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id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-現代楚瓦什語字母" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#現代楚瓦什語字母"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>現代楚瓦什語字母</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-現代楚瓦什語字母-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-楚瓦什語歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#楚瓦什語歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>楚瓦什語歷史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-楚瓦什語歷史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关楚瓦什語歷史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-楚瓦什語歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-匈奴時期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#匈奴時期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>匈奴時期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-匈奴時期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-古保加爾人時期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古保加爾人時期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>古保加爾人時期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古保加爾人時期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中布加爾人時期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中布加爾人時期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>中布加爾人時期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中布加爾人時期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-新布加爾人時期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#新布加爾人時期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>新布加爾人時期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-新布加爾人時期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-楚瓦什語在突厥語族中的地位" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#楚瓦什語在突厥語族中的地位"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>楚瓦什語在突厥語族中的地位</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-楚瓦什語在突厥語族中的地位-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文字編碼" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文字編碼"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>文字編碼</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文字編碼-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-楚瓦什語語法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#楚瓦什語語法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>楚瓦什語語法</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-楚瓦什語語法-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关楚瓦什語語法子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-楚瓦什語語法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-詞序" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詞序"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>詞序</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-詞序-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">楚瓦什語</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。111种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-111" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">111种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Ачуваш бызшәа – 阿布哈西亚语" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ачуваш бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="阿布哈西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjoewasjies" title="Tsjoewasjies – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tsjoewasjies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschuwaschische_Sprache" title="Tschuwaschische Sprache – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tschuwaschische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Чуваш тил – 南阿尔泰语" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Чуваш тил" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="南阿尔泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغة تشوفاشية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة تشوفاشية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="لغه تشوفاش – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه تشوفاش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_chuvasiu" title="Idioma chuvasiu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma chuvasiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87uva%C5%9F_dili" title="Çuvaş dili – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çuvaş dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AC%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="چوواش تورکجه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چوواش تورکجه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%88_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Сыуаш теле – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сыуаш теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ciova%C5%A1u_kalba" title="Čiovašu kalba – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Čiovašu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Чувашская мова – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чувашская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Чуваская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чуваская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Чувашки език – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чувашки език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchouvacheg" title="Tchouvacheg – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tchouvacheg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txuvaix" title="Txuvaix – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Txuvaix" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Chuvash-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chuvash-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Чувашийн мотт – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чувашийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87uva%C5%9F_tili" title="Çuvaş tili – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çuvaş tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cuva%C5%A1tina" title="Čuvaština – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čuvaština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Чьвашьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – 教会斯拉夫语" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Чьвашьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="教会斯拉夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Чăваш чĕлхи – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чăваш чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsafasieg" title="Tsafasieg – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsafasieg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschuwaschische_Sprache" title="Tschuwaschische Sprache – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tschuwaschische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Τσουβασική γλώσσα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσουβασική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chuvash language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88uva%C5%9Da_lingvo" title="Ĉuvaŝa lingvo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉuvaŝa lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_chuvasio" title="Idioma chuvasio – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma chuvasio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1uva%C5%A1i_keel" title="Tšuvaši keel – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tšuvaši keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txuvaxera" title="Txuvaxera – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txuvaxera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="زبان چوواشی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان چوواشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1uvassin_kieli" title="Tšuvassin kieli – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tšuvassin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchouvache" title="Tchouvache – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tchouvache" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschuwaschisk_spriak" title="Tschuwaschisk spriak – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tschuwaschisk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSuvaisis" title="An tSuvaisis – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSuvaisis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87uva%C5%9F_dili" title="Çuvaş dili – 加告兹语" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Çuvaş dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="加告兹语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_chuvaxa" title="Lingua chuvaxa – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua chuvaxa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash-ng%C3%AE" title="Chuvash-ngî – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chuvash-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="צ'ובשית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'ובשית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चुवाश भाषा – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चुवाश भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chuvash language" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cuva%C5%A1ki_jezik" title="Čuvaški jezik – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čuvaški jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csuvas_nyelv" title="Csuvas nyelv – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csuvas nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Չուվաշերեն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չուվաշերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Chuvash" title="Bahasa Chuvash – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Chuvash" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_ciuvascia" title="Lingua ciuvascia – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua ciuvascia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%82%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="チュヴァシ語 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チュヴァシ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A3%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჩუვაშური ენა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩუვაშური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash_tili" title="Chuvash tili – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Chuvash tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Chuvash" title="Basa Chuvash – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Chuvash" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Чуваш тілі – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чуваш тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%94%EB%B0%94%EC%8B%9C%EC%96%B4" title="추바시어 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="추바시어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Чуваш кыв – 科米-彼尔米亚克语" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Чуваш кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="科米-彼尔米亚克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_%C3%A7uva%C5%9F%C3%AE" title="Zimanê çuvaşî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê çuvaşî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Чуваш кыв – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Чуваш кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Tschuvaschica" title="Lingua Tschuvaschica – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Tschuvaschica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txavax_(lingua)" title="Txavax (lingua) – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Txavax (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ciuva%C5%A1%C5%B3_kalba" title="Čiuvašų kalba – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čiuvašų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cuva%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Čuvašu valoda – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čuvašu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Чуважень кяль – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Чуважень кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_tsovasa" title="Fiteny tsovasa – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny tsovasa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Чуваш йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Чуваш йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Чувашки јазик – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чувашки јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ചുവാഷ് ഭാഷ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചുവാഷ് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चुवाश भाषा – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चुवाश भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Cuvasy" title="Bahasa Cuvasy – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Cuvasy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ветькень кель – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ветькень кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="چواشی – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چواشی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschuwasch%E2%80%99sche_Spraak" title="Tschuwasch’sche Spraak – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tschuwasch’sche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चुवाश भाषा – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चुवाश भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjoevasjisch" title="Tsjoevasjisch – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsjoevasjisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjuvasjisk" title="Tsjuvasjisk – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tsjuvasjisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjuvasjisk" title="Tsjuvasjisk – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tsjuvasjisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chovash" title="Chovash – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chovash" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Чувашаг æвзаг – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чувашаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਚੁਵਾਸ਼ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੁਵਾਸ਼ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuwash" title="Shuwash – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Shuwash" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_czuwaski" title="Język czuwaski – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język czuwaski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_chuvash" title="Lenga chuvash – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga chuvash" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="شواش – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شواش" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="چوواشي ژبه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چوواشي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_tchuvache" title="Língua tchuvache – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua tchuvache" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuwash_simi" title="Chuwash simi – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chuwash simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_ciuva%C8%99%C4%83" title="Limba ciuvașă – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba ciuvașă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Чувашский язык – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чувашский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igicuvashi" title="Igicuvashi – 卢旺达语" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igicuvashi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="卢旺达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Чуваш тыла – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чуваш тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱪᱩᱵᱷᱟᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱩᱵᱷᱟᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_ciuvascia" title="Lingua ciuvascia – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua ciuvascia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chuvash language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cuva%C5%A1tina" title="Čuvaština – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čuvaština" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Чувашки језик – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чувашки језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjuvasjiska" title="Tjuvasjiska – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tjuvasjiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kichuvash" title="Kichuvash – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kichuvash" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czuwask%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Czuwaskŏ gŏdka – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czuwaskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சுவாசு மொழி – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுவாசு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A" title="ภาษาชูวัช – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาชูวัช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87uwa%C5%9F_dili" title="Çuwaş dili – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Çuwaş dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Tsubasyo" title="Wikang Tsubasyo – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Tsubasyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87uva%C5%9F%C3%A7a" title="Çuvaşça – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çuvaşça" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%88_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Чуаш теле – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чуаш теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Чуваш кыл – 乌德穆尔特语" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Чуваш кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="乌德穆尔特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%87%DB%8B%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="چۇۋاش تىلى – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چۇۋاش تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Чуваська мова – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чуваська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چوواش زبان – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چوواش زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash_tili" title="Chuvash tili – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chuvash tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cuva%C5%A1an_kel%27" title="Čuvašan kel' – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Čuvašan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Chuvash" title="Tiếng Chuvash – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Chuvash" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AF%AD" title="楚瓦什语 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="楚瓦什语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash-g%C3%AD" title="Chuvash-gí – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chuvash-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E6%96%87" title="楚瓦什文 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="楚瓦什文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33348#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project:上传" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E&oldid=80546393" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E&id=80546393&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%25A5%259A%25E7%2593%25A6%25E4%25BB%2580%25E8%25AA%259E"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%25A5%259A%25E7%2593%25A6%25E4%25BB%2580%25E8%25AA%259E"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chuvash_language" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikifunctions mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Z1510" hreflang="en"><span>Wikifunctions</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33348" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84078810">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">楚瓦什語</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="cv-Latn" title="楚瓦什语转写" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Çăvašla</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="cv">Чӑвашла</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">发音</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tɕəʋaʂˈla]</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">母语国家和地区</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><b>区域</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="楚瓦什共和国">楚瓦什共和国</a>及邻近地区</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">族群</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E4%BA%BA" title="楚瓦什人">楚瓦什人</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">母语使用人数</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%B3%BB%E5%B1%9E%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="语言系属分类">語系</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="突厥語系">突厥語系</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%8C%E5%8F%A4%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乌古尔语（页面不存在）">乌古尔语支（保加爾語支）</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><b>楚瓦什語</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">早期形式</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="保加尔语">保加尔语</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>楚瓦什語</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%94%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="西里尔字母">西里尔字母</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;;">官方地位</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="官方语言">作为官方语言</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄羅斯</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Chuvashia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Chuvashia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Chuvashia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Chuvashia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Chuvashia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Chuvashia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="320" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="楚瓦什共和国">楚瓦什共和国</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;;">語言代碼</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=cv">cv</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/chv" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:chv">chv</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/chv" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:chv">chv</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chuv1255">chuv1255</a></code><sup id="cite_ref-Glottolog_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#ddddff;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>本条目包含<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">国际音标</a>符号。</b>部分<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="操作系统">操作系统</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%A1%B5%E6%B5%8F%E8%A7%88%E5%99%A8" title="网页浏览器">浏览器</a>需要<a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E8%88%87%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="Help:特殊字母與符號">特殊字母与符号支持</a>才能正確显示，否则可能显示为<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%82%E7%A2%BC" title="亂碼">乱码</a>、问号、空格等其它符号。</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>楚瓦什語</b>（<span lang="cv">Чӑвашла</span>，<span lang="cv-Latn" title="楚瓦什语转写" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Çăvašla</span>）是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E4%BA%BA" title="楚瓦什人">楚瓦什人</a>使用的語言，屬於<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="突厥語系">突厥語系</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="保加爾語支（页面不存在）">保加爾語支</a>，而且是保加爾語支中僅有的還在使用中的語言。這種語言的人口都位於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯聯邦">俄羅斯聯邦</a>中部、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="乌拉尔山脉">烏拉爾山脈</a>以西的地方，包括有<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="楚瓦什共和国">楚瓦什共和国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%91%E9%9D%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="鞑靼斯坦共和国">鞑靼斯坦共和国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BB%80%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="巴什科尔托斯坦共和国">巴什科尔托斯坦共和国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="薩馬拉州">薩馬拉州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%80%AB%E5%A0%A1%E5%B7%9E" title="奧倫堡州">奧倫堡州</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%87%8C%E6%89%AC%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E5%B7%9E" title="乌里扬诺夫斯克州">乌里扬诺夫斯克州</a>等地。在楚瓦什共和国享有官方語言的地位。現時語言人口估計約200萬人。 </p><p>現時楚瓦什語的書寫系統採用<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E7%88%BE%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="西里爾字母">西里爾字母</a>，除了包括有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="俄語">俄語</a>的所有字母之外，還有四個額外的字母：<span lang="cv"><a href="/wiki/%D3%90" title="Ӑ">Ӑ</a></span>、<span lang="cv"><a href="/wiki/%D3%96" title="Ӗ">Ӗ</a></span>、<span lang="cv"><a href="/wiki/%D2%AA" title="Ҫ">Ҫ</a></span>、<span lang="cv"><a href="/wiki/%D3%B2" title="Ӳ">Ӳ</a></span>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>楚瓦什語是突厥語族中最獨特的一種語言，並不為其他兄弟語支的語言人口所聽得明白。由於它的父系語言是一種<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E7%88%BE%E5%8A%A0%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="伏爾加保加利亞">伏爾加保加利亞</a>人在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>時使用的語言，跟現代的突厥語族語言的差別太大，所以有時會被當作是一種直接從<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="原始突厥语">原始突厥語</a>承傳的語言。其他相關的語言，例如：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="匈奴語">匈奴語</a>等，都已經消亡。 </p><p>過往，學者並不把楚瓦什語歸入突厥語族，而認為它是一種<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E5%8C%96" title="突厥化">突厥化</a>了的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD-%E7%83%8F%E6%88%88%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="芬蘭-烏戈爾語族">芬蘭-烏戈爾語族</a>語言<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>現時楚瓦什語通行的地區除了楚瓦什共和國以外，還包括韃靼斯坦、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BB%80%E7%A7%91%E7%88%BE%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="巴什科爾托斯坦">巴什科爾托斯坦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="薩馬拉州">薩馬拉州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%87%8C%E6%89%AC%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E5%B7%9E" title="乌里扬诺夫斯克州">乌里扬诺夫斯克州</a>等地區，以及其他在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="乌拉尔山脉">烏拉爾山脈</a>、伏爾加河地區及西伯利亞的州、縣。在楚瓦什共和國，楚瓦什語和俄語都是官方語言。根據2002年的人口普查，使用楚瓦什語的人口大約有130萬人左右，比1989年時普查的184.2萬人為少；而所有楚瓦什語人口中，約有一半在楚瓦什共和國內，其餘的散居在其他地區。 </p><p>元音丰富，有字母<span lang="cv">ӐӖЁӲ</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="現代楚瓦什語字母"><span id=".E7.8F.BE.E4.BB.A3.E6.A5.9A.E7.93.A6.E4.BB.80.E8.AA.9E.E5.AD.97.E6.AF.8D"></span>現代楚瓦什語字母</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：現代楚瓦什語字母"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="margin:0.2em auto;padding:0;border:1px solid #ced8df;clear:both;width:36em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="30" style="background:#efefef;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">楚瓦什语</a>字母 </th></tr> <tr lang="cv"> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90" title="А">А</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90" title="А">а</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D3%90" title="Ӑ">Ӑ</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D3%90" title="Ӑ">ӑ</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91" title="Б">Б</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91" title="Б">б</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92" title="В">В</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92" title="В">в</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93" title="Г">Г</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93" title="Г">г</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94" title="Д">Д</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94" title="Д">д</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%95" title="Е">Е</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%95" title="Е">е</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%81" title="Ё">Ё</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%81" title="Ё">ё</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D3%96" title="Ӗ">Ӗ</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D3%96" title="Ӗ">ӗ</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%96" title="Ж">Ж</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%96" title="Ж">ж</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%97" title="З">З</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%97" title="З">з</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98" title="И">И</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98" title="И">и</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%99" title="Й">Й</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%99" title="Й">й</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A" title="К">К</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A" title="К">к</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B" title="Л">Л</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B" title="Л">л</a> </td></tr> <tr lang="cv"> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C" title="М">М</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C" title="М">м</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D" title="Н">Н</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D" title="Н">н</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E" title="О">О</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E" title="О">о</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F" title="П">П</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F" title="П">п</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0" title="Р">Р</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0" title="Р">р</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1" title="С">С</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1" title="С">с</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D2%AA" title="Ҫ">Ҫ</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D2%AA" title="Ҫ">ҫ</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2" title="Т">Т</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2" title="Т">т</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3" title="У">У</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3" title="У">у</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D3%B2" title="Ӳ">Ӳ</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D3%B2" title="Ӳ">ӳ</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4" title="Ф">Ф</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4" title="Ф">ф</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5" title="Х">Х</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5" title="Х">х</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6" title="Ц">Ц</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6" title="Ц">ц</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7" title="Ч">Ч</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7" title="Ч">ч</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8" title="Ш">Ш</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8" title="Ш">ш</a> </td></tr> <tr lang="cv"> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A9" title="Щ">Щ</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A9" title="Щ">щ</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AA" title="Ъ">Ъ</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AA" title="Ъ">ъ</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AB" title="Ы">Ы</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AB" title="Ы">ы</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AC" title="Ь">Ь</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AC" title="Ь">ь</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD" title="Э">Э</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD" title="Э">э</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AE" title="Ю">Ю</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AE" title="Ю">ю</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF" title="Я">Я</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF" title="Я">я</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>名稱 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">IPA</a> </th> <th>轉寫 </th> <th>備註 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90" title="А"><span class="nowrap">А а</span></a> </td> <td>а </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開前不圓唇元音">a</a>/</span> </td> <td>a </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="cv"><a href="/wiki/%D3%90" title="Ӑ"><span class="nowrap">Ӑ ӑ</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">ӑ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="中央元音">ə</a>/</span> </td> <td lang="cv-Latn">ă </td> <td>a' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91" title="Б"><span class="nowrap">Б б</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">бӑ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁雙唇塞音">b</a>/</span> </td> <td>b </td> <td>只用於俄語外來語 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%92" title="В"><span class="nowrap">В в</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">вӑ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齒近音">ʋ</a>/</span> </td> <td>v </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%93" title="Г"><span class="nowrap">Г г</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">гӑ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭塞音">ɡ</a>/</span> </td> <td>g </td> <td>只用於俄語外來語 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%94" title="Д"><span class="nowrap">Д д</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">дӑ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦塞音">d</a>/</span> </td> <td>d </td> <td>只用於俄語外來語 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%95" title="Е"><span class="nowrap">Е е</span></a> </td> <td>е </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開前不圓唇元音">ɛ</a>/</span> </td> <td>e </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%81" title="Ё"><span class="nowrap">Ё ё</span></a> </td> <td>ё </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭近音">j</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉後圓唇元音">o</a></span>/</span></span> or <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%8C%96" title="腭音化">ʲ</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉後圓唇元音">o</a></span>/</span></span> </td> <td>yo, jo </td> <td>只用於俄語外來語 </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="cv"><a href="/wiki/%D3%96" title="Ӗ"><span class="nowrap">Ӗ ӗ</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">ӗ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%A4%AE%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉央不圓唇元音">ɘ</a>/</span> </td> <td lang="cv-Latn">ĕ </td> <td>e' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%96" title="Ж"><span class="nowrap">Ж ж</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">жӑ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊卷舌擦音">ʐ</a>/</span> </td> <td>zh </td> <td>只用於俄語外來語 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%97" title="З"><span class="nowrap">З з</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">зӑ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦擦音">z</a>/</span> </td> <td>z </td> <td>只用於俄語外來語 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%98" title="И"><span class="nowrap">И и</span></a> </td> <td>и </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前不圓唇元音">i</a>/</span> </td> <td>i </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%99" title="Й"><span class="nowrap">Й й</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">йӑ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭近音">j</a>/</span> </td> <td>y, j </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A" title="К"><span class="nowrap">К к</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">кӑ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭塞音">k</a>/</span> </td> <td>k </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B" title="Л"><span class="nowrap">Л л</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">лӑ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈边近音">l</a>/</span> </td> <td>l </td> <td>l' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C" title="М"><span class="nowrap">М м</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">мӑ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇鼻音">m</a>/</span> </td> <td>m </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D" title="Н"><span class="nowrap">Н н</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">нӑ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦鼻音">n</a>/</span> </td> <td>n </td> <td>n' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E" title="О"><span class="nowrap">О о</span></a> </td> <td>о </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉後圓唇元音">o</a>/</span> </td> <td>o </td> <td>只用於俄語外來語 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F" title="П"><span class="nowrap">П п</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">пӑ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清雙唇塞音">p</a>/</span> </td> <td>p </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0" title="Р"><span class="nowrap">Р р</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">рӑ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦顫音">r</a>/</span> </td> <td>r </td> <td>r' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1" title="С"><span class="nowrap">С с</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">сӑ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦擦音">s</a>/</span> </td> <td>s </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="cv"><a href="/wiki/%D2%AA" title="Ҫ"><span class="nowrap">Ҫ ҫ</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">ҫӑ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%A6%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齦腭擦音">ɕ</a>/</span> </td> <td lang="cv-Latn">ś, ş </td> <td>s' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2" title="Т"><span class="nowrap">Т т</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">тӑ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦塞音">t</a>/</span> </td> <td>t </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3" title="У"><span class="nowrap">У у</span></a> </td> <td>у </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉後圓唇元音">u</a>/</span> </td> <td>u </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="cv"><a href="/wiki/%D3%B2" title="Ӳ"><span class="nowrap">Ӳ ӳ</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">ӳ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前圓唇元音">y</a>/</span> </td> <td lang="cv-Latn">ü </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4" title="Ф"><span class="nowrap">Ф ф</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">фӑ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清唇齒擦音">f</a>/</span> </td> <td>f </td> <td>只用於俄語外來語 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5" title="Х"><span class="nowrap">Х х</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">хӑ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清小舌擦音">χ</a>/</span> </td> <td>h </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6" title="Ц"><span class="nowrap">Ц ц</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">цӑ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦塞擦音">ts</a>/</span> </td> <td>ts, z </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7" title="Ч"><span class="nowrap">Ч ч</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">чӑ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%A6%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齦腭塞擦音">tɕ</a>/</span> </td> <td lang="cv-Latn">ç, c </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8" title="Ш"><span class="nowrap">Ш ш</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">шӑ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌擦音">ʂ</a>/</span> </td> <td lang="cv-Latn">ş, sh </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A9" title="Щ"><span class="nowrap">Щ щ</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">щӑ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%A6%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齦腭擦音">ɕː</a>/</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%A6%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齦腭擦音">ɕ</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%A6%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齦腭塞擦音">t͡ɕ</a></span>/</span> </td> <td lang="cv-Latn">ş, sh<br />şç, shch </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AA" title="Ъ"><span class="nowrap">Ъ ъ</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">хытӑлӑх палли </td> <td>– </td> <td>ʺ </td> <td>Placed after a consonant, acts as a "silent back vowel"; puts a distinct <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭近音">j</a>/</span> sound in front of the following <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iotation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iotation（页面不存在）">iotified</a> vowels with no <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palatalization_(phonetics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palatalization (phonetics)（页面不存在）">palatalization</a> of the preceding consonant </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AB" title="Ы"><span class="nowrap">Ы ы</span></a> </td> <td>ы </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉後不圓唇元音">ɯ</a>/</span> </td> <td lang="cv-Latn">ı, y </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AC" title="Ь"><span class="nowrap">Ь ь</span></a> </td> <td lang="cv">ҫемҫелӗх палли </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%8C%96" title="腭音化">ʲ</a>/</span> </td> <td>ʹ </td> <td>顎化，置於輔音後 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD" title="Э"><span class="nowrap">Э э</span></a> </td> <td>э </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉前不圓唇元音">e</a>/</span> </td> <td>e </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AE" title="Ю"><span class="nowrap">Ю ю</span></a> </td> <td>ю </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭近音">j</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉後圓唇元音">u</a></span>/</span></span> or <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʲ</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉後圓唇元音">u</a></span>/</span></span> </td> <td>yu, ju </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF" title="Я"><span class="nowrap">Я я</span></a> </td> <td>я </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭近音">j</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開前不圓唇元音">a</a></span>/</span> or <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%8C%96" title="腭音化">ʲ</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開前不圓唇元音">a</a></span>/</span></span> </td> <td>ya, ja </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>楚瓦什語有兩種方言： </p> <ol><li>上楚瓦什語 (Viryal)：特徵是語音中的<i>o</i>母音，例如，會把「城鎮」這個字讀成хола，及</li> <li>下楚瓦什語 (Anatri)：特徵是語音中的<i>u</i>母音，例如，會把「城鎮」這個字讀成хула。</li></ol> <p>楚瓦什語的書面語以下楚瓦什語為標準。楚瓦什語受到<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%A1%94%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="塔塔爾語">塔塔爾語</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="芬蘭語">芬蘭語</a>不少的影響，而它的詞庫裡亦兼有來自<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="俄語">俄語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="馬里語">馬里語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="蒙語">蒙語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯語">阿拉伯語</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="波斯語">波斯語</a>的詞語。 </p><p>楚瓦什語最早期的文字紀錄採用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="古突厥文">古突厥文</a>，不過當<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E7%88%BE%E5%8A%A0%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="伏爾加保加利亞">伏爾加保加利亞</a>人歸信伊斯蘭教之後不再使用。後來，文字紀錄改為使用<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="阿拉伯字母">阿拉伯字母</a>紀錄，但到<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="蒙古帝國">蒙古帝國</a>西征<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>時消失。現時楚瓦什語所使用的斯拉夫字母文字，相傳是由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E5%87%A1%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊凡·雅科夫列夫（页面不存在）">伊凡·雅科夫列夫</a>於1871年(一說1873年)所創製。1938年，這套字母曾作過重大修改，成為現在的式樣。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="楚瓦什語歷史"><span id=".E6.A5.9A.E7.93.A6.E4.BB.80.E8.AA.9E.E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>楚瓦什語歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：楚瓦什語歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在歷史上，楚瓦什語可以按時期為為四個階段，分別為：匈奴時期（亦作「前保加爾人時期」）、保加爾人時期、中保加爾人時期及新保加爾人時期，即今日的楚瓦什語。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="匈奴時期"><span id=".E5.8C.88.E5.A5.B4.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F"></span>匈奴時期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：匈奴時期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="匈人语">匈人語</a></div> <p>匈奴時期大約是公元前1世紀到公元後3世紀之間，當時匈奴語及其他前<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="突厥語">突厥語</a>同時存在。在這時間，匈奴人開始與其他突厥民族方離，開始往西南方遷徙。到了4世紀中葉，匈奴人已開始在今日的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="哈薩克斯坦">哈薩克斯坦</a>定居。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古保加爾人時期"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E4.BF.9D.E5.8A.A0.E7.88.BE.E4.BA.BA.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F"></span>古保加爾人時期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：古保加爾人時期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>古<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="保加尔人">保加爾人</a>時斯大約在公元4世紀到8世紀。在這段時期，保加爾人與其他民族仍然是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="匈奴">匈奴</a>的一份子。布加爾人往西南方的遷移持續，造成<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%90%A8%E4%BA%BA" title="可萨人">可薩人</a>與布加爾人的分離。在這時，保加爾人有部份移居至<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E5%B9%B9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="巴爾幹半島">巴爾幹半島</a>，亦有部份留在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E7%88%BE%E5%8A%A0%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="伏爾加河">伏爾加河</a>流域。這部份留在伏爾加河流域的人就是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E4%BA%BA" title="楚瓦什人">楚瓦什人</a>的祖先，他們的語言與匈奴語仍然很相似。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中布加爾人時期"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.B8.83.E5.8A.A0.E7.88.BE.E4.BA.BA.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F"></span>中布加爾人時期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：中布加爾人時期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="新布加爾人時期"><span id=".E6.96.B0.E5.B8.83.E5.8A.A0.E7.88.BE.E4.BA.BA.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F"></span>新布加爾人時期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：新布加爾人時期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="楚瓦什語在突厥語族中的地位"><span id=".E6.A5.9A.E7.93.A6.E4.BB.80.E8.AA.9E.E5.9C.A8.E7.AA.81.E5.8E.A5.E8.AA.9E.E6.97.8F.E4.B8.AD.E7.9A.84.E5.9C.B0.E4.BD.8D"></span>楚瓦什語在突厥語族中的地位</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：楚瓦什語在突厥語族中的地位"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文字編碼"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.97.E7.B7.A8.E7.A2.BC"></span>文字編碼</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：文字編碼"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>除了一般俄語使用的編碼以外，楚瓦什語還需要以下四對字母作記錄： </p> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" frame="box" width="75%" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="12%"><tt><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母">拉丁字母</a></tt></th> <th width="20%"><tt><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a></tt></th> <th width="20%"><tt>Latin 1+A</tt></th> <th width="15%"><tt><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></tt></th> <th width="15%"><tt><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></tt></th> <th width="10%"><tt><a href="/w/index.php?title=CP1251&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CP1251（页面不存在）">CP1251</a>(чув.)</tt></th> <th width="10%"><tt><a href="/w/index.php?title=CP866&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CP866（页面不存在）">CP866</a>(чув.)</tt> </th></tr> <tr> <th><tt>Ӑӑ</tt></th> <th><tt>&#1232; &#1233;</tt></th> <th><tt>&#258; &#259;</tt></th> <th><tt>4D0 4D1</tt></th> <th><tt>D3.90 D3.91 </tt></th> <th><tt>8C 9C</tt></th> <th><tt>F2 F3</tt> </th></tr> <tr> <th><tt>Ӗӗ</tt></th> <th><tt>&#1238; &#1239;</tt></th> <th><tt>&#276; &#277;</tt></th> <th><tt>4D6 4D7</tt></th> <th><tt>D3.96 D3.97</tt></th> <th><tt>8D 9D</tt></th> <th><tt>F4 F5</tt> </th></tr> <tr> <th><tt>Ҫҫ</tt></th> <th><tt>&#1194; &#1195;</tt></th> <th><tt>&#199; &#231;</tt></th> <th><tt>4AA 4AB</tt></th> <th><tt>D2.AA D2.AB</tt></th> <th><tt>8E 9E</tt></th> <th><tt>F6 F7</tt> </th></tr> <tr> <th><tt>Ӳӳ</tt></th> <th><tt>&#1266; &#1267;</tt></th> <th><tt>&#376; &#255;</tt></th> <th><tt>4F2 4F3</tt></th> <th><tt>D3.B2 D3.B3</tt></th> <th><tt>8F 9F</tt></th> <th><tt>F8 F9</tt> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>由於這四對字母未必在所有系統都能正確顯示，所以第1欄的拉丁字母正好派上用場，以方便在其他不支援楚瓦什語文字的系統上，亦能正確傳達意思；儘管有語言學家對這種「借用」拉丁字母來表示西里爾字母的做法不表認同。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="楚瓦什語語法"><span id=".E6.A5.9A.E7.93.A6.E4.BB.80.E8.AA.9E.E8.AA.9E.E6.B3.95"></span>楚瓦什語語法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：楚瓦什語語法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="楚瓦什語語法（页面不存在）">楚瓦什語語法</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="詞序"><span id=".E8.A9.9E.E5.BA.8F"></span>詞序</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：詞序"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>楚瓦什語的詞序一般都是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%AE%BE%E8%B0%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="主宾谓结构">主賓謂結構</a>(SOV)，跟<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="日語">日語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="土耳其語">土耳其語</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>一樣，但與現代<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="英語">英語</a>不同。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="土耳其語">土耳其語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="俄語">俄語</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：註釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol4/pub-04-05.pdf">俄罗斯联邦各语言人口</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. gks.ru. 俄罗斯统计局. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2017年11月1日]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191210000012/https://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol4/pub-04-05.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2019年12月10日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%90%84%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gks.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Ffree_doc%2Fnew_site%2Fperepis2010%2Fcroc%2FDocuments%2FVol4%2Fpub-04-05.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90009">[1]</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20181225063313/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90009">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Ethnologue"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glottolog-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glottolog_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chuv1255">Chuvash</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 2.7</a>. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=Chuvash&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.btitle=Glottolog+2.7&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=Jena&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fchuv1255&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">見《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="大英百科全书">大英百科全書</a>》(英文版，1997年版本)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">维基百科提供如下语言版本：<b><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="cv:">楚瓦什语維基百科</a></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.peoples.org.ru/chuvash.html">http://www.peoples.org.ru/chuvash.html</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200430225134/http://www.peoples.org.ru/chuvash.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.krugosvet.ru/articles/80/1008077/1008077a1.htm">http://www.krugosvet.ru/articles/80/1008077/1008077a1.htm</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080622154118/http://www.krugosvet.ru/articles/80/1008077/1008077a1.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%90%89%E8%AF%AD" title="哈拉吉语">哈拉吉语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E9%80%BB%E7%A6%84%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="葛逻禄语支">葛逻禄语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="维吾尔语">维吾尔语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="维吾尔语方言">中心方言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="维吾尔语方言">和田方言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%B8%83%E8%AF%9D" title="罗布话">罗布话</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%AD%9C%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="乌孜别克语">乌孜别克语</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="南乌兹别克语">南</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="北乌兹别克语">北</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%8A%AA%E8%AF%AD" title="艾努语">艾努语</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="土尔克语">伊犁土尔克语</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li>已消亡 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E8%AF%AD" title="喀喇汗语">喀喇汗語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%89%8C%E5%AD%90%E6%A8%A1%E8%AA%9E_(%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E)" title="花剌子模語 (突厥語)">花剌子模突厥語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%9F%E5%90%88%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E" title="察合台語">察合台語</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A6%E5%AF%9F%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="钦察语支">欽察語支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%90%E5%A4%A7%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F" title="東歐大草原">旁狄-裏海</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E9%9F%83%E9%9D%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="克里米亞韃靼語">克里米亞韃靼語</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E6%81%B0%E4%BC%8A-%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="卡拉恰伊-巴尔卡尔语">卡拉恰伊-巴尔卡尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%8A%E5%A7%86%E8%AA%9E" title="卡拉伊姆語">卡拉伊姆語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A7%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="克里姆查克语">克里木察克語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="庫梅克語">庫梅克語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E5%A7%86%E8%AF%AD" title="乌鲁姆语">乌鲁姆语</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li>已消亡 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A6%E5%AF%9F%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="钦察语支">欽察語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E6%AC%BD%E5%AF%9F%E8%AA%9E" title="亞美尼亞欽察語">亞美尼亞-欽察語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%9C%A8%E8%B7%AF%E5%85%8B-%E6%AC%BD%E5%AF%9F%E8%AA%9E" title="馬木路克-欽察語">馬木路克-欽察語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="庫曼語">庫曼語</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%B9%E6%B5%B7" title="鹹海">鹹海</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%8F%E6%B5%B7" title="裏海">裏海</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%95%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="卡拉卡尔帕克语">卡拉卡尔帕克语</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="哈萨克语">哈萨克语</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B%E5%AD%9C%E8%AF%AD" title="柯尔克孜语">柯尔克孜语</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%93%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="諾蓋語">諾蓋語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%9E%91%E9%9D%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="西伯利亚鞑靼语">西伯利亞韃靼語</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴拉巴語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Baraba language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴拉巴語（页面不存在）">巴拉巴語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraba_language" class="extiw" title="en:Baraba language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Baraba language</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E6%B3%B0%E8%AA%9E" title="阿爾泰語">阿爾泰語</a></li> <li>已消亡 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E7%88%BE%E5%B9%B2%E7%B4%8D-%E6%AC%BD%E5%AF%9F%E8%AA%9E" title="費爾干納-欽察語">費爾干納-欽察語</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="乌拉尔山脉">乌拉尔</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%8F%E6%B5%B7" title="裏海">裏海</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BB%80%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="巴什基尔语">巴什基尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%91%E9%9D%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="鞑靼语">鞑靼语</a></li> <li>已消亡 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%9F%83%E9%9D%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="古韃靼語">古韃靼語</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="烏古斯語支">烏古斯語支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A4%AB%E6%B2%99%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" title="阿夫沙爾語">阿夫沙爾語</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%96%86%E8%AF%AD" title="阿塞拜疆语">阿塞拜疆语</a></b> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="薩爾楚克語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Salchuq language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E6%A5%9A%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薩爾楚克語（页面不存在）">薩爾楚克語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salchuq_language" class="extiw" title="en:Salchuq language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Salchuq language</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="恰哈瑪哈勒突厥語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chaharmahali Turkic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%B0%E5%93%88%E7%91%AA%E5%93%88%E5%8B%92%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恰哈瑪哈勒突厥語（页面不存在）">恰哈瑪哈勒突厥語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaharmahali_Turkic" class="extiw" title="en:Chaharmahali Turkic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chaharmahali Turkic</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%91%8A%E8%8C%B2%E8%AA%9E" title="加告茲語">加告茲語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E7%BE%85%E7%8F%8A%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="呼羅珊突厥語">呼羅珊突厥語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E4%BB%80%E5%8A%A0%E8%AA%9E" title="卡什加語">卡什加語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="魯米利亞突厥語">魯米利亞突厥語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="撒拉语">撒拉语</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="土耳其语">土耳其语</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="土库曼语">土库曼语</a></b></li> <li>已消亡 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E5%88%87%E6%B6%85%E6%A0%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="佩切涅格語">佩切涅格語</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="舊安那托利亞土耳其語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Old Anatolian Turkish"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%8A%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E6%89%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="舊安那托利亞土耳其語（页面不存在）">舊安那托利亞土耳其語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Anatolian_Turkish" class="extiw" title="en:Old Anatolian Turkish"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Old Anatolian Turkish</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿傑姆突厥語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ajem-Turkic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%82%91%E5%A7%86%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿傑姆突厥語（页面不存在）">阿傑姆突厥語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajem-Turkic" class="extiw" title="en:Ajem-Turkic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ajem-Turkic</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="奥斯曼土耳其语">奥斯曼土耳其语</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="西伯利亞語支">西伯利亞語支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E5%88%A9%E5%A7%86%E8%AA%9E" title="楚利姆語">楚利姆語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B2%E8%AF%AD" title="多尔干语">多尔干语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E8%A3%95%E6%9F%AF%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B%E5%AD%9C%E8%AF%AD" title="富裕柯尔克孜语">富裕柯尔克孜语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="哈卡斯语">哈卡斯语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%B5%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" title="邵爾語">邵爾語</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="索尤特語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Soyot-Tsaatan language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%A4%E7%89%B9%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="索尤特語（页面不存在）">索尤特語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyot-Tsaatan_language" class="extiw" title="en:Soyot-Tsaatan language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Soyot-Tsaatan language</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" title="托法語">托法語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E7%93%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="图瓦语">图瓦语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E7%BA%A5%E4%B9%8C%E6%A2%81%E6%B5%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="回纥乌梁海语">圖哈語</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%BA%93%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="雅库特语">雅库特语</a>（萨哈语）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A8%E8%A3%95%E5%9B%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="西部裕固语">西部裕固语</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li>已消亡 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%84%82%E5%B0%94%E6%B5%91%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="鄂尔浑突厥语">鄂爾渾突厥语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="古代突厥語">古代突厥語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E9%B9%98%E8%AF%AD" title="回鹘语">回鹘语</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%8F%A4%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="乌古尔语支">乌古尔语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">楚瓦什語</a></li> <li>已消亡 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="保加尔语">保加尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%96%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="可薩語">可薩語</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E8%AF%AD" title="混合语">混合语</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>2</small></sup></span> 分類爭議</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="俄羅斯聯邦語言（英语：-&#123;Languages_of_Russia&#125;-）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="Template:俄羅斯語言"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="Template talk:俄羅斯語言"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:俄羅斯語言"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="俄羅斯聯邦語言（英语：-&#123;Languages_of_Russia&#125;-）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄羅斯聯邦</a><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="俄羅斯語言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Languages of Russia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="俄羅斯語言（页面不存在）">語言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" class="extiw" title="en:Languages of Russia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Languages of Russia</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">聯邦<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E" title="通用語">通用語</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD" title="俄语">俄语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%BD%93" title="俄罗斯联邦主体">聯邦主体</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="官方语言">官方语言</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B7%B4%E6%89%8E%E8%AF%AD" title="阿巴扎语">阿巴扎语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BF%AA%E6%A0%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="阿迪格語">阿迪格語</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿古爾語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aghul language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%8F%A4%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿古爾語（页面不存在）">阿古爾語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghul_language" class="extiw" title="en:Aghul language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aghul language</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E6%B3%B0%E8%AA%9E" title="阿爾泰語">阿爾泰語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="阿瓦尔语">阿瓦尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%96%86%E8%AF%AD" title="阿塞拜疆语">阿塞拜疆语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BB%80%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="巴什基尔语">巴什基尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E7%89%B9%E8%AA%9E" title="布里亞特語">布里亞特語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8A%E8%87%A3%E8%AA%9E" title="車臣語">車臣語</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">楚瓦什語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E9%9F%83%E9%9D%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="克里米亞韃靼語">克里米亞韃靼語</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="達爾格瓦語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dargwa language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%A0%BC%E7%93%A6%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="達爾格瓦語（页面不存在）">達爾格瓦語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargwa_language" class="extiw" title="en:Dargwa language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dargwa language</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E" title="印古什語">印古什語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%AD" title="卡巴尔达语">卡巴尔达语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E8%A1%9B%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E8%AA%9E" title="卡爾梅克衛拉特語">卡爾梅克衛拉特語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E6%81%B0%E4%BC%8A-%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="卡拉恰伊-巴尔卡尔语">卡拉恰伊-巴尔卡尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="哈卡斯语">哈卡斯语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%B1%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="科米語">科米語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="庫梅克語">庫梅克語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="拉克語">拉克語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E8%8C%B2%E9%87%91%E8%AA%9E" title="列茲金語">列茲金語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="马里语">马里语</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%9C%B0%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C%E8%AA%9E" title="山地馬里語">山地馬里語</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C%E8%AA%9E" title="草原馬里語">草原馬里語</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="莫爾多瓦語支">莫爾多瓦語支</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E9%BD%90%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="埃尔齐亚语">埃尔齐亚语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%B2%99%E8%AA%9E" title="莫克沙語">莫克沙語</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E7%89%B9%E8%AA%9E_(%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2)" title="塔特語 (高加索)">塔特語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%91%E9%9D%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="鞑靼语">鞑靼语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="查庫爾語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tsakhur language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E5%BA%AB%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="查庫爾語（页面不存在）">查庫爾語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsakhur_language" class="extiw" title="en:Tsakhur language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tsakhur language</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E7%93%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="图瓦语">图瓦语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="乌克兰语">乌克兰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%BE%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="乌德穆尔特语">乌德穆尔特语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">聯邦內官方认定的語言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%A5%87%E8%AF%AD" title="楚科奇语">楚科奇语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B2%E8%AF%AD" title="多尔干语">多尔干语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%84%82%E6%BA%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="鄂溫語">鄂溫語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%84%82%E6%B8%A9%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="鄂温克语">鄂温克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="芬兰语">芬兰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%B4%AF%E5%88%A9%E9%98%BF%E8%AA%9E" title="卡累利阿語">卡累利阿語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="哈萨克语">哈萨克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E7%89%B9%E8%AA%9E" title="漢特語">漢特語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%B0%94%E5%A7%86%E7%A7%91%E7%B1%B3%E8%AF%AD" title="彼尔姆科米语">彼尔姆科米语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E8%A5%BF%E8%AA%9E" title="曼西語">曼西語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%B6%85%E8%8C%A8%E8%AA%9E" title="涅涅茨語">涅涅茨語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9D%E7%88%BE%E5%BA%AB%E6%99%AE%E8%AA%9E" title="謝爾庫普語">謝爾庫普語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="维普斯语">维普斯语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%8D%A1%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="尤卡吉尔语系">尤卡吉尔语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%BB%E5%8E%9F%E5%B0%A4%E5%8D%A1%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="冻原尤卡吉尔语">冻原尤卡吉尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%9B%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%A4%E5%8D%A1%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="科雷马尤卡吉尔语">科雷马尤卡吉尔语</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">文字</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%94%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="西里尔字母">西里尔字母</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AA%9E%E7%9B%B2%E6%96%87" title="俄語盲文">西里爾盲文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母">拉丁字母</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="蒙古語文字">蒙古語文字</a>（<small><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%A0%B9%E8%BE%BE%E6%8B%89%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="瓦根达拉字母">布里亚特字母</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%BF%92%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="托忒字母">卡尔梅克字母</a></small>）<sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><sup>1</sup>俄罗斯官方规定任何语言原则上必须拥有西里尔字母文法。<sup>2</sup>对于其他非西里尔字母的语言，则按其他联邦法律允许有限使用。</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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