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<span>Mythology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mythology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_finding_of_the_aulos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_finding_of_the_aulos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The finding of the aulos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_finding_of_the_aulos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marsyas_and_Apollo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marsyas_and_Apollo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Marsyas and Apollo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marsyas_and_Apollo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_wise_Marsyas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_wise_Marsyas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The wise Marsyas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_wise_Marsyas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prophecy_and_free_speech_at_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prophecy_and_free_speech_at_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prophecy and free speech at Rome</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prophecy_and_free_speech_at_Rome-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prophecy and free speech at Rome subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prophecy_and_free_speech_at_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Louvre's_Apollo–Marsyas_sarcophagus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Louvre's_Apollo–Marsyas_sarcophagus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The Louvre's Apollo–Marsyas sarcophagus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Louvre's_Apollo–Marsyas_sarcophagus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_later_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_later_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In later arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_later_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsyas" title="Marsyas – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Marsyas" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="مارسياس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارسياس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0rsies" title="Màrsies – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Màrsies" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsyas" title="Marsyas – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Marsyas" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsyas" title="Marsyas – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Marsyas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsyas" title="Marsyas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marsyas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μαρσύας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαρσύας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsias" title="Marsias – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marsias" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsiaso" title="Marsiaso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marsiaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martsias" title="Martsias – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Martsias" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="مارسواس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارسواس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsyas" title="Marsyas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marsyas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsias_(s%C3%A1tiro)" title="Marsias (sátiro) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Marsias (sátiro)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4" title="마르시아스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마르시아스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsias" title="Marsias – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Marsias" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsia" title="Marsia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marsia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A1" title="מארסיאס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מארסיאס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="მარსიასი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარსიასი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsyas" title="Marsyas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Marsyas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsijas" title="Marsijas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Marsijas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsz%C3%BCasz_(szat%C3%ADr)" title="Marszüasz (szatír) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Marszüasz (szatír)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsyas_(Griekse_mythologie)" title="Marsyas (Griekse mythologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marsyas (Griekse mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="マルシュアース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルシュアース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsiy" title="Marsiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Marsiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsjasz" title="Marsjasz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Marsjasz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsias" title="Marsias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marsias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsyas_Silen" title="Marsyas Silen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marsyas Silen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Марсий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Марсий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsias" title="Marsias – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Marsias" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsyas" title="Marsyas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Marsyas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsyas" title="Marsyas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Marsyas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsias" title="Marsias – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Marsias" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Марсій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марсій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q599737#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Satyr musician in Greek mythology</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Marsyas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Marsyas (disambiguation)">Marsyas (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marsyas_Istanbul_Archaeological_Museum_-_inv._400_T_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Marsyas_Istanbul_Archaeological_Museum_-_inv._400_T_01.jpg/220px-Marsyas_Istanbul_Archaeological_Museum_-_inv._400_T_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="458" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Marsyas_Istanbul_Archaeological_Museum_-_inv._400_T_01.jpg/330px-Marsyas_Istanbul_Archaeological_Museum_-_inv._400_T_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Marsyas_Istanbul_Archaeological_Museum_-_inv._400_T_01.jpg/440px-Marsyas_Istanbul_Archaeological_Museum_-_inv._400_T_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2631" data-file-height="5474" /></a><figcaption><i>Marsyas receiving Apollo's punishment</i>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Archaeology_Museums" title="Istanbul Archaeology Museums">İstanbul Archaeology Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyr</a> <b> Marsyas</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Μαρσύας</span>) is a central figure in two stories involving music: in one, he picked up the double oboe (<i><a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a></i>) that had been abandoned by <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> and played it;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the other, he challenged <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> to a contest of music and lost his hide and life. Literary sources from <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a> often emphasize the <i><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a></i> of Marsyas and the justice of his punishment. </p><p>One strand of modern comparative <a href="/wiki/Mythography" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythography">mythography</a> regards the domination of Marsyas by Apollo as an example of myth that recapitulates a supposed supplanting by the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympian pantheon</a> of an earlier <a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">"Pelasgian"</a> religion of <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">chthonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">heroic</a> ancestors and <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">nature spirits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marsyas was a devoté of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Mother_Goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother Goddess">Mother Goddess</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a>, and the mythographers situate his episodes in <a href="/wiki/Celaenae" title="Celaenae">Celaenae</a> (or Kelainai), in <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>, at the main source of the <a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">Meander</a> (the river <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Menderes_River" title="Büyük Menderes River">Menderes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsyas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a genealogy was applied to him, Marsyas was the son of the "divine" <a href="/wiki/Hyagnis_(mythology)" title="Hyagnis (mythology)">Hyagnis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was called <a href="/wiki/Oeagrus" title="Oeagrus">Oeagrus</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Olympus_(musician)" title="Olympus (musician)">Olympus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, the latter was said to be Marsyas' son and/or pupil and <i><a href="/wiki/Eromenos" title="Eromenos">eromenos</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology">Mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsyas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_finding_of_the_aulos">The finding of the aulos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsyas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The finding of the aulos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altar_Atrosokes_MNAT_M7010_n04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Altar_Atrosokes_MNAT_M7010_n04.jpg/220px-Altar_Atrosokes_MNAT_M7010_n04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Altar_Atrosokes_MNAT_M7010_n04.jpg/330px-Altar_Atrosokes_MNAT_M7010_n04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Altar_Atrosokes_MNAT_M7010_n04.jpg/440px-Altar_Atrosokes_MNAT_M7010_n04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4347" data-file-height="7640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> Marsyas playing the <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a>, with dedication in Greek to the god <a href="/wiki/Oxus_(god)" title="Oxus (god)">Oxus</a>, by "Atrosokes", a <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactria">Bactrian</a> name. Temple of the <a href="/wiki/Oxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus">Oxus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Sangin" title="Takht-i Sangin">Takht-i Sangin</a>, 200-150 BC. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Antiquities_of_Tajikistan" title="National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan">National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BAL_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAL-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RW2011_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RW2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Marsyas was an expert player on the double-piped <a href="/wiki/Double_reed_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Double reed instrument">double reed instrument</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-West_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dithyrambic poet <a href="/wiki/Melanippides" title="Melanippides">Melanippides of Melos</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 480 – 430 BC) embellished the story in his <a href="/wiki/Dithyramb" title="Dithyramb">dithyramb</a> <i>Marsyas</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poehlmann2017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poehlmann2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claiming that the goddess <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, who was already said to have invented the aulos, once looked in the mirror while she was playing it and saw how blowing into it puffed up her cheeks and made her look silly, so she threw the aulos away and cursed it so that whoever picked it up would meet an awful death.<sup id="cite_ref-Poehlmann2017_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poehlmann2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marsyas picked up the aulos and was later killed by Apollo for his <a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Poehlmann2017_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poehlmann2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fifth-century BC poet Telestes doubted that virginal Athena could have been motivated by such vanity.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, however, Melanippides's story became accepted as canonical <sup id="cite_ref-Poehlmann2017_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poehlmann2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Athenian sculptor <a href="/wiki/Myron" title="Myron">Myron</a> created a group of bronze sculptures based on it, which was installed before the western front of the Parthenon around 440 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Poehlmann2017_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poehlmann2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second century AD, the travel writer <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> saw this set of sculptures and described it as "a statue of Athena striking Marsyas the Silenos for taking up the flutes [aulos] that the goddess wished to be cast away for good".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marsyas_and_Apollo">Marsyas and Apollo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsyas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marsyas and Apollo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera_003.jpg/220px-Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera_003.jpg/330px-Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera_003.jpg/440px-Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1614" /></a><figcaption>Apollo flaying Marsyas in <i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_and_Marsyas_(Ribera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo and Marsyas (Ribera)">Apollo and Marsyas</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Ribera">José de Ribera</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Marsyas_tied.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Marsyas_tied.jpg/220px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Marsyas_tied.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Marsyas_tied.jpg/330px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Marsyas_tied.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Marsyas_tied.jpg/440px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Marsyas_tied.jpg 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><i>Marsyas tied</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the contest between Apollo and Marsyas, which was judged by the <a href="/wiki/Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse">Muses</a> or the Nysean nymphs,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the terms stated that the winner could treat the defeated party any way he wanted. Marsyas played his flute, putting everyone there into a frenzy, and they started dancing wildly. When it was Apollo's turn, he played his lyre so beautifully that everyone was still and had tears in their eyes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attributed_to_Veronese,_Apollo_and_Marsyas,_NGA_54011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="pen and ink sketch on blue paper of Apollo tying Marsyas up" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Attributed_to_Veronese%2C_Apollo_and_Marsyas%2C_NGA_54011.jpg/220px-Attributed_to_Veronese%2C_Apollo_and_Marsyas%2C_NGA_54011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Attributed_to_Veronese%2C_Apollo_and_Marsyas%2C_NGA_54011.jpg/330px-Attributed_to_Veronese%2C_Apollo_and_Marsyas%2C_NGA_54011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Attributed_to_Veronese%2C_Apollo_and_Marsyas%2C_NGA_54011.jpg/440px-Attributed_to_Veronese%2C_Apollo_and_Marsyas%2C_NGA_54011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2772" /></a><figcaption>Apollo and Marsyas, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Paolo Veronese</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are several versions of the contest; according to Hyginus, Marsyas was departing as victor after the first round, when Apollo, turning his lyre upside down, played the same tune. This was something that Marsyas could not do with his flute. According to Diodorus Siculus, Marsyas was defeated when Apollo added his voice to the sound of the lyre. Marsyas protested, arguing that the skill with the instrument was to be compared, not the voice. However, Apollo replied that when Marsyas blew into the pipes, he was doing almost the same thing. The Nysean nymphs supported Apollo's claim, leading to his victory.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet another version states that Marsyas played the flute out of tune, and hence accepted his defeat. Out of shame, he chose the penalty of being skinned to be used as a winesack.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was <a href="/wiki/Flaying" title="Flaying">flayed</a> alive in a cave near Celaenae for his <a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a> to challenge a deity. Apollo then nailed Marsyas' skin to a pine tree,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Aulocrene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Aulocrene (page does not exist)">Lake Aulocrene</a> (<i>Karakuyu Gölü</i> in modern Turkey), which <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> noted was full of the <a href="/wiki/Reed_(plant)" title="Reed (plant)">reeds</a> from which the pipes were fashioned.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> felt that Apollo must have repented this "excessive" deed, and said that he had laid aside his lyre for a while,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kerenyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Kerenyi">Karl Kerenyi</a> observes of the flaying of Marsyas' "shaggy hide: a penalty which will not seem especially cruel if one assumes that Marsyas' animal guise was merely a masquerade".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical Greeks were unaware of such <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shamanistic</a> overtones, and the flaying of Marsyas became a theme for painting and sculpture. His brothers, nymphs, gods, and goddesses mourned his death, and their tears, according to <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i>, were the source of the river <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsyas_(river_of_Phrygia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsyas (river of Phrygia) (page does not exist)">Marsyas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> (called Çine Creek today), which joins the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Menderes_River" title="Büyük Menderes River">Meander</a> near Celaenae, where Herodotus reported that the flayed skin of Marsyas was still to be seen,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Hephaestion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Hephaestion">Ptolemy Hephaestion</a> recorded a "festival of Apollo, where the skins of all those victims one has flayed are offered to the god".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> was of the opinion that the skin of Marsyas had been made into a <a href="/wiki/Wineskin" title="Wineskin">wineskin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_flaying_Marsyas_by_Antonio_Corradini_(1658-1752),_V%26A.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Apollo_flaying_Marsyas_by_Antonio_Corradini_%281658-1752%29%2C_V%26A.JPG/220px-Apollo_flaying_Marsyas_by_Antonio_Corradini_%281658-1752%29%2C_V%26A.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Apollo_flaying_Marsyas_by_Antonio_Corradini_%281658-1752%29%2C_V%26A.JPG/330px-Apollo_flaying_Marsyas_by_Antonio_Corradini_%281658-1752%29%2C_V%26A.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Apollo_flaying_Marsyas_by_Antonio_Corradini_%281658-1752%29%2C_V%26A.JPG/440px-Apollo_flaying_Marsyas_by_Antonio_Corradini_%281658-1752%29%2C_V%26A.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption><i>Apollo flaying Marsyas</i> by Antonio Corradini (1658–1752), <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> touches upon the theme of Marsyas twice, very briefly telling the tale in <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i> vi.383–400, where he concentrates on the tears shed into the river Marsyas, and making an <a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">allusion</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a></i>, vi.649–710, where Ovid's primary focus is on the <i>aulos</i> and the roles of flute-players rather than Marsyas, whose name is not mentioned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_wise_Marsyas">The wise Marsyas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsyas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The wise Marsyas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The hubristic Marsyas in surviving literary sources eclipses the figure of the wise Marsyas that is suggested in a few words by the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who refers to Marsyas as admired for his intelligence (<i>sunesis</i>) and self-control (<i>sophrosune</i>), not qualities found by Greeks in ordinary satyrs. In <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <i>Symposium</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when <a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a> likens Socrates to Marsyas, it is this aspect of the wise satyr that is intended.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Jocelyn Small identifies in Marsyas an artist great enough to challenge a deity, who can only be defeated through a ruse.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A prominent statue of Marsyas as a wise old <a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">silenus</a> stood near the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is the Marsyas of the journal, <i>Marsyas: Studies in the History of Art</i>, published since 1941 by students of the Institute of Art, <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prophecy_and_free_speech_at_Rome">Prophecy and free speech at Rome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsyas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prophecy and free speech at Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the Romans, Marsyas was cast as the inventor of <a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">augury</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a proponent of free speech (the philosophical concept παρρησία, "<a href="/wiki/Parrhesia" title="Parrhesia">parrhesia</a>") and "speaking truth to power". The earliest known representation of Marsyas at Rome stood for at least 300 years in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a> near or in the <a href="/wiki/Comitium" title="Comitium">comitium</a>, the space for political activity.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also was depicted as a <i><a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">silen</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> carrying a <a href="/wiki/Bota_bag" title="Bota bag">wineskin</a> on his left shoulder and raising his right arm. The statue was regarded as an <i>indicium libertatis</i>, a symbol of liberty, and was associated with demonstrations of the <i><a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebs</a></i>, or common people. It often served as a sort of <a href="/wiki/Kiosk" title="Kiosk">kiosk</a> upon which invective verse was posted.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marsyas served as a minister for Dionysus or Bacchus, who was <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">identified by the Romans with</a> their <a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Father Liber</a>, one of three deities in the <a href="/wiki/Aventine_Triad" title="Aventine Triad">Aventine Triad</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(Roman_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres (Roman mythology)">Ceres</a> and Libera (identified with <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>). These deities were regarded as concerning themselves specially with the welfare of the <i>plebs</i>. The freedom that the <a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">ecstasies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Dionysus" title="Cult of Dionysus">Dionysian worship</a> represented took on a political meaning in Rome as the <i><a href="/wiki/Libertas" title="Libertas">libertas</a></i> that distinguished the free from the enslaved. The <a href="/wiki/Liberalia" title="Liberalia">Liberalia</a>, celebrated March 17 in honor of Liber, was a time of speaking freely, as the poet and playwright <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Naevius" title="Gnaeus Naevius">Gnaeus Naevius</a> declared: "At the Liberalia games we enjoy free speech."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Naevius was arrested for his <a href="/wiki/Invective" title="Invective">invectives</a> against the powerful.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Censorinus_denarius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Censorinus_denarius.jpg/300px-Censorinus_denarius.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Censorinus_denarius.jpg/450px-Censorinus_denarius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Censorinus_denarius.jpg/600px-Censorinus_denarius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">Denarius</a> minted at Rome in 82 BC by L. Censorinus, with the head of Apollo and the figure of Marsyas holding a wineskin, based on the statue in the forum</figcaption></figure> <p>Marsyas was sometimes considered a king and contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Faunus#Festivals" title="Faunus">Faunus</a>, portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Vergil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergil">Vergil</a> as a native Italian ruler at the time of <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Commentary_(philology)" title="Commentary (philology)">commentary</a> on the <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i>, says that Marsyas sent Faunus envoys who showed techniques of augury to the Italians.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plebeian <i><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">gens</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Marcius_(family)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcius (family)">Marcii</a> claimed that they were descended from Marsyas. <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marcius_Rutilus" title="Gaius Marcius Rutilus">Gaius Marcius Rutilus</a>, who rose to power from the <i><a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebs</a></i>, is credited with having dedicated the statue that stood in the Roman forum, most likely in 294 BC, when he became the first plebeian <a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">censor</a> and added the <i><a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Marcius_Censorinus" title="Marcius Censorinus">Censorinus to the family name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marcius Rutilus was also among the first plebeian augurs, <a href="/wiki/Co-option" title="Co-option">co-opted</a> into their <a href="/wiki/Collegium" class="mw-redirect" title="Collegium">college</a> in 300 BC, and so the mythical teacher of augury was an apt figure to represent him.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sylenus_Marsyas_hanging_-_Louvre_Ma542.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sylenus_Marsyas_hanging_-_Louvre_Ma542.jpg/150px-Sylenus_Marsyas_hanging_-_Louvre_Ma542.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sylenus_Marsyas_hanging_-_Louvre_Ma542.jpg/225px-Sylenus_Marsyas_hanging_-_Louvre_Ma542.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sylenus_Marsyas_hanging_-_Louvre_Ma542.jpg/300px-Sylenus_Marsyas_hanging_-_Louvre_Ma542.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2632" data-file-height="5572" /></a><figcaption><i>The Torment of Marsyas</i>, <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 213 BC, two years after suffering one of the worst military defeats in its history at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae" title="Battle of Cannae">Battle of Cannae</a>, Rome was in the grip of a reactionary fear that led to excessive <a href="/wiki/Religiosity" title="Religiosity">religiosity</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman senate">senate</a>, alarmed that its authority was being undermined by "prophets and sacrificers" in the forum, began a program of suppression. Among the literature confiscated was an "authentic" prophecy calling for the institution of <a href="/wiki/Ludi_Apollinares" title="Ludi Apollinares">games in the Greek manner for Apollo</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/Roman_senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman senate">Roman senate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman magistrates">elected officials</a> would control. The prophecy was attributed to Gnaeus Marcius, reputed to be a descendant of Marsyas. The games were duly carried out, but the Romans failed to bring the continuing <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">wars with the Carthaginians</a> to a victorious conclusion until they heeded a second prophecy and imported the worship of the Phrygian Great Mother, <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a>, whose song Marsyas was said to have composed; the song had further relevance in that it was also credited by the Phrygians with protecting them from invaders.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The power relations between Marsyas and Apollo reflected the continuing <a href="/wiki/Struggle_of_the_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Struggle of the Orders">Struggle of the Orders</a> between the elite and the common people, expressed in political terms by <i><a href="/wiki/Optimates" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimates">optimates</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Populares" class="mw-redirect" title="Populares">populares</a></i>. The arrest of Naevius for exercising free speech also took place during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another descendant of Marcius Rutilus, <a href="/wiki/Marcius_Censorinus" title="Marcius Censorinus">L. Marcius Censorinus</a>, issued coins depicting the statue of Marsyas, at a time when the <a href="/wiki/Augur#Augurs_in_the_Republic" title="Augur">augural college</a> was the subject of political controversy during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_civil_wars#Late_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman civil wars">Sullan civil wars of the 80s BC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the coin, Marsyas wears a <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Pileus_(hat)" title="Pileus (hat)">pilleus</a></i>, an emblem of liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Marcius Censorinus was killed by <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a> and his head displayed outside <a href="/wiki/Praeneste" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeneste">Praeneste</a>. Sulla's legislative program attempted to curtail power invested in the people, particularly restricting the powers of the <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">plebeian tribunes</a>, and to restore the dominance of the senate and the privileges of <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patricians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_concours_entre_Apollon_et_Marsyas_(Mus%C3%A9e_national_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie,_Ath%C3%A8nes)_(30673129491).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Le_concours_entre_Apollon_et_Marsyas_%28Mus%C3%A9e_national_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie%2C_Ath%C3%A8nes%29_%2830673129491%29.jpg/260px-Le_concours_entre_Apollon_et_Marsyas_%28Mus%C3%A9e_national_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie%2C_Ath%C3%A8nes%29_%2830673129491%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Le_concours_entre_Apollon_et_Marsyas_%28Mus%C3%A9e_national_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie%2C_Ath%C3%A8nes%29_%2830673129491%29.jpg/390px-Le_concours_entre_Apollon_et_Marsyas_%28Mus%C3%A9e_national_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie%2C_Ath%C3%A8nes%29_%2830673129491%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Le_concours_entre_Apollon_et_Marsyas_%28Mus%C3%A9e_national_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie%2C_Ath%C3%A8nes%29_%2830673129491%29.jpg/520px-Le_concours_entre_Apollon_et_Marsyas_%28Mus%C3%A9e_national_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie%2C_Ath%C3%A8nes%29_%2830673129491%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1721" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mantineia_Base" title="Mantineia Base">Mantineia Base</a> depicting the contest of Apollo and Marsyas, c. 330–320 BC, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum, Athens">NAMA</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Marsyas was claimed as the <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponym</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Marsi" title="Marsi">Marsi</a> as well, one of the ancient peoples of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9388_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social War (91–88 BC)">Social War of 91–88 BC</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_peoples_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient peoples of Italy">Italian peoples</a> fought to advance their status as citizens under Roman rule, is sometimes called the Marsic War because of the leadership of the Marsi. The Roman <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">coloniae</a></i></span> <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alba_Fucens" title="Alba Fucens">Alba Fucens</a>, along with other Italian cities, set up their own statues of Marsyas as assertions of their political status.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a>, Marsyas became a subversive symbol in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, whose propaganda systematically associated Augustus with Apollo as the torturer of sileni. Augustus's daughter <a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia</a> held nocturnal assemblies at the statue, and crowned it to defy her father.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poet <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, who was ultimately exiled by Augustus, twice tells the story of Marsyas's flaying by Apollo, in his epic <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses_(poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphoses (poem)">Metamorphoses</a></i> and in the <i>Fasti</i>, the calendrical poem left unfinished at his death.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the immediate cause of Ovid's exile remains one of literary history's great mysteries, Ovid says that a "poem and transgression" were contributing factors; his poetry tests the boundaries of permissible free speech during Rome's transition from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">republic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">imperial monarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> indicates that in the first century AD, the painting <i>Marsyas religatus</i> ("Marsyas Bound"), by <a href="/wiki/Zeuxis_(painter)" title="Zeuxis (painter)">Zeuxis of Heraclea</a>, could be viewed at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Concordia" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Concordia">Temple of Concordia</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goddess <a href="/wiki/Concordia_(mythology)" title="Concordia (mythology)">Concordia</a>, like the Greek <a href="/wiki/Harmonia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonia (mythology)">Harmonia</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personification</a> of both <a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">musical harmony as it was understood in antiquity</a>, and of <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">social order</a>, as expressed by <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>'s phrase <i>concordia ordinum</i>. The apparent incongruity of exhibiting the tortured silenus in a temple devoted to harmony has been interpreted in modern scholarship as a warning against criticizing authority.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Louvre's_Apollo–Marsyas_sarcophagus"><span id="The_Louvre.27s_Apollo.E2.80.93Marsyas_sarcophagus"></span>The Louvre's Apollo–Marsyas sarcophagus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsyas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Louvre's Apollo–Marsyas sarcophagus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_Louvre-Lens_Sarcophage.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mus%C3%A9e_Louvre-Lens_Sarcophage.JPG/300px-Mus%C3%A9e_Louvre-Lens_Sarcophage.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mus%C3%A9e_Louvre-Lens_Sarcophage.JPG/450px-Mus%C3%A9e_Louvre-Lens_Sarcophage.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mus%C3%A9e_Louvre-Lens_Sarcophage.JPG/600px-Mus%C3%A9e_Louvre-Lens_Sarcophage.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4503" data-file-height="2262" /></a><figcaption>Competition between Marsyas and Apollo, Tuscan marble sarcophagus, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 290</span>–300 CE, (Louvre).</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>A sarcophagus depicting the competition between Marsyas and Apollo, dating to around 300 CE, was discovered in 1853 on the bank of the river Chiarone in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuscany, Italy">Tuscany</a>, on the former Emilia-Aurelia road. Its gathering of deities reads visually from left to right, starting from Athena with her staff and <a href="/wiki/Erichthonius_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Erichthonius of Athens">Erichthonius</a>, forming her <a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">caduceus</a>, which is partially broken along with a portion of her arm. In Greek myth, Athena was once associated with the pipes that later became those of Marsyas, so that other narratives were developed explaining the transfer as Athena having discarded the instrument in a pique (as in Ovid's <i>Metamorphoses</i>). The flaying of Marsyas is set on the end opposite to Athena, on the extreme right.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_later_arts">In later arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsyas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In later arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262" /><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marsyas_MET_DP228780.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Marsyas_MET_DP228780.jpg/180px-Marsyas_MET_DP228780.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Marsyas_MET_DP228780.jpg/270px-Marsyas_MET_DP228780.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Marsyas_MET_DP228780.jpg/360px-Marsyas_MET_DP228780.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="3880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Permoser" title="Balthasar Permoser">Permoser</a>'s bust of Marsyas (1680–1685).</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>In the art of later periods, <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a> is applied to gloss over the somewhat ambivalent morality of the flaying of Marsyas. Marsyas is often seen with a <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan_pipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan pipes">pan pipes</a>, or even <a href="/wiki/Bagpipes" title="Bagpipes">bagpipes</a>. Apollo is shown with his <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a>, or sometimes a <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">viol</a>, or other stringed instrument. The <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">contest of Apollo and Marsyas</a> is seen as symbolizing the eternal struggle between the <a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a> aspects of human nature and cultures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Paintings taking Marsyas as a subject include "Apollo and Marsyas" by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Anselmi" title="Michelangelo Anselmi">Michelangelo Anselmi</a> (c. 1492 – c.1554), "The Flaying of Marsyas" by <a href="/wiki/Jusepe_de_Ribera" title="Jusepe de Ribera">Jusepe de Ribera</a> (1591–1652), the <i><a href="/wiki/Flaying_of_Marsyas_(Titian)" title="Flaying of Marsyas (Titian)">Flaying of Marsyas</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> (c. 1570–1576), "Apollo and Marsyas" by <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Manfredi" title="Bartolomeo Manfredi">Bartolomeo Manfredi</a> (St. Louis Art Museum), and "<a href="/wiki/Apollo_and_Marsyas_(Giordano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo and Marsyas (Giordano)">Apollo and Marsyas</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Luca_Giordano" title="Luca Giordano">Luca Giordano</a> (c.1665).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Merrill" title="James Merrill">James Merrill</a> based a poem, "Marsyas", on this myth; it appears in <i>The Country of a Thousand Years of Peace</i> (1959). <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Herbert" title="Zbigniew Herbert">Zbigniew Herbert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Meyer" title="Nadine Meyer">Nadine Sabra Meyer</a> each entitled poems "Apollo and Marsyas". Following Ovid's retelling of the Apollo and Marsyas tale, the poem "The Flaying Of Marsyas" features in Robin Robertson's 1997 collection "a painted field".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Claus" title="Hugo Claus">Hugo Claus</a> based his poem, <i>Marsua</i> (included in the 1955 poem collection <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oostakkerse_Gedichten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oostakkerse Gedichten (page does not exist)">Oostakkerse Gedichten</a>), on the myth of Marsyas, describing the process of flaying from the perspective of Marsyas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2002, British artist <a href="/wiki/Anish_Kapoor" title="Anish Kapoor">Anish Kapoor</a> created and installed an enormous sculpture in London's <a href="/wiki/Tate_Modern" title="Tate Modern">Tate Modern</a> entitled, "Marsyas". Consisting of three huge steel rings and a single red <a href="/wiki/PVC" class="mw-redirect" title="PVC">PVC</a> membrane, The work was impossible to view as a whole because of its size, but had obvious anatomical connotations.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A bridge that was built toward the end of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> period on the river Marsyas is still called by the satyr's name, <i>Marsiyas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The late composer Kyle Rieger wrote a duet for <a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">saxophone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a> based on the contest between Marsyas and Apollo titled "Aulos & Lyre".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M_Anselmi_Apolo_y_Marsyas_1540_National_Gallery_Washington_Samuel_H_Kress_col.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apollo and Marsyas by Michelangelo Anselmi"><img alt="Apollo and Marsyas by Michelangelo Anselmi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/M_Anselmi_Apolo_y_Marsyas_1540_National_Gallery_Washington_Samuel_H_Kress_col.jpg/120px-M_Anselmi_Apolo_y_Marsyas_1540_National_Gallery_Washington_Samuel_H_Kress_col.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/M_Anselmi_Apolo_y_Marsyas_1540_National_Gallery_Washington_Samuel_H_Kress_col.jpg/180px-M_Anselmi_Apolo_y_Marsyas_1540_National_Gallery_Washington_Samuel_H_Kress_col.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/M_Anselmi_Apolo_y_Marsyas_1540_National_Gallery_Washington_Samuel_H_Kress_col.jpg/240px-M_Anselmi_Apolo_y_Marsyas_1540_National_Gallery_Washington_Samuel_H_Kress_col.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3850" data-file-height="1816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Apollo and Marsyas</i> by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Anselmi" title="Michelangelo Anselmi">Michelangelo Anselmi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runeberg_ateneum_apollon_ja_marsyas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A marble sculpture of Apollo and Marsyas by Walter Runeberg at the arrivals hall of Ateneum in Helsinki, Finland"><img alt="A marble sculpture of Apollo and Marsyas by Walter Runeberg at the arrivals hall of Ateneum in Helsinki, Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Runeberg_ateneum_apollon_ja_marsyas.jpg/91px-Runeberg_ateneum_apollon_ja_marsyas.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Runeberg_ateneum_apollon_ja_marsyas.jpg/136px-Runeberg_ateneum_apollon_ja_marsyas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Runeberg_ateneum_apollon_ja_marsyas.jpg/182px-Runeberg_ateneum_apollon_ja_marsyas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3375" data-file-height="4452" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A marble sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> and Marsyas by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Runeberg" title="Walter Runeberg">Walter Runeberg</a> at the arrivals hall of <a href="/wiki/Ateneum" title="Ateneum">Ateneum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Athena_and_Marsyas_Copenhagen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Athena and Marsyas: the discovery of the aulos in an imaginative recreation of a lost bronze by Myron (Botanic Garden, Copenhagen)"><img alt="Athena and Marsyas: the discovery of the aulos in an imaginative recreation of a lost bronze by Myron (Botanic Garden, Copenhagen)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Athena_and_Marsyas_Copenhagen.jpg/120px-Athena_and_Marsyas_Copenhagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Athena_and_Marsyas_Copenhagen.jpg/180px-Athena_and_Marsyas_Copenhagen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Athena_and_Marsyas_Copenhagen.jpg/240px-Athena_and_Marsyas_Copenhagen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Athena and Marsyas</i>: the discovery of the <i>aulos</i> in an imaginative recreation of a lost bronze by <a href="/wiki/Myron" title="Myron">Myron</a> (Botanic Garden, <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsyas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachne" title="Arachne">Arachne</a>, a mortal woman who engaged in a weaving contest with Athena</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babys_(mythology)" title="Babys (mythology)">Babys (mythology)</a>, Brother of the satyr Marsyas, who also entered into a musical competition with Apollo</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsyas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The folk of <a href="/wiki/Celaenae" title="Celaenae">Celaenae</a> held "that the <i>Song of the Mother</i>, an air for the flute, was composed by Marsyas", according to <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> (x.30.9).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-West-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-West_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWest1992" class="citation book cs1">West, Martin L. (January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=So-Qpz6WDS4C&pg=PA84"><i>Ancient Greek Music</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814975-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814975-1"><bdi>0-19-814975-1</bdi></a>. <q>The single reed or clarinet mouthpiece was known to other ancient peoples, and I should not venture to assert that it was not known to the Greeks. But the evidence of both art and literature indicates that it was the double reed that was standard in the Classical period. Under the Hornbostel-Sachs system, therefore, the <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a> should be classified as an oboe. It must be admitted that 'oboe-girl' is less evocative than the 'flute-girl' to which classicists have been accustomed, and that when it is a question of translating Greek poetry 'oboe' is likely to sound odd. For the latter case I favor 'pipe' or 'shawm.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Music&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1992-01&rft.isbn=0-19-814975-1&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Martin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSo-Qpz6WDS4C%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsyas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to this theory, the antagonists in the <a href="/wiki/Labours_of_Hercules" title="Labours of Hercules">Labours of Heracles</a> are, like Marsyas, representatives of the older religion; see Ruck and Staples 1994 <i>passim</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The river is linked to the figure of Marsyas by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (<i>Histories</i>, 7.26) and <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Anabasis_(Xenophon)" title="Anabasis (Xenophon)">Anabasis</a></i>, 1.2.8).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehw.gr/asiaminor/forms/filePage.aspx?lemmaId=6575">Anthi Dipla:2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></i> 10.233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyginus, <i>Fabulae</i> 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, 1.4.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <i>Fabulae</i> 273; <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <i>Graeciae Descriptio</i> 10.30.9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pseudo-Plutarch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/155#7"><i>On Music</i>, 7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philostratus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/224#2.5.5"><i>Lives of the Sophists</i>, 2.5.5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BAL-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BAL_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLITVINSKIIPICHIKIAN1994" class="citation journal cs1">LITVINSKII, B. A.; PICHIKIAN, I. R. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/24048765.pdf">"The Hellenistic Architecture and Art of the Temple of the Oxus"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bulletin of the Asia Institute</i>. <b>8</b>: <span class="nowrap">47–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0890-4464">0890-4464</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24048765">24048765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Asia+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Hellenistic+Architecture+and+Art+of+the+Temple+of+the+Oxus&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24048765%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0890-4464&rft.aulast=LITVINSKII&rft.aufirst=B.+A.&rft.au=PICHIKIAN%2C+I.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F24048765.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsyas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RW2011-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RW2011_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWood2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Rachel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3850105">"Cultural convergence in Bactria: the votives from the Temple of the Oxus at Takht-i Sangin, in "From Pella to Gandhara"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>In A. Kouremenos, S. Chandrasekaran & R. Rossi ed. 'From Pella to Gandhara: Hybridization and Identity in the Art and Architecture of the Hellenistic East'<span></span></i>. Oxford: Archaeopress: <span class="nowrap">141–</span>151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=In+A.+Kouremenos%2C+S.+Chandrasekaran+%26+R.+Rossi+ed.+%27From+Pella+to+Gandhara%3A+Hybridization+and+Identity+in+the+Art+and+Architecture+of+the+Hellenistic+East%27&rft.atitle=Cultural+convergence+in+Bactria%3A+the+votives+from+the+Temple+of+the+Oxus+at+Takht-i+Sangin%2C+in+%22From+Pella+to+Gandhara%22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3850105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsyas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a>' <a href="/wiki/Deipnosophistae" title="Deipnosophistae">Deipnosophistae</a>, 14.616e</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poehlmann2017-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Poehlmann2017_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poehlmann2017_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poehlmann2017_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poehlmann2017_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poehlmann2017_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoehlmann2017" class="citation cs2">Poehlmann, Egert (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6e05DwAAQBAJ&q=Athena+and+Marsyas&pg=PA330">"Aristotle on Music and Theatre (<i>Politics</i> VIII 6. 1340 b 20 - 1342 b 34; <i>Poetics</i>)"</a>, in Fountoulakis, Andreas; Markantonatos, Andreas; Vasilaros, Georgios (eds.), <i>Theatre World: Critical Perspectives on Greek Tragedy and Comedy. Studies in Honour of Georgia Xanthakis-Karamenos</i>, Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter, p. 330, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-051896-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-051896-2"><bdi>978-3-11-051896-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aristotle+on+Music+and+Theatre+%28Politics+VIII+6.+1340+b+20+-+1342+b+34%3B+Poetics%29&rft.btitle=Theatre+World%3A+Critical+Perspectives+on+Greek+Tragedy+and+Comedy.+Studies+in+Honour+of+Georgia+Xanthakis-Karamenos&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-11-051896-2&rft.aulast=Poehlmann&rft.aufirst=Egert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6e05DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DAthena%2Band%2BMarsyas%26pg%3DPA330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsyas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Telestes, Fr. 805, quoted in <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Deipnosophistae" title="Deipnosophistae">Deipnosophistae</a></i> 616f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pausanias, i.24.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diodorus Siculus, <i>Library of History</i> 5. 75. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tmolus was judge in another musical contest, that of Apollo and <a href="/wiki/Pan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan (mythology)">Pan</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The most elaborated accounts are given by Diodorus Siculus <i>Library of History</i>, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a> (<i>Fabulae</i>, 165) and Pseudo-Apollodorus' <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheke</a></i> (i.4.2); see also <a href="/wiki/Pliny%27s_Natural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliny's Natural History">Pliny's Natural History</a> 16.89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philostratus the Younger, Imagines 2 (trans. Fairbanks)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">-Apollodorus, <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheke</a></i>i.4.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo, <i>Geography</i> xii.8.15; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070303182104/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/gazetteer/0063.html">Hazlitt, <i>The Classical Gazetteer</i> <i>s.v.</i> "Aulocrene lac."</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diodorus, <i>Library of History</i> v.75.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kerenyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Kerenyi">Karl Kerenyi</a>, <i>The Gods of the Greeks</i> 1951:179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, <i>Histories</i> vii.26.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ptolemy Hephaestion, <i>New History</i> iii, summarised by <a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a>, <i>Myriobiblon</i> 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, ''<i><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_(dialogue)" title="Euthydemus (dialogue)">Euthydemus</a></i>, 285c.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diodorus Siculus, iii.59-59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Symposium</i> 215.b-c.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jocelyn Penny Small, <i>Cacus and Marsyas in Etrusco-Roman Legend</i> (<a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>) 1962:68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny, 34.11; <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>, Satires<i> 1.6.119-21; noted by Niżyńska 2001:157.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N.M. Horsfall, reviewing <i>Cacus and Marsyas in Etrusco-Roman Legend</i> by Jocelyn Penny Small (Princeton University Press, 1982), in <i>Classical Review</i> 34 (1984) 226–229, vehemently rejects Marsyas's connection with augury, but this is a minority view.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Fantham" title="Elaine Fantham">Elaine Fantham</a>, "Liberty and the Roman People," <i>Transactions of the American Philological Association</i> 135 (2005), p. 221; on assemblies of the people, see <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith</a>, <i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</i>, Bill Thayer's edition at <a href="/wiki/LacusCurtius" title="LacusCurtius">LacusCurtius</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Comitia.html">"Comitia."</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The distinction between a satyr and a silen was sometimes blurred in the later tradition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a>, <i>ad Aeneidos</i> 3.20; T.P. Wiseman, "Satyrs in Rome? The Background to Horace's <i>Ars Poetica</i>," <i>Journal of Roman Studies</i> 78 (1988), p. 4; Elaine Fantham, "Liberty and the Roman People," <i>Transactions of the American Philological Association</i> 135 (2005), p. 227; Ann L. Kuttner, "Culture and History at Pompey's Museum," <i>Transactions of the American Philological Association</i> 129 (1999), pp. 357–358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rather alliteratively: <i>libera lingua loquimur ludis Liberalibus</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. P. Wiseman, <i>Roman Drama and Roman History</i> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter_Press" title="University of Exeter Press">University of Exeter Press</a>, 1998), <i>passim</i>, explores the connections among Marsyas, the Aventine trinity, the <i>plebs</i>, the Liberalia, and free speech. For a detailed discussion of the case of Naevius, see Harold B. Mattingly, "Naevius and the Metelli", <i>Historia</i> 9 (1960) 414–439. <i>Marsyas</i> was also the title of a work by the Roman playwright <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Pomponius" title="Lucius Pomponius">Lucius Pomponius</a>, possibly a <a href="/wiki/Satyr_play" title="Satyr play">satyr play</a>, in the second century BC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Servius, <i>ad Aen</i>. 3.59; T.P. Wiseman, "Satyrs in Rome?" <i>Journal of Roman Studies</i> 78 (1988), pp. 2–3 and p. 11, note 91, with additional sources on Marsyas p. 4, notes 26–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Morstein-Marx, <i>Mass Oratory and Political Power in the Late Roman Republic</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 99 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwkJh1cZb1YC&dq=Marsyas+silen+OR+silens+OR+silenus+OR+silenos+OR+satyr&pg=PA99">online.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T.P. Wiseman, "Satyrs in Rome?" <i>Journal of Roman Studies</i> 78 (1988), p. 4. The Marcii also claimed descent from <a href="/wiki/Ancus_Marcius" title="Ancus Marcius">Ancus Marcius</a>. Morstein-Marx comments that the attribution of the statue to Marcius Rutilus Censorinus "is attractive, but perhaps over-bold" (<i>Mass Oratory and Political Power</i>, p. 99).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> 10.30.9: "They say too that they repelled the army of the Gauls by the aid of Marsyas, who defended them against the barbarians by the water from the river [into which he had been transformed after his flaying] and by the music of his flute." The Celtic-speaking invaders who founded <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a> controlled the Great Mother's center of worship at <a href="/wiki/Pessinus" title="Pessinus">Pessinus</a> from the end of the third century BC. One of the major deities of the Gauls <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">was identified with</a> Apollo and may have suggested opposition to Marsyas; see <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ahl" title="Frederick Ahl">Frederick Ahl</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon">Avallon</a>, and Apollo's Singing Swan", <i>American Journal of Philology</i> 103 (1982) 373–411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. P. Wiseman, <i>Roman Drama and Roman History</i> (University of Exeter Press, 1998).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Justin Moon Schertz, "Marsyas Augur: A Plebeian Augur in the Time of <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a>?", paper presented at the 103rd annual meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a>, abstract from <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i> 106 (2002), pp. 270–271. Sulla increased the number of augurs; the nature of the controversy is debatable, but seems to do less with the proportion of plebeians to <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patricians</a> than a question of whether new augurs would be <a href="/wiki/Co-option" title="Co-option">coopted</a> by current members of the college or whether they would be elected by vote of the people.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert J. Rowland, Jr., "<a href="/wiki/Numismatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Numismatic">Numismatic</a> Propaganda under <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Cinna" title="Lucius Cornelius Cinna">Lucius Cornelius Cinna</a>," <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i> 97 (1966), p. 417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald T. Ridley, "The Dictator's Mistake: Caesar's Escape from Sulla", <i>Historia</i> 49 (2000), p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T.P. Wiseman, "Satyrs in Rome?", <i>Journal of Roman Studies</i> 78 (1988), pp. 2–3 and p. 11, note 91, with additional sources on Marsyas p. 4, notes 26–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a>, <i>ad Aeneidos</i> 3.20 and 4.58: "among the free cities, there was a statue of Marsyas, who was under the protection of Father Liber" (<i>in liberis civitatibus simulacrum Marsyae erat, qui in tutela Liberi patris est</i>). Also T. P. Wiseman, "Satyrs in Rome? The Background to Horace's <i>Ars Poetica</i>", <i>Journal of Roman Studies</i> 78 (1988), p. 4; Elaine Fantham, "Liberty and the Roman People", <i>Transactions of the American Philological Association</i> 135 (2005), p. 227, especially note 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elaine Fantham, "Liberty and the People in Republican Rome," <i>Transactions of the American Philological Association</i> 135 (2005), p. 227, citing Seneca, <i>De beneficiis</i> 6.32 and Pliny, <i>Historia naturalis</i> 21.6.8–9, both of whom characterize Julia's meetings as sexual congress with strangers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Publius Ovidius Naso</a>, <i>Metamorphoses</i> 6.383–400 and <i>Fasti</i> 6.649–710.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanna Niżyńska samples the extensive scholarship on the subversive qualities of Ovid's poetry in her comparative study "Marsyas's Howl: The Myth of Marsyas in Ovid's <i>Metamorphoses</i> and <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Herbert" title="Zbigniew Herbert">Zbigniew Herbert</a>'s ‘Apollo and Marsyas’", <i>Comparative Literature</i> 53.2 (Spring 2001), pp. 151–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Historia naturalis</a></i> 35.66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanna Niżyńska, "Marsyas's Howl," <i>Comparative Literature</i> 53.2 (Spring 2001), p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/modern/exhibitions/kapoor/default.htm">"The Unilever Series: Anish Kapoor", exhibition information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720025720/http://tate.org.uk/modern/exhibitions/kapoor/default.htm">Archived</a> 2011-07-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060202232122/http://avgg.sitemynet.com/arkeoloji/id7.htm">"A. Güneygül on Archaeology"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avgg.sitemynet.com/arkeoloji/id7.htm">the original</a> on 2006-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A.+G%C3%BCneyg%C3%BCl+on+Archaeology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favgg.sitemynet.com%2Farkeoloji%2Fid7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsyas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRieger" class="citation web cs1">Rieger, Kyle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riegermusic.com/aulos-and-lyre">"Aulos & Lyre"</a>. <i>riegermusic.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=riegermusic.com&rft.atitle=Aulos+%26+Lyre&rft.aulast=Rieger&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riegermusic.com%2Faulos-and-lyre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsyas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsyas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <i>The Library</i> with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0021">Greek text available from the same website</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Gaius Julius Hyginus</a>, <i>Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus</i> translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/206">Online version at the Topos Text Project.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus of Panopolis</a>, <i>Dionysiaca</i> translated by William Henry Denham Rouse (1863–1950), from the Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1940. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/529">Online version at the Topos Text Project.</a></li> <li>Nonnus of Panopolis, <i>Dionysiaca. 3 Vols.</i> W.H.D. Rouse. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1940-1942. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0485">Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <i>Description of Greece</i> with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99328-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99328-4">0-674-99328-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0160">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li>Pausanias, <i>Graeciae Descriptio.</i> <i>3 vols</i>. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0159">Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li>Ruck, Carl A.P. and Danny Staples, <i>The World of Classical Myth</i> (Carolina Academic Press) 1994.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeer2004" class="citation journal cs1">Keer, Ellen van (2004). "The Myth of Marsyas in Ancient Greek Art: Musical and Mythological Iconography". <i>Music in Art: International Journal for Music Iconography</i>. <b>29</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">20–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1522-7464">1522-7464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+in+Art%3A+International+Journal+for+Music+Iconography&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+Marsyas+in+Ancient+Greek+Art%3A+Musical+and+Mythological+Iconography&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=1522-7464&rft.aulast=Keer&rft.aufirst=Ellen+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsyas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsyas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Marsyas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Marsyas">Marsyas</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Marsyas"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Marsyas">"Marsyas" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. XV (9th ed.). 1883. p. 575.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marsyas&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=575&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsyas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070303182116/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/gazetteer/0101.html">The Ancient Library</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/SatyrosMarsyas.html">Theoi Project: Marsyas</a>. English translations of Classical texts.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-000251">The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database: ca 280 images of Marsyas</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#cef2e0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology" title="Template:Metamorphoses in Greek mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology" title="Template talk:Metamorphoses in Greek mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metamorphoses in Greek mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology155" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology" title="Metamorphoses in Greek mythology">Metamorphoses in Greek mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Avian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abas_(mythology)" title="Abas (mythology)">Abas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthis_(mythology)" title="Acanthis (mythology)">Acanthis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(son_of_Autonous)" title="Acanthus (son of Autonous)">Acanthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acmon" title="Acmon">Acmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABdon" title="Aëdon">Aëdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegolius_(mythology)" title="Aegolius (mythology)">Aegolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegypius_(mythology)" title="Aegypius (mythology)">Aegypius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtos" title="Aëtos">Aëtos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesacus" title="Aesacus">Aesacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrius_and_Oreius_(mythology)" title="Agrius and Oreius (mythology)">Agrius and Oreius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agron_(mythology)" title="Agron (mythology)">Agron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcander_(mythology)" title="Alcander (mythology)">Alcander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcyone_(daughter_of_Sciron)" title="Alcyone (daughter of Sciron)">Alcyone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcyone_and_Ceyx" title="Alcyone and Ceyx">Alcyone and Ceyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcyonides" title="Alcyonides">Alcyonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alectryon_(mythology)" title="Alectryon (mythology)">Alectryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthus_(mythology)" title="Anthus (mythology)">Anthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigone_of_Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigone of Troy">Antigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argus_Panoptes" title="Argus Panoptes">Argus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Sithonis" title="Arne Sithonis">Arne Sithonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemiche" title="Artemiche">Artemiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalaphus_(son_of_Acheron)" title="Ascalaphus (son of Acheron)">Ascalaphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteria" title="Asteria">Asteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonous" title="Autonous">Autonous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botres" title="Botres">Botres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulis_(mythology)" title="Bulis (mythology)">Bulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byssa_(mythology)" title="Byssa (mythology)">Byssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caeneus" title="Caeneus">Caeneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeus_(Crete)" title="Celeus (Crete)">Celeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_(Greek_myth)" title="Cerberus (Greek myth)">Cerberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelidon_(mythology)" title="Chelidon (mythology)">Chelidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinyras" title="Cinyras">Cinyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinis" title="Clinis">Clinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combe_(mythology)" title="Combe (mythology)">Combe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corone_(crow)" title="Corone (crow)">Corone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesylla" title="Ctesylla">Ctesylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycnus_(son_of_Apollo)" title="Cycnus (son of Apollo)">Cycnus (son of Apollo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycnus_(son_of_Ares)" title="Cycnus (son of Ares)">Cycnus (son of Ares)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycnus_(son_of_Poseidon)" title="Cycnus (son of Poseidon)">Cycnus (son of Poseidon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycnus_(son_of_Sthenelus)" title="Cycnus (son of Sthenelus)">Cycnus (son of Sthenelus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalion" title="Daedalion">Daedalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erinoma" title="Erinoma">Erinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erodius" title="Erodius">Erodius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumelus" title="Eumelus">Eumelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerana" title="Gerana">Gerana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmotho%C3%AB" title="Harmothoë">Harmothoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpalyce_(daughter_of_Clymenus)" title="Harpalyce (daughter of Clymenus)">Harpalyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpasus" title="Harpasus">Harpasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpe_(mythology)" title="Harpe (mythology)">Harpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierax_(mythology)" title="Hierax (mythology)">Hierax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodamia_(wife_of_Autonous)" title="Hippodamia (wife of Autonous)">Hippodamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperippe" title="Hyperippe">Hyperippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyria_(mythology)" title="Hyria (mythology)">Hyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictinus_(mythology)" title="Ictinus (mythology)">Ictinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idas_(mythology)" title="Idas (mythology)">Idas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ino_(Greek_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ino (Greek mythology)">Ino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itys" title="Itys">Itys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iynx" title="Iynx">Iynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laius_(Crete)" title="Laius (Crete)">Laius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelante" title="Lelante">Lelante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycius_(son_of_Clinis)" title="Lycius (son of Clinis)">Lycius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycus_(mythology)" title="Lycus (mythology)">Lycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaletor" title="Megaletor">Megaletor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meleagrids" title="Meleagrids">Meleagrids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memnon" title="Memnon">Memnonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meropis_(mythology)" title="Meropis (mythology)">Meropis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merops_(mythology)" title="Merops (mythology)">Merops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyades" title="Minyades">Minyades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munichus" title="Munichus">Munichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neophron_(Greek_myth)" title="Neophron (Greek myth)">Neophron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisos" title="Nisos">Nisus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctaea" title="Nyctaea">Nyctaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctimene_(mythology)" title="Nyctimene (mythology)">Nyctimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenoe_(mythology)" title="Oenoe (mythology)">Oenoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenotropae" title="Oenotropae">Oenotropae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortygius" title="Ortygius">Ortygius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandareus" title="Pandareus">Pandareus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelia_(mythology)" title="Pelia (mythology)">Pelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdix_(mythology)" title="Perdix (mythology)">Perdix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periphas_(king_of_Attica)" title="Periphas (king of Attica)">Periphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peristera_(mythology)" title="Peristera (mythology)">Peristera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picus" title="Picus">Picus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierides_(mythology)" title="Pierides (mythology)">Pierides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phene_(mythology)" title="Phene (mythology)">Phene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philaeus_(mythology)" title="Philaeus (mythology)">Philaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomela" title="Philomela">Philomela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(Greek_mythology)" title="Pleiades (Greek mythology)">Pleiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphonte" title="Polyphonte">Polyphonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnus" title="Polytechnus">Polytechnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procne" title="Procne">Procne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhexenor" title="Rhexenor">Rhexenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoeneus" title="Schoeneus">Schoeneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylla_(daughter_of_Nisus)" title="Scylla (daughter of Nisus)">Scylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tereus" title="Tereus">Tereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timandra_(mother_of_Neophron)" title="Timandra (mother of Neophron)">Timandra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Non-avian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abas_(mythology)" title="Abas (mythology)">Abas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actaeon" title="Actaeon">Actaeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachne" title="Arachne">Arachne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcas" title="Arcas">Arcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arge" title="Arge">Arge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristaeus_(Giant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristaeus (Giant)">Aristaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalabus" title="Ascalabus">Ascalabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atalanta" title="Atalanta">Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calchus" title="Calchus">Calchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(mythology)" title="Callisto (mythology)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephissus_(mythology)" title="Cephissus (mythology)">Cephissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerambus" title="Cerambus">Cerambus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercopes" title="Cercopes">Cercopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelone_(mythology)" title="Chelone (mythology)">Chelone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korybantes" title="Korybantes">Curetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynosura_(nymph)" title="Cynosura (nymph)">Cynosura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanthis" title="Galanthis">Galanthis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale_(mythology)" title="Gale (mythology)">Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonia" title="Harmonia">Harmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecuba" title="Hecuba">Hecuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helice_(mythology)" title="Helice (mythology)">Helice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippomenes" title="Hippomenes">Hippomenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(mythology)" title="Io (mythology)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaon_(king_of_Arcadia)" title="Lycaon (king of Arcadia)">Lycaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_peasants" title="Lycian peasants">Lycian peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyncus" title="Lyncus">Lyncus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megisto_(mythology)" title="Megisto (mythology)">Megisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanippe" title="Melanippe">Melanippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorion_(mythology)" title="Euphorion (mythology)">Melian nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melissa" title="Melissa">Melissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyades" title="Minyades">Minyades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myia_(mythology)" title="Myia (mythology)">Myia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmex_(Attic_woman)" title="Myrmex (Attic woman)">Myrmex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFs_(mythology)" title="Naïs (mythology)">Naïs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerites_(mythology)" title="Nerites (mythology)">Nerites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocyrhoe" title="Ocyrhoe">Ocyrhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentheus" title="Pentheus">Pentheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx_(mythology)" title="Phalanx (mythology)">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineus" title="Phineus">Phineus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_(mythology)" title="Phoenice (mythology)">Phoenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompilus_(mythology)" title="Pompilus (mythology)">Pompilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taygete" title="Taygete">Taygete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophane" title="Theophane">Theophane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanis_(mythology)" title="Titanis (mythology)">Titanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithonus" title="Tithonus">Tithonus</a></li> <li>Tyrrhenian pirates <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aethalides_(mythology)" title="Aethalides (mythology)">Aethalides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcimedon" title="Alcimedon">Alcimedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictys" title="Dictys">Dictys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epopeus" title="Epopeus">Epopeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melas_(mythology)" title="Melas (mythology)">Melas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medon_(mythology)" title="Medon (mythology)">Medon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opheltes_(mythology)" title="Opheltes (mythology)">Opheltes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pygmalion_(Raoux).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pygmalion and Galatea"><img alt="Pygmalion and Galatea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pygmalion_%28Raoux%29.jpg/91px-Pygmalion_%28Raoux%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pygmalion_%28Raoux%29.jpg/137px-Pygmalion_%28Raoux%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pygmalion_%28Raoux%29.jpg/182px-Pygmalion_%28Raoux%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="1898" /></a></span><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_and_Daphne_(Bernini).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apollo and Daphne"><img alt="Apollo and Daphne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg/90px-Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg/135px-Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg/180px-Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5048" data-file-height="7800" /></a></span><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Io_changed_into_a_cow,_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Io"><img alt="Io" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Io_changed_into_a_cow%2C_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg/90px-Io_changed_into_a_cow%2C_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Io_changed_into_a_cow%2C_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg/135px-Io_changed_into_a_cow%2C_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Io_changed_into_a_cow%2C_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg/180px-Io_changed_into_a_cow%2C_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1913" data-file-height="2645" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Base appearance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achilles_(son_of_Zeus)" title="Achilles (son of Zeus)">Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigone_of_Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigone of Troy">Antigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charybdis" title="Charybdis">Charybdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia" title="Lamia">Lamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramus_and_Thisbe" title="Pyramus and Thisbe">Mulberry fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaon" title="Phaon">Phaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Sirens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycius_(son_of_Clinis)" title="Lycius (son of Clinis)">White raven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Humanoids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arne_(daughter_of_Aeolus)" title="Arne (daughter of Aeolus)">Arne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliste_(mythology)" title="Calliste (mythology)">Calliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymodoce_(mythology)" title="Cymodoce (mythology)">Cymodoce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcesius" title="Arcesius">Cephalus' wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatea_(mythology)" title="Galatea (mythology)">Galatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leleges" title="Leleges">Leleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmidons" title="Myrmidons">Myrmidons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephele" title="Nephele">Nephele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartoi">Spartoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weasel_and_Aphrodite" title="The Weasel and Aphrodite">Weasel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Inanimate objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aconteus" title="Aconteus">Aconteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aglaurus,_daughter_of_Cecrops" title="Aglaurus, daughter of Cecrops">Aglaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcmene" title="Alcmene">Alcmene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaxarete" title="Anaxarete">Anaxarete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariadne" title="Ariadne">Ariadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsino%C3%AB_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoë of Cyprus">Arsinoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspalis" title="Aspalis">Aspalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battus_(mythology)" title="Battus (mythology)">Battus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britomartis" title="Britomartis">Britomartis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calydon_(son_of_Ares)" title="Calydon (son of Ares)">Calydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercopes" title="Cercopes">Cercopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cragaleus" title="Cragaleus">Cragaleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphnis" title="Daphnis">Daphnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodame" title="Iodame">Iodame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laelaps_(mythology)" title="Laelaps (mythology)">Laelaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethaea" title="Lethaea">Lethaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyco_and_Orphe" title="Lyco and Orphe">Lyco and Orphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olenus" title="Olenus">Olenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Giant)" title="Pallas (Giant)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandareus" title="Pandareus">Pandareus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineus_(son_of_Belus)" title="Phineus (son of Belus)">Phineus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydectes" title="Polydectes">Polydectes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proetus_(son_of_Abas)" title="Proetus (son of Abas)">Proetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoetides" title="Propoetides">Propoetides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_(mythology)" title="Pyrrhus (mythology)">Pyrrhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teumessian_fox" title="Teumessian fox">Teumessian fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamathe_(Nereid)" title="Psamathe (Nereid)">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achelous" title="Achelous">Achelous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheron" title="Acheron">Acheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acis_and_Galatea" title="Acis and Galatea">Acis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aea_(mythology)" title="Aea (mythology)">Aea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alope" title="Alope">Alope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_(deity)" title="Alpheus (deity)">Alpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(Boeotia)" title="Arethusa (Boeotia)">Arethusa (Boeotia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(mythology)" title="Arethusa (mythology)">Arethusa (Elis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteria" title="Asteria">Asteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(mythology)" title="Aura (mythology)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblis" title="Byblis">Byblis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliste_(mythology)" title="Calliste (mythology)">Calliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalia" title="Castalia">Castalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chione_(daughter_of_Callirrhoe)" title="Chione (daughter of Callirrhoe)">Chione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleite" title="Cleite">Cleite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comaetho_(lover_of_Cydnus)" title="Comaetho (lover of Cydnus)">Comaetho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyane" title="Cyane">Cyane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirce" title="Dirce">Dirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemus" title="Haemus">Haemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichas" title="Lichas">Lichas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilaeus_(mythology)" title="Lilaeus (mythology)">Lilaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manto_(daughter_of_Tiresias)" title="Manto (daughter of Tiresias)">Manto</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marsyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menippe_and_Metioche" title="Menippe and Metioche">Menippe and Metioche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobe" title="Niobe">Niobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perimele" title="Perimele">Perimele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirene_(nymph)" title="Pirene (nymph)">Pirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramus_and_Thisbe" title="Pyramus and Thisbe">Pyramus and Thisbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(mythology)" title="Rhodope (mythology)">Rhodope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodopis_and_Euthynicus" title="Rhodopis and Euthynicus">Rhodopis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangarius_(mythology)" title="Sangarius (mythology)">Sangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selemnus_(god)" title="Selemnus (god)">Selemnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_(mythology)" title="Sybaris (mythology)">Sybaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Opposite sex</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caeneus" title="Caeneus">Caeneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditus" title="Hermaphroditus">Hermaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iphis" title="Iphis">Iphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus_of_Crete" title="Leucippus of Crete">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmacis" title="Salmacis">Salmacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siproites" title="Siproites">Siproites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sithon_(mythology)" title="Sithon (mythology)">Sithon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agdistis" title="Agdistis">Agdistis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaracus" title="Amaracus">Amaracus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosia_(Hyades)" title="Ambrosia (Hyades)">Ambrosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampelos" title="Ampelos">Ampelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anethus" title="Anethus">Anethus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attis" title="Attis">Attis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baucis_and_Philemon" title="Baucis and Philemon">Baucis and Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karpos" title="Karpos">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carya_of_Laconia" title="Carya of Laconia">Carya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cissus_(mythology)" title="Cissus (mythology)">Cissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clytie_(Oceanid)" title="Clytie (Oceanid)">Clytie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_(mythology)" title="Crocus (mythology)">Crocus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyparissus" title="Cyparissus">Cyparissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne" title="Daphne">Daphne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopatra_(mythology)" title="Diopatra (mythology)">Diopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryope_(daughter_of_Dryops)" title="Dryope (daughter of Dryops)">Dryope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaea_(mythology)" title="Elaea (mythology)">Elaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elate_(mythology)" title="Elate (mythology)">Elate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocles_of_Orchomenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eteocles of Orchomenus">Eteocleides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliades" title="Heliades">Heliades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_(mythology)" title="Aegle (mythology)">Aegle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxippe" title="Dioxippe">Dioxippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampetia" title="Lampetia">Lampetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merope_(Greek_myth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merope (Greek myth)">Merope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaethusa" title="Phaethusa">Phaethusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(mythology)" title="Phoebe (mythology)">Phoebe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Hesperides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_(mythology)" title="Aegle (mythology)">Aegle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erytheia_(mythology)" title="Erytheia (mythology)">Erytheia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_(mythology)" title="Hyacinth (mythology)">Hyacinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamos" title="Kalamos">Kalamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuce_(mythology)" title="Leuce (mythology)">Leuce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucothoe_(daughter_of_Orchamus)" title="Leucothoe (daughter of Orchamus)">Leucothoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanus_(mythology)" title="Libanus (mythology)">Libanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotis_(mythology)" title="Lotis (mythology)">Lotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycurgus of Thrace">Lycurgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecon_(mythology)" title="Mecon (mythology)">Mecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melos_of_Delos" class="mw-redirect" title="Melos of Delos">Melos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapian_shepherds" title="Messapian shepherds">Messapians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_of_Hera" title="Milk of Hera">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minthe" title="Minthe">Minthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrice_(mythology)" title="Myrice (mythology)">Myrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrina_(priestess)" title="Myrina (priestess)">Myrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrsine_(mythology)" title="Myrsine (mythology)">Myrsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oechalides" title="Oechalides">Oechalides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philyra_(Oceanid)" title="Philyra (Oceanid)">Philyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_(mythology)" title="Phyllis (mythology)">Phyllis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picolous" title="Picolous">Picolous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitys_(mythology)" title="Pitys (mythology)">Pitys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platanus_(mythology)" title="Platanus (mythology)">Platanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalacantha" title="Psalacantha">Psalacantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Saliva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_(daughter_of_Ictinus)" title="Side (daughter of Ictinus)">Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilax_(mythology)" title="Smilax (mythology)">Smilax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrha" title="Myrrha">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiaraus" title="Amphiaraus">Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syceus" title="Syceus">Syceus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrinx" title="Syrinx">Syrinx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Voluntary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gods">Greek gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobalos" title="Kobalos">Kobalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestra" title="Mestra">Mestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periclymenus" title="Periclymenus">Periclymenus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl" title="Cumaean Sibyl">Cumaean Sibyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(mythology)" title="Echo (mythology)">Echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyades_(mythology)" title="Hyades (mythology)">Hyades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hylas" title="Hylas">Hylas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_of_Hera" title="Milk of Hera">Milk of Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(Greek_mythology)" title="Pleiades (Greek mythology)">Pleiades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">False myths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acantha" title="Acantha">Acantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyste" title="Amethyste">Amethyste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchis_(mythology)" title="Orchis (mythology)">Orchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodanthe_(mythology)" title="Rhodanthe (mythology)">Rhodanthe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#cef2e0"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599737#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1838" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599737#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1838" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599737#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/22937482">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/79151776763718011816">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/56156563657423242809">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5102159477552927990008">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/11157523292227031353">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/200836854">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316807860">7</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjxb3G6GypYQbYKwT7vDmb">WorldCat</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjtKg6KkBDgGdcJ6TvYycX">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118782193">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2019114430">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/qn2582f801c6t4d">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810688159205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987011052466805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058620238106706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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