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hydrothermal synthesis</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: biphasic hydrothermal synthesis"> <meta name="keywords" content="biphasic hydrothermal synthesis"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="biphasic hydrothermal synthesis"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 2332</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: biphasic hydrothermal synthesis</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2332</span> Tunable Crystallinity of Zinc Gallogermanate Nanoparticles via Organic Ligand-Assisted Biphasic Hydrothermal Synthesis </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarai%20Guerrero">Sarai Guerrero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lijia%20Liu"> Lijia Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Zinc gallogermanate (ZGGO) is a persistent phosphor that can emit in the near infrared (NIR) range once dopped with Cr³⁺ enabling its use for in-vivo deep-tissue bio-imaging. Such a property also allows for its application in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Given this, work into developing a synthetic procedure that can be done using common laboratory instruments and equipment as well as understanding ZGGO overall, is in demand. However, the ZGGO nanoparticles must have a size compatible for cell intake to occur while still maintaining sufficient photoluminescence. The nanoparticle must also be made biocompatible by functionalizing the surface for hydrophilic solubility and for high particle uniformity in the final product. Additionally, most research is completed on doped ZGGO, leaving a gap in understanding the base form of ZGGO. It also leaves a gap in understanding how doping affects the synthesis of ZGGO. In this work, the first step of optimizing the particle size via the crystalline size of ZGGO was done with undoped ZGGO using the organic acid, oleic acid (OA) for organic ligand-assisted biphasic hydrothermal synthesis. The effects of this synthesis procedure on ZGGO’s crystallinity were evaluated using Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD). OA was selected as the capping ligand as experiments have shown it beneficial in synthesizing sub-10 nm zinc gallate (ZGO) nanoparticles as well as palladium nanocrystals and magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles. Later it is possible to substitute OA with a different ligand allowing for hydrophilic solubility. Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier-Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) was used to investigate the surface of the nanoparticle to investigate and verify that OA had capped the nanoparticle. PXRD results showed that using this procedure led to improved crystallinity, comparable to the high-purity reagents used on the ZGGO nanoparticles. There was also a change in the crystalline size of the ZGGO nanoparticles. ATR-FTIR showed that once capped ZGGO cannot be annealed as doing so will affect the OA. These results point to this new procedure positively affecting the crystallinity of ZGGO nanoparticles. There are also repeatable implying the procedure is a reliable source of highly crystalline ZGGO nanoparticles. With this completed, the next step will be working on substituting the OA with a hydrophilic ligand. As these ligands effect the solubility of the nanoparticle as well as the pH that the nanoparticles can dissolve in, further research is needed to verify which ligand is best suited for preparing ZGGO for bio-imaging. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biphasic%20hydrothermal%20synthesis" title="biphasic hydrothermal synthesis">biphasic hydrothermal synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crystallinity" title=" crystallinity"> crystallinity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oleic%20acid" title=" oleic acid"> oleic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zinc%20gallogermanate" title=" zinc gallogermanate"> zinc gallogermanate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137997/tunable-crystallinity-of-zinc-gallogermanate-nanoparticles-via-organic-ligand-assisted-biphasic-hydrothermal-synthesis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137997.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">133</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2331</span> The Optimum Operating Conditions for the Synthesis of Zeolite from Waste Incineration Fly Ash by Alkali Fusion and Hydrothermal Methods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-Jie%20Lin">Yi-Jie Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jyh-Cherng%20Chen"> Jyh-Cherng Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The fly ash of waste incineration processes is usually hazardous and the disposal or reuse of waste incineration fly ash is difficult. In this study, the waste incineration fly ash was converted to useful zeolites by the alkali fusion and hydrothermal synthesis method. The influence of different operating conditions (the ratio of Si/Al, the ratio of hydrolysis liquid to solid, and hydrothermal time) was investigated to seek the optimum operating conditions for the synthesis of zeolite from waste incineration fly ash. The results showed that concentrations of heavy metals in the leachate of Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) were all lower than the regulatory limits except lead. The optimum operating conditions for the synthesis of zeolite from waste incineration fly ash by the alkali fusion and hydrothermal synthesis method were Si/Al=40, NaOH/ash=1.5, alkali fusion at 400 <sup>o</sup>C for 40 min, hydrolysis with Liquid to Solid ratio (L/S)= 200 at 105 <sup>o</sup>C for 24 h, and hydrothermal synthesis at 105 <sup>o</sup>C for 24 h. The specific surface area of fly ash could be significantly increased from 8.59 m<sup>2</sup>/g to 651.51 m<sup>2</sup>/g (synthesized zeolite). The influence of different operating conditions on the synthesis of zeolite from waste incineration fly ash followed the sequence of Si/Al ratio > hydrothermal time > hydrolysis L/S ratio. The synthesized zeolites can be reused as good adsorbents to control the air or wastewater pollutants. The purpose of fly ash detoxification, reduction and waste recycling/reuse is achieved successfully. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alkali%20fusion" title="alkali fusion">alkali fusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal" title=" hydrothermal"> hydrothermal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fly%20ash" title=" fly ash"> fly ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zeolite" title=" zeolite"> zeolite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94021/the-optimum-operating-conditions-for-the-synthesis-of-zeolite-from-waste-incineration-fly-ash-by-alkali-fusion-and-hydrothermal-methods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94021.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">240</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2330</span> Reuse of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Fly Ash for the Synthesis of Zeolite: Effects of Different Operation Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jyh-Cherng%20Chen">Jyh-Cherng Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-Jie%20Lin"> Yi-Jie Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study tries to reuse the fly ash of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) for the synthesis of zeolites. The fly ashes were treated with NaOH alkali fusion at different temperatures for 40 mins and then synthesized the zeolites with hydrothermal method at 105oC for different operation times. The effects of different operation conditions and the optimum synthesis parameters were explored. The specific surface area, surface morphology, species identification, adsorption capacity, and the reuse potentials of the synthesized zeolites were analyzed and evaluated. Experimental results showed that the optimum operation conditions for the synthesis of zeolite from the mixed fly ash were Si/Al=20, alkali/ash=1.5, alkali fusion reaction with NaOH at 800oC for 40 mins, hydrolysis with L/S=200 at 105oC for 24 hr, and hydrothermal synthesis at 105oC for 48 hr. The largest specific surface area of synthesized zeolite could be increased to 943.05m2/g. The influence of different operation parameters on the synthesis of zeolite from mixed fly ash followed the sequence of Si/Al > hydrolysis L/S> hydrothermal time > alkali fusion temperature > alkali/ash ratio. The XRD patterns of synthesized zeolites were identified to be similar with the ZSM-23 zeolite. The adsorption capacities of synthesized zeolite for pollutants were increased as rising the specific surface area of synthesized zeolite. In summary, MSWI fly ash can be treated and reused to synthesize the zeolite with high specific surface area by the alkali fusion and hydrothermal method. The zeolite can be reuse for the adsorption of various pollutants. They have great potential for development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alkali%20fusion" title="alkali fusion">alkali fusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal" title=" hydrothermal"> hydrothermal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fly%20ash" title=" fly ash"> fly ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zeolite" title=" zeolite"> zeolite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95849/reuse-of-municipal-solid-waste-incinerator-fly-ash-for-the-synthesis-of-zeolite-effects-of-different-operation-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95849.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">174</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2329</span> Different Methods of Fe3O4 Nano Particles Synthesis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arezoo%20Hakimi">Arezoo Hakimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Afshin%20Farahbakhsh"> Afshin Farahbakhsh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Herein, we comparison synthesized Fe3O4 using, hydrothermal method, Mechanochemical processes and solvent thermal method. The Hydrothermal Technique has been the most popular one, gathering interest from scientists and technologists of different disciplines, particularly in the last fifteen years. In the hydrothermal method Fe3O4 microspheres, in which many nearly monodisperse spherical particles with diameters of about 400nm, in the mechanochemical method regular morphology indicates that the particles are well crystallized and in the solvent thermal method Fe3O4 nanoparticles have good properties of uniform size and good dispersion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fe3O4%20nanoparticles" title="Fe3O4 nanoparticles">Fe3O4 nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal%20method" title=" hydrothermal method"> hydrothermal method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanochemical%20processes" title=" mechanochemical processes"> mechanochemical processes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solvent%20thermal%20method" title=" solvent thermal method"> solvent thermal method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46580/different-methods-of-fe3o4-nano-particles-synthesis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46580.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">351</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2328</span> Effect of Synthesis Method on Structural, Morphological Properties of Zr0.8Y0.2-xLax Oxides (x=0, 0.1, 0.2)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelaziz%20Ghrib">Abdelaziz Ghrib</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samir%20Hattali"> Samir Hattali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mouloud%20Ghrib"> Mouloud Ghrib</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Lamine%20Aouissia"> Mohamed Lamine Aouissia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Ruch"> David Ruch</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present study, the solid solutions with a chemical composition of Zr0.8Y0.2-xLaxO2 (x=0, 0.1, 0.2) were synthesized via two routes, by hydrothermal method using NaOH as precipitating agent at 230°C for 15h and by the sol–gel process using citric acid as complexing agent. Compounds have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermo gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) techniques for appropriate characterization of the distinct thermal events occurring during synthesis. All the compounds crystallize in cubic fluorite structure, as indicated by X-ray diffraction studie. The microstructure of oxides synthesized by sol-gel showed porosity that increased with the lanthanum La3+ contents compared to hydrothermal method which gives a single crystal oxide. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxide" title="oxide">oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal" title=" hydrothermal"> hydrothermal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rare%20earth" title=" rare earth"> rare earth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solubility" title=" solubility"> solubility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sol-gel" title=" sol-gel"> sol-gel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ternary%20mixture" title=" ternary mixture"> ternary mixture</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17474/effect-of-synthesis-method-on-structural-morphological-properties-of-zr08y02-xlax-oxides-x0-01-02" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17474.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">642</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2327</span> Hydrothermal Synthesis of Octahedral Molecular Sieve from Mn Oxide Residues</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irlana%20C.%20do%20Mar">Irlana C. do Mar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thayna%20A.%20Ferreira"> Thayna A. Ferreira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dayane%20S.%20Rezende"> Dayane S. Rezende</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bruno%20A.%20M.%20Figueira"> Bruno A. M. Figueira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jos%C3%A9%20M.%20R.%20Mercury"> José M. R. Mercury</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work presents a low-cost Mn starting material to synthesis manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve with Mg²⁺ in the tunnel (Mg-OMS-1), based on the Mn residues from Carajás Mineral Province (Amazon, Brazil). After hydrothermal and cation exchange procedures, the Mn residues transformed to a single phase, Mg-OMS-1. The raw material and the synthesis processes were analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The tunnel structure was synthesized hydrothermally at 180 °C for three days without impurities. According to the XRD analysis, the formation of crystalline Mg-OMS-1 was identified through reflections at 9.8º, 12º and 18º (2θ), as well as a thermal stability around 300 ºC. The SEM analysis indicated that the final product presents good crystallinity with a homogeneous size. In addition, an intense and diagnostic FTIR band was identified at 515 cm⁻¹ related to the MnO₆ octahedral stretching vibrations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mn%20residues" title="Mn residues ">Mn residues </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Octahedral%20Molecular%20Sieve" title=" Octahedral Molecular Sieve"> Octahedral Molecular Sieve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Synthesis" title=" Synthesis"> Synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Characterization" title=" Characterization"> Characterization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76558/hydrothermal-synthesis-of-octahedral-molecular-sieve-from-mn-oxide-residues" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76558.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">192</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2326</span> Impact of Temperature Variation on Magnetic Properties of N Doped Spinal Nickel Ferrite with Graphene</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Kiani">Maryam Kiani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Basit%20Kiani"> Abdul Basit Kiani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Simple hydrothermal method to synthesize new nanocomposites consisting of nitrogen-doped graphene and NiFe₂O₄. By analyzing the X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) images, we confirmed that the NiFe₂O₄ phase is pure and has a Face Centered Cubic (FCC) structure. The average size of the NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles is approximately 40±2 nm. Additionally, we used X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to study the surface chemical composition and cation oxidation states of both the NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles and the nitrogen-doped graphene/NiFe₂O₄ nanocomposites. A magnetic interaction between nitrogen doped graphene/NiFe₂O₄ was studied. Increases in hydrothermal synthesis temperature lead to the improved crystalline structure of NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles, which improves the magnetic properties. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nickel%20ferrite%20spinal" title="nickel ferrite spinal">nickel ferrite spinal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitrogen%20doped%20graphene" title=" nitrogen doped graphene"> nitrogen doped graphene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20nanocomposite" title=" magnetic nanocomposite"> magnetic nanocomposite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal%20synthesis" title=" hydrothermal synthesis"> hydrothermal synthesis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172278/impact-of-temperature-variation-on-magnetic-properties-of-n-doped-spinal-nickel-ferrite-with-graphene" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172278.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">131</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2325</span> Hydrothermal Synthesis of Hydrosodalite by Using Ultrasounds</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Bia%C5%82ecka">B. Białecka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Adamczyk"> Z. Adamczyk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Cempa"> M. Cempa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of ultrasounds in zeolization of fly ash can increase the efficiency of this process. The molar ratios of the reagents, as well as the time and temperature of the synthesis, are the main parameters determining the type and properties of the zeolite formed. The aim of the work was to create hydrosodalite in a short time (8h), with low NaOH concentration (3 M) and in low temperature (80°C). A zeolite material contained in fly ash from hard coal combustion in one of Polish Power Plant was subjected to hydrothermal alkaline synthesis. The phase composition of the ash consisted mainly of glass, mullite, quartz, and hematite. The dominant chemical components of the ash were SiO₂ (over 50%mas.) and Al₂O₃ (more than 28%mas.), whereas the contents of the remaining components, except Fe₂O₃ (6.34%mas.), did not exceed 4% mas. The hydrothermal synthesis of the zeolite material was carried out in the following conditions: 3M-solution of NaOH, synthesis time – 8 hours, 40 kHz-frequency ultrasounds during the first two hours of synthesis. The mineral components of the input ash as well as product after synthesis were identified in microscopic observations, in transmitted light, using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron scanning microscopy (SEM/EDS). The chemical composition of the input ash was identified by the method of X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The obtained material apart from phases found in the initial fly ash sample, also contained new phases, i.e., hydrosodalite and NaP-type zeolite. The chemical composition in micro areas of grains indicated their diversity: i) SiO₂ content was in the range 30-59%mas., ii) Al₂O₃ content was in the range 24-35%mas., iii) Na₂O content was in the range 6-15%mas. This clearly indicates that hydrosodalite forms hypertrophies with NaP type zeolite as well as relict grains of fly ash. A small amount of potassium in the examined grains is noteworthy, which may indicate the substitution of sodium with potassium. This is confirmed by the high value of the correlation coefficient between these two components. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fly%20ash" title="fly ash">fly ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrosodalite" title=" hydrosodalite"> hydrosodalite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrasounds" title=" ultrasounds"> ultrasounds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zeolite" title=" zeolite"> zeolite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110772/hydrothermal-synthesis-of-hydrosodalite-by-using-ultrasounds" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110772.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">152</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2324</span> The Determination of the Potassium Nitrate, Sodium Hydroxide and Boric Acid Molar Ratio in the Synthesis of Potassium Borates via Hydrothermal Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Yildirim">M. Yildirim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20S.%20Kipcak"> A. S. Kipcak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20T.%20Senberber"> F. T. Senberber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20O.%20Asensio"> M. O. Asensio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20M.%20Derun"> E. M. Derun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Piskin"> S. Piskin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Potassium borates, which are widely used in welding and metal refining industry, as a lubricating oil additive, cement additive, fiberglass additive and insulation compound, are one of the important groups of borate minerals. In this study the production of a potassium borate mineral via hydrothermal method is aimed. The potassium source of potassium nitrate (KNO3) was used along with a sodium source of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and boron source of boric acid (H3BO3). The constant parameters of reaction temperature and reaction time were determined as 80°C and 1 h, respectively. The molar ratios of 1:1:3 (as KNO3:NaOH:H3BO3), 1:1:4, 1:1:5, 1:1:6 and 1:1:7 were used. Following the synthesis the identifications of the produced products were conducted by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results of the experiments and analysis showed in the ratio of 1:1:6, the Santite mineral with powder diffraction file number (pdf no.) of 01-072-1688, which is known as potassium pentaborate (KB5O8•4H2O) was synthesized as best. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal%20synthesis" title="hydrothermal synthesis">hydrothermal synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=potassium%20borate" title=" potassium borate"> potassium borate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=potassium%20nitrate" title=" potassium nitrate"> potassium nitrate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=santite" title=" santite"> santite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25561/the-determination-of-the-potassium-nitrate-sodium-hydroxide-and-boric-acid-molar-ratio-in-the-synthesis-of-potassium-borates-via-hydrothermal-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25561.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">460</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2323</span> The Optimization of Copper Sulfate and Tincalconite Molar Ratios on the Hydrothermal Synthesis of Copper Borates</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Moroydor%20Derun">E. Moroydor Derun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Tugrul"> N. Tugrul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20T.%20Senberber"> F. T. Senberber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20S.%20Kipcak"> A. S. Kipcak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Piskin"> S. Piskin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this research, copper borates are synthesized by the reaction of copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) and tincalconite (Na2O4B7.10H2O). The experimental parameters are selected as 80°C reaction temperature and 60 of reaction time. The effect of mole ratio of CuSO4.5H2O to Na2O4B7.5H2O is studied. For the identification analyses X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) techniques are used. At the end of the experiments, synthesized copper borate is matched with the powder diffraction file of “00-001-0472” [Cu(BO2)2] and characteristic vibrations between B and O atoms are seen. The proper crystals are obtained at the mole ratio of 3:1. This study showed that simplified synthesis process is suitable for the production of copper borate minerals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal%20synthesis" title="hydrothermal synthesis">hydrothermal synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper%20borates" title=" copper borates"> copper borates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper%20sulfate" title=" copper sulfate"> copper sulfate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tincalconite" title=" tincalconite"> tincalconite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16418/the-optimization-of-copper-sulfate-and-tincalconite-molar-ratios-on-the-hydrothermal-synthesis-of-copper-borates" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16418.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">381</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2322</span> Comparison of Methods for the Synthesis of Eu+++, Tb+++, and Tm+++ Doped Y2O3 Nanophosphors by Sol-Gel and Hydrothermal Methods for Bioconjugation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ravindra%20P.%20Singh">Ravindra P. Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Drupad%20Ram"> Drupad Ram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dinesh%20K.%20Gupta"> Dinesh K. Gupta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rare earth ions doped metal oxides are a class of luminescent materials which have been proved to be excellent for applications in field emission displays and cathode ray tubes, plasma display panels. Under UV irradiation Eu+++ doped Y2O3 is a red phosphor and Tb+++ doped Y 2O3 is a green phosphor. It is possible that, due to their high quantum efficiency, they might serve as improved luminescent markers for identification of biomolecules, as already reported for CdSe and CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals. However, for any biological applications these particle powders must be suspended in water while retaining their phosphorescence. We hereby report synthesis and characterization of Eu+++ and Tb+++ doped yttrium oxide nanoparticles by sol-gel and hydrothermal processes. Eu+++ and Tb+++ doped Y2O3 nanoparticles have been synthesized by hydrothermal process using yttrium oxo isopropoxide [Y5O(OPri)13] (crystallized twice) and it’s acetyl acetone modified product [Y(O)(acac)] as precursors. Generally the sol-gel derived metal oxides are required to be annealed to the temperature ranging from 400°C-800°C in order to develop crystalline phases. However, this annealing also results in the development of aggregates which are undesirable for bio-conjugation experiments. In the hydrothermal process, we have achieved crystallinity of the nanoparticles at 300°C and the development of crystalline phases has been found to be proportional to the time of heating of the reactor. The average particle sizes as calculated from XRD were found to be 28 nm, 32 nm, and 34 nm by hydrothermal process. The particles were successfully suspended in chloroform in the presence of trioctyl phosphene oxide and TEM investigations showed the presence of single particles along with agglomerates. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanophosphors" title="nanophosphors">nanophosphors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y2O3%3AEu%2B3" title=" Y2O3:Eu+3"> Y2O3:Eu+3</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y2O3%3ATb%2B3" title=" Y2O3:Tb+3"> Y2O3:Tb+3</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sol-gel" title=" sol-gel"> sol-gel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal%20method" title=" hydrothermal method"> hydrothermal method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TEM" title=" TEM"> TEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XRD" title=" XRD "> XRD </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14766/comparison-of-methods-for-the-synthesis-of-eu-tb-and-tm-doped-y2o3-nanophosphors-by-sol-gel-and-hydrothermal-methods-for-bioconjugation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14766.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">402</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2321</span> Advanced Humidity Sensors Using Cobalt and Iron-Doped ZnO-rGO Composites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wallia%20Majeed">Wallia Majeed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Humidity sensors based on doped ZnO-rGO composites have shown promise due to their sensitivity to humidity changes. Here, it report on the hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO-rGO and doped ZnO-rGO nanocomposites, incorporating cobalt and iron dopants at 2% concentration. X-ray diffraction confirmed successful doping, while scanning electron microscopy revealed the composite's layered structure with embedded ZnO rods. To evaluate their performance, humidity sensors were fabricated by depositing aluminum electrodes on silicon substrates coated with the composites. The Fe-doped ZnO-rGO sensor exhibited rapid response (27 s) and recovery times (24 s) across a wide humidity range (11% to 97% RH), surpassing ZnO-rGO and Co-doped ZnO-rGO variants in sensitivity (2.2k at 100 Hz). These findings highlight Fe-doped ZnO-rGO composites as ideal candidates for humidity sensing applications, offering enhanced performance crucial for environmental monitoring and industrial processes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=humidity%20sensors" title="humidity sensors">humidity sensors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanocomposites" title=" nanocomposites"> nanocomposites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal%20synthesis" title=" hydrothermal synthesis"> hydrothermal synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensitivity" title=" sensitivity"> sensitivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187356/advanced-humidity-sensors-using-cobalt-and-iron-doped-zno-rgo-composites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187356.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">35</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2320</span> Synthesis of SnO Novel Cabbage Nanostructure and Its Electrochemical Property as an Anode Material for Lithium Ion Battery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yongkui%20Cui">Yongkui Cui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fengping%20Wang"> Fengping Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hailei%20Zhao"> Hailei Zhao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Zubair%20Iqbal"> Muhammad Zubair Iqbal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ziya%20Wang"> Ziya Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yan%20Li"> Yan Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pengpeng%20LV"> Pengpeng LV</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The novel 3D SnO cabbages self-assembled by nanosheets were successfully synthesized via template-free hydrothermal growth method under facile conditions.The XRD results manifest that the as-prepared SnO is tetragonal phase. The TEM and HRTEM results show that the cabbage nanosheets are polycrystalline structure consisted of considerable single-crystalline nanoparticles. Two typical Raman modes A1g=210 and Eg=112 cm-1 of SnO are observed by Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, galvanostatic cycling tests has been performed using the SnO cabbages as anode material of lithium ion battery and the electrochemical results suggest that the synthesized SnO cabbage structures are a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochemical%20property" title="electrochemical property">electrochemical property</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal%20synthesis" title=" hydrothermal synthesis"> hydrothermal synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lithium%20ion%20battery" title=" lithium ion battery"> lithium ion battery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stannous%20oxide" title=" stannous oxide"> stannous oxide</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24607/synthesis-of-sno-novel-cabbage-nanostructure-and-its-electrochemical-property-as-an-anode-material-for-lithium-ion-battery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24607.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">461</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2319</span> Enhanced Photoelectrochemical performance of TiO₂ Nanorods: The Critical Role of Hydrothermal Reaction Time</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Srijitra%20Khanpakdee">Srijitra Khanpakdee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Teera%20Butburee"> Teera Butburee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jung-Ho%20Yun"> Jung-Ho Yun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miaoqiang%20Lyu"> Miaoqiang Lyu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Supphasin%20Thaweesak"> Supphasin Thaweesak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Piangjai%20Peerakiatkhajohn"> Piangjai Peerakiatkhajohn</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanorods (NRs) on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass via hydrothermal methods was investigated to determine the optimal reaction time for enhanced photocatalytic and optical performance. Reaction times of 4, 6, and 8 hours were studied. Characterization through SEM, UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy and photoelectrochemical (PEC) techniques revealed significant differences in the properties of the TiO₂ NRs based on the reaction duration. XRD and Raman spectroscopy analysis confirmed the formation of the rutile phase of TiO₂. As photoanodes in PEC cells, TiO₂ NRs synthesized for 4 hours exhibited the best photocatalytic activity, with the highest photocurrent density and superior charge transport properties, attributed to their densely packed vertical structure. Longer reaction times resulted in less optimal morphological and photoelectrochemical characteristics. The bandgap of the TiO₂ NRs remained consistent around 3.06 eV, with only slight variations observed. This study highlights the critical role of reaction time in hydrothermal synthesis, identifying 4 hours as the optimal duration for producing TiO₂ NRs with superior photoelectrochemical performance. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing TiO₂-based materials for solar energy conversion and renewable energy applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=titanium%20dioxide" title="titanium dioxide">titanium dioxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanorods" title=" nanorods"> nanorods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal" title=" hydrothermal"> hydrothermal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photocatalytic" title=" photocatalytic"> photocatalytic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photoelectrochemical" title=" photoelectrochemical"> photoelectrochemical</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187399/enhanced-photoelectrochemical-performance-of-tio2-nanorods-the-critical-role-of-hydrothermal-reaction-time" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187399.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">41</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2318</span> Hydrothermal Synthesis of Carbon Sphere/Nickel Cobalt Sulfide Core/Shell Microstructure and Its Electrochemical Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Charmaine%20Lamiel">Charmaine Lamiel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Van%20Hoa%20Nguyen"> Van Hoa Nguyen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marjorie%20Baynosa"> Marjorie Baynosa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jae-Jin%20Shim"> Jae-Jin Shim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Electrochemical supercapacitors have attracted considerable attention because of their high potential as an efficient energy storage system. The combination of carbon-based material and transition metal oxides/sulfides are studied because they have long and improved cycle life as well as high energy and power densities. In this study, a hierarchical mesoporous carbon sphere/nickel cobalt sulfide (CS/Ni-Co-S) core/shell structure was synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method without any further sulfurization or post-heat treatment. The CS/Ni-Co-S core/shell microstructures exhibited a high capacitance of 724 F g−1 at 2 A g−1 in a 6 M KOH electrolyte. After 2000 charge-discharge cycles, it retained 86.1% of its original capacitance, with high Coulombic efficiency of 97.9%. The electrode exhibited a high energy density of 58.0 Wh kg−1 at an energy density of 1440 W kg−1, and high power density of 7200 W kg−1 at an energy density of 34.2 Wh kg−1. The successful synthesis was considered to be simple and cost-effective which supports the viability of this composite as an alternative activated material for high performance supercapacitors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20sphere" title="carbon sphere">carbon sphere</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochemical" title=" electrochemical"> electrochemical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal" title=" hydrothermal"> hydrothermal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nickel%20cobalt%20sulfide" title=" nickel cobalt sulfide"> nickel cobalt sulfide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supercapacitor" title=" supercapacitor"> supercapacitor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42938/hydrothermal-synthesis-of-carbon-spherenickel-cobalt-sulfide-coreshell-microstructure-and-its-electrochemical-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42938.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">303</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2317</span> The Effect of Solution Density on the Synthesis of Magnesium Borate from Boron-Gypsum</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Tugrul">N. Tugrul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Sariburun"> E. Sariburun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20T.%20Senberber"> F. T. Senberber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20S.%20Kipcak"> A. S. Kipcak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Moroydor%20Derun"> E. Moroydor Derun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Piskin"> S. Piskin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Boron-gypsum is a waste which occurs in the boric acid production process. In this study, the boron content of this waste is evaluated for the use in synthesis of magnesium borates and such evaluation of this kind of waste is useful more than storage or disposal. Magnesium borates, which are a sub-class of boron minerals, are useful additive materials for the industries due to their remarkable thermal and mechanical properties. Magnesium borates were obtained hydrothermally at different temperatures. Novelty of this study is the search of the solution density effects to magnesium borate synthesis process for the increasing the possibility of boron-gypsum usage as a raw material. After the synthesis process, products are subjected to XRD and FT-IR to identify and characterize their crystal structure, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boron-gypsum" title="boron-gypsum">boron-gypsum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal%20synthesis" title=" hydrothermal synthesis"> hydrothermal synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnesium%20borate" title=" magnesium borate"> magnesium borate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solution%20density" title=" solution density"> solution density</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12465/the-effect-of-solution-density-on-the-synthesis-of-magnesium-borate-from-boron-gypsum" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12465.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">396</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2316</span> Validation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Inactivation on Apple-Carrot Juice Treated with Manothermosonication by Kinetic Models</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ozan%20Kahraman">Ozan Kahraman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hao%20Feng"> Hao Feng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Several models such as Weibull, Modified Gompertz, Biphasic linear, and Log-logistic models have been proposed in order to describe non-linear inactivation kinetics and used to fit non-linear inactivation data of several microorganisms for inactivation by heat, high pressure processing or pulsed electric field. First-order kinetic parameters (D-values and z-values) have often been used in order to identify microbial inactivation by non-thermal processing methods such as ultrasound. Most ultrasonic inactivation studies employed first-order kinetic parameters (D-values and z-values) in order to describe the reduction on microbial survival count. This study was conducted to analyze the E. coli O157:H7 inactivation data by using five microbial survival models (First-order, Weibull, Modified Gompertz, Biphasic linear and Log-logistic). First-order, Weibull, Modified Gompertz, Biphasic linear and Log-logistic kinetic models were used for fitting inactivation curves of Escherichia coli O157:H7. The residual sum of squares and the total sum of squares criteria were used to evaluate the models. The statistical indices of the kinetic models were used to fit inactivation data for E. coli O157:H7 by MTS at three temperatures (40, 50, and 60 0C) and three pressures (100, 200, and 300 kPa). Based on the statistical indices and visual observations, the Weibull and Biphasic models were best fitting of the data for MTS treatment as shown by high R2 values. The non-linear kinetic models, including the Modified Gompertz, First-order, and Log-logistic models did not provide any better fit to data from MTS compared the Weibull and Biphasic models. It was observed that the data found in this study did not follow the first-order kinetics. It is possibly because of the cells which are sensitive to ultrasound treatment were inactivated first, resulting in a fast inactivation period, while those resistant to ultrasound were killed slowly. The Weibull and biphasic models were found as more flexible in order to determine the survival curves of E. coli O157:H7 treated by MTS on apple-carrot juice. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Weibull" title="Weibull">Weibull</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Biphasic" title=" Biphasic"> Biphasic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MTS" title=" MTS"> MTS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kinetic%20models" title=" kinetic models"> kinetic models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.coli%20O157%3AH7" title=" E.coli O157:H7"> E.coli O157:H7</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57326/validation-of-escherichia-coli-o157h7-inactivation-on-apple-carrot-juice-treated-with-manothermosonication-by-kinetic-models" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57326.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">366</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2315</span> Facile Hydrothermal Synthesis of Hierarchical NiO/ZnCo₂O₄ Nanocomposite for High-Energy Supercapacitor Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fayssal%20Ynineb">Fayssal Ynineb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toufik%20Hadjersi"> Toufik Hadjersi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatsah%20Moulai"> Fatsah Moulai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wafa%20Achour"> Wafa Achour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Currently, tremendous attention has been paid to the rational design and synthesis of core/shell heterostructures for high-performance supercapacitors. In this study, the hierarchical NiO/ZnCo₂O₄ Core-Shell Nanorods Arrays were successfully deposited onto ITO substrate via a two-step hydrothermal and electrodeposition methods. The effect of the thin carbon layer between NiO and ZnCo₂O₄ in this multi-scale hierarchical structure was investigated. The selection of this structure was based on: (i) a high specific area of pseudo-capacitive NiO to maximize specific capacitance; (ii) an effective NiO-electrolyte interface to facilitate fast charging/discharging; and (iii) conducting carbon layer between ZnCo₂O₄ and NiO enhance the electric conductivity which reduces energy loss, and the corrosion protection of ZnCo₂O₄ in alkaline electrolyte. The obtained results indicate that hierarchical NiO/ZnCo₂O₄ present a high specific capacitance of 63 mF.cm⁻² at a current density of 0.05 mA.cm⁻² higher than that of pristine NiO and ZnCo₂O₄ of 6 and 3 mF.cm⁻², respectively. The carbon layer improves the electrical conductivity among NiO and ZnCo₂O₄ in the hierarchical NiO/C/ZnCo₂O₄ electrode. As well, the specific capacitance drastically increased to reach 125 mF.cm⁻². Moreover, this multi-scale hierarchical structure exhibits superior cycling stability with ~ 95.7 % capacitance retention after 65k cycles. These results indicate that the NiO/C/ZnCo₂O₄ nanocomposite material is an outstanding electrode material for supercapacitors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NiO%2FC%2FZnCo%E2%82%82O%E2%82%84" title="NiO/C/ZnCo₂O₄">NiO/C/ZnCo₂O₄</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20capacitance" title=" specific capacitance"> specific capacitance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal" title=" hydrothermal"> hydrothermal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supercapacitors" title=" supercapacitors"> supercapacitors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158685/facile-hydrothermal-synthesis-of-hierarchical-nioznco2o4-nanocomposite-for-high-energy-supercapacitor-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158685.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">99</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2314</span> d-Block Metal Nanoparticles Confined in Triphenylphosphine Oxide Functionalized Core-Crosslinked Micelles for the Application in Biphasic Hydrogenation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Joseph%20Abou-Fayssal">C. Joseph Abou-Fayssal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Philippot"> K. Philippot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Poli"> R. Poli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Manoury"> E. Manoury</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Riisager"> A. Riisager</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of soluble polymer-supported metal nanoparticles (MNPs) has received significant attention for the ease of catalyst recovery and recycling. Of particular interest are MNPs that are supported on polymers that are either soluble or form stable colloidal dispersion in water, as this allows to combine of the advantages of the aqueous biphasic protocol with the catalytical performances of MNPs. The objective is to achieve good confinement of the catalyst in the nanoreactor cores and, thus, a better catalyst recovery in order to overcome the previously witnessed MNP extraction. Inspired by previous results, we are interested in the design of polymeric nanoreactors functionalized with ligands able to solidly anchor metallic nanoparticles in order to control the activity and selectivity of the developed nanocatalysts. The nanoreactors are core-crosslinked micelles (CCM) synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Varying the nature of the core-linked functionalities allows us to get differently stabilized metal nanoparticles and thus compare their performance in the catalyzed aqueous biphasic hydrogenation of model substrates. Particular attention is given to catalyst recyclability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biphasic%20catalysis" title="biphasic catalysis">biphasic catalysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metal%20nanoparticles" title=" metal nanoparticles"> metal nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymeric%20nanoreactors" title=" polymeric nanoreactors"> polymeric nanoreactors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catalyst%20recovery" title=" catalyst recovery"> catalyst recovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RAFT%20polymerization" title=" RAFT polymerization"> RAFT polymerization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158379/d-block-metal-nanoparticles-confined-in-triphenylphosphine-oxide-functionalized-core-crosslinked-micelles-for-the-application-in-biphasic-hydrogenation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158379.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">100</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2313</span> Integrated Two Stage Processing of Biomass Conversion to Hydroxymethylfurfural Esters Using Ionic Liquid as Green Solvent and Catalyst: Synthesis of Mono Esters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Komal%20Kumar">Komal Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sreedevi%20Upadhyayula"> Sreedevi Upadhyayula</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, a two-stage process was established for the synthesis of HMF esters using ionic liquid acid catalyst. Ionic liquid catalyst with different strength of the Bronsted acidity was prepared in the laboratory and characterized using 1H NMR, FT-IR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Solid acid catalyst from the ionic liquid catalyst was prepared using the immobilization method. The acidity of the synthesized acid catalyst was measured using Hammett function and titration method. Catalytic performance was evaluated for the biomass conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and levulinic acid (LA) in methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)-water biphasic system. A good yield of 5-HMF and LA was found at the different composition of MIBK: Water. In the case of MIBK: Water ratio 10:1, good yield of 5-HMF was observed at ambient temperature 150˚C. Upgrading of 5-HMF into monoesters from the reaction of 5-HMF and reactants using biomass-derived monoacid were performed. Ionic liquid catalyst with -SO₃H functional group was found to be best efficient in comparative of a solid acid catalyst for the esterification reaction and biomass conversion. A good yield of 5-HMF esters with high 5-HMF conversion was found to be at 105˚C using the best active catalyst. In this process, process A was the hydrothermal conversion of cellulose and monomer into 5-HMF and LA using acid catalyst. And the process B was the esterification followed by using similar acid catalyst. All monoesters of 5-HMF synthesized here can be used in chemical, cross linker for adhesive or coatings and pharmaceutical industry. A theoretical density functional theory (DFT) study for the optimization of the ionic liquid structure was performed using the Gaussian 09 program to find out the minimum energy configuration of ionic liquid catalyst. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomass%20conversion" title="biomass conversion">biomass conversion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=5-HMF" title=" 5-HMF"> 5-HMF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ionic%20liquid" title=" Ionic liquid"> Ionic liquid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HMF%20ester" title=" HMF ester"> HMF ester</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103568/integrated-two-stage-processing-of-biomass-conversion-to-hydroxymethylfurfural-esters-using-ionic-liquid-as-green-solvent-and-catalyst-synthesis-of-mono-esters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103568.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">251</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2312</span> Experiments on Residual Compressive Strength After Fatigue of Carbon Fiber Fabric Composites in Hydrothermal Environment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xuan%20Sun">Xuan Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mingbo%20Tong"> Mingbo Tong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to study the effect of hydrothermal environment on the fatigue properties of carbon fiber fabric composites, the experiments on fatigue and residual compressive strength with the center-hole laminates were carried out. For the experiments on fatigue in hydrothermal environment, an environmental chamber used for hydrothermal environment was designed, and the FLUENT was used to simulate the field of temperature in the environmental chamber, it proved that the design met the test requirements. In accordance with ASTM standard, the fatigue test fixture and compression test fixture were designed and produced. Then the tension-compression fatigue tests were carried out in conditions of standard environment (temperature of 23+2℃, relative humidity of 50+/-5%RH) and hydrothermal environment (temperature of 70 +2℃, relative humidity of 85+/-5%RH). After that, the residual compressive strength tests were carried out, respectively. The residual compressive strength after fatigue in condition of standard environment was set as a reference value, compared with the value in condition of hydrothermal environment, calculating the difference between them. According to the result of residual compressive strength tests, it shows that the residual compressive strength after fatigue in condition of hydrothermal environment was decreased by 13.5%,so the hydrothermal environment has little effect on the residual compressive strength of carbon fiber fabric composites laminates after fatigue under load spectrum in this research. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20fiber" title="carbon fiber">carbon fiber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal%20environment" title=" hydrothermal environment"> hydrothermal environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue" title=" fatigue"> fatigue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20compressive%20strength" title=" residual compressive strength"> residual compressive strength</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28401/experiments-on-residual-compressive-strength-after-fatigue-of-carbon-fiber-fabric-composites-in-hydrothermal-environment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28401.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">486</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2311</span> Ultrathin Tin-Silicalite 1 Zeolite Membrane in Ester Solvent Recovery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kun%20Liang%20Ang">Kun Liang Ang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eng%20Toon%20Saw"> Eng Toon Saw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wei%20He"> Wei He</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xuecheng%20Dong"> Xuecheng Dong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seeram%20%20Ramakrishna"> Seeram Ramakrishna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ester solvents are widely used in pharmaceutical, printing and flavor industry due to their good miscibility, low toxicity, and high volatility. Through pervaporation, these ester solvents can be recovered from industrial wastewater. While metal-doped silicalite 1 zeolite membranes are commonly used in organic solvent recovery in the pervaporation process, these ceramic membranes suffer from low membrane permeation flux, mainly due to the high thickness of the metal-doped zeolite membrane. Herein, a simple method of fabricating an ultrathin tin-silicalite 1 membrane supported on alumina tube is reported. This ultrathin membrane is able to achieve high permeation flux and separation factor for an ester in a diluted aqueous solution. Nanosized tin-Silicalite 1 seeds which are smaller than 500nm has been formed through hydrothermal synthesis. The sn-Silicalite 1 seeds were then seeded onto alumina tube through dip coating, and the tin-Silicalite 1 membrane was then formed by hydrothermal synthesis in an autoclave through secondary growth method. Multiple membrane synthesis factors such as seed size, ceramic substrate surface pore size selection, and secondary growth conditions were studied for their effects on zeolite membrane growth. The microstructure, morphology and the membrane thickness of tin-Silicalite 1 zeolite membrane were examined. The membrane separation performance and stability will also be reported. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ceramic%20membrane" title="ceramic membrane">ceramic membrane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pervaporation" title=" pervaporation"> pervaporation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solvent%20recovery" title=" solvent recovery"> solvent recovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sn-MFI%20zeolite" title=" Sn-MFI zeolite"> Sn-MFI zeolite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97044/ultrathin-tin-silicalite-1-zeolite-membrane-in-ester-solvent-recovery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97044.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">189</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2310</span> Direct Synthesis of Composite Materials Type MCM-41/ZSM-5 by Hydrothermal at Atmospheric Pressure in Sealed Pyrex Tubes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zoubida%20Lounis">Zoubida Lounis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naouel%20Boumesla"> Naouel Boumesla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abd%20El%20Kader%20Bengueddach"> Abd El Kader Bengueddach</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main objective of this study is to synthesize a composite materials by direct synthesis at atmospheric pression having the MFI structure and MCM-41 by using double structuring. In the first part of this work we are interested in the study of the synthesis parameters, in addition to temperature, the crystallization time and pH. The second part of this work is to vary the ratio of the concentrations of both structuring C9 [C9H19(CH3)3NBr] and C16 [C16H33(CH3)3NBr] and determining the area of formation of the two materials (microporous and mesoporous at same time), for this reason we performed a battery of experiments ranging from 0 to 100% for both structural. To enhance the economic purposes of this study, the experiments were carried out by using very cheap and simple process, the pyrex tubes were used instead of the reactors, and the synthesis were done at atmospheric pressure and moderate temperature. The final products (composite materials) were obtained at high and pure quality. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite%20materials" title="composite materials">composite materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syntheisis" title=" syntheisis"> syntheisis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catalysts" title=" catalysts"> catalysts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mesoporous%20materials" title=" mesoporous materials"> mesoporous materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microporous%20materials" title=" microporous materials"> microporous materials</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14563/direct-synthesis-of-composite-materials-type-mcm-41zsm-5-by-hydrothermal-at-atmospheric-pressure-in-sealed-pyrex-tubes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14563.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">388</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2309</span> Development of Oral Biphasic Drug Delivery System Using a Natural Resourced Polymer, Terminalia catappa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Venkata%20Srikanth%20Meka">Venkata Srikanth Meka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nur%20Arthirah%20Binti%20Ahmad%20Tarmizi%20Tan"> Nur Arthirah Binti Ahmad Tarmizi Tan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Syahmi%20Bin%20Md%20Nazir"> Muhammad Syahmi Bin Md Nazir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adinarayana%20Gorajana"> Adinarayana Gorajana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Senthil%20Rajan%20Dharmalingam"> Senthil Rajan Dharmalingam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Biphasic drug delivery systems are designed to release drug at two different rates, either fast/prolonged or prolonged/fast. A fast/prolonged release system provides a burst drug release at initial stage followed by a slow release over a prolonged period of time and in case of prolonged/fast release system, the release pattern is vice versa. Terminalia catappa gum (TCG) is a natural polymer and was successfully proven as a novel pharmaceutical excipient. The main objective of the present research is to investigate the applicability of natural polymer, Terminalia catappa gum in the design of oral biphasic drug delivery system in the form of mini tablets by using a model drug, buspirone HCl. This investigation aims to produce a biphasic release drug delivery system of buspirone by combining immediate release and prolonged release mini tablets into a capsule. For immediate release mini tablets, a dose of 4.5 mg buspirone was prepared by varying the concentration of superdisintegrant; crospovidone. On the other hand, prolonged release mini tablets were produced by using different concentrations of the natural polymer; TCG with a buspirone dose of 3mg. All mini tablets were characterized for weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration, content uniformity and dissolution studies. The optimized formulations of immediate and prolonged release mini tablets were finally combined in a capsule and was evaluated for release studies. FTIR and DSC studies were conducted to study the drug-polymer interaction. All formulations of immediate release and prolonged release mini tablets were passed all the in-process quality control tests according to US Pharmacopoeia. The disintegration time of immediate release mini tablets of different formulations was varied from 2-6 min, and maximum drug release was achieved in lesser than 60 min. Whereas prolonged release mini tablets made with TCG have shown good drug retarding properties. Formulations were controlled for about 4-10 hrs with varying concentration of TCG. As the concentration of TCG increased, the drug release retarding property also increased. The optimised mini tablets were packed in capsules and were evaluated for the release mechanism. The capsule dosage form has clearly exhibited the biphasic release of buspirone, indicating that TCG is a suitable natural polymer for this study. FTIR and DSC studies proved that there was no interaction between the drug and polymer. Based on the above positive results, it can be concluded that TCG is a suitable polymer for the biphasic drug delivery systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Terminalia%20catappa%20gum" title="Terminalia catappa gum">Terminalia catappa gum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biphasic%20release" title=" biphasic release"> biphasic release</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mini%20tablets" title=" mini tablets"> mini tablets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tablet%20in%20capsule" title=" tablet in capsule"> tablet in capsule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20polymers" title=" natural polymers"> natural polymers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50516/development-of-oral-biphasic-drug-delivery-system-using-a-natural-resourced-polymer-terminalia-catappa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50516.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">393</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2308</span> Mutagenicity Evaluation of Locally Produced Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Using Ames Test</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nur%20Fathin%20Alia%20Che%20Wahab">Nur Fathin Alia Che Wahab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thirumulu%20Ponnuraj%20Kannan"> Thirumulu Ponnuraj Kannan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zuliani%20Mahmood"> Zuliani Mahmood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ismail%20Ab.%20Rahman"> Ismail Ab. Rahman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanafi%20Ismail"> Hanafi Ismail</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Locally produced Biphasic Calcium Phosphate (BCP) consists of hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) which is a promising material for dentin and bone regeneration as well as in tissue engineering applications. The study was carried out to investigate the mutagenic effect of locally produced BCP using Ames test. Mutagenicity was evaluated with and without the addition of metabolic activation system (S9). This study was performed on Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA102, TA1537, and TA1538 strains using preincubation assay method. The doses tested were 5000, 2500, 1250, 625, 313 µg/plate. Negative and positive controls were also included. The bacteria were incubated for 48 hours at 37 ± 0.5 °C. Then, the revertant colonies were counted. Data obtained were evaluated using non-statistical method. The mean number of revertant colonies in strains with and without S9 mix treated with locally produced BCP was less than double when compared to negative control for all the tested concentrations. The results from this study indicate that the locally produced BCP is non-mutagenic under the present test conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ames%20test" title="ames test">ames test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biphasic%20calcium%20phosphate" title=" biphasic calcium phosphate"> biphasic calcium phosphate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dentin%20regeneration" title=" dentin regeneration"> dentin regeneration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mutagenicity" title=" mutagenicity"> mutagenicity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51753/mutagenicity-evaluation-of-locally-produced-biphasic-calcium-phosphate-using-ames-test" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51753.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">323</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2307</span> Synthesis of Na-LSX Zeolite and Hydrosodalite from Polish Fly Ashes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Barbara%20Bialecka">Barbara Bialecka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zdzislaw%20Adamczyk"> Zdzislaw Adamczyk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Magdalena%20Cempa"> Magdalena Cempa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the work, the results of investigations into the hydrothermal zeolitization of fly ash from hard coal combustion in one of Polish Power Station have been presented. The chemical composition of the ash was determined by the method of X-ray fluorescence (XRF), whereas the phases of both fly ash and the products after synthesis were identified using microscopic observations, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) as well as electron scanning microscopy with measurements of the chemical compositions in micro areas (SEM/EDS). The synthesis was carried out with various concentrations of NaOH solution (3M, 4M and 6M) in the following conditions: synthesis temperature – 80ᵒC, synthesis time – 16 hours, volume of NaOH solution – 350ml, fly ash mass – 14g. The main chemical components of fly ash were SiO₂ and Al₂O₃, the contents of which reached 51.62 and 28.14%mas., respectively. The input ash contained mainly such phases as mullite, quarz, magnetite, and glass. The research results indicate that the phase composition of products after zeolitization was differentiated. The material after synthesis in 3M NaOH solution was found to contain mullite, quarz, magnetite, and Na-LSX zeolite. The products of synthesis in 4M NaOH solution were very similar to those in 3M solution (mullite, quarz, magnetite, Na-LSX zeolite), but they additionally contained hydrosodalite. The material after synthesis in 6M NaOH solution contains mullite, quarz, magnetite (similarly to synthesis in 3M and 4M NaOH solition) and additionally hydrosodalite. Therefore, the products of synthesis contain relic components from the fly ash input sample in the form of mullite, quarz, and magnetite, as well as new phases, which are Na-LSX zeolite and hydrosodalite. It should be noted that the products of synthesis in the case of 4M NaOH solution contained both new phases (Na-LSX zeolite and hydrosodalite), while the products from the extreme concentration of NaOH solutions (3M and 6M) contained only one of them. Observations in the scanning electron microscope revealed the new phases’ morphology. It was found that Na-LSX zeolite formed cubic crystals, whereas hydrosodalite formed characteristic aggregations. The results of investigations into the chemical composition in the micro area of phase grains in the products after synthesis reveal some dependencies, among others a characteristic increase in the content of sodium, related to the increased concentration of NaOH solution. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Na-LSX" title="Na-LSX">Na-LSX</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fly%20ash" title=" fly ash"> fly ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrosodalite" title=" hydrosodalite"> hydrosodalite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zeolite" title=" zeolite"> zeolite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110763/synthesis-of-na-lsx-zeolite-and-hydrosodalite-from-polish-fly-ashes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110763.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">172</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2306</span> Effect of Thermal Annealing Used in the Hydrothermal Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide on Its Electrochemical Properties As Li-Ion Electrode</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gabouze%20Nourredine">Gabouze Nourredine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saloua%20Merazga"> Saloua Merazga</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to their exceptional durability, low-cost, high-power density, and reliability, cathodes based on titanium dioxide, and more specifically spinel LTO (Li4Ti5O12), present an attractive alternative to conventional lithium cathode materials for multiple applications. The aim of this work is to synthesize and characterize the nanopowders of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and lithium titanate (Li₄Ti5O₁₂) by the hydrothermal method and to use them as a cathode in a lithium-ion battery. The structural and morphological characterizations of the synthesized powders were performed by XRD, SEM, EDS, and FTIR-ATR. Nevertheless, the study of the electrochemical performances of the elaborated electrode materials was carried out by: cyclic voltametry (CV) and galvanostatic charge/discharge (CDG). The prepared electrode by the powder annealed at 800 °C has a good specific capacity of about 173 mAh/g and a good cyclic stability <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lithuim-ion" title="lithuim-ion">lithuim-ion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=battery" title=" battery"> battery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LTO" title=" LTO"> LTO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tio2" title=" tio2"> tio2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capacity" title=" capacity"> capacity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152523/effect-of-thermal-annealing-used-in-the-hydrothermal-synthesis-of-titanium-dioxide-on-its-electrochemical-properties-as-li-ion-electrode" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152523.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">85</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2305</span> Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Structural, Electrical and Photocatalytic Properties of K₀.₅Na₀.₅NbO₃ Lead- Free Ceramics Prepared via Different Synthesis Routes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manish%20Saha">Manish Saha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manish%20Kumar%20Niranjan"> Manish Kumar Niranjan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saket%20Asthana"> Saket Asthana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The K₀.₅Na₀.₅NbO₃ (KNN) system has emerged as one of the most promising lead-free piezoelectric over the years. In this work, we perform a comprehensive investigation of electronic structure, lattice dynamics and dielectric/ferroelectric properties of the room temperature phase of KNN by combining ab-initio DFT-based theoretical analysis and experimental characterization. We assign the symmetry labels to KNN vibrational modes and obtain ab-initio polarized Raman spectra, Infrared (IR) reflectivity, Born-effective charge tensors, oscillator strengths etc. The computed Raman spectrum is found to agree well with the experimental spectrum. In particular, the results suggest that the mode in the range ~840-870 cm-¹ reported in the experimental studies is longitudinal optical (LO) with A_1 symmetry. The Raman mode intensities are calculated for different light polarization set-ups, which suggests the observation of different symmetry modes in different polarization set-ups. The electronic structure of KNN is investigated, and an optical absorption spectrum is obtained. Further, the performances of DFT semi-local, metal-GGA and hybrid exchange-correlations (XC) functionals, in the estimation of KNN band gaps are investigated. The KNN bandgap computed using GGA-1/2 and HSE06 hybrid functional schemes are found to be in excellant agreement with the experimental value. The COHP, electron localization function and Bader charge analysis is also performed to deduce the nature of chemical bonding in the KNN. The solid-state reaction and hydrothermal methods are used to prepare the KNN ceramics, and the effects of grain size on the physical characteristics these ceramics are examined. A comprehensive study on the impact of different synthesis techniques on the structural, electrical, and photocatalytic properties of ferroelectric ceramics KNN. The KNN-S prepared by solid-state method have significantly larger grain size as compared to that for KNN-H prepared by hydrothermal method. Furthermore, the KNN-S is found to exhibit higher dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties as compared to KNN-H. On the other hand, the increased photocatalytic activity is observed in KNN-H as compared to KNN-S. As compared to the hydrothermal synthesis, the solid-state synthesis causes an increase in the relative dielectric permittivity (ε^') from 2394 to 3286, remnant polarization (P_r) from 15.38 to 20.41 μC/cm^², planer electromechanical coupling factor (k_p) from 0.19 to 0.28 and piezoelectric coefficient (d_33) from 88 to 125 pC/N. The KNN-S ceramics are also found to have a lower leakage current density, and higher grain resistance than KNN-H ceramic. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of KNN-H is attributed to relatively smaller particle sizes. The KNN-S and KNN-H samples are found to have degradation efficiencies of RhB solution of 20% and 65%, respectively. The experimental study highlights the importance of synthesis methods and how these can be exploited to tailor the dielectric, piezoelectric and photocatalytic properties of KNN. Overall, our study provides several bench-mark important results on KNN that have not been reported so far. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lead-free%20piezoelectric" title="lead-free piezoelectric">lead-free piezoelectric</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raman%20intensity%20spectrum" title=" Raman intensity spectrum"> Raman intensity spectrum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electronic%20structure" title=" electronic structure"> electronic structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=first-principles%20calculations" title=" first-principles calculations"> first-principles calculations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20state%20synthesis" title=" solid state synthesis"> solid state synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photocatalysis" title=" photocatalysis"> photocatalysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal%20synthesis" title=" hydrothermal synthesis"> hydrothermal synthesis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184628/theoretical-and-experimental-investigation-of-structural-electrical-and-photocatalytic-properties-of-k05na05nbo3-lead-free-ceramics-prepared-via-different-synthesis-routes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184628.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">49</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2304</span> Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Thin Film of Cu₂ZnSnS₄ by Hydrothermal Method and Its Application as Congo Red Photocatalyst</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paula%20Salazar">Paula Salazar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rodrigo%20Henr%C3%ADquez"> Rodrigo Henríquez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pablo%20Zerega"> Pablo Zerega</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The textile, food and pharmaceutical industries are expanding daily worldwide, and they are located within the most polluting industries due to the fact that wastewater is discharged into watercourses with high concentrations of dyes and traces of drugs. Many of these compounds are stable to light and biodegradation, being considered as emerging organic contaminants. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) emerge as an effective alternative for the removal and elimination of this type of contaminants. Heterogeneous photocatalysis has been extensively studied as it is an efficient, low-cost and durable method. As the main photocatalyst, TiO₂ has been used for the degradation of a large number of dyes and drugs. The disadvantage of TiO₂ is its absorption in the UV region of the solar spectrum. On the other hand, quaternary chalcogenides based on Cu₂SnZnX₄ (X = S, Se) are a possible alternative due to their narrow bandgap (ca. between 0.8 to 1.5 eV depending on the phase considered), low cost, an abundance of its constituent elements in the earth's crust and its low toxicity. The objective of this research was to synthesize Cu₂SnZnS₄ (CZTS) through of a low-cost hydrothermal method and evaluate it as a potential photo-catalyst in the photo-degradation process of Congo Red. The synthesis of the nanoparticle in suspension and film onto fluorine-doped tin oxide coated glass (FTO) was carried out using a mixture of: 2 mmol CuCl₂, 1 mmol ZnCl₂, 1 mmol SnCl₂ and 4 mmol CH4N₂S in a Teflon reactor at 180⁰C for 72 h. Characterization was performed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV VIS spectroscopy. Photo-degradation monitoring was carried out employing a UV VIS spectrophotometer. The results show that photodegradation of 55% of the dye can be obtained after 4h of exposure to polychromatic light, it should be noted that the Congo Red dye is being studied for the first time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CZTS" title="CZTS">CZTS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal" title=" hydrothermal"> hydrothermal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photocatalysis" title=" photocatalysis"> photocatalysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dye" title=" dye"> dye</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148296/synthesis-of-nanoparticles-and-thin-film-of-cu2znsns4-by-hydrothermal-method-and-its-application-as-congo-red-photocatalyst" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148296.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">122</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2303</span> Mesoporous Na2Ti3O7 Nanotube-Constructed Materials with Hierarchical Architecture: Synthesis and Properties</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neumoin%20Anton%20Ivanovich">Neumoin Anton Ivanovich</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Opra%20Denis%20Pavlovich"> Opra Denis Pavlovich</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Materials based on titanium oxide compounds are widely used in such areas as solar energy, photocatalysis, food industry and hygiene products, biomedical technologies, etc. Demand for them has also formed in the battery industry (an example of this is the commercialization of Li4Ti5O12), where much attention has recently been paid to the development of next-generation systems and technologies, such as sodium-ion batteries. This dictates the need to search for new materials with improved characteristics, as well as ways to obtain them that meet the requirements of scalability. One of the ways to solve these problems can be the creation of nanomaterials that often have a complex of physicochemical properties that radically differ from the characteristics of their counterparts in the micro- or macroscopic state. At the same time, it is important to control the texture (specific surface area, porosity) of such materials. In view of the above, among other methods, the hydrothermal technique seems to be suitable, allowing a wide range of control over the conditions of synthesis. In the present study, a method was developed for the preparation of mesoporous nanostructured sodium trititanate (Na2Ti3O7) with a hierarchical architecture. The materials were synthesized by hydrothermal processing and exhibit a complex hierarchically organized two-layer architecture. At the first level of the hierarchy, materials are represented by particles having a roughness surface, and at the second level, by one-dimensional nanotubes. The products were found to have high specific surface area and porosity with a narrow pore size distribution (about 6 nm). As it is known, the specific surface area and porosity are important characteristics of functional materials, which largely determine the possibilities and directions of their practical application. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data show that the resulting sodium trititanate has a sufficiently high electrical conductivity. As expected, the synthesized complexly organized nanoarchitecture based on sodium trititanate with a porous structure can be practically in demand, for example, in the field of new generation electrochemical storage and energy conversion devices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sodium%20trititanate" title="sodium trititanate">sodium trititanate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hierarchical%20materials" title=" hierarchical materials"> hierarchical materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mesoporosity" title=" mesoporosity"> mesoporosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanotubes" title=" nanotubes"> nanotubes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal%20synthesis" title=" hydrothermal synthesis"> hydrothermal synthesis</a> </p> <a 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