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<span>Toggle Types of human remains in museums subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_human_remains_in_museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Osteological_specimens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osteological_specimens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Osteological specimens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osteological_specimens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mummies,_preserved_bodies,_other_human_remains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mummies,_preserved_bodies,_other_human_remains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mummies, preserved bodies, other human remains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mummies,_preserved_bodies,_other_human_remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mummies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a 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id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Long-term preservation of human remains</div><p> The <b>conservation and restoration of human remains</b> involves the <a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_movable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property">long-term preservation and care</a> of human remains in various forms which exist within <a href="/wiki/Collection_(museum)" title="Collection (museum)">museum collections</a>. This category can include <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue" title="Soft tissue">soft tissues</a> as well as ashes, hair, and teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-Complying_with_NAGPRA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Complying_with_NAGPRA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the organic nature of the human body, special steps must be taken to halt the deterioration process and maintain the integrity of the remains in their existing state.<sup id="cite_ref-Pouliot_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pouliot-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These types of museum artifacts have great merit as tools for education and scientific research, yet also have unique challenges from a cultural and ethical standpoint. Conservation of human remains within museum collections is most often undertaken by a <a href="/wiki/Conservator-restorer" title="Conservator-restorer">conservator-restorer</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wesche_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesche-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other specialists related to this area of conservation include <a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">osteologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taxidermists" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxidermists">taxidermists</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_skull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Human_skull.jpg/220px-Human_skull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Human_skull.jpg/330px-Human_skull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Human_skull.jpg/440px-Human_skull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2529" data-file-height="3791" /></a><figcaption>Human skull on display at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Osteology" title="Museum of Osteology">Museum of Osteology</a> in Oklahoma City</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_human_remains_in_museums">Types of human remains in museums</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of human remains in museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Museum collections contain human remains in diverse forms, including entire preserved bodies, discrete parts of the anatomy, and even art and artifacts created out of human body parts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osteological_specimens">Osteological specimens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Osteological specimens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Museum collections, especially those of natural history, may contain human <a href="/wiki/Osteological" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteological">osteological</a> specimens such as individual bones, bone fragments, entire <a href="/wiki/Skeletons" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeletons">skeletons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">teeth</a> from both ancient and contemporary sources. Reconstruction of bone fragments should be conducted with great care and consideration. Due to the porous nature of bones, few adhering substances can be used on bone with an adequate level of reversibility, which is a key factor of conservation treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-LaRoche_McGowan,_pp117-118_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaRoche_McGowan,_pp117-118-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mummies,_preserved_bodies,_other_human_remains"><span id="Mummies.2C_preserved_bodies.2C_other_human_remains"></span>Mummies, preserved bodies, other human remains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mummies, preserved bodies, other human remains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Repatriation_and_reburial_of_human_remains" title="Repatriation and reburial of human remains">Repatriation and reburial of human remains</a></div> <p>There are innumerable types of artifacts present in museum collections that include or are composed of human remains, some with great scientific or medical merit and others with great cultural importance. Not only do the body parts vary greatly, but so do their methods of preservation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mummies">Mummies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mummies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mummies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummies">Mummies</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mummies#Mummification_in_other_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummies">Mummies § Mummification in other cultures</a></div> <p>Mummies, though typically thought of as an Egyptian phenomenon, exist in many cultures and have been found on nearly every continent. </p><p>The word <i><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummy</a></i> can refer to both intentionally and naturally preserved bodies and is not limited to one geographic area or culture.<sup id="cite_ref-David,_p113_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David,_p113-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damage of mummified remains can be caused by several factors, including poor environmental conditions, physical damage, and improper methods of preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-David,_p113_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David,_p113-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Controlling environmental conditions is highly important in preserving the integrity of mummies. Fungi, pests, and microorganisms that cause decay are some of the possible results of inadequate storage and environmental factors. There are a number of ways to mitigate the effects of improper conditions, however. Methods of stabilizing mummies and halting deterioration include <a href="/wiki/Inert_gas" title="Inert gas">inert gas</a> control, where the mummy is placed in a chamber or bag into which <a href="/wiki/Fumigants" class="mw-redirect" title="Fumigants">fumigants</a> are introduced; wet sterilization, where solutions are applied to the mummy to repel insects and the growth of fungi; controlled drying, which reduces the relative humidity in order to stop growth of microorganisms; and ultraviolet <a href="/wiki/Irradiation" title="Irradiation">irradiation</a>, which kills microorganisms.<sup id="cite_ref-David,_p114_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David,_p114-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some previous treatments which were thought to help preserve mummified remains but ultimately led to further damage include curing remains by smoking them and applying solutions of copper salts to exposed skin.<sup id="cite_ref-David,_p113_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David,_p113-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Artefact Lab at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (<a href="/wiki/Penn_Museum" title="Penn Museum">Penn Museum</a>) provides examples and images of mummy preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lab's collection offers insight into ongoing conservation projects on mummies and related artifacts in their collection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bog_bodies">Bog bodies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bog bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huldremosekvinnan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Huldremosekvinnan.jpg/220px-Huldremosekvinnan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Huldremosekvinnan.jpg/330px-Huldremosekvinnan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Huldremosekvinnan.jpg/440px-Huldremosekvinnan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2895" data-file-height="1962" /></a><figcaption>Bog body of the Huldremose Woman, on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Denmark" title="National Museum of Denmark">National Museum of Denmark</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bog_body" title="Bog body">Bog body</a></div> <p><i>Bog bodies</i> are human remains which have been discovered in peat bogs around the world. They have been preserved naturally to varying degrees due to the specific conditions of peat bogs. Despite their natural preservation, these remains are sensitive to deterioration after being removed from their original locations. Freeze-drying is an accepted method of preserving bog bodies in museum collections.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some bog body discoveries include the <a href="/wiki/Tollund_Man" title="Tollund Man">Tollund Man</a> of Denmark, the <a href="/wiki/Elling_Woman" title="Elling Woman">Elling Woman</a> of Denmark, the <a href="/wiki/Cashel_Man" title="Cashel Man">Cashel Man</a> of Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/Huldremose_Woman" title="Huldremose Woman">Huldremose Woman</a> of Denmark, the <a href="/wiki/Girl_of_the_Uchter_Moor" title="Girl of the Uchter Moor">Girl of the Uchter Moor</a> of Germany, the <a href="/wiki/Lindow_Man" title="Lindow Man">Lindow Man</a> of England, and the <a href="/wiki/Yde_Girl" title="Yde Girl">Yde Girl</a> of the Netherlands. For a more comprehensive list of examples, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_bog_bodies" title="List of bog bodies">List of bog bodies</a>. </p><p>A record of the preservation of the Tollund Man's head, which took place in 1951 and involved replacing the bog water in the cells with liquid paraffin wax, can be read on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124758/http://www.tollundman.dk/konservering.asp">Tollund Man's website</a> hosted by the Silkeborg Public Library, <a href="/wiki/Silkeborg_Museum" title="Silkeborg Museum">Silkeborg Museum</a>, and Amtscentret for Undervisning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soft_tissues">Soft tissues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Soft tissues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soft tissues are usually in some sort of state of preservation prior to entering a museum collection, but still require periodic care. </p> <ul><li>Plastination: One method of preserving tissues is <a href="/wiki/Plastination" title="Plastination">plastination</a>, invented by <a href="/wiki/Gunther_von_Hagens" title="Gunther von Hagens">Gunther von Hagens</a> and made famous by the exhibition <a href="/wiki/Body_Worlds" title="Body Worlds">Body Worlds</a>. The process of plastination involves replacing the water and fat of a specimen with a curable polymer.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form of preservation requires little upkeep in terms of conservation, other than periodic surface cleaning.</li> <li>Wet specimens: A more classic form of soft tissue preservation is in a solution of <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>, creating what is known as a wet specimen. The <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCtter_Museum" title="Mütter Museum">Mütter Museum</a> in Philadelphia, PA has an extensive <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muttermuseum.org/collections/wet-specimens/">collection of wet specimens</a> of human body parts, including both normal specimens and medical abnormalities. Care and hazards of wet specimens can be found on the website of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnh.org/our-research/natural-science-collections-conservation/general-conservation/health-safety/fluid-preserved-specimens">American Museum of Natural History</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Skin">Skin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Skin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_tattoo_on_a_piece_of_human_skin_showing_a_lady_Wellcome_L0036394.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/A_tattoo_on_a_piece_of_human_skin_showing_a_lady_Wellcome_L0036394.jpg/220px-A_tattoo_on_a_piece_of_human_skin_showing_a_lady_Wellcome_L0036394.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/A_tattoo_on_a_piece_of_human_skin_showing_a_lady_Wellcome_L0036394.jpg/330px-A_tattoo_on_a_piece_of_human_skin_showing_a_lady_Wellcome_L0036394.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/A_tattoo_on_a_piece_of_human_skin_showing_a_lady_Wellcome_L0036394.jpg/440px-A_tattoo_on_a_piece_of_human_skin_showing_a_lady_Wellcome_L0036394.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>One of the many preserved tattoos on a section of human skin in the <a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Collection" title="Wellcome Collection">Wellcome Collection</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sections of human skin can be found in the collections of some museums. Some examples of this include books bound with human skin (<a href="/wiki/Anthropodermic_bibliopegy" title="Anthropodermic bibliopegy">anthropodermic bibliopegy</a>) and preserved tattoos. The largest collection of the latter can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Collection" title="Wellcome Collection">Wellcome Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum, London</a>.<br /> American artist Andrew Krasnow has caused controversy in recent decades by creating pieces of contemporary art made of human skin. His works, which often make political statements, are composed of pieces of flesh from individuals who have donated their bodies to science. The skin itself has been preserved by tanning.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hair">Hair</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hair is considered human remains by some definitions. It is not uncommon within museum collections due to the trend of creating "hairwork", popular during the Victorian era.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Locks of hair, hair wreaths, and jewelry made of hair are some of the most commonly found forms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caring_for_human_remains">Caring for human remains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Caring for human remains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though there is great variety in human remains within museum collections as well as the ways in which they can be preserved, there are a number of best practices to be observed in the <a href="/wiki/Risk_management_(cultural_property)" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk management (cultural property)">preventive care</a> of these types of artifacts. Preventive conservation is the best method of preserving human remains in the long term, as active conservation work should be limited both by conservators' policy to interfere as little as possible and the beliefs of many indigenous tribes and groups who disapprove of altering human remains.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage">Storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%BAmia_do_sacerdote_Hori_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/M%C3%BAmia_do_sacerdote_Hori_01.jpg/220px-M%C3%BAmia_do_sacerdote_Hori_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/M%C3%BAmia_do_sacerdote_Hori_01.jpg/330px-M%C3%BAmia_do_sacerdote_Hori_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/M%C3%BAmia_do_sacerdote_Hori_01.jpg/440px-M%C3%BAmia_do_sacerdote_Hori_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1349" /></a><figcaption>Mummy of Hori, priest of the temple of Amon in Karnak (present day Luxor), housed in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Brazil" title="National Museum of Brazil">National Museum of Brazil</a>, Rio de Janeiro</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the greatest threats to the long-term well being of human remains in museum collections is improper storage and packing.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proper storage of human remains is not only necessary for their physical preservation, but it also demonstrates the respect that sensitive materials such as these should be accorded.<sup id="cite_ref-LaRoche_McGowan,_p116_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaRoche_McGowan,_p116-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ideal storage location for sacred artifacts and human remains is a designated space away from the rest of the collection; however, there are often many constraints which prevent this from being possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Wesche,_p53_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesche,_p53-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the minimum, ethical guidelines suggest that remains from different individuals should be stored in separate boxes or compartments from each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Wesche,_p52_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesche,_p52-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally speaking, human remains are best preserved in cool, dark, dry conditions while wrapped in acid-free (non-buffered) tissue and packing materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Preserving_Ethnographic_Objects_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preserving_Ethnographic_Objects-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corporeal materials should not be stored in or near any wood or in any containers which previously housed wood due to potentially increased <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> levels, which produce an acid that can lead to the deterioration of DNA and proteins in the remains.<sup id="cite_ref-Wesche,_p52_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesche,_p52-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excessive exposure to light should be avoided in order to prevent bleaching of materials, especially bone.<sup id="cite_ref-Pouliot_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pouliot-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperature_and_relative_humidity">Temperature and relative humidity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Temperature and relative humidity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organic materials are porous by nature, which means that they are greatly affected by changes in the moisture levels of their surroundings.<sup id="cite_ref-Pouliot_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pouliot-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overly moist conditions can lead to growth of fungi on protein materials like human remains, which is one of the most common risks they face.<sup id="cite_ref-Preserving_Ethnographic_Objects_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preserving_Ethnographic_Objects-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternately, low-humidity conditions can potentially cause protein materials to crack, split, and shrink.<sup id="cite_ref-Preserving_Ethnographic_Objects_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preserving_Ethnographic_Objects-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ideal storage conditions for bones is 35% to 55% relative humidity with minimal fluctuations,<sup id="cite_ref-Pouliot_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pouliot-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while ideal conditions for the preservation of mummies are 50 to 59 degrees Fahrenheit (10 to 15 degrees Celsius) with a relative humidity of 40% to 55%.<sup id="cite_ref-David,_p113_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David,_p113-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handling">Handling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Handling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Embrittlement is a risk for many human remains, and as a result handling should be limited. When possible, artifacts should be lifted by their storage container or tray. To avoid transfer of oils to the remains, nitrile or latex gloves should be worn during their handling. If a body is to be lifted, it must be supported under all of its appendages.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cleaning">Cleaning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cleaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cleaning of human remains varies by type. If necessary, surface cleaning of bone can be done with a very mild detergent and water solution, but bones should never be soaked in order to prevent dirt from becoming embedded in pores.<sup id="cite_ref-Pouliot_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pouliot-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possibility of cleaning human remains is highly dependent on the fragility of the specimen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_and_ethical_considerations">Cultural and ethical considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cultural and ethical considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Repatriation_and_reburial_of_human_remains" title="Repatriation and reburial of human remains">Repatriation and reburial of human remains</a></div> <p>There are many challenges surrounding human remains accessioned by museums, including legal complications involved in dealing with human remains, involvement of living relatives or tribes, and potential repatriation and issues such as the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act</a> of 1990 (NAGPRA).<sup id="cite_ref-Complying_with_NAGPRA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Complying_with_NAGPRA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NAGPRA requires any federal or federally-funded institution, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>, to submit full inventories of their Native American funerary and sacred objects and human remains and to repatriate these objects to their tribe of origin should a request be made to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Complying_with_NAGPRA_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Complying_with_NAGPRA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Should a museum possess human remains which have a direct living relative or group (Native American or otherwise), it is their ethical obligation to involve these individuals in the care and treatment of the remains.<sup id="cite_ref-Wesche,_pp54-55_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesche,_pp54-55-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acquisition of human remains by museums can happen in a number of ways, some of which are considered to be unethical today. Many museums have human remains in their collections which have been there for over a hundred years, in which case they may likely have been acquired in ethically or morally unsound ways.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led to growing concerns that the display of human remains has become depersonalised, by continuing to keep them in collections.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most institutions and museum associations have their own policies on the acquisition of human remains. Some guidelines for the care of human remains including acceptable means of acquisition can be found below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_analyses">Scientific analyses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Scientific analyses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cultural considerations can sometimes interfere with the conservation of human remains, particularly when it comes to physical and chemical analyses, which play an important role in their care.<sup id="cite_ref-LaRoche_McGowan,_p109_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaRoche_McGowan,_p109-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Testing conducted on human remains, especially ancient ones, can include <a href="/wiki/DNA_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA testing">DNA testing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isotope_analysis" title="Isotope analysis">isotope analyses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carbon-14_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-14 dating">carbon-14 dating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LaRoche_McGowan,_p109_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaRoche_McGowan,_p109-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The benefits of such testing is sometimes outweighed by the cultural or sacred importance of the remains as well as the risk of damaging them too greatly.<sup id="cite_ref-LaRoche_McGowan,_p109_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaRoche_McGowan,_p109-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Deutscher Museumsbund, there are only three circumstances in which scientific research should be conducted on human remains: </p> <ol><li>there is a great deal of scientific interest</li> <li>the human remains have a known provenance, and</li> <li>the method of acquisition of the human remains is no source for concern.<sup id="cite_ref-Wesche,_p55_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesche,_p55-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Case_study">Case study</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Case study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a> is a notable example of human remains caught in a struggle between scientific merit and cultural traditions. Since his discovery in 1996, his fate has been the topic of great controversy. As one of the oldest well-preserved ancient skeletons found in America, scientists are eager to conduct various testing on the remains. Native American groups, however, have been adamantly calling for his repatriation and reburial, as per their traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Complying_with_NAGPRA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Complying_with_NAGPRA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Complying_with_NAGPRA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Complying_with_NAGPRA_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcKeownMurphySchansberg2010" class="citation book cs1">McKeown, C. Timothy; Murphy, Amanda; Schansberg, Jennifer (2010). "Complying with NAGPRA". In Buck, Rebecca; Gilmore, Jean Allman (eds.). <i>Museum Registration Methods 5th Edition</i>. Washington, D.C.: The AAM Press. pp. 449–457.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Complying+with+NAGPRA&rft.btitle=Museum+Registration+Methods+5th+Edition&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=449-457&rft.pub=The+AAM+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=McKeown&rft.aufirst=C.+Timothy&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Amanda&rft.au=Schansberg%2C+Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+human+remains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pouliot-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pouliot_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pouliot_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pouliot_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pouliot_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pouliot_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPouliot2000" class="citation book cs1">Pouliot, Bruno P. (2000). "Organic Materials". <i>The Winterthur Guide to Caring for Your Collection</i>. Hanover: University Press of New England. pp. 45–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Organic+Materials&rft.btitle=The+Winterthur+Guide+to+Caring+for+Your+Collection&rft.place=Hanover&rft.pages=45-56&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Pouliot&rft.aufirst=Bruno+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+human+remains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wesche-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wesche_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesche2013" class="citation book cs1">Wesche, Anne, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140611063414/http://www.museumsbund.de/fileadmin/geschaefts/dokumente/Leitfaeden_und_anderes/2013__Recommendations_for_the_Care_of_Human_Remains.pdf"><i>Recommendations for the Care of Human Remains in Museums and Collections</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Germany: Deutscher Museumsbund e.V. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumsbund.de/fileadmin/geschaefts/dokumente/Leitfaeden_und_anderes/2013__Recommendations_for_the_Care_of_Human_Remains.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recommendations+for+the+Care+of+Human+Remains+in+Museums+and+Collections&rft.place=Germany&rft.pub=Deutscher+Museumsbund+e.V.&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumsbund.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fgeschaefts%2Fdokumente%2FLeitfaeden_und_anderes%2F2013__Recommendations_for_the_Care_of_Human_Remains.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+human+remains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2013" class="citation news cs1">Berger, Stephanie (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/100180/Berger_Treating_Bones.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Treating Bones: The Intersection of Archaeology And Conservation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Michigan. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Treating+Bones%3A+The+Intersection+of+Archaeology+And+Conservation&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2027.42%2F100180%2FBerger_Treating_Bones.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+human+remains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaRoche_McGowan,_pp117-118-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaRoche_McGowan,_pp117-118_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaRocheMcGowan1996" class="citation news cs1">LaRoche, Cheryl J.; McGowan, Gary S. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.clas.ufl.edu/davidson/arch%20of%20death/Week%2014/McGowan%20and%20LaRoche%201996.pdf">"The Ethical Dilemma Facing Conservation: Care and Treatment of Human Skeletal Remains and Mortuary Objects"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the American Institute for Conservation</i>. Vol. 35, no. 2. pp. 117–118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Institute+for+Conservation&rft.atitle=The+Ethical+Dilemma+Facing+Conservation%3A+Care+and+Treatment+of+Human+Skeletal+Remains+and+Mortuary+Objects&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-118&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=LaRoche&rft.aufirst=Cheryl+J.&rft.au=McGowan%2C+Gary+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.clas.ufl.edu%2Fdavidson%2Farch%2520of%2520death%2FWeek%252014%2FMcGowan%2520and%2520LaRoche%25201996.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+human+remains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David,_p113-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David,_p113_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David,_p113_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David,_p113_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David,_p113_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2001" class="citation news cs1">David, A. 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Washington, D.C.: The AAM Press. p. 408.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Care+of+Sacred+and+Culturally+Sensitive+Objects&rft.btitle=Museum+Registration+Methods+5th+Edition&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=408&rft.pub=The+AAM+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+human+remains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuffer_Damien,_Graham_Shawn2017" class="citation journal cs1">Huffer Damien, Graham Shawn (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.45.5">"The Insta-Dead: The rhetoric of the human remains trade on Instagram"</a>. <i>Internet Archaeology</i> (45). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.45.5">10.11141/ia.45.5</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Insta-Dead%3A+The+rhetoric+of+the+human+remains+trade+on+Instagram&rft.issue=45&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11141%2Fia.45.5&rft.au=Huffer+Damien%2C+Graham+Shawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11141%252Fia.45.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+human+remains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelbourn2006" class="citation journal cs1">Shelbourn, Carolyn (2006). "Bringing the Skeletons out of the Closet: The Law and Human Remains in Art, Archaeology and Museum Collections". <i>Art Antiquity and Law</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 179–198, 181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+Antiquity+and+Law&rft.atitle=Bringing+the+Skeletons+out+of+the+Closet%3A+The+Law+and+Human+Remains+in+Art%2C+Archaeology+and+Museum+Collections&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-198%2C+181&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Shelbourn&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+human+remains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaRoche_McGowan,_p109-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LaRoche_McGowan,_p109_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LaRoche_McGowan,_p109_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LaRoche_McGowan,_p109_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaRocheMcGowan1996" class="citation news cs1">LaRoche, Cheryl J.; McGowan, Gary S. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.clas.ufl.edu/davidson/arch%20of%20death/Week%2014/McGowan%20and%20LaRoche%201996.pdf">"The Ethical Dilemma Facing Conservation: Care and Treatment of Human Skeletal Remains and Mortuary Objects"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the American Institute for Conservation</i>. Vol. 35, no. 2. p. 109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Institute+for+Conservation&rft.atitle=The+Ethical+Dilemma+Facing+Conservation%3A+Care+and+Treatment+of+Human+Skeletal+Remains+and+Mortuary+Objects&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=LaRoche&rft.aufirst=Cheryl+J.&rft.au=McGowan%2C+Gary+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.clas.ufl.edu%2Fdavidson%2Farch%2520of%2520death%2FWeek%252014%2FMcGowan%2520and%2520LaRoche%25201996.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+human+remains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wesche,_p55-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wesche,_p55_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher_Museums_Bund2013" class="citation news cs1">Deutscher Museums Bund (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140611063414/http://www.museumsbund.de/fileadmin/geschaefts/dokumente/Leitfaeden_und_anderes/2013__Recommendations_for_the_Care_of_Human_Remains.pdf">"Recommendations for the Care of Human Remains in Museums and Collections"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 55. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumsbund.de/fileadmin/geschaefts/dokumente/Leitfaeden_und_anderes/2013__Recommendations_for_the_Care_of_Human_Remains.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Recommendations+for+the+Care+of+Human+Remains+in+Museums+and+Collections&rft.pages=55&rft.date=2013-04&rft.au=Deutscher+Museums+Bund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumsbund.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fgeschaefts%2Fdokumente%2FLeitfaeden_und_anderes%2F2013__Recommendations_for_the_Care_of_Human_Remains.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+human+remains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2014" class="citation web cs1">Preston, Douglas (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/kennewick-man-finally-freed-share-his-secrets-180952462/?no-ist=&preview=_page%3D3_page%3D3_no-ist_page%3D2_page%3D2_page%3D2_page%3D2&page=1">"The Kennewick Man Finally Freed to Share His Secrets"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kennewick+Man+Finally+Freed+to+Share+His+Secrets&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.date=2014-09&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fkennewick-man-finally-freed-share-his-secrets-180952462%2F%3Fno-ist%3D%26preview%3D_page%253D3_page%253D3_no-ist_page%253D2_page%253D2_page%253D2_page%253D2%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+human+remains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tiffany_Jenkins" title="Tiffany Jenkins">Jenkins, Tiffany</a> (2011). <i>Contesting Human Remains in Museum Collections: the crisis of cultural authority</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415879606" title="Special:BookSources/9780415879606"><bdi>9780415879606</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contesting+Human+Remains+in+Museum+Collections%3A+the+crisis+of+cultural+authority&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780415879606&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Tiffany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+human+remains" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohmanGoodnow2006" class="citation book cs1">Lohman, Jack; Goodnow, Katherine, eds. (2006). <i>Human Remains & Museum Practice</i>. Paris/London: UNESCO Publishing/Museum of London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789231040214" title="Special:BookSources/9789231040214"><bdi>9789231040214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Remains+%26+Museum+Practice&rft.place=Paris%2FLondon&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing%2FMuseum+of+London&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789231040214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+human+remains" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamHuffer2020" class="citation journal cs1">Graham, Shawn; Huffer, Damian (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue55/11/index.html">"Reproducibility, Replicability, and Revisiting the Insta-Dead and the Human Remains Trade"</a>. <i>Internet Archaeology</i> (55). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.55.11">10.11141/ia.55.11</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Reproducibility%2C+Replicability%2C+and+Revisiting+the+Insta-Dead+and+the+Human+Remains+Trade&rft.issue=55&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11141%2Fia.55.11&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft.au=Huffer%2C+Damian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintarch.ac.uk%2Fjournal%2Fissue55%2F11%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+and+restoration+of+human+remains" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bonetrade.github.io/">The Bonetrade: Studying the online trade in human remains with machine learning and neural networks</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/sites/default/files/2019-11/DCMS-Guide_0.pdf">Guidance for the Care of Human Remains in Museums</a>, published by the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" title="Department for Culture, Media and Sport">Department for Culture, Media and Sport</a> (England, Wales, and Northern Ireland)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museumsgalleriesscotland.org.uk/advice/collections/introduction-to-human-remains-in-museums/">Introduction to human remains in museums</a>, published by Museum Galleries Scotland</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140611063414/http://www.museumsbund.de/fileadmin/geschaefts/dokumente/Leitfaeden_und_anderes/2013__Recommendations_for_the_Care_of_Human_Remains.pdf">Recommendations for the Care of Human Remains in Museums and Collections</a>, published by Deutscher Museumsbund (German Museums Association)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151115195834/http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/About-us/Policy/Policy-and-position-statements/WTX033469.htm">Full Wellcome Trust policy on the care of human remains in museums and galleries</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cultural_Conservation-Restoration" title="Template:Cultural Conservation-Restoration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cultural_Conservation-Restoration" title="Template talk:Cultural Conservation-Restoration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural_Conservation-Restoration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural Conservation-Restoration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cultural_heritage_and_historic_preservation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">historic preservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br /> and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agents_of_deterioration" title="Agents of deterioration">Agents of deterioration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_processing" title="Archival processing">Archival processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_science" title="Archaeological science">Archaeological science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioarchaeology" title="Bioarchaeology">Bioarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(archives)" title="Calendar (archives)">Calendar (archives)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of cultural property">Conservation and restoration of cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_immovable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property">Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_movable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property">Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_science_(cultural_property)" title="Conservation science (cultural property)">Conservation science (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collecting" title="Collecting">Collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_(museum)" title="Collection (museum)">Collection (museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_catalog" title="Collection catalog">Collection catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_maintenance" title="Collections maintenance">Collections maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_management" title="Collections management">Collections management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_management_system" title="Collections management system">Collections management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage_management" title="Cultural heritage management">Cultural heritage management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">Cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_documentation" title="Cultural property documentation">Cultural property documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_exhibition" title="Cultural property exhibition">Cultural property exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_imaging" title="Cultural property imaging">Cultural property imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_storage" title="Cultural property storage">Cultural property storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_resource_management" title="Cultural resource management">Cultural resource management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_preservation" title="Database preservation">Database preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaccessioning" title="Deaccessioning">Deaccessioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_photograph_restoration" title="Digital photograph restoration">Digital photograph restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_preservation" title="Digital preservation">Digital preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property)" title="Disaster preparedness (cultural property)">Disaster preparedness (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_preservation" title="Film preservation">Film preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_aid" title="Finding aid">Finding aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonds" title="Fonds">Fonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_in_collection" title="Found in collection">Found in collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_asset" title="Heritage asset">Heritage asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_science" title="Heritage science">Heritage science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inherent_vice" title="Inherent vice">Inherent vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management_(cultural_property)" title="Integrated pest management (cultural property)">Integrated pest management (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_(library_and_archive)" title="Inventory (library and archive)">Inventory (library and archive)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_(museums)" title="Inventory (museums)">Inventory (museums)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_preservation" title="Media preservation">Media preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_control_and_prevention_(library_and_archive)" title="Mold control and prevention (library and archive)">Mold control and prevention (library and archive)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_media_preservation" title="Optical media preservation">Optical media preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation (library and archive)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_metadata" title="Preservation metadata">Preservation metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_survey" title="Preservation survey">Preservation survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">Provenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation_(cultural_property)" title="Repatriation (cultural property)">Repatriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins" title="Ruins">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_preservation" title="Sustainable preservation">Sustainable preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure" title="Treasure">Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_archiving" title="Web archiving">Web archiving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles<br /> and expertise</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archivist" title="Archivist">Archivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_dealer" title="Art dealer">Art dealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_handler" title="Art handler">Art handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auction" title="Auction">Auctioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_manager" title="Collection manager">Collection manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservator-restorer" title="Conservator-restorer">Conservator-restorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_scientist" title="Conservation scientist">Conservation scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_technician" title="Conservation technician">Conservation technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_designer" title="Exhibition designer">Exhibition designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_maker" title="Mount maker">Mount maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objects_conservator" title="Objects conservator">Objects conservator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paintings_conservator" title="Paintings conservator">Paintings conservator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_conservator" title="Photograph conservator">Photograph conservator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservationist" title="Preservationist">Preservationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registrar_(cultural_property)" title="Registrar (cultural property)">Registrar (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_conservator" title="Textile conservator">Textile conservator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods<br /> and techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_(artwork)" title="Aging (artwork)">Aging (artwork)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastylosis" title="Anastylosis">Anastylosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrested_decay" title="Arrested decay">Arrested decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradling_(paintings)" title="Cradling (paintings)">Cradling (paintings)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_radiography" title="Cultural property radiography">Cultural property radiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_of_wall_paintings" title="Detachment of wall paintings">Detachment of wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmet_method" title="Desmet method">Desmet method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_case" title="Display case">Display case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_repository_audit_method_based_on_risk_assessment" title="Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment">Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_paint_analysis" title="Historic paint analysis">Historic paint analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inpainting" title="Inpainting">Inpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintsugi" title="Kintsugi">Kintsugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leafcasting" title="Leafcasting">Leafcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lining_of_paintings" title="Lining of paintings">Lining of paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_deacidification" title="Mass deacidification">Mass deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpainting" title="Overpainting">Overpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-inspiration" title="Paleo-inspiration">Paleo-inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_splitting" title="Paper splitting">Paper splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_(architecture)" title="Reconstruction (architecture)">Reconstruction (architecture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissverklebung" title="Rissverklebung">Rissverklebung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_stabilization" title="Textile stabilization">Textile stabilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_panel_paintings" title="Transfer of panel paintings">Transfer of panel paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UVC-based_preservation" title="UVC-based preservation">UVC-based preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisualAudio" title="VisualAudio">VisualAudio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_immovable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property">Conservation<br /> and restoration<br /> of immovable <br /> cultural property</a><br /> by item type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_archaeological_sites" title="Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_frescos" title="Conservation and restoration of frescos">Frescos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_railway" title="Heritage railway">Heritage railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_gardens" title="Conservation and restoration of historic gardens">Historic gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_outdoor_artworks" title="Conservation and restoration of outdoor artworks">Outdoor artworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_outdoor_bronze_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of outdoor bronze objects">Outdoor bronze objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_outdoor_murals" title="Conservation and restoration of outdoor murals">Outdoor murals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_movable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property">Conservation<br /> and restoration<br /> of movable <br /> cultural property</a><br /> by item type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of aircraft">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ancient_Greek_pottery" title="Conservation and restoration of ancient Greek pottery">Ancient Greek pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_bone,_horn,_and_antler_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of bone, horn, and antler objects">Bone, horn, and antler objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents,_and_ephemera" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents, and ephemera">Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ceramic_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of ceramic objects">Ceramic objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_clocks" title="Conservation and restoration of clocks">Clocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_copper-based_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of copper-based objects">Copper-based objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_feathers" title="Conservation and restoration of feathers">Feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_flags_and_banners" title="Conservation and restoration of flags and banners">Flags and banners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_fur_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of fur objects">Fur objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_glass_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of glass objects">Glass objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_herbaria" title="Conservation and restoration of herbaria">Herbaria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human remains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_illuminated_manuscripts" title="Conservation and restoration of illuminated manuscripts">Illuminated manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_insect_specimens" title="Conservation and restoration of insect specimens">Insect specimens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_iron_and_steel_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of iron and steel objects">Iron and steel objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ivory_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of ivory objects">Ivory objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica" title="Conservation and restoration of Judaica">Judaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_lacquerware" title="Conservation and restoration of lacquerware">Lacquerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_leather_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of leather objects">Leather objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_lighthouses" title="Conservation and restoration of lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_metals" title="Conservation and restoration of metals">Metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_musical_instruments" title="Conservation and restoration of musical instruments">Musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_neon_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of neon objects">Neon objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_new_media_art" title="Conservation and restoration of new media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of paintings">Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_painting_frames" title="Conservation and restoration of painting frames">Painting frames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_panel_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of panel paintings">Panel paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_papyrus" title="Conservation and restoration of papyrus">Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_parchment" title="Conservation and restoration of parchment">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_performance_art" title="Conservation and restoration of performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">Photographic plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_plastic_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of plastic objects">Plastic objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_rail_vehicles" title="Conservation and restoration of rail vehicles">Rail vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_road_vehicles" title="Conservation and restoration of road vehicles">Road vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_shipwreck_artifacts" title="Conservation and restoration of shipwreck artifacts">Shipwreck artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_silver_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of silver objects">Silver objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_South_Asian_household_shrines" title="Conservation of South Asian household shrines">South Asian household shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_stained_glass" title="Conservation and restoration of stained glass">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_taxidermy" title="Conservation and restoration of taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_textiles" title="Conservation and restoration of textiles">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Tibetan_thangkas" title="Conservation and restoration of Tibetan thangkas">Tibetan thangkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_time-based_media_art" title="Conservation and restoration of time-based media art">Time-based media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_totem_poles" title="Conservation and restoration of totem poles">Totem poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_vinyl_discs" title="Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs">Vinyl discs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_woodblock_prints" title="Conservation and restoration of woodblock prints">Woodblock prints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_wooden_artifacts" title="Conservation and restoration of wooden artifacts">Wooden artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_wooden_furniture" title="Conservation and restoration of wooden furniture">Wooden furniture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible<br /> cultural heritage</a><br /> preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_folklore" title="Applied folklore">Applied folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_notation" title="Dance notation">Dance notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnochoreology" title="Ethnochoreology">Ethnochoreology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_folklore" title="Family folklore">Family folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">Folk etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">Folk instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_process" title="Folk process">Folk process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">Folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodways" title="Foodways">Foodways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_studies" title="Folklore studies">Folklore studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_language" title="Heritage language">Heritage language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_language_learning" title="Heritage language learning">Heritage language learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Indigenous intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous culture">Indigenous culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Indigenous language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Language death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_preservation" title="Language preservation">Language preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">Language revitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_history" title="Living history">Living history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history_preservation" title="Oral history preservation">Oral history preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_of_meaning" title="Preservation of meaning">Preservation of meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition#Preservation" title="Tradition">Tradition preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_issues_of_Pompeii_and_Herculaneum" title="Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum">Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecce_Homo_(Garc%C3%ADa_Mart%C3%ADnez_and_Gim%C3%A9nez)" title="Ecce Homo (García Martínez and Giménez)">Conservation-restoration of <i>Ecce Homo</i> by Elías García Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_Thomas_Eakins%27_The_Gross_Clinic" title="Conservation-restoration of Thomas Eakins' The Gross Clinic">Conservation-restoration of <i>The Gross Clinic</i> by Thomas Eakins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci%27s_The_Last_Supper" title="Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper">Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's <i>The Last Supper</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Pompeian_frescoes" title="Conservation and restoration of Pompeian frescoes">Pompeian frescoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_Shroud_of_Turin" title="Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin">Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Sistine_Chapel_frescoes" title="Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes">Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty" title="Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty">Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_H.L._Hunley" title="Conservation-restoration of the H.L. Hunley">Conservation-restoration of the <i>H.L. Hunley</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_flood_of_the_Arno" title="1966 flood of the Arno">Conservation response to flood of Arno, Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_and_Contemporary_Art_Research_Initiative" title="Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative">Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_Metadata:_Implementation_Strategies" title="Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies">Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains&oldid=1240348375">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains&oldid=1240348375</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_remains_(archaeological)" title="Category:Human remains (archaeological)">Human remains (archaeological)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_heritage" title="Category:Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage">Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 August 2024, at 23:00<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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