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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degradation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Degradation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Degradation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Degradation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Degradation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guanine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guanine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Guanine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guanine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adenine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adenine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Adenine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adenine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulations_of_purine_nucleotide_biosynthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulations_of_purine_nucleotide_biosynthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Regulations of purine nucleotide biosynthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulations_of_purine_nucleotide_biosynthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salvage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salvage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Salvage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salvage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Disorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacotherapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacotherapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pharmacotherapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacotherapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prebiotic_synthesis_of_purine_ribonucleosides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prebiotic_synthesis_of_purine_ribonucleosides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prebiotic synthesis of purine ribonucleosides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prebiotic_synthesis_of_purine_ribonucleosides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purine_biosynthesis_in_the_three_domains_of_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purine_biosynthesis_in_the_three_domains_of_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Purine biosynthesis in the three domains of life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purine_biosynthesis_in_the_three_domains_of_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolisme_de_les_purines" title="Metabolisme de les purines – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metabolisme de les purines" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismo_das_purinas" title="Metabolismo das purinas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Metabolismo das purinas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%93%A8%EB%A6%B0_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="퓨린 대사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퓨린 대사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolisme_purina" title="Metabolisme purina – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Metabolisme purina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D" title="プリン代謝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プリン代謝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Пуриновый обмен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пуриновый обмен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolizmus_pur%C3%ADnov" title="Metabolizmus purínov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Metabolizmus purínov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purinski_metabolizam" title="Purinski metabolizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Purinski metabolizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purinski_metabolizam" title="Purinski metabolizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical reactions and pathways involving lysis of purine nucleotides</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Purine metabolism</b> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">metabolic pathways</a> to synthesize and break down <a href="/wiki/Purine" title="Purine">purines</a> that are present in many organisms. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purine_metabolism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biosynthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Purinosome" title="Purinosome">purinosome</a></div> <p>Purines are biologically synthesized as <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotides</a> and in particular as ribotides, i.e. bases attached to <a href="/wiki/Ribose_5-phosphate" title="Ribose 5-phosphate">ribose 5-phosphate</a>. Both <a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">adenine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a> are derived from the nucleotide <a href="/wiki/Inosinic_acid" title="Inosinic acid">inosine monophosphate</a> (IMP), which is the first compound in the pathway to have a completely formed purine ring system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IMP">IMP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purine_metabolism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: IMP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nucleotides_syn1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nucleotides_syn1.svg/400px-Nucleotides_syn1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nucleotides_syn1.svg/600px-Nucleotides_syn1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nucleotides_syn1.svg/800px-Nucleotides_syn1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption><div style="border-width: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: left;">Diagram of the synthesis of IMP <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> enzymes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:rgb(219,155,36); color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> coenzymes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:rgb(151,149,45); color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> substrate names</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:rgb(227,13,196); color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> metal ions</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:rgb(128,0,0); color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> inorganic molecules</div></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Inosine monophosphate is synthesized on a pre-existing ribose-phosphate through a complex pathway (as shown in the figure on the right). The source of the <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> atoms of the purine ring, 5 and 4 respectively, come from multiple sources. The amino acid <a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">glycine</a> contributes all its carbon (2) and nitrogen (1) atoms, with additional nitrogen atoms from glutamine (2) and <a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">aspartic acid</a> (1), and additional carbon atoms from <a href="/wiki/Formyl_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Formyl group">formyl groups</a> (2), which are transferred from the <a href="/wiki/Coenzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Coenzyme">coenzyme</a> <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrofolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrahydrofolate">tetrahydrofolate</a> as <a href="/wiki/10-formyltetrahydrofolate" class="mw-redirect" title="10-formyltetrahydrofolate">10-formyltetrahydrofolate</a>, and a carbon atom from <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a> (1). Formyl groups build carbon-2 and carbon-8 in the purine ring system, which are the ones acting as bridges between two nitrogen atoms. </p><p>A key regulatory step is the production of 5-phospho-α-<small>D</small>-ribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (<a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosyl_pyrophosphate" title="Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate">PRPP</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Ribose-phosphate_diphosphokinase" title="Ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase">ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase</a>, which is activated by <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Inorganic phosphate">inorganic phosphate</a> and inactivated by purine ribonucleotides. It is not the committed step to purine synthesis because PRPP is also used in pyrimidine synthesis and salvage pathways. </p><p>The first committed step is the reaction of PRPP, <a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">glutamine</a> and water to <a href="/wiki/5%27-phosphoribosylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="5'-phosphoribosylamine">5'-phosphoribosylamine</a> (PRA), <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pyrophosphate" title="Pyrophosphate">pyrophosphate</a> - catalyzed by <a href="/wiki/Amidophosphoribosyltransferase" title="Amidophosphoribosyltransferase">amidophosphoribosyltransferase</a>, which is activated by PRPP and inhibited by <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guanosine_monophosphate" title="Guanosine monophosphate">GMP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inosinic_acid" title="Inosinic acid">IMP</a>. </p> <dl><dd>PRPP + L-Glutamine + <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span> → PRA + L-Glutamate + PPi</dd></dl> <p>In the second step react <a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosylamine" title="Phosphoribosylamine">PRA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">glycine</a> and ATP to create <a href="/wiki/Glycineamide_ribonucleotide" title="Glycineamide ribonucleotide">GAR</a>, ADP, and pyrophosphate - catalyzed by <a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosylamine%E2%80%94glycine_ligase" title="Phosphoribosylamine—glycine ligase">phosphoribosylamine—glycine ligase</a> (GAR synthetase). Due to the chemical lability of PRA, which has a half-life of 38 seconds at PH 7.5 and 37 °C, researchers have suggested that the compound is channeled from amidophosphoribosyltransferase to GAR synthetase <i>in vivo.</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>PRA + Glycine + ATP → GAR + ADP + Pi</dd></dl> <p>The third is catalyzed by <a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosylglycinamide_formyltransferase" title="Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase">phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase</a>. </p> <dl><dd>GAR + <a href="/wiki/10-Formyltetrahydrofolate" title="10-Formyltetrahydrofolate">fTHF</a> → <a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycineamide" title="Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycineamide">fGAR</a> + <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrofolic_acid" title="Tetrahydrofolic acid">THF</a></dd></dl> <p>The fourth is catalyzed by <a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine_synthase" title="Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase">phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase</a>. </p> <dl><dd>fGAR + L-Glutamine + ATP → <a href="/wiki/5%27-Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine" class="mw-redirect" title="5'-Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine">fGAM</a> + L-Glutamate + ADP + Pi</dd></dl> <p>The fifth is catalyzed by <a href="/wiki/AIR_synthetase_(FGAM_cyclase)" title="AIR synthetase (FGAM cyclase)">AIR synthetase (FGAM cyclase)</a>. </p> <dl><dd>fGAM + ATP → <a href="/wiki/5-Aminoimidazole_ribotide" title="5-Aminoimidazole ribotide">AIR</a> + ADP + Pi + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd></dl> <p>The sixth is catalyzed by <a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole_carboxylase" title="Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase">phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase</a>. </p> <dl><dd>AIR + CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> → <a href="/wiki/5%27-Phosphoribosyl-4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole" class="mw-redirect" title="5'-Phosphoribosyl-4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole">CAIR</a> + <span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">2H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></a></span></dd></dl> <p>The seventh is catalyzed by <a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide_synthase" title="Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase">phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase</a>. </p> <dl><dd>CAIR + <a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">L-Aspartate</a> + ATP → <a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide" title="Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide">SAICAR</a> + ADP + Pi</dd></dl> <p>The eight is catalyzed by <a href="/wiki/Adenylosuccinate_lyase" title="Adenylosuccinate lyase">adenylosuccinate lyase</a>. </p> <dl><dd>SAICAR → <a href="/wiki/AICA_ribonucleotide" title="AICA ribonucleotide">AICAR</a> + <a href="/wiki/Fumaric_acid" title="Fumaric acid">Fumarate</a></dd></dl> <p>The products AICAR and fumarate move on to two different pathways. AICAR serves as the reactant for the ninth step, while fumarate is transported to the citric acid cycle which can then skip the carbon dioxide evolution steps to produce malate. The conversion of fumarate to malate is catalyzed by fumarase. In this way, fumarate connects purine synthesis to the citric acid cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ninth is catalyzed by <a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide_formyltransferase" title="Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase">phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase</a>. </p> <dl><dd>AICAR + fTHF → <a href="/wiki/5-Formamidoimidazole-4-carboxamide_ribotide" title="5-Formamidoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide">FAICAR</a> + THF</dd></dl> <p>The last step is catalyzed by <a href="/wiki/Inosine_monophosphate_synthase" title="Inosine monophosphate synthase">Inosine monophosphate synthase</a>. </p> <dl><dd>FAICAR → IMP + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd></dl> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a> the second, third, and fifth step are catalyzed by <a href="/wiki/Trifunctional_purine_biosynthetic_protein_adenosine-3" title="Trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-3">trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-3</a>, which is encoded by the GART gene. </p><p>Both ninth and tenth step are accomplished by a single protein named Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PURH, encoded by the ATIC gene. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GMP">GMP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purine_metabolism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: GMP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inosine-5%E2%80%B2-monophosphate_dehydrogenase" title="Inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase">IMP dehydrogenase</a> (IMPDH) converts <a href="/wiki/Inosine_monophosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Inosine monophosphate">IMP</a> into <a href="/wiki/Xanthosine_monophosphate" title="Xanthosine monophosphate">XMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMP_synthase" title="GMP synthase">GMP synthase</a> converts XMP into <a href="/wiki/Guanine_monophosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanine monophosphate">GMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMP_reductase" title="GMP reductase">GMP reductase</a> converts GMP back into IMP</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AMP">AMP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purine_metabolism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: AMP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenylosuccinate_synthase" title="Adenylosuccinate synthase">adenylosuccinate synthase</a> converts IMP to <a href="/wiki/Adenylosuccinate" title="Adenylosuccinate">adenylosuccinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenylosuccinate_lyase" title="Adenylosuccinate lyase">adenylosuccinate lyase</a> converts adenylosuccinate into <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMP_deaminase" title="AMP deaminase">AMP deaminase</a> converts AMP back into IMP</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Degradation">Degradation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purine_metabolism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Degradation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Purines are metabolised by several <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guanine">Guanine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purine_metabolism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Guanine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Nuclease" title="Nuclease">nuclease</a> frees the <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Nucleotidase" title="Nucleotidase">nucleotidase</a> creates <a href="/wiki/Guanosine" title="Guanosine">guanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purine_nucleoside_phosphorylase" title="Purine nucleoside phosphorylase">Purine nucleoside phosphorylase</a> converts <a href="/wiki/Guanosine" title="Guanosine">guanosine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanase" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanase">Guanase</a> converts guanine to <a href="/wiki/Xanthine" title="Xanthine">xanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthine_oxidase" title="Xanthine oxidase">Xanthine oxidase</a> (a form of xanthine oxidoreductase) catalyzes the <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> of xanthine to <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adenine">Adenine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purine_metabolism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Adenine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Nuclease" title="Nuclease">nuclease</a> frees the <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Nucleotidase" title="Nucleotidase">nucleotidase</a> creates <a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">adenosine</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_deaminase" title="Adenosine deaminase">adenosine deaminase</a> creates <a href="/wiki/Inosine" title="Inosine">inosine</a></li> <li>Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/AMP_deaminase" title="AMP deaminase">AMP deaminase</a> creates <a href="/wiki/Inosinic_acid" title="Inosinic acid">inosinic acid</a>, then a <a href="/wiki/Nucleotidase" title="Nucleotidase">nucleotidase</a> creates <a href="/wiki/Inosine" title="Inosine">inosine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purine_nucleoside_phosphorylase" title="Purine nucleoside phosphorylase">Purine nucleoside phosphorylase</a> acts upon inosine to create <a href="/wiki/Hypoxanthine" title="Hypoxanthine">hypoxanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthine_oxidase" title="Xanthine oxidase">Xanthine oxidase</a> catalyzes the biotransformation of hypoxanthine to xanthine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthine_oxidase" title="Xanthine oxidase">Xanthine oxidase</a> acts upon xanthine to create <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulations_of_purine_nucleotide_biosynthesis">Regulations of purine nucleotide biosynthesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purine_metabolism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regulations of purine nucleotide biosynthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The formation of 5'-phosphoribosylamine from glutamine and PRPP catalysed by PRPP amino transferase is the regulation point for purine synthesis. The enzyme is an allosteric enzyme, so it can be converted from IMP, GMP and AMP in high concentration binds the enzyme to exerts inhibition while PRPP is in large amount binds to the enzyme which causes activation. So IMP, GMP and AMP are inhibitors while PRPP is an activator. Between the formation of 5'-phosphoribosyl, aminoimidazole and IMP, there is no known regulation step. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Salvage">Salvage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purine_metabolism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Salvage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Purines from turnover of cellular nucleic acids (or from food) can also be salvaged and reused in new nucleotides. </p> <ul><li>The enzyme <a href="/wiki/Adenine_phosphoribosyltransferase" title="Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase">adenine phosphoribosyltransferase</a> (APRT) salvages <a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">adenine</a>.</li> <li>The enzyme <a href="/wiki/Hypoxanthine-guanine_phosphoribosyltransferase" title="Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase">hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase</a> (HGPRT) salvages <a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypoxanthine" title="Hypoxanthine">hypoxanthine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26616453_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26616453-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Genetic deficiency of HGPRT causes <a href="/wiki/Lesch%E2%80%93Nyhan_syndrome" title="Lesch–Nyhan syndrome">Lesch–Nyhan syndrome</a>.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disorders">Disorders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purine_metabolism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Disorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a defective gene causes gaps to appear in the metabolic recycling process for purines and pyrimidines, these chemicals are not metabolised properly, and adults or children can suffer from any one of twenty-eight hereditary disorders, possibly some more as yet unknown. Symptoms can include <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a>, anaemia, epilepsy, delayed development, deafness, compulsive self-biting, kidney failure or stones, or loss of immunity. </p><p>Purine metabolism can have imbalances that can arise from harmful nucleotide triphosphates incorporating into DNA and RNA which further lead to genetic disturbances and mutations, and as a result, give rise to several types of diseases. Some of the diseases are: </p> <ol><li>Severe immunodeficiency by loss of adenosine deaminase.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperuricemia" title="Hyperuricemia">Hyperuricemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lesch%E2%80%93Nyhan_syndrome" title="Lesch–Nyhan syndrome">Lesch–Nyhan syndrome</a> by the loss of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase.</li> <li>Different types of cancer by an increase in the activities of enzymes like IMP dehydrogenase.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacotherapy">Pharmacotherapy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purine_metabolism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pharmacotherapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modulation of purine metabolism has pharmacotherapeutic value. </p><p><i>Purine synthesis inhibitors</i> inhibit the proliferation of cells, especially <a href="/wiki/Leukocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukocytes">leukocytes</a>. These inhibitors include <a href="/wiki/Azathioprine" title="Azathioprine">azathioprine</a>, an immunosuppressant used in <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">organ transplantation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune disease</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a> or inflammatory bowel disease such as <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">ulcerative colitis</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mycophenolate_mofetil" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycophenolate mofetil">Mycophenolate mofetil</a> is an immunosuppressant drug used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation; it inhibits purine synthesis by blocking inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">Methotrexate</a> also indirectly inhibits purine synthesis by blocking the metabolism of <a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">folic acid</a> (it is an inhibitor of the <a href="/wiki/Dihydrofolate_reductase" title="Dihydrofolate reductase">dihydrofolate reductase</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Allopurinol" title="Allopurinol">Allopurinol</a> is a drug that inhibits the enzyme xanthine oxidoreductase and, thus, lowers the level of uric acid in the body. This may be useful in the treatment of gout, which is a disease caused by excess uric acid, forming crystals in joints. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prebiotic_synthesis_of_purine_ribonucleosides">Prebiotic synthesis of purine ribonucleosides</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purine_metabolism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prebiotic synthesis of purine ribonucleosides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to understand how <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> arose, knowledge is required of the chemical pathways that permit formation of the key building blocks of life under plausible <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">prebiotic conditions</a>. Nam et al.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> demonstrated the direct condensation of purine and pyrimidine nucleobases with ribose to give ribonucleosides in aqueous microdroplets, a key step leading to RNA formation. Also, a plausible prebiotic process for synthesizing purine ribonucleosides was presented by Becker et al.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purine_biosynthesis_in_the_three_domains_of_life">Purine biosynthesis in the three domains of life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purine_metabolism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Purine biosynthesis in the three domains of life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organisms in all three domains of life, <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>, are able to carry out <i>de novo</i> <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">biosynthesis</a> of purines. This ability reflects the essentiality of purines for life. The biochemical pathway of synthesis is very similar in eukaryotes and bacterial species, but is more variable among archaeal species.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown2011_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A nearly complete, or complete, set of genes required for purine biosynthesis was determined to be present in 58 of the 65 archaeal species studied.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown2011_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, also identified were seven archaeal species with entirely, or nearly entirely, absent purine encoding genes. Apparently the archaeal species unable to synthesize purines are able to acquire exogenous purines for growth.,<sup id="cite_ref-Brown2011_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are thus similar to purine mutants of eukaryotes, e.g. purine mutants of the <a href="/wiki/Ascomycete" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascomycete">Ascomycete</a> fungus <i><a href="/wiki/Neurospora_crassa" title="Neurospora crassa">Neurospora crassa</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that also require exogenous purines for growth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purine_metabolism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purine_nucleotide_cycle" title="Purine nucleotide cycle">Purine nucleotide cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purinergic_signaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Purinergic signaling">Purinergic signaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease-modifying_antirheumatic_drug" title="Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug">Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug</a> (DMARD)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purine_metabolism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Gen. Microbiol</i>. <b>25</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00221287-25-1-41">10.1099/00221287-25-1-41</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Gen.+Microbiol.&rft.atitle=Imidazole+compounds+accumulated+by+purine+mutants+of+Neurospora+crassa&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2F00221287-25-1-41&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1099%252F00221287-25-1-41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurine+metabolism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purine_metabolism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/">The Medical Biochemistry Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genome.jp/kegg/pathway/map/map00230.html">Purine metabolism - Reference pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pumpa.org.uk">PUMPA: Purine Metabolic Patients’ Association</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Metabolism" title="Template:Metabolism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metabolism" title="Template talk:Metabolism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metabolism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metabolism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolism,_catabolism,_anabolism113" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">anabolism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">Metabolic pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_network" title="Metabolic network">Metabolic network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_nutritional_groups" title="Primary nutritional groups">Primary nutritional groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bioenergetics" title="Bioenergetics">Energy<br /> metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerobic_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic respiration">Aerobic respiration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">Glycolysis</a> → <a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase">Pyruvate decarboxylation</a> → <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">Citric acid cycle</a> → <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation">Oxidative phosphorylation</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" title="Electron transport chain">electron transport chain</a> + <a href="/wiki/ATP_synthase" title="ATP synthase">ATP synthase</a></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration" title="Anaerobic respiration">Anaerobic respiration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Electron acceptors other than oxygen</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">Glycolysis</a> → <a href="/wiki/Substrate-level_phosphorylation" title="Substrate-level phosphorylation">Substrate-level phosphorylation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone%E2%80%93butanol%E2%80%93ethanol_fermentation" title="Acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation">ABE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation" title="Lactic acid fermentation">Lactic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific<br /> paths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protein_metabolism" title="Protein metabolism">Protein metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis" title="Protein biosynthesis">Protein synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_catabolism" title="Protein catabolism">Catabolism</a> (protein→peptide→amino acid)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_synthesis" title="Amino acid synthesis">Amino acid synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_catabolism#Amino_acid_degradation" title="Protein catabolism">Amino acid degradation</a> (amino acid→pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or TCA intermediate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle">Urea cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_metabolism" title="Nucleic acid metabolism">Nucleotide<br /> metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Purine metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_salvage" title="Nucleotide salvage">Nucleotide salvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_metabolism" title="Pyrimidine metabolism">Pyrimidine metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purine_nucleotide_cycle" title="Purine nucleotide cycle">Purine nucleotide cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Carbohydrate metabolism">Carbohydrate metabolism</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_catabolism" title="Carbohydrate catabolism">carbohydrate catabolism</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">anabolism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">Glycolysis</a> ⇄ <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">Gluconeogenesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycogenolysis" title="Glycogenolysis">Glycogenolysis</a> ⇄ <a href="/wiki/Glycogenesis" title="Glycogenesis">Glycogenesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway" title="Pentose phosphate pathway">Pentose phosphate pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fructolysis" title="Fructolysis">Fructolysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyol_pathway" title="Polyol pathway">Polyol pathway</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactolysis" title="Galactolysis">Galactolysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leloir_pathway" title="Leloir pathway">Leloir pathway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation">Glycosylation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N-linked_glycosylation" title="N-linked glycosylation">N-linked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-linked_glycosylation" title="O-linked glycosylation">O-linked</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonhuman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxygenic_photosynthesis" title="Anoxygenic photosynthesis">Anoxygenic photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemosynthesis" title="Chemosynthesis">Chemosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation">Carbon fixation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DeLey-Doudoroff_pathway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DeLey-Doudoroff pathway (page does not exist)">DeLey-Doudoroff pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entner-Doudoroff_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Entner-Doudoroff pathway">Entner-Doudoroff pathway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xylose_metabolism" title="Xylose metabolism">Xylose metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotrophic_fungus" title="Radiotrophic fungus">Radiotrophism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lipid_metabolism" title="Lipid metabolism">Lipid metabolism</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Lipolysis" title="Lipolysis">lipolysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipogenesis" title="Lipogenesis">lipogenesis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_metabolism" title="Fatty acid metabolism">Fatty acid metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_degradation" title="Fatty acid degradation">Fatty acid degradation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation" title="Beta oxidation">Beta oxidation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis" title="Fatty acid synthesis">Fatty acid synthesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroid metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphingolipid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphingolipid metabolism">Sphingolipid metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eicosanoid metabolism">Eicosanoid metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketosis" title="Ketosis">Ketosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_cholesterol_transport" title="Reverse cholesterol transport">Reverse cholesterol transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">Metal metabolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron metabolism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethanol metabolism">Ethanol metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphagen" title="Phosphagen">Phospagen system (ATP-PCr)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="*_Metabolism:_amino_acid_metabolism_*_nucleotide_enzymes161" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nucleotide_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template:Nucleotide metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nucleotide_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template talk:Nucleotide metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nucleotide_metabolism_enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nucleotide metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="*_Metabolism:_amino_acid_metabolism_*_nucleotide_enzymes161" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Protein_metabolism" title="Protein metabolism">amino acid metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Purine metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Anabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Ribose_5-phosphate" title="Ribose 5-phosphate">R5P</a>→<a href="/wiki/Inosinic_acid" title="Inosinic acid">IMP</a>:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribose-phosphate_diphosphokinase" title="Ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase">Ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidophosphoribosyltransferase" title="Amidophosphoribosyltransferase">Amidophosphoribosyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosylglycinamide_formyltransferase" title="Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase">Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIR_synthetase_(FGAM_cyclase)" title="AIR synthetase (FGAM cyclase)">AIR synthetase (FGAM cyclase)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole_carboxylase" title="Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase">Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide_synthase" title="Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase">Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inosine_monophosphate_synthase" title="Inosine monophosphate synthase">IMP synthase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><span class="nobold"><i>IMP→<a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a>:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenylosuccinate_synthase" title="Adenylosuccinate synthase">Adenylosuccinate synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenylosuccinate_lyase" title="Adenylosuccinate lyase">Adenylosuccinate lyase</a></li> <li><i>reverse</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMP_deaminase" title="AMP deaminase">AMP deaminase</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><span class="nobold"><i>IMP→<a href="/wiki/Guanosine_monophosphate" title="Guanosine monophosphate">GMP</a>:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IMP_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="IMP dehydrogenase">IMP dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMP_synthase_(glutamine%E2%80%94hydrolysing)" class="mw-redirect" title="GMP synthase (glutamine—hydrolysing)">GMP synthase</a></li> <li><i>reverse</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GMP_reductase" title="GMP reductase">GMP reductase</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_salvage" title="Nucleotide salvage">Nucleotide salvage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxanthine-guanine_phosphoribosyltransferase" title="Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase">Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenine_phosphoribosyltransferase" title="Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase">Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Catabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_deaminase" title="Adenosine deaminase">Adenosine deaminase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purine_nucleoside_phosphorylase" title="Purine nucleoside phosphorylase">Purine nucleoside phosphorylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanine_deaminase" title="Guanine deaminase">Guanine deaminase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthine_oxidase" title="Xanthine oxidase">Xanthine oxidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urate_oxidase" title="Urate oxidase">Urate oxidase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_metabolism" title="Pyrimidine metabolism">Pyrimidine metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Anabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAD_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="CAD (gene)">CAD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbamoyl_phosphate_synthase_II" title="Carbamoyl phosphate synthase II">Carbamoyl phosphate synthase II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartate_carbamoyltransferase" title="Aspartate carbamoyltransferase">Aspartate carbamoyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroorotase" title="Dihydroorotase">Dihydroorotase</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroorotate_dehydrogenase" title="Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase">Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orotidine_5%27-phosphate_decarboxylase" title="Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase">Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase</a>/<a href="/wiki/Uridine_monophosphate_synthetase" class="mw-redirect" title="Uridine monophosphate synthetase">Uridine monophosphate synthetase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CTP_synthetase" title="CTP synthetase">CTP synthetase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Catabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dihydropyrimidine_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase">Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydropyrimidinase" title="Dihydropyrimidinase">Dihydropyrimidinase</a>/<a href="/wiki/DPYS" title="DPYS">DPYS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-ureidopropionase" title="Beta-ureidopropionase">Beta-ureidopropionase</a>/<a href="/wiki/UPB1" title="UPB1">UPB1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonucleotide" title="Deoxyribonucleotide">Deoxyribonucleotides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribonucleotide_reductase" title="Ribonucleotide reductase">Ribonucleotide reductase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleoside-diphosphate_kinase" title="Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase">Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCMP_deaminase" title="DCMP deaminase">DCMP deaminase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymidylate_synthase" title="Thymidylate synthase">Thymidylate synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrofolate_reductase" title="Dihydrofolate reductase">Dihydrofolate reductase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nucleotide_metabolic_intermediates134" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nucleotide_metabolism_intermediates" title="Template:Nucleotide metabolism intermediates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nucleotide_metabolism_intermediates" title="Template talk:Nucleotide metabolism intermediates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nucleotide_metabolism_intermediates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nucleotide metabolism intermediates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nucleotide_metabolic_intermediates134" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">Nucleotide</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_intermediate" title="Metabolic intermediate">metabolic intermediates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">purine<br />metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">anabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Ribose_5-phosphate" title="Ribose 5-phosphate">R5P</a><b>→</b><a href="/wiki/Inosinic_acid" title="Inosinic acid">IMP</a>:</span></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribose_5-phosphate" title="Ribose 5-phosphate">Ribose 5-phosphate</a> (R5P)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosyl_pyrophosphate" title="Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate">Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate</a> (PRPP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosylamine" title="Phosphoribosylamine">Phosphoribosylamine</a> (PRA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycineamide_ribonucleotide" title="Glycineamide ribonucleotide">Glycineamide ribonucleotide</a> (GAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycineamide" title="Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycineamide">Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycineamide</a> (FGAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%E2%80%B2-Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine" title="5′-Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine">5′-Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine</a> (FGAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Aminoimidazole_ribotide" title="5-Aminoimidazole ribotide">5-Aminoimidazole ribotide</a> (AIR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%E2%80%B2-Phosphoribosyl-4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole" title="5′-Phosphoribosyl-4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole">5′-Phosphoribosyl-4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole</a> (CAIR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide" title="Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide">Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide</a> (SAICAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AICA_ribonucleotide" title="AICA ribonucleotide">AICA ribonucleotide</a> (AICAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Formamidoimidazole-4-carboxamide_ribotide" title="5-Formamidoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide">5-Formamidoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide</a> (FAICAR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><span class="nobold">IMP<b>→</b><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a>:</span></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Adenylosuccinate" title="Adenylosuccinate">Adenylosuccinate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><span class="nobold">IMP<b>→</b><a href="/wiki/Guanosine_monophosphate" title="Guanosine monophosphate">GMP</a>:</span></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Xanthosine_monophosphate" title="Xanthosine monophosphate">Xanthosine monophosphate</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">catabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5-Hydroxyisourate" title="5-Hydroxyisourate">5-Hydroxyisourate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxanthine" title="Hypoxanthine">Hypoxanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">Uric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthine" title="Xanthine">Xanthine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_metabolism" title="Pyrimidine metabolism">pyrimidine<br />metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">anabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbamoyl_aspartic_acid" title="Carbamoyl aspartic acid">Carbamoyl aspartic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamoyl_phosphate" title="Carbamoyl phosphate">Carbamoyl phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4,5-Dihydroorotic_acid" title="4,5-Dihydroorotic acid">4,5-Dihydroorotic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orotic_acid" title="Orotic acid">Orotic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orotidine_5%27-monophosphate" title="Orotidine 5'-monophosphate">Orotidine 5'-monophosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_monophosphate" title="Uridine monophosphate">Uridine monophosphate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">catabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Uracil" title="Uracil">uracil</a>:</span></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Alanine" title="Β-Alanine">β-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrouracil" title="Dihydrouracil">Dihydrouracil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Ureidopropionic_acid" title="3-Ureidopropionic acid">3-Ureidopropionic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Thymine" title="Thymine">thymine</a>:</span></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Aminoisobutyric_acid" title="3-Aminoisobutyric acid">3-Aminoisobutyric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrothymine" title="Dihydrothymine">Dihydrothymine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Ureidoisobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Ureidoisobutyric acid">β-Ureidoisobutyric acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inborn_error_of_purine–pyrimidine_metabolism176" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inborn_errors_of_purine%E2%80%93pyrimidine_metabolism" title="Template:Inborn errors of purine–pyrimidine metabolism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inborn_errors_of_purine%E2%80%93pyrimidine_metabolism" title="Template talk:Inborn errors of purine–pyrimidine metabolism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inborn_errors_of_purine%E2%80%93pyrimidine_metabolism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inborn errors of purine–pyrimidine metabolism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inborn_error_of_purine–pyrimidine_metabolism176" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Inborn_error_of_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Inborn error of metabolism">Inborn error</a> of <a href="/wiki/Inborn_errors_of_purine%E2%80%93pyrimidine_metabolism" title="Inborn errors of purine–pyrimidine metabolism">purine–pyrimidine metabolism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Purine metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenylosuccinate_lyase_deficiency" title="Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency">Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_Monophosphate_Deaminase_Deficiency_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenosine Monophosphate Deaminase Deficiency type 1">Adenosine Monophosphate Deaminase Deficiency type 1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_salvage" title="Nucleotide salvage">Nucleotide salvage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesch%E2%80%93Nyhan_syndrome" title="Lesch–Nyhan syndrome">Lesch–Nyhan syndrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hyperuricemia" title="Hyperuricemia">Hyperuricemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenine_phosphoribosyltransferase_deficiency" title="Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency">Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Catabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_deaminase_deficiency" title="Adenosine deaminase deficiency">Adenosine deaminase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purine_nucleoside_phosphorylase_deficiency" title="Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency">Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthinuria" title="Xanthinuria">Xanthinuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">Gout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_neurogastrointestinal_encephalopathy_syndrome" title="Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome">Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_metabolism" title="Pyrimidine metabolism">Pyrimidine metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orotic_aciduria" title="Orotic aciduria">Orotic aciduria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_syndrome" title="Miller syndrome">Miller syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Catabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dihydropyrimidine_dehydrogenase_deficiency" title="Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency">Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Purine_receptor_modulators393" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Purine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Purine receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Purine_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Purine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Purine_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Purine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Purine_receptor_modulators393" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Purine_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Purine receptor">Purine receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptor</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligands</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/P0_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="P0 receptor">P0</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">adenine</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=8-Aminoadenine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8-Aminoadenine (page does not exist)">8-Aminoadenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">Adenine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_receptor" title="Adenosine receptor">P1</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">adenosine</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=2-(1-Hexynyl)-N-methyladenosine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-(1-Hexynyl)-N-methyladenosine (page does not exist)">2-(1-Hexynyl)-<i>N</i>-methyladenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Cl-IB-MECA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Cl-IB-MECA (page does not exist)">2-Cl-IB-MECA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Chloroadenosine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Chloroadenosine (page does not exist)">2-Chloroadenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2%27-MeCCPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2'-MeCCPA (page does not exist)">2'-MeCCPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4%27-O-%CE%B2-D-Glucosyl-9-O-(6%27-deoxysaccharosyl)olivil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4'-O-β-D-Glucosyl-9-O-(6'-deoxysaccharosyl)olivil (page does not exist)">4'-O-β-D-Glucosyl-9-O-(6''-deoxysaccharosyl)olivil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5%27-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (page does not exist)">5'-<i>N</i>-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">ADP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apadenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apadenoson (page does not exist)">Apadenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATL-146e" class="mw-redirect" title="ATL-146e">ATL-146e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAY_60%E2%80%936583" title="BAY 60–6583">BAY 60–6583</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binodenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Binodenoson (page does not exist)">Binodenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capadenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capadenoson (page does not exist)">Capadenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCPA_(biochemistry)" title="CCPA (biochemistry)">CCPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-21680" title="CGS-21680">CGS-21680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-532,903" title="CP-532,903">CP-532,903</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CV-1808&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CV-1808 (page does not exist)">CV-1808</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evodenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evodenoson (page does not exist)">Evodenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GR_79236&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GR 79236 (page does not exist)">GR 79236</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HENECA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HENECA (page does not exist)">HENECA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LUF-5835&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LUF-5835 (page does not exist)">LUF-5835</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LUF-5845&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LUF-5845 (page does not exist)">LUF-5845</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N6-Cyclopentyladenosine" title="N6-Cyclopentyladenosine"><i>N</i><sup>6</sup>-Cyclopentyladenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namodenoson" title="Namodenoson">Namodenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NECA_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="NECA (drug)">NECA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neladenoson_dalanate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neladenoson dalanate (page does not exist)">Neladenoson dalanate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piclidenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piclidenoson (page does not exist)">Piclidenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regadenoson" title="Regadenoson">Regadenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SDZ_WAG_994&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SDZ WAG 994 (page does not exist)">SDZ WAG 994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selodenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selodenoson (page does not exist)">Selodenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonedenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonedenoson (page does not exist)">Sonedenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tecadenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tecadenoson (page does not exist)">Tecadenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabodenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trabodenoson (page does not exist)">Trabodenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK-432,097" title="UK-432,097">UK-432,097</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/3-Chlorostyrylcaffeine" title="3-Chlorostyrylcaffeine">3-Chlorostyrylcaffeine (CSC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Methylxanthine" title="7-Methylxanthine">7-Methylxanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Chlorotheophylline" title="8-Chlorotheophylline">8-Chlorotheophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8-Phenyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8-Phenyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (page does not exist)">8-Phenyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Phenyltheophylline" title="8-Phenyltheophylline">8-Phenyltheophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acefylline" title="Acefylline">Acefylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminophylline" title="Aminophylline">Aminophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATL-444" title="ATL-444">ATL-444</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD-4635&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD-4635 (page does not exist)">AZD-4635</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamifylline" title="Bamifylline">Bamifylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafedrine" title="Cafedrine">Cafedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine_citrate" title="Caffeine citrate">Caffeine citrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartazolate" title="Cartazolate">Cartazolate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGH-2466&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGH-2466 (page does not exist)">CGH-2466</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-15943" title="CGS-15943">CGS-15943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline_theophyllinate" title="Choline theophyllinate">Choline theophyllinate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciforadenant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciforadenant (page does not exist)">Ciforadenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine" title="8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine">CPX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CVT-6883&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CVT-6883 (page does not exist)">CVT-6883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethazan" title="Dimethazan">Dimethazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMPX" title="DMPX">DMPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine" class="mw-redirect" title="8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine">DPCPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyphylline" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyphylline">Dyphylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enprofylline" title="Enprofylline">Enprofylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etazolate" title="Etazolate">Etazolate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etrumadenant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etrumadenant (page does not exist)">Etrumadenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenethylline" title="Fenethylline">Fenethylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBMX" title="IBMX">IBMX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imaradenant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imaradenant (page does not exist)">Imaradenant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inupadenant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inupadenant (page does not exist)">Inupadenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISAM-140" title="ISAM-140">ISAM-140</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISAM-R316&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISAM-R316 (page does not exist)">ISAM-R316</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isovaleric_acid" title="Isovaleric acid">Isovaleric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istradefylline" title="Istradefylline">Istradefylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KF-26777" title="KF-26777">KF-26777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_AA41063" title="Lu AA41063">Lu AA41063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_AA47070" title="Lu AA47070">Lu AA47070</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRE3008F20" class="mw-redirect" title="MRE3008F20">MRE3008F20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRS-1191" class="mw-redirect" title="MRS-1191">MRS-1191</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-1220&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-1220 (page does not exist)">MRS-1220</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-1334&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-1334 (page does not exist)">MRS-1334</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRS-1523" class="mw-redirect" title="MRS-1523">MRS-1523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRS-1706" title="MRS-1706">MRS-1706</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-1754&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-1754 (page does not exist)">MRS-1754</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-3777&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-3777 (page does not exist)">MRS-3777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSX-2" title="MSX-2">MSX-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSX-3" title="MSX-3">MSX-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSX-4" title="MSX-4">MSX-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muvadenant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muvadenant (page does not exist)">Muvadenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraxanthine" title="Paraxanthine">Paraxanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentoxifylline" title="Pentoxifylline">Pentoxifylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preladenant" title="Preladenant">Preladenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propentofylline" title="Propentofylline">Propentofylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxyphylline" title="Proxyphylline">Proxyphylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSB-10" title="PSB-10">PSB-10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-11 (page does not exist)">PSB-11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-36&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-36 (page does not exist)">PSB-36</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-603&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-603 (page does not exist)">PSB-603</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-788&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-788 (page does not exist)">PSB-788</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-1115&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-1115 (page does not exist)">PSB-1115</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-1901&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-1901 (page does not exist)">PSB-1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversine" title="Reversine">Reversine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolofylline" title="Rolofylline">Rolofylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-442,416" title="SCH-442,416">SCH-442,416</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-58261" title="SCH-58261">SCH-58261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipagladenant" title="Sipagladenant">Sipagladenant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taminadenant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taminadenant (page does not exist)">Taminadenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theacrine" title="Theacrine">Theacrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodrenaline" title="Theodrenaline">Theodrenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">Theophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tozadenant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tozadenant (page does not exist)">Tozadenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracazolate" title="Tracazolate">Tracazolate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vipadenant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vipadenant (page does not exist)">Vipadenant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VUF-5574&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VUF-5574 (page does not exist)">VUF-5574</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZM-241,385" title="ZM-241,385">ZM-241,385</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/P2_receptor" title="P2 receptor">P2</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/P2X_purinoreceptor" title="P2X purinoreceptor">P2X</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate"><abbr title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Adenosine triphosphate</span>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Methylthio-ATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Methylthio-ATP (page does not exist)">2-Me-SATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91,%CE%B2-Methylene-ATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α,β-Methylene-ATP (page does not exist)">α,β-Me-ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">ADP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadenosine_tetraphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Diadenosine tetraphosphate">Ap4A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diadenosine_pentaphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diadenosine pentaphosphate (page does not exist)">Ap5A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine-5%27-(%CE%B3-thio)-triphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adenosine-5'-(γ-thio)-triphosphate (page does not exist)">ATPγS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BzATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BzATP (page does not exist)">BzATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cibacron_blue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cibacron blue (page does not exist)">Cibacron blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine_triphosphate" title="Cytidine triphosphate">CTP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D-%CE%B2,%CE%B3-Me-ATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D-β,γ-Me-ATP (page does not exist)">D-β,γ-Me-ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanosine_triphosphate" title="Guanosine triphosphate">GTP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HT-AMP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HT-AMP (page does not exist)">HT-AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">Ivermectin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-%CE%B2,%CE%B3-Me-ATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-β,γ-Me-ATP (page does not exist)">L-β,γ-Me-ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2219&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2219 (page does not exist)">MRS-2219</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAPET-ATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PAPET-ATP (page does not exist)">PAPET-ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_triphosphate" title="Uridine triphosphate">UTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=5-BDBD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-BDBD (page does not exist)">5-BDBD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-317491&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-317491 (page does not exist)">A-317491</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-438079&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-438079 (page does not exist)">A-438079</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-740003&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-740003 (page does not exist)">A-740003</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-804598&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-804598 (page does not exist)">A-804598</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-839977&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-839977 (page does not exist)">A-839977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AF-353" title="AF-353">AF-353</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZ-10606120&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZ-10606120 (page does not exist)">AZ-10606120</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZ-11645373&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZ-11645373 (page does not exist)">AZ-11645373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilliant_Blue_G" class="mw-redirect" title="Brilliant Blue G">BBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmidazolium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calmidazolium (page does not exist)">Calmidazolium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelerythrine" title="Chelerythrine">Chelerythrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emodin" title="Emodin">Emodin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Rheum_officinale" title="Rheum officinale">Rheum officinale</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evans_blue_(dye)" title="Evans blue (dye)">Evans blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefapixant" title="Gefapixant">Gefapixant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW-791343&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GW-791343 (page does not exist)">GW-791343</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-(N,N-Hexamethylene)amiloride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-(N,N-Hexamethylene)amiloride (page does not exist)">HMA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diinosine_pentaphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diinosine pentaphosphate (page does not exist)">Ip5I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IsoPPADS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IsoPPADS (page does not exist)">isoPPADS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JNJ-47965567&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JNJ-47965567 (page does not exist)">JNJ-47965567</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KN-04&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KN-04 (page does not exist)">KN-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KN-62" title="KN-62">KN-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2159&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2159 (page does not exist)">MRS-2159</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NF-023&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NF-023 (page does not exist)">NF-023</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NF-110&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NF-110 (page does not exist)">NF-110</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NF-157&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NF-157 (page does not exist)">NF-157</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NF-279&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NF-279 (page does not exist)">NF-279</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NF-449&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NF-449 (page does not exist)">NF-449</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opiranserin" title="Opiranserin">Opiranserin (VVZ-149)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidized-ATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxidized-ATP (page does not exist)">Oxidized-ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenol_Red" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenol Red">Phenol Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolphthalein" title="Phenolphthalein">Phenolphthalein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPADS" title="PPADS">PPADS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PPNDS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PPNDS (page does not exist)">PPNDS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-12062&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-12062 (page does not exist)">PSB-12062</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerarin" title="Puerarin">Puerarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Radix_puerariae" class="mw-redirect" title="Radix puerariae">Radix puerariae</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purotoxin_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Purotoxin 1 (page does not exist)">Purotoxin 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactive_Blue_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reactive Blue 2 (page does not exist)">RB-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_0437626&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 0437626 (page does not exist)">Ro 0437626</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 51 (page does not exist)">Ro 51</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RO-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RO-3 (page does not exist)">RO-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_ferulate" title="Sodium ferulate">Sodium ferulate</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Angelica_sinensis" title="Angelica sinensis">Angelica sinensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ligusticum_wallichii" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligusticum wallichii">Ligusticum wallichii</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suramin" title="Suramin">Suramin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TC-P_262&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TC-P 262 (page does not exist)">TC-P 262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramethylpyrazine" title="Tetramethylpyrazine">Tetramethylpyrazine (ligustrazine)</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ligusticum_wallichii" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligusticum wallichii">Ligusticum wallichii</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNP-ATP" title="TNP-ATP">TNP-ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/P2Y_receptor" title="P2Y receptor">P2Y</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Methylthioladenosine_diphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Methylthioladenosine diphosphate (page does not exist)">2-Me-SADP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Methylthioadenosine_triphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Methylthioadenosine triphosphate (page does not exist)">2-Me-SATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Thio-UTP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Thio-UTP (page does not exist)">2-Thio-UTP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Bromouridine_5%E2%80%B2-diphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Bromouridine 5′-diphosphate (page does not exist)">5-Br-UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-OMe-UDP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-OMe-UDP (page does not exist)">5-OMe-UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91,%CE%B2-Methylene-ATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α,β-Methylene-ATP (page does not exist)">α,β-Me-ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">ADP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine-5%27-(%CE%B2-thio)-diphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adenosine-5'-(β-thio)-diphosphate (page does not exist)">ADPβS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diadenosine_triphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diadenosine triphosphate (page does not exist)">Ap3A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AR-C_67085MX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AR-C 67085MX (page does not exist)">AR-C 67085MX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine-5%27-(%CE%B3-thio)-triphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adenosine-5'-(γ-thio)-triphosphate (page does not exist)">ATPγS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine_triphosphate" title="Cytidine triphosphate">CTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyadenosine_triphosphate" title="Deoxyadenosine triphosphate">dATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denufosol" title="Denufosol">Denufosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diquafosol" title="Diquafosol">Diquafosol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inosine_diphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inosine diphosphate (page does not exist)">IDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inosine_triphosphate" title="Inosine triphosphate">ITP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS-365" class="mw-redirect" title="INS-365">INS-365</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=INS-37217&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="INS-37217 (page does not exist)">INS-37217</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2365&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2365 (page does not exist)">MRS-2365</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2690&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2690 (page does not exist)">MRS-2690</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2693&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2693 (page does not exist)">MRS-2693</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2768&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2768 (page does not exist)">MRS-2768</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2957&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2957 (page does not exist)">MRS-2957</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-4062&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-4062 (page does not exist)">MRS-4062</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NF-546&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NF-546 (page does not exist)">NF-546</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAPET-ATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PAPET-ATP (page does not exist)">PAPET-ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-0474&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-0474 (page does not exist)">PSB-0474</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-1114&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-1114 (page does not exist)">PSB-1114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_diphosphate" title="Uridine diphosphate">UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uridine_5%C2%B4-(%CE%B2-thio)-diphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uridine 5´-(β-thio)-diphosphate (page does not exist)">UDPβS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_diphosphate_galactose" title="Uridine diphosphate galactose">UDP-galactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_diphosphate_glucose" title="Uridine diphosphate glucose">UDP-glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_diphosphate_N-acetylglucosamine" title="Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine">UDP-N-acetylglucosamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diuridine_triphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diuridine triphosphate (page does not exist)">Up3U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_triphosphate" title="Uridine triphosphate">UTP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uridine-5%27-(%CE%B3-thio)-triphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uridine-5'-(γ-thio)-triphosphate (page does not exist)">UTPγS</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Methylthioladenosine_monophosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Methylthioladenosine monophosphate (page does not exist)">2-Me-SAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A3P5PS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A3P5PS (page does not exist)">A3P5PS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AMP%CE%B1S&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AMPαS (page does not exist)">AMPαS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadenosine_tetraphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Diadenosine tetraphosphate">Ap4A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AR-C_66096&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AR-C 66096 (page does not exist)">AR-C 66096</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AR-C_67085MX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AR-C 67085MX (page does not exist)">AR-C 67085MX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AR-C_69931MX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AR-C 69931MX (page does not exist)">AR-C 69931MX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AR-C_118925XX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AR-C 118925XX (page does not exist)">AR-C 118925XX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BzATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BzATP (page does not exist)">BzATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C1330-7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C1330-7 (page does not exist)">C1330-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangrelor" title="Cangrelor">Cangrelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopidogrel" title="Clopidogrel">Clopidogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinogrel" title="Elinogrel">Elinogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diinosine_pentaphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diinosine pentaphosphate (page does not exist)">Ip5I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2179&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2179 (page does not exist)">MRS-2179</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2211&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2211 (page does not exist)">MRS-2211</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2279&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2279 (page does not exist)">MRS-2279</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2395&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2395 (page does not exist)">MRS-2395</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2500&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2500 (page does not exist)">MRS-2500</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2578&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2578 (page does not exist)">MRS-2578</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NF-157&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NF-157 (page does not exist)">NF-157</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NF-340&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NF-340 (page does not exist)">NF-340</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2,2%27-Pyridylisatogen_tosylate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,2'-Pyridylisatogen tosylate (page does not exist)">PIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPADS" title="PPADS">PPADS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasugrel" title="Prasugrel">Prasugrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-0739&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-0739 (page does not exist)">PSB-0739</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactive_Blue_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reactive Blue 2 (page does not exist)">RB-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regrelor" title="Regrelor">Regrelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suramin" title="Suramin">Suramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticagrelor" title="Ticagrelor">Ticagrelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticlopidine" title="Ticlopidine">Ticlopidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_diphosphate" title="Uridine diphosphate">UDP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein" title="Membrane transport protein">Transporter</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Reuptake_inhibitor" title="Reuptake inhibitor">blockers</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Concentrative_nucleoside_transporters" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentrative nucleoside transporters"><abbr title="Concentrative nucleoside transporters">CNTs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Concentrative nucleoside transporters</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6-Hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6-Hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (page does not exist)">6-Hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DMeThPmR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMeThPmR (page does not exist)">dMeThPmR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGO-2142&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KGO-2142 (page does not exist)">KGO-2142</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGO-2173&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KGO-2173 (page does not exist)">KGO-2173</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MeThPmR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MeThPmR (page does not exist)">MeThPmR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phloridzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Phloridzin">Phloridzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Equilibrative_nucleoside_transporters" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrative nucleoside transporters"><abbr title="Equilibrative nucleoside transporters">ENTs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Equilibrative nucleoside transporters</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilostazol" title="Cilostazol">Cilostazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilazep" title="Dilazep">Dilazep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipyridamole" title="Dipyridamole">Dipyridamole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexobendine" title="Hexobendine">Hexobendine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6-S-((4-Nitrophenyl)methyl)-6-thioinosine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6-S-((4-Nitrophenyl)methyl)-6-thioinosine (page does not exist)">NBMPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentoxifylline" title="Pentoxifylline">Pentoxifylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propentofylline" title="Propentofylline">Propentofylline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_membrane_monoamine_transporter" title="Plasma membrane monoamine transporter"><abbr title="Plasma membrane monoamine transporter">PMAT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Plasma membrane monoamine transporter</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decynium-22" title="Decynium-22">Decynium-22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">inhibitors</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Xanthine_oxidase" title="Xanthine oxidase"><abbr title="Xanthine oxidase">XO</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Xanthine oxidase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allopurinol" title="Allopurinol">Allopurinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amflutizole" title="Amflutizole">Amflutizole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzbromarone" title="Benzbromarone">Benzbromarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeic_acid" title="Caffeic acid">Caffeic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamaldehyde" title="Cinnamaldehyde">Cinnamaldehyde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_osmophloeum" title="Cinnamomum osmophloeum">Cinnamomum osmophloeum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febuxostat" title="Febuxostat">Febuxostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myo-inositol" class="mw-redirect" title="Myo-inositol">Myo-inositol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaempferol" title="Kaempferol">Kaempferol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myricetin" title="Myricetin">Myricetin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niraxostat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niraxostat (page does not exist)">Niraxostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxipurinol" title="Oxipurinol">Oxipurinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytic_acid" title="Phytic acid">Phytic acid</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pistacia_integerrima" title="Pistacia integerrima">Pistacia integerrima</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis">Propolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercetin" title="Quercetin">Quercetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisopurine" title="Tisopurine">Tisopurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiroxostat" title="Topiroxostat">Topiroxostat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminopterin" title="Aminopterin">Aminopterin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azathioprine" title="Azathioprine">Azathioprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">Methotrexate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycophenolic_acid" title="Mycophenolic acid">Mycophenolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemetrexed" title="Pemetrexed">Pemetrexed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pralatrexate" title="Pralatrexate">Pralatrexate</a></li> <li><i>Many others</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Precursors:</b> <a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">Adenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">ADP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">Cytosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine" title="Cytidine">Cytidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine_monophosphate" title="Cytidine monophosphate">CMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine_diphosphate" title="Cytidine diphosphate">CDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine_triphosphate" title="Cytidine triphosphate">CTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">Guanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanosine" title="Guanosine">Guanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanosine_monophosphate" title="Guanosine monophosphate">GMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanosine_diphosphate" title="Guanosine diphosphate">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanosine_triphosphate" title="Guanosine triphosphate">GTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxanthine" title="Hypoxanthine">Hypoxanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inosine" title="Inosine">Inosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inosine_monophosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Inosine monophosphate">IMP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inosine_diphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inosine diphosphate (page does not exist)">IDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inosine_triphosphate" title="Inosine triphosphate">ITP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">Ribose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uracil" title="Uracil">Uracil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine" title="Uridine">Uridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_monophosphate" title="Uridine monophosphate">UMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_diphosphate" title="Uridine diphosphate">UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_triphosphate" title="Uridine triphosphate">UTP</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/Chrysophanol" title="Chrysophanol">Chrysophanol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhubarb" title="Rhubarb">rhubarb</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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