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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of studies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_studies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of studies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subcultures_and_deviance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subcultures_and_deviance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Subcultures and deviance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subcultures_and_deviance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subcultures_and_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subcultures_and_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Subcultures and resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subcultures_and_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subcultures_and_distinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subcultures_and_distinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Subcultures and distinction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subcultures_and_distinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identifying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identifying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Identifying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identifying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_with_mainstream_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_with_mainstream_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relationships with mainstream culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_with_mainstream_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Urban tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_and_gender_identity-based_subcultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_and_gender_identity-based_subcultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sexual and gender identity-based subcultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_and_gender_identity-based_subcultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Social media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Discrimination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ثقافة فرعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثقافة فرعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcultura" title="Subcultura – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Subcultura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subm%C9%99d%C9%99niyy%C9%99t" title="Submədəniyyət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Submədəniyyət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Субкультура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Субкультура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subkultura" title="Subkultura – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Subkultura" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Субкултура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Субкултура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supkultura" title="Supkultura – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Supkultura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issevenadur" title="Issevenadur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Issevenadur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcultura" title="Subcultura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Subcultura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subkultura" title="Subkultura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Subkultura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subkultur" title="Subkultur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Subkultur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subkultur" title="Subkultur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Subkultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subkultuur" title="Subkultuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Subkultuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Υποκουλτούρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υποκουλτούρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcultura" title="Subcultura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Subcultura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subkulturo" title="Subkulturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Subkulturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azpikultura" title="Azpikultura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azpikultura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF" title="خرده‌فرهنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خرده‌فرهنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sous-culture" title="Sous-culture – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sous-culture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subkultuer" title="Subkultuer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Subkultuer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcultura" title="Subcultura – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Subcultura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9C%84%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94" title="하위문화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하위문화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Ենթամշակույթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ենթամշակույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="उपसंस्कृति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उपसंस्कृति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supkultura" title="Supkultura – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Supkultura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subkultur" title="Subkultur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Subkultur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcultura" title="Subcultura – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Subcultura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menningarkimi" title="Menningarkimi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Menningarkimi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcultura" title="Subcultura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Subcultura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%AA-%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA" title="תת-תרבות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תת-תרבות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="სუბკულტურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუბკულტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Субмәдениет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Субмәдениет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcultura" title="Subcultura – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Subcultura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subkult%C5%ABra" title="Subkultūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Subkultūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subkult%C5%ABra" title="Subkultūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Subkultūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szubkult%C3%BAra" title="Szubkultúra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szubkultúra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Поткултура – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Поткултура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subbudaya" title="Subbudaya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Subbudaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcultuur" title="Subcultuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Subcultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%96%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC" title="サブカルチャー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サブカルチャー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subkultur" title="Subkultur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Subkultur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subkultur" title="Subkultur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Subkultur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submadaniyat" title="Submadaniyat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Submadaniyat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AA-%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਉੱਪ-ਸਭਿਆਚਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉੱਪ-ਸਭਿਆਚਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subkultura" title="Subkultura – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Subkultura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcultura" title="Subcultura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Subcultura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcultur%C4%83" title="Subcultură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Subcultură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Субкультура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Субкультура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ABnkultura" title="Nënkultura – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nënkultura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Subculture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subkult%C3%BAra" title="Subkultúra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Subkultúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subkultura" title="Subkultura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Subkultura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaqan-hoosaad" title="Dhaqan-hoosaad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhaqan-hoosaad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%81%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF" title="وردەفەرھەنگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وردەفەرھەنگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potkultura" title="Potkultura – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Potkultura" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supkultura" title="Supkultura – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Supkultura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alakulttuuri" title="Alakulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alakulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subkultur" title="Subkultur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Subkultur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2" title="วัฒนธรรมย่อย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วัฒนธรรมย่อย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altk%C3%BClt%C3%BCr" title="Altkültür – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Altkültür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Субкультура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Субкультура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%83u_v%C4%83n_h%C3%B3a" 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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Smaller culture within a larger culture</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Subculture_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Subculture (disambiguation)">Subculture (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_Network_Diagram_(segment).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/250px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/500px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sociology" title="History of sociology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sociology" title="Outline of sociology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Key themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">Human behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a></li> <li>Industrial revolutions <a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">4</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Industrial Revolution">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popularity" title="Popularity">Popularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_complexity" title="Social complexity">Social complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Social power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cycle_theory" title="Social cycle theory">Social cycle theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sociological_theory" title="Sociological theory">Perspectives</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Structural functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_darwinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social darwinism">Social darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of sociology">Branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_architecture" title="Sociology of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosociology" title="Astrosociology">Astrosociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_body" title="Sociology of the body">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_human_consciousness" title="Sociology of human consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_death" title="Sociology of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_disaster" title="Sociology of disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">Emotion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_jealousy" title="Social aspects of jealousy">Jealousy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_sociology" title="Fiscal sociology">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_gender" title="Sociology of gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_immigration" title="Sociology of immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_sociology" title="Industrial sociology">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Jewry" title="Sociology of Jewry">Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_language" title="Sociology of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_leisure" title="Sociology of leisure">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_peace,_war,_and_social_conflict" title="Sociology of peace, war, and social conflict">Peace, war, and social conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_philosophy" title="Sociology of philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sociology" title="Public sociology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_punishment" title="Sociology of punishment">Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Race and ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_history_of_science" title="Sociology of the history of science">History of science</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement_theory" title="Social movement theory">Social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)" title="Social psychology (sociology)">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocybernetics" title="Sociocybernetics">Sociocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sociology" title="Sociology of sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_space" title="Sociology of space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology" title="Social construction of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_terrorism" title="Sociology of terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_utopian_sociology" title="Real utopian sociology">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_sociology" title="Visual sociology">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">Methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_sociology" title="Computational sociology">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_experiment" title="Social experiment">Social experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">Major theorists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b>1700s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Sieyès</a><br /></li></ul> <p><b>1800s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> · <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a> · <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a> · <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a> · <a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Elias</a><br /> </p> <b>1900s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Merton</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a> · <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. 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Subcultures develop their own norms and values regarding cultural, political, and sexual matters. Subcultures are part of society while keeping their specific characteristics intact. Examples of subcultures include <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)" title="Hipster (contemporary subculture)">hipsters</a> (which include <a href="/wiki/Hipster_(1940s_subculture)" title="Hipster (1940s subculture)">1940s original parent subculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">nipster</a>), <a href="/wiki/Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture">goths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">steampunks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_club" title="Motorcycle club">bikers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skinhead" title="Skinhead">skinheads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopnik" title="Gopnik">gopnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop culture">hip-hoppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_subculture" title="Heavy metal subculture">metalheads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">cosplayers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku">otaku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otherkin" title="Otherkin">otherkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Furry_fandom" title="Furry fandom">furries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hacker_culture" title="Hacker culture">hackers</a> and more. The <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concept</a> of subcultures was developed in <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subcultures differ from <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">countercultures</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subculture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> defines subculture, in regards to sociological and cultural anthropology, as "an identifiable subgroup within a society or group of people, esp. one characterized by beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger group; the distinctive ideas, practices, or way of life of such a subgroup."<sup id="cite_ref-OED_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some subcultures are formed by members with characteristics or preferences that differ from the majority of society, who generally have a preference for body modifications such as <a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoos</a>, punctures, and certain forms of plastic surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike mainstream social relationships, subcultural communities are characterized by transience, informality, and a lack of typical social kinship relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as 1950, <a href="/wiki/David_Riesman" title="David Riesman">David Riesman</a> distinguished between a <a href="/wiki/Majority" title="Majority">majority</a>, "which passively accepted <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commercially</a> provided styles and meanings, and a 'subculture' which actively sought a minority style ... and interpreted it in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Subversion_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subversion (politics)">subversive</a> <a href="/wiki/Value_(personal_and_cultural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (personal and cultural)">values</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1979 book <i><a href="/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style" title="Subculture: The Meaning of Style">Subculture: The Meaning of Style</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Hebdige" title="Dick Hebdige">Dick Hebdige</a> argued that a subculture is a <a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">subversion</a> to normalcy. He wrote that subcultures can be perceived as negative due to their nature of criticism to the dominant societal standard. Hebdige argued that subculture brings together like-minded individuals who feel neglected by societal standards and allow them to develop a sense of identity.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Thornton" title="Sarah Thornton">Sarah Thornton</a>, drawing on <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a>, described "subcultural capital" as the cultural knowledge and commodities acquired by members of a subculture, raising their status and helping differentiate themselves from members of other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, Ken Gelder proposed to distinguish subcultures from countercultures based on the level of immersion in society.<sup id="cite_ref-Gelder_2007_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gelder_2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gelder further proposed six key ways in which subcultures can be identified through their: </p> <ol><li>often negative relations to work (as 'idle', 'parasitic', at play or at leisure, etc.);</li> <li>negative or ambivalent relation to class (since subcultures are not 'class-conscious' and do not conform to traditional class definitions);</li> <li>association with territory (the 'street', the 'hood', the club, etc.), rather than property;</li> <li>movement out of the home and into non-domestic forms of belonging (i.e. social groups other than the <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a>);</li> <li>stylistic ties to excess and exaggeration (with some exceptions);</li> <li>refusal of the banalities of ordinary life and massification.<sup id="cite_ref-Gelder_2007_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gelder_2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Sociologists <a href="/wiki/Gary_Alan_Fine" title="Gary Alan Fine">Gary Alan Fine</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherryl_Kleinman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sherryl Kleinman (page does not exist)">Sherryl Kleinman</a> argued that their 1979 research showed that a subculture is a group that serves to motivate a potential member to adopt the artifacts, behaviors, norms, and values characteristic of the group.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary subcultures typically refer to popular culture, including animation, comics, video games, and popular music.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_studies">History of studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subculture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The evolution of subcultural studies has three main steps:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subcultures_and_deviance">Subcultures and deviance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subculture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Subcultures and deviance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest sociological studies on subcultures came from the so-called <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_(sociology)" title="Chicago school (sociology)">Chicago School</a>, who interpreted them as forms of deviance and delinquency. Starting with what they called <a href="/wiki/Social_Disorganization_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Disorganization Theory">Social Disorganization Theory</a>, they claimed that subcultures emerged on one hand because of some population sectors' lack of socialization with the <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainstream culture">mainstream culture</a> and, on the other, because of their adoption of alternative <a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">axiological</a> and normative models. As <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Park" title="Robert E. Park">Robert E. Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Burgess" title="Ernest Burgess">Ernest Burgess</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Wirth" title="Louis Wirth">Louis Wirth</a> suggested, by means of selection and segregation processes, there thus appear in society "natural areas" or "moral regions" where deviant models concentrate and are re-inforced; they do not accept objectives or means of action offered by the mainstream culture, proposing different ones in their place—thereby becoming, depending on circumstances, innovators, rebels, or retreatists (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Cloward" title="Richard Cloward">Richard Cloward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Ohlin" title="Lloyd Ohlin">Lloyd Ohlin</a>). </p><p>Subcultures, however, are not only the result of alternative action strategies but also of labelling processes on the basis of which, as <a href="/wiki/Howard_S._Becker" title="Howard S. Becker">Howard S. Becker</a> explains, society defines them as outsiders. As Cohen clarifies, every subculture's style, consisting of image, demeanour and language becomes its recognition trait. And an individual's progressive adoption of a subcultural model will furnish him/her with growing status within this context but it will often, in tandem, deprive him/her of status in the broader social context outside where a different model prevails.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cohen used the term 'Corner Boys' which were unable to compete with their better secured and prepared peers. These <a href="/wiki/Lower_social_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower social class">lower-class</a> youths didn't have equal access to resources, resulting in the status of <a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">frustration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">marginalization</a>, and search for a solution.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subcultures_and_resistance">Subcultures and resistance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subculture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subcultures and resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goth_weekends_Portraits_(63613710).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Goth_weekends_Portraits_%2863613710%29.jpg/250px-Goth_weekends_Portraits_%2863613710%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Goth_weekends_Portraits_%2863613710%29.jpg/330px-Goth_weekends_Portraits_%2863613710%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Goth_weekends_Portraits_%2863613710%29.jpg/500px-Goth_weekends_Portraits_%2863613710%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture">goth</a> couple attending the <a href="/wiki/Whitby_Goth_Weekend" title="Whitby Goth Weekend">Whitby Goth Weekend</a> festival, dressed in <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fashion" title="Gothic fashion">typical Gothic</a> <a href="/wiki/Victorian_fashion" title="Victorian fashion">Victorian</a> and <a href="/wiki/1550%E2%80%931600_in_Western_European_fashion#Elizabethan_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="1550–1600 in Western European fashion">Elizabethan</a> styles</figcaption></figure> <p>In the work of John Clarke, <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a>, Tony Jefferson, and Brian Roberts of the Birmingham CCCS (<a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Contemporary_Cultural_Studies" title="Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies">Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies</a>), subcultures are interpreted as forms of resistance. Society is seen as being divided into two fundamental classes, the working class and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a>, each with its own class culture, and middle-class culture being dominant. Particularly in the working class, subcultures grow out of the presence of specific interests and affiliations around which cultural models spring up, in conflict with both their parents' culture and <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainstream culture">mainstream culture</a>. Subcultural groups emphasize voluntary, informal, and organic subordinate relationships formed in unregulated street public spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Facing a weakening of class identity, subcultures are then new forms of <a href="/wiki/Collective_identity#In_sociology" title="Collective identity">collective identification</a>, expressing what Cohen defined "symbolic resistance" against the mainstream culture and developing imaginary solutions for structural problems. However, the Birmingham School believes that the symbolic rejection of mainstream bourgeois lifestyles by subcultures is illusory.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Paul_Willis" title="Paul Willis">Paul Willis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dick_Hebdige" title="Dick Hebdige">Dick Hebdige</a> underline, identity and resistance in subcultures are expressed through the development of a distinctive style which, by a re-signification and "<a href="/wiki/Bricolage" title="Bricolage">bricolage</a>" operation, use <a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">cultural</a> <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services" title="Goods and services">goods and services</a> as standardized products to buy and <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consume</a>, in order to communicate and express one's own conflict. Yet the culture industry is often capable of re-absorbing the components of such a style and once again transforming them into <a href="/wiki/Consumer_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer goods">consumer goods</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Mass_society" title="Mass society">mass society</a>. At the same time the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>, while they participate in building subcultures by broadcasting their images, also weaken subcultures by depriving them of their subversive content or by spreading a <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">socially stigmatized</a> image of them and their members.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subcultures_and_distinction">Subcultures and distinction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subculture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Subcultures and distinction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most recent interpretations see subcultures as forms of distinction. In an attempt to overcome the idea of subcultures as forms of deviance or resistance, they describe subcultures as collectivities which, on a cultural level, are sufficiently homogeneous internally and heterogeneous with respect to the outside world to be capable of developing, as Paul Hodkinson points out, consistent distinctiveness, identity, commitment and autonomy. Defined by <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Thornton" title="Sarah Thornton">Sarah Thornton</a> as taste cultures, subcultures are endowed with elastic, porous borders, and are inserted into relationships of interaction and mingling, rather than independence and conflict, with the cultural industry and mass media, as <a href="/wiki/Steve_Redhead" title="Steve Redhead">Steve Redhead</a> and David Muggleton emphasize. The very idea of a unique, internally homogeneous, dominant culture is explicitly criticized. Thus forms of individual involvement in subcultures are fluid and gradual, differentiated according to each actor's investment, outside clear dichotomies. The ideas of different levels of subcultural capital (<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Thornton" title="Sarah Thornton">Sarah Thornton</a>) possessed by each individual, of the supermarket of style (<a href="/wiki/Ted_Polhemus" title="Ted Polhemus">Ted Polhemus</a>) and of style surfing (Martina Böse) replace that of the subculture's insiders and outsiders – with the perspective of subcultures supplying resources for the construction of new identities going beyond strong, lasting identifications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identifying">Identifying</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subculture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Identifying"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramones_30081980_10_800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ramones_30081980_10_800.jpg/230px-Ramones_30081980_10_800.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ramones_30081980_10_800.jpg/345px-Ramones_30081980_10_800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ramones_30081980_10_800.jpg/460px-Ramones_30081980_10_800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Members of the seminal <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> band <a href="/wiki/Ramones" title="Ramones">Ramones</a> wearing early <a href="/wiki/Punk_fashion" title="Punk fashion">punk fashion items</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Converse_sneakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Converse sneakers">Converse sneakers</a>, black <a href="/wiki/Leather_jackets" class="mw-redirect" title="Leather jackets">leather jackets</a>, and blue <a href="/wiki/Jeans" title="Jeans">jeans</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The study of subcultures often consists of the study of symbolism attached to <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hairstyles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hairstyles">hairstyles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a>, and other visible affectations by members of subcultures, and also of the ways in which these same symbols are interpreted by members of the dominant culture. Dick Hebdige writes that members of a subculture often signal their membership through a distinctive and symbolic use of style, which includes <a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">fashions</a>, <i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mannerisms#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:mannerisms">mannerisms</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Argot" class="mw-redirect" title="Argot">argot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_Trek_uniforms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Star_Trek_uniforms.jpg/230px-Star_Trek_uniforms.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Star_Trek_uniforms.jpg/345px-Star_Trek_uniforms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Star_Trek_uniforms.jpg/460px-Star_Trek_uniforms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2943" data-file-height="1962" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_fandom" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Trek fandom">Trekkies</a> are a subculture of <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> fans.</figcaption></figure> <p>Subcultures can exist at all levels of organizations, highlighting the fact that there are multiple cultures or value combinations usually evident in any one organization that can complement but also compete with the overall organisational culture.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some instances, subcultures have been legislated against, and their activities regulated or curtailed.<sup id="cite_ref-HallStuart_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HallStuart-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British <a href="/wiki/Youth_subculture" title="Youth subculture">youth subcultures</a> had been described as a moral problem that ought to be handled by the guardians of the dominant culture within the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus" title="Post-war consensus">post-war consensus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HallStuart_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HallStuart-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationships_with_mainstream_culture">Relationships with mainstream culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subculture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relationships with mainstream culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar-b-quin%27_with_my_HONEY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bar-b-quin%27_with_my_HONEY.jpg/170px-Bar-b-quin%27_with_my_HONEY.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bar-b-quin%27_with_my_HONEY.jpg/255px-Bar-b-quin%27_with_my_HONEY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bar-b-quin%27_with_my_HONEY.jpg/340px-Bar-b-quin%27_with_my_HONEY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Potato_chip" title="Potato chip">Potato chip</a> packages featuring <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_culture" title="Hip-hop culture">hip hop subcultural</a> designs in a case of mainstream commercial cultural merging</figcaption></figure> <p>It may be difficult to identify certain subcultures because their style (particularly clothing and music) may be adopted by mass culture for commercial purposes. Businesses often seek to capitalize on the subversive allure of subcultures in search of <i><a href="/wiki/Cool_(aesthetic)" title="Cool (aesthetic)">Cool</a></i>, which remains valuable in the selling of any product.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">cultural appropriation</a> may often result in the death or evolution of the subculture, as its members adopt new styles that appear alien to mainstream society.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Music-based subcultures are particularly vulnerable to this process; what may be considered subcultures at one stage in their histories – such as <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture">goth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop culture">hip hop</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rave_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Rave culture">rave cultures</a> – may represent mainstream taste within a short period.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even religious groups can be seen as subcultures.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his research on British punk rock in the late 1970s, Hebdige proposed a controversial proposition at the time: punk portrayed the entire history of post-war working-class youth culture in a "cut" form, blending elements that originally belonged to completely different eras.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some subcultures reject or modify the importance of style, stressing membership through the adoption of an <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> which may be much more resistant to commercial exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk subculture</a>'s distinctive (and initially shocking) style of clothing was adopted by mass-market fashion companies once the subculture became a media interest. <a href="/wiki/Dick_Hebdige" title="Dick Hebdige">Dick Hebdige</a> argues that the punk subculture shares the same "radical aesthetic practices" as the <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dadaist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealist</a> art movements: </p> <blockquote> <p>Like Duchamp's 'ready mades' - manufactured objects which qualified as art because he chose to call them such, the most unremarkable and inappropriate items - a pin, a plastic clothes peg, a television component, a razor blade, a tampon - could be brought within the province of punk (un)fashion ... Objects borrowed from the most sordid of contexts found a place in punks' ensembles; lavatory chains were draped in graceful arcs across chests in plastic bin liners. Safety pins were taken out of their domestic 'utility' context and worn as gruesome ornaments through the cheek, ear or lip ... fragments of school uniform (white bri-nylon shirts, school ties) were symbolically defiled (the shirts covered in graffiti, or fake blood; the ties left undone) and juxtaposed against leather drains or shocking pink mohair tops.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Urban_tribes">Urban tribes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subculture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Urban tribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Urban tribe" redirects here. For the American musician, see <a href="/wiki/Urban_Tribe" title="Urban Tribe">Urban Tribe</a>.</div> <p>In 1985, French sociologist <a href="/wiki/Michel_Maffesoli" title="Michel Maffesoli">Michel Maffesoli</a> coined the term <i>urban tribe</i> or <a href="/wiki/Neotribalism" title="Neotribalism">neotribalism</a>. It gained widespread use after the publication of his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Time_of_the_Tribes" title="The Time of the Tribes">The Time of the Tribes</a></i> (1988).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, this book was published in English.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Maffesoli, neo tribes are microgroups of people who share common interests in urban areas. The members of these relatively small groups tend to have similar worldviews, dress styles and behavioral patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their <a href="/wiki/Social_interactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interactions">social interactions</a> are largely <a href="/wiki/Formality" title="Formality">informal</a> and emotionally laden, different from <a href="/wiki/Late_capitalism" title="Late capitalism">late capitalism</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Corporate" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate">corporate</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> cultures, based on dispassionate logic. Maffesoli claims that <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punks</a> are a typical example of an "urban tribe".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the context of <a href="/wiki/Consumer_culture_theory" title="Consumer culture theory">consumer culture</a>, the notion of consumer tribes indicate ephemeral groups of individuals that often share a common interest and a share a subculture.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike traditional tribes that share kinship and language, consumer tribes are elective and ephemeral because they disperse without necessarily building long-term relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consumer tribes often fluctuate around a common hobby or interest but lack permanent social bonds to become a <a href="/wiki/Brand_community" title="Brand community">brand community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexual_and_gender_identity-based_subcultures">Sexual and gender identity-based subcultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subculture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sexual and gender identity-based subcultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_roleplay" title="Sexual roleplay">Sexual roleplay</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonewall_Inn_5_pride_weekend_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Stonewall_Inn_5_pride_weekend_2016.jpg/220px-Stonewall_Inn_5_pride_weekend_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Stonewall_Inn_5_pride_weekend_2016.jpg/330px-Stonewall_Inn_5_pride_weekend_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Stonewall_Inn_5_pride_weekend_2016.jpg/440px-Stonewall_Inn_5_pride_weekend_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Inn" title="Stonewall Inn">Stonewall Inn</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gay_village" title="Gay village">gay village</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in New York City">Manhattan</a>, site of the June 1969 <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a>, is adorned with <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_flag_(LGBT)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow flag (LGBT)">rainbow pride flags</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GayGreenwichVillage1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GayGreenwichVillage1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GayGreenwichVillage2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GayGreenwichVillage2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GayGreenwichVillage3_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GayGreenwichVillage3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">sexual revolution</a> of the 1960s led to a <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">countercultural rejection of the established sexual and gender norms</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, particularly in the urban areas of Europe, North and South America, Australia, and white South Africa. A more permissive social environment in these areas led to a proliferation of <i>sexual subcultures</i>—cultural expressions of <a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">non-normative sexuality</a>. As with other subcultures, sexual subcultures adopted certain styles of fashion and gestures to distinguish themselves from mainstream Western culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Hovey_2007_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hovey_2007-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexual</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> (<a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a>) people express themselves through the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture">LGBT culture</a>, considered the largest sexual subculture of the 20th and 21st centuries. With the <a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">ever-increasing acceptance of homosexuality in the early 21st century</a>, including its expressions in fashion, music, and design, the <a href="/wiki/Gay_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay culture">gay culture</a> can no longer be considered a subculture in many parts of the world, although some aspects of gay culture like <a href="/wiki/Leather_subculture" title="Leather subculture">leathermen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bear_(gay_culture)" title="Bear (gay culture)">bears</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chub_(gay_culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chub (gay culture)">chubs</a> are considered subcultures within the gay movement itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Hovey_2007_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hovey_2007-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Butch_and_femme" title="Butch and femme">butch and femme</a> identities or roles among some lesbians also engender their own subculture with stereotypical attire, for instance <a href="/wiki/Drag_king" title="Drag king">drag kings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hovey_2007_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hovey_2007-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A late 1980s development, the <a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer</a> movement can be considered a subculture broadly encompassing those that reject normativity in sexual behavior, and who celebrate visibility and activism. The wider movement coincided with growing academic interests in <a href="/wiki/Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">queer studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">queer theory</a>. </p><p>Aspects of sexual subcultures can vary along other cultural lines. For instance, in the United States, <i><a href="/wiki/Down-low_(sexual_slang)" title="Down-low (sexual slang)">down-low</a></i> is a slang term specifically used within the <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American community</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cassell's_Dic_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassell's_Dic-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to refer to <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black men</a> who usually identify as <a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">heterosexual</a> but actively seek <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">sexual encounters and relations with other men</a>, practice <a href="/wiki/Cruising_for_sex" title="Cruising for sex">gay cruising</a>, and frequently adopt a specific <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop fashion">hip-hop attire</a> during these activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Hovey_2007_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hovey_2007-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Am._J._Public_Health_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Am._J._Public_Health-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They avoid sharing this information even if they have female sexual partner(s), they are married to a woman, or they are single.<sup id="cite_ref-Coming_Up_from_the_Down_Low_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coming_Up_from_the_Down_Low-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Secret_Gay_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Secret_Gay-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Black_masculinities_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_masculinities-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Outing_Hip-Hop_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Outing_Hip-Hop-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_media">Social media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subculture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Social media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Internet_culture" title="Internet culture">Internet culture</a></div> <p>In a 2011 study, Brady Robards and Andy Bennett said that online identity expression has been interpreted as exhibiting subcultural qualities. However, they argue it is more in line with <a href="/wiki/Neotribalism" title="Neotribalism">neotribalism</a> than with what is often classified as subculture. <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_website" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking website">Social networking websites</a> are quickly becoming the most used form of communication and means to distribute information and news. They offer a way for people with similar backgrounds, lifestyles, professions or hobbies to connect. According to a co-founder and executive creative strategist for RE-UP, as technology becomes a "life force," subcultures become the main bone of contention for brands as networks rise through cultural mash-ups and phenomenons.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> is concerned, there seems to be a growing interest among media producers to use subcultures for branding. This is seen most actively on social network sites with <a href="/wiki/User-generated_content" title="User-generated content">user-generated content</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. </p><p>Subcultures can be and have been successfully targeted by firms commercially. A stream of academic research in <a href="/wiki/Consumer_culture" title="Consumer culture">consumer culture</a> shows the multiple ways in which companies and firms target subcultures with commercial offerings.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discrimination">Discrimination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subculture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Discrimination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a>-based harassment and violence are sometimes directed towards a person or group based on their culture or subculture.<sup id="cite_ref-iraq-emo-killings_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iraq-emo-killings-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc-17333275_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-17333275-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sedgwick_2013_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedgwick_2013-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www.channel4.com_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.channel4.com-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States and the United Kingdom, the concept of subculture has always been the main explanatory tool for sociological and criminological understanding of deviant behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police" title="Greater Manchester Police">Greater Manchester Police</a> in the United Kingdom began to classify attacks on subcultures such as <a href="/wiki/Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture">goths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">emos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_subculture" title="Heavy metal subculture">metalheads</a> as hate crimes, in the same way they record abuse against people because of their religion, race, disability, sexual orientation or transgender identity.<sup id="cite_ref-www.channel4.com_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.channel4.com-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision followed the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Sophie_Lancaster" title="Murder of Sophie Lancaster">murder of Sophie Lancaster</a> and beating of her boyfriend in 2007, who were attacked because they were goths.<sup id="cite_ref-Sedgwick_2013_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedgwick_2013-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_activism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social activism">activists</a> have denounced the occurrence of <a href="/wiki/Emo_killings_in_Iraq" title="Emo killings in Iraq">emo killings in Iraq</a>, which consisted of between at least 6 and up to 70 teenage boys who were kidnapped, tortured, and murdered in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and elsewhere in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, due to being targeted because they dressed in a "Westernized" emo style.<sup id="cite_ref-iraq-emo-killings_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iraq-emo-killings-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc-17333275_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-17333275-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subculture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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.div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_lifestyle" title="Alternative lifestyle">Alternative lifestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_world" title="Art world">Art world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandalism" title="Brandalism">Brandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_subcultures" title="Far-right subcultures">Far-right subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk culture">Folk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosociality" title="Heterosociality">Heterosociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_subcultures_in_the_20th_Century" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Western subcultures in the 20th Century">History of Western subcultures in the 20th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_competence" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercultural competence">Intercultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcultures" title="List of subcultures">List of subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_culture" title="Low culture">Low culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotribalism" title="Neotribalism">Neotribalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcultural_theory" title="Subcultural theory">Subcultural theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Underclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_culture" title="Underground culture">Underground culture</a></li> <li><a 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.reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-subculture-theories-definition-examples.html">"What Is Subculture? – Theories, Definition & Examples – Video & Lesson Transcript"</a>. Study.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+Subculture%3F+%E2%80%93+Theories%2C+Definition+%26+Examples+%E2%80%93+Video+%26+Lesson+Transcript&rft.pub=Study.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstudy.com%2Facademy%2Flesson%2Fwhat-is-subculture-theories-definition-examples.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-subculture" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/192545">"subculture"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=subculture&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F192545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubculture" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNiosi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Niosi, Andrea (2021-06-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opentextbc.ca/introconsumerbehaviour/chapter/subcultures/">"Subcultures"</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://opentextbc.ca/introconsumerbehaviour/chapter/subcultures/">https://opentextbc.ca/introconsumerbehaviour/chapter/subcultures/</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=https%3A%2F%2Fopentextbc.ca%2Fintroconsumerbehaviour%2Fchapter%2Fsubcultures%2F&rft.atitle=Subcultures&rft.date=2021-06-25&rft.aulast=Niosi&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopentextbc.ca%2Fintroconsumerbehaviour%2Fchapter%2Fsubcultures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubculture" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/subcultures">"Subcultures - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"</a>. <i>www.sciencedirect.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Progressive+Black+Masculinities&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006-09-28&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97687-9&rft.aulast=Mutua&rft.aufirst=Athena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGAzEzR3dap4C%26q%3D%2522down%2520low%2522%252C%2520adapted%2520by%2520a%2520subculture%2520of%2520black%2520men%26pg%3DPT197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Outing_Hip-Hop-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Outing_Hip-Hop_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBennett2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Bennett, Jessica (May 19, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/137380/page/1">"Outing Hip-Hop"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086/209434">"Subcultures of Consumption: An Ethnography of the New Bikers"</a>. <i>Journal of Consumer Research</i>. <b>22</b>: 43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F209434">10.1086/209434</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consumer+Research&rft.atitle=Subcultures+of+Consumption%3A+An+Ethnography+of+the+New+Bikers&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=43&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F209434&rft.aulast=Schouten&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft.au=McAlexander%2C+James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%2F209434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iraq-emo-killings-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iraq-emo-killings_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iraq-emo-killings_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRasheedAmeer2012" class="citation news cs1">Rasheed, Ahmed; Ameer, Mohammed (10 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-emo-killings-idUSBRE8290CY20120310">"Iraq militia stone youths to death for "emo" style"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220423113031/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-emo-killings-idUSBRE8290CY20120310">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iraq+militia+stone+youths+to+death+for+%22emo%22+style&rft.date=2012-03-10&rft.aulast=Rasheed&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft.au=Ameer%2C+Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-iraq-emo-killings-idUSBRE8290CY20120310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-17333275-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-17333275_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-17333275_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-17333275">"Iraqi 'emo' youths reportedly killed by conservative militias"</a>. BBC News. 11 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220618083508/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-17333275">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iraqi+%27emo%27+youths+reportedly+killed+by+conservative+militias&rft.date=2012-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-17333275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sedgwick_2013-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sedgwick_2013_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedgwick_2013_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSedgwick2013" class="citation news cs1">Sedgwick, Mark (4 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22026044">"How are goths and emos defined?"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220425025550/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-22026044">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+are+goths+and+emos+defined%3F&rft.date=2013-04-04&rft.aulast=Sedgwick&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-22026044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.channel4.com-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www.channel4.com_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.channel4.com_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channel4.com/news/goth-hate-crime-emo-punk-metal-police-gmp">"Attacks on goths, punks, and emos are 'hate crimes'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Channel 4 News. 4 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019015118/https://www.channel4.com/news/goth-hate-crime-emo-punk-metal-police-gmp">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Attacks+on+goths%2C+punks%2C+and+emos+are+%27hate+crimes%27&rft.date=2013-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channel4.com%2Fnews%2Fgoth-hate-crime-emo-punk-metal-police-gmp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlackman2013" class="citation journal cs1">Blackman, Shane (2013-06-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01639625.2013.859049">"Subculture Theory: An Historical and Contemporary Assessment of the Concept for Understanding Deviance"</a>. <i>Deviant Behavior</i>. <b>35</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">496–</span>512. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01639625.2013.859049">10.1080/01639625.2013.859049</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0163-9625">0163-9625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deviant+Behavior&rft.atitle=Subculture+Theory%3A+An+Historical+and+Contemporary+Assessment+of+the+Concept+for+Understanding+Deviance&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E496-%3C%2Fspan%3E512&rft.date=2013-06-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01639625.2013.859049&rft.issn=0163-9625&rft.aulast=Blackman&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F01639625.2013.859049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subculture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCante2009" class="citation book cs1">Cante, Richard C. (March 2009). <i>Gay Men and the Forms of Contemporary US Culture</i>. London, England: Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7230-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7230-2"><bdi>978-0-7546-7230-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gay+Men+and+the+Forms+of+Contemporary+US+Culture&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2009-03&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7230-2&rft.aulast=Cante&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubculture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gelder, Ken (2007). <i> Subcultures: Cultural Histories and Social Practice</i> (Routledge, March 2007; softcover <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-37952-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-37952-0">0-415-37952-0</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Hebdige" title="Dick Hebdige">Hebdige, Dick</a> (1979). <i><a href="/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style" title="Subculture: The Meaning of Style">Subculture: The Meaning of Style</a></i> (Routledge, March 10, 1981; softcover <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-03949-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-03949-5">0-415-03949-5</a>). Cited in Negus, Keith (1996). <i>Popular Music in Theory: An Introduction</i>. Wesleyan University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8195-6310-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8195-6310-2">0-8195-6310-2</a>.</li> <li>Huq, Rupa (2006) 'Beyond subculture' (Routledge, 2006; softcover <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-27815-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-27815-5">0-415-27815-5</a>. Hardcover <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-27814-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-27814-7">0-415-27814-7</a>)</li> <li>Maffesoli, Michel (1996). <i>The Time of the Tribes: The Decline of Individualism in Mass Society</i>. (London: Sage Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8039-8474-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8039-8474-X">0-8039-8474-X</a>)</li> <li>McKay, George (1996) <i>Senseless Acts of Beauty: Cultures of Resistance since the Sixties</i>. (London: Verso. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85984-028-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85984-028-0">1-85984-028-0</a>.)</li> <li>McKay, George (2005) <i>Circular Breathing: The Cultural Politics of Jazz in Britain.</i> Durham NC: Duke University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-3573-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-3573-5">0-8223-3573-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Riesman" title="David Riesman">Riesman, David</a> (1950). "Listening to popular music", <i>American Quarterly</i>, 2, p. 359-71. Cited in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Middleton_(musicologist)" title="Richard Middleton (musicologist)">Middleton, Richard</a> (1990/2002). <i>Studying Popular Music</i>, p. 155. Philadelphia: Open University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-335-15275-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-335-15275-9">0-335-15275-9</a>.</li> <li>Thornton, Sarah (1995). <i>Club Cultures: Music, Media, and Subcultural Capital</i>. Cambridge: Polity Press. Cited in Negus, Keith (1996). <i>Popular Music in Theory: An Introduction</i>. Wesleyan University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8195-6310-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8195-6310-2">0-8195-6310-2</a>.</li> <li>Watters, Ethan (2003). <i>Urban Tribes: A Generation Redefines Friendship, Family, and Commitment</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58234-264-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-58234-264-4">1-58234-264-4</a>.</li> <li>Hall, Stuart, Tony Jefferson (1993). <i>Resistance Through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post-War Britain</i>. Routledge, 1993.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlair1993" class="citation journal cs1">Blair, M. Elizabeth (December 1993). "Commercialization of the Rap Music Youth Subculture". <i>The Journal of Popular Culture</i>. <b>27</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">21–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0022-3840.1993.00021.x">10.1111/j.0022-3840.1993.00021.x</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/195356599">195356599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Popular+Culture&rft.atitle=Commercialization+of+the+Rap+Music+Youth+Subculture&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=1993-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0022-3840.1993.00021.x&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=M.+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubculture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Goldstein-Gidoni, Ofra. "Producers of 'Japan' in Israel: <i>Cultural appropriation</i> in a non-colonial context." <i>Ethnos:Journal of Anthropology</i> 68.3 (2003): 365. Print.</li> <li>Lewin, Phillip, J. Patrick Williams. "Reconceptualizing Punk through <i>Ideology</i> and Authenticity". <i>Conference Papers—American Sociological Association</i>. 2007 Conference Papers, 2007.</li> <li>Howes, David. <i>Cross-cultural consumption: global markets, local realities</i>. New York: Routledge, 1996. Print.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFineKleinman1979" class="citation journal cs1">Fine, Gary Alan; Kleinman, Sherryl (July 1979). "Rethinking Subculture: An Interactionist Analysis". <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>85</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F226971">10.1086/226971</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144955053">144955053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Subculture%3A+An+Interactionist+Analysis&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1979-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F226971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144955053%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Gary+Alan&rft.au=Kleinman%2C+Sherryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubculture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Francois, L. (2013, May 25). Subcultures: Big Opportunity for Social Brands to Generate Value. Retrieved November 24, 2014, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.socialmediatoday.com/content/subcultures-big-opportunity-social-brands-generate-value">http://www.socialmediatoday.com/content/subcultures-big-opportunity-social-brands-generate-value</a></li> <li>Huntington, S. (2014, March 24). Subcultures and Social Media: Mass Differentiation. Retrieved November 24, 2014, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://socialmediadata.com/subcultures-and-social-media-mass-differentiation/">http://socialmediadata.com/subcultures-and-social-media-mass-differentiation/</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobardsBennett2011" class="citation journal cs1">Robards, Brady; Bennett, Andy (1 April 2011). "MyTribe: Post-subcultural Manifestations of Belonging on Social Network Sites". <i>Sociology</i>. <b>45</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">303–</span>317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0038038510394025">10.1177/0038038510394025</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10072%2F39970">10072/39970</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146711846">146711846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociology&rft.atitle=MyTribe%3A+Post-subcultural+Manifestations+of+Belonging+on+Social+Network+Sites&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E303-%3C%2Fspan%3E317&rft.date=2011-04-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10072%2F39970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146711846%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0038038510394025&rft.aulast=Robards&rft.aufirst=Brady&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubculture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Беляев, И. А. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://culturolog.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2051&Itemid=6">Культура, субкультура, контркультура</a> / И. А. Беляев, Н. А. Беляева // Духовность и государственность. Сборник научных статей. Выпуск 3; под ред. И. А. Беляева. — Оренбург: Филиал УрАГС в г. Оренбурге, 2002. — С. 5–18.</li> <li>Berzano, L., Genova, C. (2015). Lifestyles and Subcultures. History and a New Perspective. New York, NY: Routledge.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subculture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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economics">Cultural economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects in culture">Cultural entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">Cultural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mapping" title="Cultural mapping">Cultural mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mediation" title="Cultural mediation">Cultural mediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturomics" title="Culturomics">Culturomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_learning" title="Intercultural learning">Intercultural learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_relations" title="Intercultural relations">Intercultural relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_culture" title="Internet culture">Internet culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture_studies" title="Popular culture studies">Popular culture studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics_of_culture" title="Semiotics of culture">Semiotics of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Sociology of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound culture">Sound culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_culture" title="Theology of culture">Theology of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcultural_nursing" title="Transcultural nursing">Transcultural nursing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed culture">Constructed culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">Dominant culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualistic_culture" title="Individualistic culture">Individualistic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_culture" title="Legal culture">Legal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_culture" title="Low culture">Low culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microculture" title="Microculture">Microculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_culture" title="Official culture">Official culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Political culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_political_culture" title="Civic political culture">Civic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">Popular culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_pop_culture" title="Urban pop culture">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive culture">Primitive culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_through_culture" title="Resistance through culture">Resistance through culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Subculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_culture" title="Alternative culture">Alternative culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_subcultures" title="Far-right subcultures">Far-right subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_subculture" title="Youth subculture">Youth subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcultures" title="List of subcultures">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_culture" title="Super culture">Super culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_culture" title="Underground culture">Underground culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_culture" title="Vernacular culture">Vernacular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_by_location" title="Category:Culture by location">Culture by location</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">Acculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appreciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural appreciation">Cultural appreciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">Cultural area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Cultural artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_baggage" title="Cultural baggage">Cultural baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">Cultural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_capital" title="Cross-cultural capital">Cross-cultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_communication" title="Cultural communication">Cultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conflict" title="Cultural conflict">Cultural conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_cringe" title="Cultural cringe">Cultural cringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_dissonance" title="Cultural dissonance">Cultural dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_emphasis" title="Cultural emphasis">Cultural emphasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_framework" title="Cultural framework">Cultural framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_heritage" title="List of destroyed heritage">Destroyed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">Cultural icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural industry">Cultural industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_invention" title="Cultural invention">Cultural invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">Cultural landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_learning" title="Cultural learning">Cultural learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_leveling" title="Cultural leveling">Cultural leveling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_memory" title="Cultural memory">Cultural memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_practice" title="Cultural practice">Cultural practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">Cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_reproduction" title="Cultural reproduction">Cultural reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_system" title="Cultural system">Cultural system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_technology" title="Cultural technology">Cultural technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">Cultural universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultureme" title="Cultureme">Cultureme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enculturation" title="Enculturation">Enculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-_and_low-context_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="High- and low-context cultures">High- and low-context cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interculturality" class="mw-redirect" title="Interculturality">Interculturality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript_culture" title="Manuscript culture">Manuscript culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">Material culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-material_culture" title="Non-material culture">Non-material culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Organizational culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_culture" title="Print culture">Print culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoculture" title="Protoculture">Protoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_mobility" title="Relational mobility">Relational mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_culture" title="Safety culture">Safety culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoculture" title="Technoculture">Technoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">Trans-cultural diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transculturation" title="Transculturation">Transculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_mentality" title="Colonial mentality">Colonial mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_cultural_sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross cultural sensitivity">Cross cultural sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Cultural attaché">Cultural attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_backwardness" title="Cultural backwardness">Cultural backwardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_contracts" title="Cultural contracts">Cultural contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_deprivation" title="Cultural deprivation">Cultural deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">Cultural diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_exception" title="Cultural exception">Cultural exception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_intelligence" title="Cultural intelligence">Cultural intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_radicalism" title="Cultural radicalism">Cultural radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_retention" title="Cultural retention">Cultural retention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_rights" title="Cultural rights">Cultural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_safety" title="Cultural safety">Cultural safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_silence" title="Cultural silence">Cultural silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_subsidy" title="Cultural subsidy">Cultural subsidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">Cultural Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_change" title="Culture change">Culture change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_minister" title="Culture minister">Culture minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deculturalization" title="Deculturalization">Deculturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominator_culture" title="Dominator culture">Dominator culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Interculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Monoculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biculturalism" title="Biculturalism">Biculturalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_democracy" title="Multiracial democracy">Multiracial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluriculturalism" title="Pluriculturalism">Pluriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transculturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Transculturism">Transculturism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Culture">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Hindus" title="Cultural Hindus">Cultural Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslims" title="Cultural Muslims">Cultural Muslims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art_and_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh art and culture">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_culture" title="Animal culture">Animal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">Archaeological culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_scale" title="Bennett scale">Bennett scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_of_culture" title="Circuit of culture">Circuit of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural" title="Cross-cultural">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_center" title="Cultural center">Cultural center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence" title="Cultural competence">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_determinism" title="Cultural determinism">Cultural determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diversity" title="Cultural diversity">Cultural diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolutionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural evolutionism">Cultural evolutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_homogenization" title="Cultural homogenization">Cultural homogenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_institution" title="Cultural institution">Cultural institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_jet_lag" title="Cultural jet lag">Cultural jet lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_lag" title="Cultural lag">Cultural lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_literacy" title="Cultural literacy">Cultural literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mosaic" title="Cultural mosaic">Cultural mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_movement" title="Cultural movement">Cultural movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mulatto" title="Cultural mulatto">Cultural mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_probe" title="Cultural probe">Cultural probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">Cultural relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">Cultural tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pop-culture_tourism" title="Pop-culture tourism">Pop-culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_translation" title="Cultural translation">Cultural translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_turn" title="Cultural turn">Cultural turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_sensibility" title="Cultural sensibility">Cultural sensibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Culture and menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_positive_psychology" title="Culture and positive psychology">Culture and positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_social_cognition" title="Culture and social cognition">Culture and social cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_gap" title="Culture gap">Culture gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_hero" title="Culture hero">Culture hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_shock" title="Culture shock">Culture shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturgen" title="Culturgen">Culturgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_culture" title="Children's culture">Children's culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberculture">Cyberculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_culture" title="Disability culture">Disability culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">Deaf culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_culture" title="Eastern culture">Eastern culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">Emotions and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">Intercultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_competence" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercultural competence">Intercultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languaculture" title="Languaculture">Languaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_things_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Living things in culture">Living things in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppositional_culture" title="Oppositional culture">Oppositional culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permission_culture" title="Permission culture">Permission culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_culture" title="Rape culture">Rape culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_culture" title="Remix culture">Remix culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_culture" title="Tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation of culture">Transformation of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_culture" title="Urban culture">Urban culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_culture" title="Welfare culture">Welfare culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_culture" title="Youth culture">Youth culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture" title="Category:Culture">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Culture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Culture">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264965#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2590" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264965#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1136426/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Subkultur"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4058326-0">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Subculture"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85129417">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Subculture"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12104073s">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Subculture"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12104073s">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569931">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="subkultura"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126261&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="subkultury"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph137977&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Subculturas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX550252">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000072699&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007543743105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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