage%2C+Manumission+and+Maritime+Trade+in+the+Early+Modern+Caribbean&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=361-382&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01440390903098003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143505929%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rupert&rft.aufirst=Linda+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Laws-of-the-Indies">"Laws of the Indies"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Laws+of+the+Indies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FLaws-of-the-Indies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackburn-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blackburn_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn,_Robin1998" class="citation book cs1">Blackburn, Robin (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cpd5igMpvzgC&q=1542++New+Laws&pg=PR6"><i>The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492-1800</i></a>. Verso. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1859841953" title="Special:BookSources/1859841953"><bdi>1859841953</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+New+World+Slavery%3A+From+the+Baroque+to+the+Modern%2C+1492-1800&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1859841953&rft.au=Blackburn%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcpd5igMpvzgC%26q%3D1542%2B%2BNew%2BLaws%26pg%3DPR6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simpson,_Lesley_Byrd_1929-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Simpson,_Lesley_Byrd_1929_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson,_Lesley_Byrd1929" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Lesley Byrd (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ak57HEPtF-QC"><i>The Encomienda in New Spain</i></a>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encomienda+in+New+Spain&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1929&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Lesley+Byrd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAk57HEPtF-QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luz2013-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luz2013_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuzmán2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guzmán, Carmen Luz (2013). "Las cautivas de las Siete Ciudades: El cautiverio de mujeres hispanocriollas durante la Guerra de Arauco, en la perspectiva de cuatro cronistas (s. XVII)" [The captives of the Seven Cities: The captivity of hispanic-creole women during the Arauco's War, from the insight of four chroniclers (17th century)]. <i>Intus-Legere Historia</i> (in Spanish). <b>7</b> (1): 77–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15691%2F07176864.2014.0.94">10.15691/07176864.2014.0.94</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intus-Legere+Historia&rft.atitle=Las+cautivas+de+las+Siete+Ciudades%3A+El+cautiverio+de+mujeres+hispanocriollas+durante+la+Guerra+de+Arauco%2C+en+la+perspectiva+de+cuatro+cronistas+%28s.+XVII%29&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-97&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15691%2F07176864.2014.0.94&rft.aulast=Guzm%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Carmen+Luz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Philip III, had taken the drastic step of stripping indigenous "rebels" of the customary royal protection against enslavement in 1608, thus making Chile one of the few parts of the empire where slave taking was entirely legal." Reséndez, Andrés. The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America (pp. 127-128). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Kindle Edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valenzuela231-236-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Valenzuela231-236_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valenzuela231-236_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValenzuela_Márquez2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Valenzuela Márquez, Jaime (2009). "Esclavos mapuches. Para una historia del secuestro y deportación de indígenas en la colonia". In Gaune, Rafael; Lara, Martín (eds.). <i>Historias de racismo y discriminación en Chile</i> (in Spanish). pp. 231–236.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Esclavos+mapuches.+Para+una+historia+del+secuestro+y+deportaci%C3%B3n+de+ind%C3%ADgenas+en+la+colonia&rft.btitle=Historias+de+racismo+y+discriminaci%C3%B3n+en+Chile&rft.pages=231-236&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Valenzuela+M%C3%A1rquez&rft.aufirst=Jaime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UrbinaRod2007-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UrbinaRod2007_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbina_Burgos2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Urbina Burgos, Rodolfo (2007). "El pueblo chono: de vagabundo y pagano a cristiano y sedentario mestizado". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turismocientifico.cl/admin/apps/filemanager/repository/%C3%A1reas%20del%20conocimiento/Poblamiento,%20historia%20y%20cultura/Antropologia/Etnias/Al%20Pueblo%20Chono.pdf"><i>Orbis incognitvs: avisos y legados del Nuevo Mundo</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). Huelva: Universidad de Huelva. pp. 325–346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788496826243" title="Special:BookSources/9788496826243"><bdi>9788496826243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=El+pueblo+chono%3A+de+vagabundo+y+pagano+a+cristiano+y+sedentario+mestizado&rft.btitle=Orbis+incognitvs%3A+avisos+y+legados+del+Nuevo+Mundo&rft.place=Huelva&rft.pages=325-346&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Huelva&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788496826243&rft.aulast=Urbina+Burgos&rft.aufirst=Rodolfo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turismocientifico.cl%2Fadmin%2Fapps%2Ffilemanager%2Frepository%2F%25C3%25A1reas%2520del%2520conocimiento%2FPoblamiento%2C%2520historia%2520y%2520cultura%2FAntropologia%2FEtnias%2FAl%2520Pueblo%2520Chono.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barana342-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barana342_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarros_Arana2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Diego_Barros_Arana" title="Diego Barros Arana">Barros Arana, Diego</a> (2000) [1884]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-7987.html"><i>Historia General de Chile</i></a> (in Spanish). Vol. IV (2 ed.). Santiago, Chile: Editorial Universitaria. p. 341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/956-11-1535-2" title="Special:BookSources/956-11-1535-2"><bdi>956-11-1535-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+General+de+Chile&rft.place=Santiago%2C+Chile&rft.pages=341&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Editorial+Universitaria&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=956-11-1535-2&rft.aulast=Barros+Arana&rft.aufirst=Diego&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memoriachilena.gob.cl%2F602%2Fw3-article-7987.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/slavery/archaeology/background/">"Why were Africans enslaved?"</a>. <i>International Slavery Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Slavery+Museum&rft.atitle=Why+were+Africans+enslaved%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk%2Fism%2Fslavery%2Farchaeology%2Fbackground%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGift,_Sandra_Ingrid2008" class="citation book cs1">Gift, Sandra Ingrid (2008). <i>Maroon Teachers: Teaching the Transatlantic Trade in Enslaved Africans</i>. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789766373405" title="Special:BookSources/9789766373405"><bdi>9789766373405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maroon+Teachers%3A+Teaching+the+Transatlantic+Trade+in+Enslaved+Africans&rft.place=Kingston%2C+Jamaica&rft.pub=Ian+Randle+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789766373405&rft.au=Gift%2C+Sandra+Ingrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunst, Laurie. "Bartolomé de las Casas and the Question of Negro Slavery in the Early Spanish Indies." PhD dissertation, Harvard University 1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juan Friede and Benjamin Keen, <i>Bartolome de las Casas in History. Toward an Understanding of the Man and His Work</i> Northern Illinois University Slavery Press, 1971. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87580-025-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87580-025-4">0-87580-025-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-record-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-record_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2019" class="citation news cs1">Parker, Susan (2019-08-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.staugustine.com/news/20190824/1619-project-ignores-fact-that-slaves-were-present-in-florida-decades-before">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'1619 Project' ignores fact that slaves were present in Florida decades before"</a>. <i>St. Augustine Record</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Augustine+Record&rft.atitle=%271619+Project%27+ignores+fact+that+slaves+were+present+in+Florida+decades+before&rft.date=2019-08-24&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.staugustine.com%2Fnews%2F20190824%2F1619-project-ignores-fact-that-slaves-were-present-in-florida-decades-before&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tampa-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tampa_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tampa_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis2019" class="citation news cs1">Francis, J. Michael , Gary Mormino and Rachel Sanderson (2019-08-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampabay.com/opinion/2019/08/29/before-1619-africans-and-the-early-history-of-spanish-colonial-florida-and-america-column/">"Slavery took hold in Florida under the Spanish in the 'forgotten century' of 1492-1619"</a>. <i>Tampa Bay Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teor%C3%ADa%2C+Cr%C3%ADtica+e+Historia%3A+La+abolici%C3%B3n+de+la+esclavitud+y+el+mundo+hispano&rft.pub=Ensayistas.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ensayistas.org%2Fantologia%2FXIXE%2Fcastelar%2Fesclavitud%2Fcedula.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montejo_p._40-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Montejo_p._40_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontejo2016">Montejo 2016</a>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montejo_pp._39–40-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Montejo_pp._39–40_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontejo2016">Montejo 2016</a>, pp. 39–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Code-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Code_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Code_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070606200620/http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/churchmews/1216/BandoNegro.htm">"El 'Bando Negro' o "Código Negro"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [The "Black Edict" or "Black Code"]. <i>Government Gazette of Puerto Rico</i> (in Spanish). fortunecity.com. May 31, 1848. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/churchmews/1216/BandoNegro.htm">the original</a> on June 6, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+Gazette+of+Puerto+Rico&rft.atitle=El+%27Bando+Negro%27+o+%22C%C3%B3digo+Negro%22&rft.date=1848-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fortunecity.com%2Fvictorian%2Fchurchmews%2F1216%2FBandoNegro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-borrego-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-borrego_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorrego2019" class="citation journal cs1">Borrego, Pedro Damián Cano (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7454266">"La libertad de los esclavos fugitivos y la milicia negra en la Florida española en el siglo XVIII"</a>. <i>Revista de la Inquisición: ( intolerancia y derechos humanos )</i> (23): 223–234. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1131-5571">1131-5571</a> – via dialnet.unirioja.es.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+la+Inquisici%C3%B3n%3A+%28+intolerancia+y+derechos+humanos+%29&rft.atitle=La+libertad+de+los+esclavos+fugitivos+y+la+milicia+negra+en+la+Florida+espa%C3%B1ola+en+el+siglo+XVIII&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=223-234&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=1131-5571&rft.aulast=Borrego&rft.aufirst=Pedro+Dami%C3%A1n+Cano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fservlet%2Farticulo%3Fcodigo%3D7454266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riordan199625-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Riordan199625_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Riordan1996" class="citation journal cs1">Patrick Riordan (Summer 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://palmm.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/ucf%3A25521">"Finding Freedom in Florida: Native Peoples, African Americans, and Colonists, 1670-1816"</a>. <i>The Florida Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>75</b> (1). Florida Historical Society: 25–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Florida+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Finding+Freedom+in+Florida%3A+Native+Peoples%2C+African+Americans%2C+and+Colonists%2C+1670-1816&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-31&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Patrick+Riordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpalmm.digital.flvc.org%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fucf%253A25521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson2015-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson2015_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylvester_A._Johnson2015" class="citation book cs1">Sylvester A. Johnson (6 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VuhBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136"><i>African American Religions, 1500–2000: Colonialism, Democracy, and Freedom</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-36814-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-36814-5"><bdi>978-1-316-36814-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+American+Religions%2C+1500%E2%80%932000%3A+Colonialism%2C+Democracy%2C+and+Freedom&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-08-06&rft.isbn=978-1-316-36814-5&rft.au=Sylvester+A.+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVuhBCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miller-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-miller_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-miller_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, E: "St. Augustine's British Years," <i>The Journal of the St. Augustine Historical Society,</i> 2001, p. 38. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Deconde, <i>A History of American Foreign Policy</i> (1963) p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weeks (2002)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AE-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AE_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBas_García2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bas García, José R. (March 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110319000600/http://www.independencia.net/historia/jrb_abolicionEsclavitudPR23mar09.html">"La abolición de la esclavitud de 1873 en Puerto Rico"</a> [The abolition of slavery in 1873 in Puerto Rico]. <i>Center for Advanced Studies of Puerto Rico and the Caribbean</i> (in Spanish). independencia.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independencia.net/historia/jrb_abolicionEsclavitudPR23mar09.html">the original</a> on March 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Advanced+Studies+of+Puerto+Rico+and+the+Caribbean&rft.atitle=La+abolici%C3%B3n+de+la+esclavitud+de+1873+en+Puerto+Rico&rft.date=2009-03-23&rft.aulast=Bas+Garc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independencia.net%2Fhistoria%2Fjrb_abolicionEsclavitudPR23mar09.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2007a398-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez2007a398_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodriguez2007a">Rodriguez 2007a</a>, p. 398.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFRodriguez2007a (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proyectosalonhogar.com/Esclavitud/esclavitud.htm">"Esclavitud Puerto Rico"</a>. Proyectosalonhogar.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Esclavitud+Puerto+Rico&rft.pub=Proyectosalonhogar.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proyectosalonhogar.com%2FEsclavitud%2Fesclavitud.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading_2">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2021" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Erin Woodruff (2021). <i>Captives of Conquest: Slavery in the Early Modern Spanish Caribbean</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9958-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9958-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-9958-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captives+of+Conquest%3A+Slavery+in+the+Early+Modern+Spanish+Caribbean&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-9958-8&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Erin+Woodruff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+colonial+Spanish+America" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America&oldid=1256346086">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America&oldid=1256346086</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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