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id="toc-Chapter_One" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_One"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Chapter One</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_One-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_Two" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_Two"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Chapter Two</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_Two-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_Three" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_Three"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Chapter Three</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_Three-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_Four" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_Four"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Chapter Four</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_Four-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_Five" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_Five"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Chapter Five</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_Five-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_Six" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_Six"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Chapter Six</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_Six-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inspiration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inspiration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Inspiration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inspiration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influence and recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Orlando: A Biography</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88:_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="أورلاندو: سيرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أورلاندو: سيرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_(novel%C2%B7la)" title="Orlando (novel·la) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Orlando (novel·la)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_(rom%C3%A1n)" title="Orlando (román) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Orlando (román)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_(Roman)" title="Orlando (Roman) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Orlando (Roman)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_(novela)" title="Orlando (novela) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orlando (novela)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_(eleberria)" title="Orlando (eleberria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Orlando (eleberria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88:_%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="اورلاندو: یک بیوگرافی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اورلاندو: یک بیوگرافی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_(roman)" title="Orlando (roman) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orlando (roman)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_(novela)" title="Orlando (novela) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Orlando (novela)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%8D%97%E5%A4%9A" title="俄南多 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="俄南多" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8_(%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BA)" title="Օռլանդո (վեպ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օռլանդո (վեպ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_(romanzo)" title="Orlando (romanzo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Orlando (romanzo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95_(%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8)" title="אורלנדו (ספר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אורלנדו (ספר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando:_een_biografie" title="Orlando: een biografie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Orlando: een biografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC" title="オーランドー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーランドー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_(roman)" title="Orlando (roman) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Orlando (roman)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando:_A_Biography" title="Orlando: A Biography – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Orlando: A Biography" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Орландо (роман) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Орландо (роман)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_(romaani)" title="Orlando (romaani) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Orlando (romaani)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_(roman)" title="Orlando (roman) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Orlando (roman)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando:_Bir_Ya%C5%9Fam_%C3%96yk%C3%BCs%C3%BC" title="Orlando: Bir Yaşam Öyküsü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Orlando: Bir Yaşam Öyküsü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE:_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Орландо: біографія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Орландо: біографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E8%98%AD%E5%A4%9A_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA)" title="奧蘭多 (英國小說) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奧蘭多 (英國小說)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1629456#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Orlando: A Biography <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orlando%3A+A+Biography&rft.author=%5B%5BVirginia+Woolf%5D%5D&rft.date=11+October+1928&rft.pub=%5B%5BHogarth+Press%5D%5D&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=299&rft_id=info:oclcnum/297407"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portadaorlando.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Portadaorlando.jpg/220px-Portadaorlando.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Portadaorlando.jpg/330px-Portadaorlando.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Portadaorlando.jpg/440px-Portadaorlando.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="918" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cover of the 1928 edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hogarth_Press" title="Hogarth Press">Hogarth Press</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 October 1928</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Hardback</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">299</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)"><abbr title="Online Computer Library Center number">OCLC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/297407">297407</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Text</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Orlando:_A_Biography" class="extiw" title="s:Orlando: A Biography">Orlando: A Biography</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Orlando: A Biography</b></i> is a novel by <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>, first published on 11 October 1928, inspired by the tumultuous family history of the aristocratic poet and novelist <a href="/wiki/Vita_Sackville-West" title="Vita Sackville-West">Vita Sackville-West</a>, Woolf's lover and close friend. It is a history of English literature in <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satiric</a> form. The book describes the adventures of a <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a> who changes sex from man to woman and lives for centuries, meeting the key figures of English literary history. Considered a feminist classic, the book has been written about extensively by scholars of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_writing_(literary_category)" title="Women's writing (literary category)">women's writing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">gender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transgender_studies" title="Transgender studies">transgender studies</a>. </p><p>The novel has been adapted a number of times. In 1981, <a href="/wiki/Ulrike_Ottinger" title="Ulrike Ottinger">Ulrike Ottinger</a> adapted it for her film <i><a href="/wiki/Freak_Orlando" title="Freak Orlando">Freak Orlando</a></i>, with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magdalena_Montezuma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magdalena Montezuma (page does not exist)">Magdalena Montezuma</a> in the title role. In 1989, director <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(director)" title="Robert Wilson (director)">Robert Wilson</a> and writer <a href="/wiki/Darryl_Pinckney" title="Darryl Pinckney">Darryl Pinckney</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> collaborated on a single-actor theatrical production.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This had its British premiere at the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Festival" title="Edinburgh International Festival">Edinburgh Festival</a> in 1996, with <a href="/wiki/Miranda_Richardson" title="Miranda Richardson">Miranda Richardson</a> playing the title role;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Huppert" title="Isabelle Huppert">Isabelle Huppert</a> performed in the version in French, which opened at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Vidy-Lausanne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Théâtre Vidy-Lausanne (page does not exist)">Théâtre Vidy-Lausanne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a> (Switzerland) in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A film adaptation by <a href="/wiki/Sally_Potter" title="Sally Potter">Sally Potter</a>, simply titled <i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_(film)" title="Orlando (film)">Orlando</a></i>, was released in 1992, starring <a href="/wiki/Tilda_Swinton" title="Tilda Swinton">Tilda Swinton</a> in the title role. A stage adaption by <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Ruhl" title="Sarah Ruhl">Sarah Ruhl</a> premiered in New York City in 2010, with another version premiering at the Garrick Theatre, London in 2022 starring <a href="/wiki/Emma_Corrin" title="Emma Corrin">Emma Corrin</a> and directed by Michael Grandage. The novel has also been adapted into operatic works. </p><p>The novel entered the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain_in_the_United_States" title="Public domain in the United States">public domain in the United States</a> in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando:_A_Biography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Plot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Eponymous" class="mw-redirect" title="Eponymous">eponymous</a> hero is born as a male nobleman in England during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a>. He undergoes a mysterious change of sex at the age of about 30 and lives on for more than 300 years into modern times without ageing perceptibly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_One">Chapter One</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando:_A_Biography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chapter One"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orlando_as_a_Boy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Orlando_as_a_Boy.png/220px-Orlando_as_a_Boy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="403" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Orlando_as_a_Boy.png/330px-Orlando_as_a_Boy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Orlando_as_a_Boy.png/440px-Orlando_as_a_Boy.png 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="1612" /></a><figcaption>"Orlando as a boy" on the <a href="/wiki/Frontispiece_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontispiece (book)">frontispiece</a>. Taken from portrait of the Hon. Edward Sackville from the right half of ‘The Two Sons of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sackville,_4th_Earl_of_Dorset" title="Edward Sackville, 4th Earl of Dorset">Edward, 4th Earl of Dorset</a>’ by Cornelius Nuie.</figcaption></figure><p> As a teenage boy, the handsome Orlando serves as a page at the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan court</a> and becomes the "favourite" of the elderly queen. After Elizabeth's death, he falls deeply in love with Sasha, an elusive and somewhat feral princess in the entourage of the Russian embassy. This episode, of love and ice skating against the background of the celebrated <a href="/wiki/River_Thames_frost_fairs" title="River Thames frost fairs">Frost Fair</a> held on the frozen <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames River</a> during the Great Frost of 1608, when "birds froze in mid air and fell like stones to the ground", inspired some of Virginia Woolf's most bravura writing:</p><blockquote><p>Great statesmen, in their beards and ruffs, despatched affairs of state under the crimson awning of the Royal Pagoda ... Frozen roses fell in showers when the Queen and her ladies walked abroad ... Near London Bridge, where the river had frozen to a depth of some twenty fathoms, a wrecked wherry boat was plainly visible, lying on the bed of the river where it had sunk last autumn, overladen with apples. The old bumboat woman, who was carrying her fruit to market on the Surrey side, sat there in her plaids and farthingales with her lap full of apples, for all the world as if she were about to serve a customer, though a certain blueness about the lips hinted the truth.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The melting of the ice coincides with Sasha's unfaithfulness and sudden departure for Russia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_Two">Chapter Two</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando:_A_Biography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chapter Two"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Archduchess_Harriet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_Archduchess_Harriet.png/220px-The_Archduchess_Harriet.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_Archduchess_Harriet.png/330px-The_Archduchess_Harriet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_Archduchess_Harriet.png/440px-The_Archduchess_Harriet.png 2x" data-file-width="1249" data-file-height="1567" /></a><figcaption>"Archduchess Harriet" facing page 114. Taken from a portrait of Mary, 4th Countess of Dorset, by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Gheeraerts_the_Younger" title="Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger">Marcus Gheeraerts</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The desolate Orlando returns to writing <i>The Oak Tree,</i> a long poem started and abandoned in his youth. He meets and hospitably entertains an invidious <a href="/wiki/Poetaster" title="Poetaster">poetaster</a>, Nicholas Greene, who proceeds to find fault with Orlando's writing. Later Orlando feels betrayed on learning that he has been lampooned in one of Greene's subsequent works. A period of contemplating love and life leads Orlando to appreciate the value of his ancestral stately home, which he proceeds to furnish lavishly. There he plays host to the populace. </p><p>Ennui sets in and Orlando feels harassed by a persistent suitor, the tall and somewhat androgynous Archduchess Harriet, leading Orlando to look for a way to leave the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_Three">Chapter Three</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando:_A_Biography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chapter Three"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orlando_as_Ambassador.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Orlando_as_Ambassador.png/220px-Orlando_as_Ambassador.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Orlando_as_Ambassador.png/330px-Orlando_as_Ambassador.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Orlando_as_Ambassador.png/440px-Orlando_as_Ambassador.png 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="1537" /></a><figcaption>"Orlando as Ambassador" facing page 126. Take from a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sackville,_5th_Earl_of_Dorset" title="Richard Sackville, 5th Earl of Dorset">Richard Sackville, 5th Earl of Dorset</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walker_(painter)" title="Robert Walker (painter)">Robert Walker</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>He is appointed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">King Charles II</a> as ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Orlando performs his duties well, until a night of civil unrest and murderous riots. He falls asleep for a period of days, and others cannot rouse him. Orlando awakens to find that he has <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">metamorphosed</a> into a woman – the same person, with the same personality and intellect, but in a woman's body. Although the narrator of the novel professes to be disturbed and befuddled by Orlando's change, the fictional Orlando complacently accepts the change. From here on, Orlando's amorous inclinations change frequently, although she stays biologically female. </p><p>The now <i>Lady</i> Orlando covertly escapes Constantinople in the company of a <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> clan. She adopts their way of life until its essential conflict with her upbringing leads her to head home. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_Four">Chapter Four</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando:_A_Biography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chapter Four"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orlando_on_her_return_to_England.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Orlando_on_her_return_to_England.png/220px-Orlando_on_her_return_to_England.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Orlando_on_her_return_to_England.png/330px-Orlando_on_her_return_to_England.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Orlando_on_her_return_to_England.png/440px-Orlando_on_her_return_to_England.png 2x" data-file-width="1261" data-file-height="1938" /></a><figcaption>"Orlando on her return from England," facing page 158. Taken from a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Vita_Sackville-West" title="Vita Sackville-West">Vita Sackville-West</a>, taken by Lenare (Leonard George Green) in 1927.</figcaption></figure> <p>Only on the ship back to England, with her constraining female clothes and an incident in which a flash of her ankle nearly results in a sailor's falling to his death, does she realise the magnitude of becoming a woman. She concludes it has an overall advantage, declaring "Praise God I'm a woman!" Back in England, Orlando is hounded again by the archduchess, who now reveals herself to be a man, the Archduke Harry. Orlando evades his marriage proposals. She goes on to switch gender roles, dressing alternately as a man and woman. </p><p>Orlando engages energetically with life in the 18th Century, holding court with great poets, notably <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Joseph Addison</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_Five">Chapter Five</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando:_A_Biography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chapter Five"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Life in 19th Century England begins with a pervasive damp, which invades both homes and hearts: "The damp struck within. Men felt the chill in their hearts; the damp in their minds. In a desperate effort to snuggle their feelings into some sort of warmth one subterfuge was tried after another. Love, birth, and death were all swaddled in a variety of fine phrases. The sexes drew further and further apart. No open conversation was tolerated. Evasions and concealments were sedulously practised on both sides." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_Six">Chapter Six</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando:_A_Biography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chapter Six"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once the book shifts to the 20th century, she again encounters critic Nick Greene, apparently also timeless, who reappears and promotes Orlando's writing, promising to help her publish <i>The Oak Tree</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marmaduke_Bonthrop_Shelmerdine,_Esquire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Marmaduke_Bonthrop_Shelmerdine%2C_Esquire.png/220px-Marmaduke_Bonthrop_Shelmerdine%2C_Esquire.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Marmaduke_Bonthrop_Shelmerdine%2C_Esquire.png/330px-Marmaduke_Bonthrop_Shelmerdine%2C_Esquire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Marmaduke_Bonthrop_Shelmerdine%2C_Esquire.png/440px-Marmaduke_Bonthrop_Shelmerdine%2C_Esquire.png 2x" data-file-width="1258" data-file-height="1833" /></a><figcaption>"Marmaduke Bonthrop Shelmerdine, Esquire" at page 262. Unknown model and artist, circa 1820, in <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Nicolson" title="Nigel Nicolson">Nigel Nicolson</a>’s private collection, <a href="/wiki/Sissinghurst_Castle_Garden" title="Sissinghurst Castle Garden">Sissinghurst</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Orlando wins a lawsuit over her property and marries a sea captain, Marmaduke Bonthrop Shelmerdine. Like Orlando, he is <a href="/wiki/Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">gender non-conforming</a>, and Orlando attributes the success of their marriage to this similarity. In 1928, she publishes <i>The Oak Tree,</i> centuries after starting it, and wins a prize. In the novel's ending, Orlando's husband flies over the mansion in an aeroplane, which hovers above Orlando until Shelmerdine leaps to the ground. A stray bird flies over his head and Orlando exults, "It's the goose! The wild goose!" The novel ends on the final stroke of midnight on Thursday, Oct. 11, 1928 (the day the novel would be published). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inspiration">Inspiration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando:_A_Biography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inspiration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Woolf and Vita Sackville-West were both members of the <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a>, which was known for its liberal views on sexuality. The two began a sexual and romantic relationship that lasted for a decade, and continued as a friendship long after that. Notably, this inspiration is confirmed by Woolf herself, who noted in her diary the idea of <i>Orlando</i> on 5 October 1927: "And instantly the usual exciting devices enter my mind: a biography beginning in the year 1500 and continuing to the present day, called Orlando: Vita; only with a change about from one sex to the other".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Nicolson" title="Nigel Nicolson">Nigel Nicolson</a>, Sackville-West's son, wrote, "The effect of Vita on Virginia is all contained in <i>Orlando</i>, the longest and most charming love letter in literature, in which she explores Vita, weaves her in and out of the centuries, tosses her from one sex to the other, plays with her, dresses her in furs, lace and emeralds, teases her, flirts with her, drops a veil of mist around her."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 307">: 307 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando:_A_Biography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orlando:_A_Biography&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Orlando:_A_Biography" title="Talk:Orlando: A Biography">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the novel, Woolf satirizes Sackville-West's fascination with the <a href="/wiki/Romany_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Romany people">Romani people</a>, as it is the Romani caravan in the Balkans that first accepts Orlando as a woman. It is also hinted that it was a spell cast by the Romani witch whom Orlando married that caused Orlando's transformation.<sup id="cite_ref-Blair2004_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blair2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romani witch, Rosina Pepita, shares the name of Sackville-West's grandmother, a Spanish dancer.<sup id="cite_ref-Daileander2013_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daileander2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64">: 64 </span></sup> </p><p>Orlando remains an English aristocrat regardless of her sex, and cannot really adjust to the nomadic lifestyle of the Romani caravan as it wanders across the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. In real life, Sackville-West fantasized about joining a Romani caravan, but she did not really wish to give up the settled life of the aristocracy for living in poverty, or to be subject to the same discrimination that the Romani people were.<sup id="cite_ref-Blair2004_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blair2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Woolf also satirizes British culture in the sense that depictions of <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbians</a> were allowed as long as they were presented as a fantastical allegory. The novel was only real in the sense that the book was about Sackville-West, but otherwise was not realistic.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2006_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60">: 60 </span></sup> Woolf also intended the novel as compensation for the sense of loss often felt by Sackville-West who lost her beloved childhood home <a href="/wiki/Knole" title="Knole">Knole</a>. It went to a cousin and she would have inherited it had she been a man. It is also about her need to hide her sexuality and about the unhappy end of her relationship with <a href="/wiki/Violet_Trefusis" title="Violet Trefusis">Violet Trefusis</a> in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2006_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 63">: 63 </span></sup> Sackville-West in a letter praised Woolf for compensation for her sense of loss, saying: "I am in no fit state to write to you...I only tell you that I am really shaken, which may seem to you silly and useless, but which is really a greater tribute than pages of calm appreciation...Darling, I don't know and scarcely even like to write how overwhelmed am I, how could you hung so splendid a garment on so poor a peg...Also, you have invented a new form of narcissism-I confess-I am in love with Orlando-this is a complication I had not foreseen".<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2006_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 63">: 63 </span></sup> In the book, Orlando as a woman wins control of her family estate, which bears a close resemblance to Knole, which addressed Sackville-West's sense of loss about losing the estate that she had grown up in and deeply loved, only because she was a woman.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2006_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64">: 64 </span></sup> Likewise, Trefusis appears in the novel as the Russian princess Sasha, whom Orlando sincerely loves. </p><p>The responsibility for the failure of the relationship rests entirely with her and in real life Sackville-West knew that the story she used as a reason for terminating her relationship with Trefusis, that she had slept with her husband Major Dennys Trefusis, was almost certainly false.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2006_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 65">: 65 </span></sup> The picture of Sackville-West that Woolf presented as her alter-ego Orlando was not completely positive, as Woolf felt only contempt for Sackville-West's literary abilities, regarding her as a mediocre writer. She wrote to her husband <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woolf" title="Leonard Woolf">Leonard Woolf</a> "she writes with a pen of brass".<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2006_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66">: 66 </span></sup> The recurring image of the grey goose that Orlando chases after, but never captures over the centuries is an allegory for the ability to write a truly great novel that Sackville-West longed to do, but never managed.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2006_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66">: 66 </span></sup> Perhaps fortunately for herself, a bewildered Sackville-West never understood what the goose was a symbol of, writing to her husband <a href="/wiki/Harold_Nicolson" title="Harold Nicolson">Harold Nicolson</a>: "What does the goose stand for? Fame? Love? Death? Marriage?".<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2006_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66">: 66 </span></sup> For Woolf herself, the book was compensation for a sense of loss.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2006_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 67">: 67 </span></sup> Woolf was often hurt by Sackville-West's promiscuity and unfaithfulness, and <i>Orlando</i> allowed her to have a more idealised version of Sackville-West that would belong to her forever.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2006_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 67">: 67 </span></sup> </p><p>The American scholar Victoria Smith argued the book is about the impossibility of representing the female experience in its entirety as a recurring theme of the book is Orlando's inability to properly describe emotions, people and even such banal occurrences as a sunset.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2006_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59–60, 67–69">: 59–60, 67–69 </span></sup> Throughout the book, Orlando cannot describe Sasha or nature, the biographer cannot properly write up a description of Orlando, and the love which Orlando feels for Shelmerdine is referred to as undefinable.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2006_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 68">: 68 </span></sup> When Orlando attempts to define love, he says to himself: "Every single thing, once he tried to dislodge it from his place in his mind, he thus cumbered with other matter like a lump of grass, which after a year at the bottom of the sea, is grown about with bones and <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly" title="Dragonfly">dragon-flies</a>, and the tresses of women's hair".<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2006_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69">: 69 </span></sup> Likewise, when Orlando attempts to simply say the grass is green and the sky is blue, he instead finds himself thinking "...the sky is like the veils over which a thousand <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Madonnas</a> have their hair fall; and the grass fleets and darkens like a flight of girls fleeing hairy <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyrs</a> for the woods".<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2006_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69">: 69 </span></sup> Smith maintained whenever Orlando's attempt to say that the sky is blue and the grass is green, instead brings images of women, nature, classical mythology and religion into his mind, thus highlighting Woolf's viewpoint that the natural are already encumbered with myths of and representations of women and their sexuality. Finally, the passage ends with precisely the conundrum of language that Woolf highlights: that even though the images used to convey the objects are "false", the object are nonetheless conveyed."<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2006_12-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69">: 69 </span></sup> </p><p>Smith argued that this rhetorical ambiguity that Woolf used was a commentary on "the love that dared not speak its name" as the book was meant to celebrate her love for Sackville-West while at the same time disguising it even though the two women were immune from being prosecuted by the authorities (male homosexuality, but not lesbianism, was illegal in Britain until 1967).<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2006_12-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69">: 69 </span></sup> Woolf intended the book to be therapeutic, to address the sense of loss felt by Sackville-West as well as herself, to provide a "spark" of hope to keep herself from drowning in what she called in her diary "a great sea of melancholy".<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2006_12-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 70">: 70 </span></sup> </p><p>Woolf was often critical of British historiography, which at the time was largely concerned with political-military history, which she accused of neglecting the lives of women, which with the exceptions of leaders like Elizabeth I, <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria of the United Kingdom">Victoria</a>, were almost totally ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-deGay2007_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deGay2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 62–63">: 62–63 </span></sup> The novel takes place over several ages of British history, namely <a href="/wiki/The_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="The Renaissance">the Renaissance</a>, the Restoration, the Enlightenment, the Romantic, the Victorian and the present, and Woolf uses the various ages to mock theories of history.<sup id="cite_ref-deGay2007_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deGay2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 63">: 63 </span></sup> Orlando's biographer says that her style of poetry becomes less florid as the 17th century went on, which she suggests was because the streets were cleaner and the dishes less showy.<sup id="cite_ref-deGay2007_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deGay2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 63">: 63 </span></sup> Woolf's father, the historian Sir Leslie Stephen, whom she both loved and hated, had proposed in his book <i>English Literature and Society in the Eighteenth Century</i>, a theory that what writers choose to write about reflects contemporary tastes, a "return to nature" as "literature must be produced by the class which embodies the really vital and powerful currents of thought which molds society".<sup id="cite_ref-deGay2007_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deGay2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 63–64">: 63–64 </span></sup> That Orlando's <a href="/wiki/Biographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Biographer">biographer</a> believes that it was changes in British cuisine and the condition of the countryside that had changed Orlando's style of writing is a <i><a href="/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum" title="Reductio ad absurdum">reductio ad absurdum</a></i> of Stephen's theories.<sup id="cite_ref-deGay2007_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deGay2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64">: 64 </span></sup> Stephen identified various writers, all of them men, as the "key" figures of an age, whereas his daughter wanted historians to pay attention to women writers that they usually ignored, and the unflattering picture of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Pope</a> that Woolf presents is a caricature of her father's theories (Stephen had identified Pope as the "key" writer of early Georgian England).<sup id="cite_ref-deGay2007_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deGay2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64">: 64 </span></sup> Likewise, when Orlando was a man, he had no hesitations about showing off his manuscript for <i>The Oak Tree</i>, but as a woman, she constantly hides it when visitors come, as <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a> was alleged to do with the manuscripts for her books, which was Woolf's way of satirizing the different behaviour expected of male and female writers.<sup id="cite_ref-deGay2007_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deGay2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64">: 64 </span></sup> </p><p>Stephen believed that great writers must work in "the spirit of the age", which led him in his book <i>Hours in the Library</i> to praise Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> as representing the "spirit" of the Romantic age while <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">Charlotte Brontë</a> was dismissed as a writer because she was out of touch with the "spirit" of the Victorian age.<sup id="cite_ref-deGay2007_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deGay2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 65">: 65 </span></sup> Woolf satirizes her father's theories: during the Victorian Age Orlando marries, changes drastically the quality of her writings, and the very idea of being pregnant makes her ashamed, which so sharply differs from the way that the character had been portrayed before as to imply these changes in her personality are forced as she struggles to conform to the "spirit" of the Victorian era.<sup id="cite_ref-deGay2007_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deGay2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 65">: 65 </span></sup> </p><p>At the same time, Woolf, though she was critical of many aspects of British life, felt a deep sense of affinity in her country, where the past seemed to live on in so many ways.<sup id="cite_ref-deGay2007_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deGay2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 70">: 70 </span></sup> Woolf was inspired to write <i>Orlando</i> when Sackville-West took her to Knole, to show her the place where she had grown up, that had belonged to the Sackville family for centuries, and as Sackville-West bitterly noted she would have inherited if only she had been born male.<sup id="cite_ref-deGay2007_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deGay2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 70">: 70 </span></sup> During the course of their visit, a farmer came in with a wagon full of wood to be chopped up to heat Knole, which Sackville-West said had been done for hundreds of years, which gave Woolf the idea of the English past was not dead, but still alive, a theme that is expressed in <i>Orlando</i> by the ageless, timeless nature of the eponymous character.<sup id="cite_ref-deGay2007_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deGay2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 70">: 70 </span></sup> That the 19th century begins with a heavy <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorm</a>, and throughout the scenes set in the Victorian age it always seems to be raining, reflected Woolf's view of the Victorian era has a dark one in British history, as it was only with the Edwardian era that sunshine returns to <i>Orlando</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-deGay2007_13-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deGay2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 65–66">: 65–66 </span></sup> As part of her attack on Victorian values, Woolf satirized the theories of the influential critic <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> who saw the Renaissance as a period of moral and cultural decline, which he called a "frost".<sup id="cite_ref-deGay2007_13-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deGay2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 67">: 67 </span></sup> On the contrary, Woolf depicted the parts of the book set in the Elizabethan-Jacobean era as one of rebirth and vitality, of a time when "the moon and stars blazed with the hard fixity of diamonds".<sup id="cite_ref-deGay2007_13-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deGay2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 67">: 67 </span></sup> It is during this period that Orlando first falls in love with the Russian princess Sasha, which leads to "the ice turned to wine in his veins, he heard the water flowing and the birds singing".<sup id="cite_ref-deGay2007_13-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deGay2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 68">: 68 </span></sup> As a criticism of Ruskin, it was during the Great Frost of 1608 that Orlando first discovers his sexuality with Sasha, turning Ruskin's frost metaphor for the Renaissance on its head.<sup id="cite_ref-deGay2007_13-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deGay2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 67">: 67 </span></sup> </p><p>That it was in Constantinople that Orlando become a woman reflects the city's status in the 17th century as a melting pot of cultures with a mixed population of Turks, Greeks, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>, Sudanese, and other peoples from all over the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, in short a place with no fixed identity that existed half in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and half in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, making the city the perfect backdrop for Orlando's transformation.<sup id="cite_ref-Seshagiri2010_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seshagiri2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 180">: 180 </span></sup> Furthermore, Constantinople had been founded by the Greeks as Byzantium in 7th century BC; had become the capital of the Roman empire in 324 AD when the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> renamed the city after himself; for centuries had been seen as a bastion of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> against <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>; was taken by the Ottomans in a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Constantinople">siege in 1453</a>, becoming the capital of the world's most powerful Muslim empire; and was renamed Istanbul in 1924, making the city itself into a metaphor for shifting identities, whatever they be national, cultural, religious, gender, ethnic or sexual.<sup id="cite_ref-Seshagiri2010_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seshagiri2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 180">: 180 </span></sup> In the 17th century, Constantinople was Europe's largest city as well as one of the wealthiest. The American scholar Urmila Seshagiri wrote that the "fixed British hegemonies" of the early chapters set in London and in the English countryside seem "fragile" when Orlando is confronted with the vast, teeming, wealthy city of Constantinople with its multi-ethnic, multi-religious population that appears as a far more powerful and greater city than London, which was Woolf's way of undermining the assumption widely held in 1928 Britain that the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> was the world's greatest empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Seshagiri2010_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seshagiri2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 180">: 180 </span></sup> Sackville-West had lived in Constantinople in 1912-14 when Nicolson had been the Third Secretary at the British embassy and loved that city, which she viewed as a beautiful city full of diverse cultures and peoples. That Orlando's transformation occurs during the course of anti-Christian riots by the Muslim population of Constantinople is Woolf's attack on British imperialism.<sup id="cite_ref-Daileander2013_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daileander2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64">: 64 </span></sup> By the second half of the 17th century, the Ottoman Empire was in decline while the British empire was on the ascent, which is the precise time that Orlando changes sex.<sup id="cite_ref-Daileander2013_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daileander2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64">: 64 </span></sup> Woolf believed that the "<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Question">Eastern Question</a>" as imperial rivalry for control of Constantinople, "the city of all the world's desire" as it sits at a strategic location where Europe and Asia meet to have been one of the main causes of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, and by dating Orlando's transformation at the moment that the Ottoman Empire began to decline was a political point.<sup id="cite_ref-Daileander2013_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daileander2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64">: 64 </span></sup> One of the main justifications for the British empire was the alleged need to protect white women from being <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">raped</a> by non-white men, and by having Lady Orlando escape from Constantinople without a man to protect her was an attack upon this theory.<sup id="cite_ref-Daileander2013_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daileander2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64–65">: 64–65 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_and_recognition">Influence and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando:_A_Biography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Influence and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orlando_New_Yorker_11-17-1928_p110.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Orlando_New_Yorker_11-17-1928_p110.jpg/220px-Orlando_New_Yorker_11-17-1928_p110.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="460" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Orlando_New_Yorker_11-17-1928_p110.jpg/330px-Orlando_New_Yorker_11-17-1928_p110.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Orlando_New_Yorker_11-17-1928_p110.jpg 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>Detail of an ad for <i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando (novel)">Orlando</a></i> run by <a href="/wiki/Harcourt,_Brace_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcourt, Brace and Company">Harcourt, Brace and Company</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Yorker_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Yorker (magazine)">New Yorker</a></i>, Nov. 17 1928.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Orlando</i> was a contemporary success, both critically and financially, and guaranteed the Woolfs' financial stability.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was generally viewed not just as high literature, but as a gossipy novel about Sackville-West. However, the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> review of the book acknowledged the importance of the work as an experiment into new forms of literature.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work has been the subject of numerous scholarly writings, including detailed treatment in multiple works on Virginia Woolf.<sup id="cite_ref-vanBuren_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanBuren-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An "annotated" edition has been published to facilitate critical reading of the text. </p><p>The novel's title has also come to stand in some senses for women's writing generally, as one of the most famous works by a woman author that directly treats the subject of gender.<sup id="cite_ref-Hapman_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hapman-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a project at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Guelph" title="University of Guelph">University of Guelph</a> on the history of women's writing in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> was named after the book.<sup id="cite_ref-CambIsles_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CambIsles-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A literary critique of <i>Orlando</i> on an onomastic and psychological basis was conducted by the historian and Italianist Alessio Bologna in his book <i>L’Orlando ariostesco in Virginia Woolf</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The skating party on the Thames was featured in <i>Simple Gifts</i>, a Christmas collection of six animated shorts shown on <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> in 1977. </p><p>The 1981 film <i><a href="/wiki/Freak_Orlando" title="Freak Orlando">Freak Orlando</a>,</i> by German artist, writer, and director Ulrike Ottinger, is an adaptation of the story, blending it with aspects of <a href="/wiki/Tod_Browning" title="Tod Browning">Tod Browning's</a> 1931 seminal scifi/ horror film, <i><a href="/wiki/Freaks_(1932_film)" title="Freaks (1932 film)">Freaks</a>.</i> </p><p>The novel has been adapted for theatre and film. In 1989 the American director <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(director)" title="Robert Wilson (director)">Robert Wilson</a>, and writer <a href="/wiki/Darryl_Pinckney" title="Darryl Pinckney">Darryl Pinckney</a> collaborated on a theatrical production. A British <a href="/wiki/Orlando_(film)" title="Orlando (film)">film adaptation</a> was released in 1992, directed by <a href="/wiki/Sally_Potter" title="Sally Potter">Sally Potter</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Tilda_Swinton" title="Tilda Swinton">Tilda Swinton</a> as Orlando and <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Crisp" title="Quentin Crisp">Quentin Crisp</a> as <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth I</a>. </p><p>A second theatre adaptation of <i>Orlando</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Ruhl" title="Sarah Ruhl">Sarah Ruhl</a>, was first presented by the <a href="/wiki/Piven_Theatre_Workshop" title="Piven Theatre Workshop">Piven Theatre Workshop</a> in <a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston, Illinois</a> in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was presented by The Actors' Gang Theater in Los Angeles in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The play premiered <a href="/wiki/Off-Broadway" title="Off-Broadway">Off-Broadway</a> in New York in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It subsequently premiered for the Sydney Theatre Company in Australia at the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House" title="Sydney Opera House">Sydney Opera House</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_McKenzie" title="Jacqueline McKenzie">Jacqueline McKenzie</a> in the title role.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The play had a major New York revival in 2024 at <a href="/wiki/Signature_Theatre_Company" title="Signature Theatre Company">Signature Theatre Company</a> directed by Will Davis, with <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Mac" title="Taylor Mac">Taylor Mac</a> in the title role and featuring an ensemble of LGBTQ+ and gender nonconforming performers. </p><p>In 2016, composer <a href="/wiki/Peter_Aderhold" title="Peter Aderhold">Peter Aderhold</a> and librettist Sharon L. Joyce premiered an opera based on the work at the <a href="/wiki/Staatstheater_Braunschweig" title="Staatstheater Braunschweig">Braunschweig State Theater</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as an opera by <a href="/wiki/Olga_Neuwirth" title="Olga Neuwirth">Olga Neuwirth</a>, premiered in the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera" title="Vienna State Opera">Vienna State Opera</a> in December 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another opera adaptation was premièred in Finland, August 2023, a chamber opera <i>Orlando</i> in Finnish, Swedish and English for one singer and seven instruments. The music was composed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johanna_Almark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johanna Almark (page does not exist)">Johanna Almark</a>, who also served as a co-librettist.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_League_of_Extraordinary_Gentlemen_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (comics)">The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen</a></i> comics feature Orlando, starting with a mention in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Traveller%27s_Almanac" title="The New Traveller's Almanac">The New Traveller's Almanac</a></i> and short story and cameo in <i><a href="/wiki/The_League_of_Extraordinary_Gentlemen:_Black_Dossier" title="The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Black Dossier">Black Dossier</a></i>. Orlando is then featured as a main character in <i><a href="/wiki/The_League_of_Extraordinary_Gentlemen,_Volume_III:_Century" title="The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume III: Century">Volume III: Century</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_League_of_Extraordinary_Gentlemen,_Volume_IV:_The_Tempest" title="The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume IV: The Tempest">Volume IV: The Tempest</a></i>. </p><p>On November 5, 2019, the <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i> listed <i>Orlando</i> on its list of the <a href="/wiki/BBC_list_of_100_%27most_inspiring%27_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC list of 100 'most inspiring' novels">100 most influential novels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bbc2019-11-05_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bbc2019-11-05-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2022, a new theatre adaptation by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Bartlett_(playwright)" title="Neil Bartlett (playwright)">Neil Bartlett</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Grandage" title="Michael Grandage">Michael Grandage</a>, and starring <a href="/wiki/Emma_Corrin" title="Emma Corrin">Emma Corrin</a> opened at the <a href="/wiki/Garrick_Theatre" title="Garrick Theatre">Garrick Theatre</a> in London's <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, writer and theorist <a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Preciado" title="Paul B. Preciado">Paul B. Preciado</a> directed <i><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_My_Political_Biography" title="Orlando, My Political Biography">Orlando, My Political Biography</a></i>, which freely adapts the novel into a documentary about contemporary transgender life and identity. It stars 21 trans and non-binary people as Orlando. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando:_A_Biography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-vanBuren-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vanBuren_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKelley1973" class="citation book cs1">Kelley, Alice van Buren (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/novelsofvirginia00kell"><i>The Novels of Virginia Woolf: Fact and Vision</i></a></span>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-42985-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-42985-7"><bdi>0-226-42985-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/794933">794933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Novels+of+Virginia+Woolf%3A+Fact+and+Vision&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F794933&rft.isbn=0-226-42985-7&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Alice+van+Buren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnovelsofvirginia00kell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando%3A+A+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hapman-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hapman_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarpman1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Harpman" title="Jacqueline Harpman">Harpman, Jacqueline</a> (1996). <i>Orlanda: roman</i>. Paris: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Grasset" title="Éditions Grasset">Éditions Grasset</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-246-53211-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-246-53211-6"><bdi>2-246-53211-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36241484">36241484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orlanda%3A+roman&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Grasset&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36241484&rft.isbn=2-246-53211-6&rft.aulast=Harpman&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando%3A+A+Biography" class="Z3988"></span> (published in English in 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58322-011-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-58322-011-9">1-58322-011-9</a>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CambIsles-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CambIsles_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orlando.cambridge.org">Orlando: Women's Writing in the British Isles from the Beginnings to the Present</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando:_A_Biography&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unitedagents.co.uk/darryl-pinckney">"Darryl Pinckney | United Agents"</a>. <i>www.unitedagents.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unitedagents.co.uk&rft.atitle=Darryl+Pinckney+%7C+United+Agents&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unitedagents.co.uk%2Fdarryl-pinckney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando%3A+A+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artforum.com/print/199002/robert-wilson-s-orlando-34227">"Maria Nadotti on Robert Wilson's Orlando"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Artforum" title="Artforum">Artforum</a></i>. 8 February 1990<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artforum&rft.atitle=Maria+Nadotti+on+Robert+Wilson%27s+Orlando&rft.date=1990-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artforum.com%2Fprint%2F199002%2Frobert-wilson-s-orlando-34227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando%3A+A+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160226043305/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4703376/Hes-not-afraid-of-Virginia-Woolf.html">"He's not afraid of Virginia Woolf"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a></i>. 16 August 1996. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4703376/Hes-not-afraid-of-Virginia-Woolf.html">the original</a> on 26 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=He%27s+not+afraid+of+Virginia+Woolf&rft.date=1996-08-16&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2F4703376%2FHes-not-afraid-of-Virginia-Woolf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando%3A+A+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiding1996" class="citation news cs1">Riding, Alan (19 August 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/19/theater/theater-seizes-days-or-nights-at-edinburgh.html">"Theater Seizes Days or Nights At Edinburgh"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Theater+Seizes+Days+or+Nights+At+Edinburgh&rft.date=1996-08-19&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Riding&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F08%2F19%2Ftheater%2Ftheater-seizes-days-or-nights-at-edinburgh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando%3A+A+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreetham1997" class="citation book cs1">Greetham, David C. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mwDMZbsEosMC&pg=PA79"><i>The Margins of the Text</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-10667-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-10667-8"><bdi>0-472-10667-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Margins+of+the+Text&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-472-10667-8&rft.aulast=Greetham&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmwDMZbsEosMC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando%3A+A+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://help.hathitrust.universityofcalifornia.edu/support/solutions/articles/9000236661-celebrating-the-public-domain-publications-from-1928-newly-opened-in-hathitrust">"Celebrating the Public Domain: Publications from 1928, Newly Opened in HathiTrust"</a>. <i>UC HathiTrust Support</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UC+HathiTrust+Support&rft.atitle=Celebrating+the+Public+Domain%3A+Publications+from+1928%2C+Newly+Opened+in+HathiTrust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelp.hathitrust.universityofcalifornia.edu%2Fsupport%2Fsolutions%2Farticles%2F9000236661-celebrating-the-public-domain-publications-from-1928-newly-opened-in-hathitrust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando%3A+A+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordison2011" class="citation web cs1">Jordison, Sam (5 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/dec/05/winter-reads-orlando-virginia-woolf">"Winter reads: Orlando by Virginia Woolf"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Winter+reads%3A+Orlando+by+Virginia+Woolf&rft.date=2011-12-05&rft.aulast=Jordison&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2011%2Fdec%2F05%2Fwinter-reads-orlando-virginia-woolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando%3A+A+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarbo2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Karbo" title="Karen Karbo">Karbo, Karen</a> (2018). <i>In Praise of Difficult Women: Life Lessons From 29 Heroines Who Dared to Break the Rules</i>. Washington, D.C. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-426-21795-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-426-21795-1"><bdi>978-1-426-21795-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1026408838">1026408838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Praise+of+Difficult+Women%3A+Life+Lessons+From+29+Heroines+Who+Dared+to+Break+the+Rules&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=194&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1026408838&rft.isbn=978-1-426-21795-1&rft.aulast=Karbo&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando%3A+A+Biography" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlamires1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blamires" title="Harry Blamires">Blamires, Harry</a> (1983). <i>A Guide to twentieth century literature in English</i>. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-416-36450-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-416-36450-0"><bdi>0-416-36450-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9731959">9731959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+twentieth+century+literature+in+English&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9731959&rft.isbn=0-416-36450-0&rft.aulast=Blamires&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando%3A+A+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blair2004-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blair2004_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blair2004_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair2004" class="citation journal cs1">Blair, Kirstie (2004). "Gypsies and Lesbian Desire: Vita Sackville-West, Violet Trefusis, and Virginia Woolf". <i>Twentieth Century Literature</i>. <b>50</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">141–</span>166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4149276">10.2307/4149276</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4149276">4149276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twentieth+Century+Literature&rft.atitle=Gypsies+and+Lesbian+Desire%3A+Vita+Sackville-West%2C+Violet+Trefusis%2C+and+Virginia+Woolf&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E166&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4149276&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4149276%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Kirstie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando%3A+A+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daileander2013-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daileander2013_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daileander2013_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daileander2013_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daileander2013_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daileander2013_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaileader2013" class="citation journal cs1">Daileader, Celia R. Caputi (2 May 2013). "Othello's Sister: Racial Hermaphroditism and Appropriation in Virginia Woolf's <i>Orlando</i>". <i>Studies in the Novel</i>. <b>45</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">56–</span>79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsdn.2013.0007">10.1353/sdn.2013.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1934-1512">1934-1512</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201778232">201778232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+the+Novel&rft.atitle=Othello%27s+Sister%3A+Racial+Hermaphroditism+and+Appropriation+in+Virginia+Woolf%27s+Orlando&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=2013-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201778232%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1934-1512&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsdn.2013.0007&rft.aulast=Daileader&rft.aufirst=Celia+R.+Caputi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando%3A+A+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2006-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2006_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2006_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2006_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2006_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2006_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2006_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2006_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2006_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2006_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2006_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2006_12-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2006_12-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2006_12-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2006_12-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2006_12-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2006_12-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2006_12-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Victoria L. 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Ithaca, New York: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80-144821-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80-144821-8"><bdi>978-0-80-144821-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/320799040">320799040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+the+Modernist+Imagination&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F320799040&rft.isbn=978-0-80-144821-8&rft.aulast=Seshagiri&rft.aufirst=Urmila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fracemodernistima00sesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando%3A+A+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tetterton.net/orlando/orlando95_talk.html">"Virginia Woolf's Orlando: The Book as Critic"</a>. <i>www.tetterton.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tetterton.net&rft.atitle=Virginia+Woolf%27s+Orlando%3A+The+Book+as+Critic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tetterton.net%2Forlando%2Forlando95_talk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando%3A+A+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase1928" class="citation news cs1">Chase, Cleveland B. (21 October 1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/06/08/reviews/woolf-orlando.html">"Mrs. Woolf Explores the "Time" Element in Human Relationships"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2016</span>. <q>[O]nce more Mrs. Woolf has broken with tradition and convention and has set out to explore still another fourth dimension of writing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mrs.+Woolf+Explores+the+%22Time%22+Element+in+Human+Relationships&rft.date=1928-10-21&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Cleveland+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F97%2F06%2F08%2Freviews%2Fwoolf-orlando.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando%3A+A+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bologna, Alessio: ”L'Orlando ariostesco in Virginia Woolf”, <i>Studi di letteratura "popolare" e onomastica tra Quattro e Cinquecento</i>, pp. 75–85. Pisa, ETS 2007. ("Nominatio. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Reader&rft.atitle=Orlando&rft.date=1998-06-11&rft.aulast=Hayford&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagoreader.com%2Fchicago%2Forlando%2FContent%3Foid%3D896540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando%3A+A+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols2003" class="citation web cs1">Nichols, David C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S&rft.atitle=Orlando%2C+An+Opera+in+Five+Centuries%2C+by+Aderhold+and+Joyce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sharonjoyce.de%2Forlando.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando%3A+A+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddocks2019" class="citation web cs1">Maddocks, Fiona (14 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/dec/14/orlando-vienna-state-opera-review-olga-neuwirth-world-premiere-virginia-woolf">"Orlando world premiere review – a feast for ears and eyes"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Orlando+world+premiere+review+%E2%80%93+a+feast+for+ears+and+eyes&rft.date=2019-12-14&rft.aulast=Maddocks&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2019%2Fdec%2F14%2Forlando-vienna-state-opera-review-olga-neuwirth-world-premiere-virginia-woolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando%3A+A+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranberg,_Jan2023" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Granberg, Jan (26 August 2023). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbl.fi/artikel/9c1b33da-bf6c-5d69-aef0-b5c2da97e51b">"Androgyna kompositören Orlandos kamp mot konvetionerna"</a></span>. <i>Hufvudstadsbladet</i> (in Swedish). Helsingfors. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hufvudstadsbladet&rft.atitle=Androgyna+komposit%C3%B6ren+Orlandos+kamp+mot+konvetionerna&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2023-08-26&rft.au=Granberg%2C+Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbl.fi%2Fartikel%2F9c1b33da-bf6c-5d69-aef0-b5c2da97e51b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando%3A+A+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bbc2019-11-05-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bbc2019-11-05_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50302788">"100 'most inspiring' novels revealed by BBC Arts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 5 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2019</span>. <q>The reveal kickstarts the BBC's year-long celebration of literature.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=100+%27most+inspiring%27+novels+revealed+by+BBC+Arts&rft.date=2019-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-50302788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando%3A+A+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.londonboxoffice.co.uk/news/post/orlando-full-cast">"Orlando – Full cast announced for a fresh new production of Orlando"</a>. <i>London Box Office</i>. 7 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+Box+Office&rft.atitle=Orlando+%E2%80%93+Full+cast+announced+for+a+fresh+new+production+of+Orlando&rft.date=2022-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.londonboxoffice.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpost%2Forlando-full-cast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando%3A+A+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando:_A_Biography&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Orlando:_A_Biography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Orlando: A Biography"><i>Orlando: A Biography</i></a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Orlando:_A_Biography" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Orlando: A Biography"><i>Orlando: A Biography</i></a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> The full text of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Orlando:_A_Biography" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Orlando: A Biography"><i>Orlando: A Biography</i></a> at Wikisource</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/virginia-woolf/orlando">Orlando: A Biography</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20141209"><i>Orlando: A Biography</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/plusfifty-n-z.html#woolf"><i>Orlando</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg_Australia" title="Project Gutenberg Australia">Project Gutenberg Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dpul.princeton.edu/catalog/dc76537d18c">Scan of the Hogarth Press edition</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Library" title="Princeton University Library">Princeton University Library</a>'s Digital PUL</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conceptualfiction.com/orlando.html">Virginia Woolf's <i>Orlando</i></a> by Ted Gioia (Conceptual Fiction)</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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aria-labelledby="Virginia_Woolf112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Virginia_Woolf112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf_bibliography" title="Virginia Woolf bibliography">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_Out" title="The Voyage Out">The Voyage Out</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_and_Day_(Woolf_novel)" title="Night and Day (Woolf novel)">Night and Day</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Room" title="Jacob's Room">Jacob's Room</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway_(film)" title="Mrs Dalloway (film)">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_the_Lighthouse" title="To the Lighthouse">To the Lighthouse</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orlando: A Biography</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_(film)" title="Orlando (film)">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Waves" title="The Waves">The Waves</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Years_(Woolf_novel)" title="The Years (Woolf novel)">The Years</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Between_the_Acts" title="Between the Acts">Between the Acts</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Mark_on_the_Wall" title="The Mark on the Wall">The Mark on the Wall</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens_(short_story)" title="Kew Gardens (short story)">Kew Gardens</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monday_or_Tuesday" title="Monday or Tuesday">Monday or Tuesday</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_String_Quartet" title="The String Quartet">The String Quartet</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_New_Dress_(short_story)" title="The New Dress (short story)">The New Dress</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Duchess_and_the_Jeweller" title="The Duchess and the Jeweller">The Duchess and the Jeweller</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Haunted_House_and_Other_Short_Stories" title="A Haunted House and Other Short Stories">A Haunted House and Other Short Stories</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Widow_and_the_Parrot" title="The Widow and the Parrot">The Widow and the Parrot</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_(play)" title="Freshwater (play)">Freshwater</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biographies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Flush:_A_Biography" title="Flush: A Biography">Flush: A Biography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry:_A_Biography" title="Roger Fry: A Biography">Roger Fry: A Biography</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Modern_Fiction_(essay)" title="Modern Fiction (essay)">Modern Fiction</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Bennett_and_Mrs._Brown" title="Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown">Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Being_Ill" title="On Being Ill">On Being Ill</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Room_of_One%27s_Own" title="A Room of One's Own">A Room of One's Own</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Scene" title="The London Scene">The London Scene</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Guineas" title="Three Guineas">Three Guineas</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Young_Poet" title="A Letter to a Young Poet">A Letter to a Young Poet</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moments_of_Being" title="Moments of Being">Moments of Being</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Sketch_of_the_Past" title="A Sketch of the Past">A Sketch of the Past</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogarth_Press" title="Hogarth Press">Hogarth Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk%27s_House" title="Monk's House">Monk's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought_hoax" title="Dreadnought hoax"><i>Dreadnought</i> hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woolf" title="Leonard Woolf">Leonard Woolf (husband)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Stephen" title="Julia Stephen">Julia Stephen (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Leslie Stephen (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Bell" title="Vanessa Bell">Vanessa Bell (sister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoby_Stephen" title="Thoby Stephen">Thoby Stephen (brother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Stephen" title="Adrian Stephen">Adrian Stephen (brother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hours_(novel)" title="The Hours (novel)"><i>The Hours</i> (novel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hours_(film)" title="The Hours (film)"><i>The Hours</i> (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hours_(opera)" title="The Hours (opera)"><i>The Hours</i> (opera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_the_Diary_of_Virginia_Woolf" title="From the Diary of Virginia Woolf"><i>From the Diary of Virginia Woolf</i> (song cycle)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1629456#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata963" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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