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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cueva_de_Las_Ventanas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Cueva de Las Ventanas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cueva_de_Las_Ventanas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Site_History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Site_History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Site History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Site_History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cueva_de_las_Ventanas_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cueva_de_las_Ventanas_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cueva de las Ventanas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cueva_de_las_Ventanas_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cueva de las Ventanas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cueva_de_las_Ventanas_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Room_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Room_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Room 1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Room_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Room_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Room_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Room 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Room_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Room_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Room_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Room 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Room_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Room_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Room_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Room 4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Room_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Room_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Room_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Room 5</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Room_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Room_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Room_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Room 6</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Room_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rooms_7_and_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rooms_7_and_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Rooms 7 and 8</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rooms_7_and_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rooms_9_and_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rooms_9_and_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Rooms 9 and 10</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rooms_9_and_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Room_11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Room_11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Room 11</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Room_11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Room_12" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Room_12"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Room 12</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Room_12-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rooms_13_and_14" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rooms_13_and_14"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Rooms 13 and 14</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rooms_13_and_14-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Куарэнта-Касас – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Куарэнта-Касас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarenta_Casas" title="Cuarenta Casas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cuarenta Casas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarenta_Casas" title="Cuarenta Casas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuarenta Casas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Куарента-Касас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Куарента-Касас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1142826#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cuarenta_Casas&params=29_33_12.60_N_108_10_09.30_W_region:MX-CHH_type:landmark_dim:20"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">29°33′12.60″N</span> <span class="longitude">108°10′09.30″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">29.5535000°N 108.1692500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">29.5535000; -108.1692500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeological site in the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Cuarenta Casas</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arq40Casas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Arq40Casas.png/300px-Arq40Casas.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Arq40Casas.png/450px-Arq40Casas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Arq40Casas.png/600px-Arq40Casas.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="571" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cuarenta Casas archaeological site</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes_Municipality" title="Casas Grandes Municipality">Casas Grandes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cuarenta_Casas&params=29_33_12.60_N_108_10_09.30_W_region:MX-CHH_type:landmark_dim:20"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">29°33′12.60″N</span> <span class="longitude">108°10′09.30″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">29.5535000°N 108.1692500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">29.5535000; -108.1692500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">Around 600 CE. (Paquimé Culture)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">Around 1350 CE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gobiernodigital.inah.gob.mx/ZonasArqueologicas/todas/htme/za00501.html#">Las Cuarenta Casas, Pagina Web INAH</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cuarenta Casas</b> <i>(literally "40 houses")</i> is an archaeological site in the northern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>. Construction of the site is attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon culture</a>. </p><p>Located in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallecito,_Chihuahua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vallecito, Chihuahua (page does not exist)">Vallecito</a> in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Casas Grandes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, Forty Houses is believed to be the southernmost site related to the period of Mogollon influence. The site consists of a series of <a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">cliff dwellings</a> built in natural caves in the cliffs of Huapoca Canyon. The best known is the <i>Cueva de las Ventanas</i> (Cave of the Windows). Early Spanish explorers named the site Cuarenta Casas (<i>forty houses</i>) based on their speculation of the total number of structures. The area consists of five main cave communities: Cueva del Puente, Cueva de la Serpiente, Nido del Aguila and Cueva Grande. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Zone">The Zone</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The Zone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hohokam,_Ancestral_Pueblo,_and_Mogollon_cultures_circa_1350_CE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hohokam%2C_Ancestral_Pueblo%2C_and_Mogollon_cultures_circa_1350_CE.png/300px-Hohokam%2C_Ancestral_Pueblo%2C_and_Mogollon_cultures_circa_1350_CE.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hohokam%2C_Ancestral_Pueblo%2C_and_Mogollon_cultures_circa_1350_CE.png/450px-Hohokam%2C_Ancestral_Pueblo%2C_and_Mogollon_cultures_circa_1350_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hohokam%2C_Ancestral_Pueblo%2C_and_Mogollon_cultures_circa_1350_CE.png/600px-Hohokam%2C_Ancestral_Pueblo%2C_and_Mogollon_cultures_circa_1350_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Map of major Oasisamerican cultures, circa 1350 CE</figcaption></figure> <p>The zone is located 45 kilometers north of the <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Madera,_Chihuahua" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciudad Madera, Chihuahua">Maderas</a> Municipality, in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Occidental" title="Sierra Madre Occidental">Sierra Madre Occidental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, and some 250 kilometers northwest of <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua,_Chihuahua" class="mw-redirect" title="Chihuahua, Chihuahua">Chihuahua City</a>. There are five Paquimé Culture archaeological sites in this area, accessible from the Madera municipality,<sup id="cite_ref-Aventuras_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aventuras-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Huápoca"><span id="Hu.C3.A1poca"></span>Huápoca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Huápoca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Located 36 kilometers west of Madera, by a dirt road. The Ancestral Pueblo caves consist of the Serpent and the Eagle Nest caves. They are considered the most impressive built on cliffs. Have complete structures.<sup id="cite_ref-Aventuras_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aventuras-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are wonderful views of the Huapoca Canyon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cueva_de_la_Serpiente">Cueva de la Serpiente</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cueva de la Serpiente"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has 14 adobe houses, over 1,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Aventuras_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aventuras-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nido_del_águila"><span id="Nido_del_.C3.A1guila"></span>Nido del águila</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nido del águila"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It only has one house, built on the edge of a sheer cliff under a rocky overhang, provides a meaning to its name.<sup id="cite_ref-Aventuras_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aventuras-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cueva_Grande">Cueva Grande</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cueva Grande"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Located 66 kilometers west of Madera, on a dirt road. Cueva Grande hides within convoluted land and behind branches of trees. The mouth of the cave is obscured by a waterfall from the top of the cave to a stream.<sup id="cite_ref-Aventuras_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aventuras-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two, double-story houses (800 years old) that are good examples of the native construction techniques. There is also a round grain storage area behind the structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Aventuras_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aventuras-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_Ranchería"><span id="La_Rancher.C3.ADa"></span>La Ranchería</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: La Ranchería"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cave complex, 50 kilometers south of Madera. Has an extended archaeological remain area at the base of the Sirupa canyon.<sup id="cite_ref-Aventuras_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aventuras-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cueva_del_Puente">Cueva del Puente</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cueva del Puente"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>45 kilometers north of Madera </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cueva_de_Las_Ventanas">Cueva de Las Ventanas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cueva de Las Ventanas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early 16th century, explorer <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a> wrote, "And here by the side of the mountain, we forged our way inland more than 50 leagues and there found forty houses (cuarenta casas)."<sup id="cite_ref-Aventuras_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aventuras-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Site_History">Site History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Site History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:40Casas2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/40Casas2.jpg/220px-40Casas2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/40Casas2.jpg/330px-40Casas2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/40Casas2.jpg/440px-40Casas2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4756" data-file-height="3162" /></a><figcaption>The rock wall of the canyon, the <i>Cueva de las Ventanas</i> <a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">cliff dwelling</a> is located left of center above a debris-covered cone.</figcaption></figure> <p>The current inhabitation of Chihuahua probably initiated throughout the Western Mountain Range (Sierra Madre Occidental), when native hunter-gatherer groups moved from the north looking for areas with abundant edible plants. One of those groups produced the first known evidences in the "Cueva de las Ventanas", when they still lacked the constructions we now see. As these settlers dominated agricultural techniques, gradually began occupying the margins of the rivers and originated the Paquimé culture, neighboring what today is known as Casas Grandes, Chihuahua.<sup id="cite_ref-INAH_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INAH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cuarentas Casas construction occurred during the height of <a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquimé (Casas Grandes)</a> (1205-1260 CE), a period corresponding to the late <a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon culture</a> period. Cuarentas Casas was a refuge site,<sup id="cite_ref-cave_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cave-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar to others at the <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier</a> sites. The buildings share the typical T-shaped doorways of their northern neighbors and are constructed from <a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">adobe</a> and rock with pine logs beams.<sup id="cite_ref-INAH_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INAH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible that Cuarenta Casas was a garrison that protected allied groups in the region, in addition to safekeeping commercial routes. It settlers farmed maize and pumpkin, their nourishment was supplemented with hunting of small species (rabbits) and harvesting of eatable wild plants like acorns, yucca seeds and maguey leaves. This was confirmed by remains found in archaeological excavations. The Paquimé regional center must have had frequent problems with hostile neighboring groups, which explains the presence of many surveillance points in extensive areas. Besieged by those groups or perhaps by internal problems, the settlement decayed, was abandoned and some of its inhabitants emigrated.<sup id="cite_ref-INAH_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INAH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constructions date back to that period; at that time the zone was a meeting point for native traders of the Paquimé group communicating with the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a> coasts, and to other cultural centers to the north such as Mesa Verde in Colorado and Chaco Canyon in New Mexico. The routes to the Pacific followed the Piedras Verdes River to the south and connected with the rivers that flow to the Pacific by way of smaller arroyos and canyons. Among these is the Huapoca Canyon to the west of the town of Madera. The Huapoca Canyon is not among the deepest of the Sierra Tarahumara but it possesses the most archaeological interest.<sup id="cite_ref-Aventuras_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aventuras-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reasons why the settlement decayed, at 1340 CE are not known. At the Paquimé fall as social and cultural center, the commercial routes disappeared, the guardians left their posts and many settlements throughout the route were abandoned. Occasionally "Cueva de las Ventanas" was briefly occupied mainly with ceremonial purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-INAH_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INAH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 1520, the caves still were inhabited by native groups, hence it was possible to obtain information about their way of life, the natives named themselves "Jovas" or <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1hita" title="Cáhita">Cáhitas</a>, and with that name they also referred to a group or larger family. This ethnic group is now considered extinct. </p><p>The latest occupation of Cuarenta Casas occurred during the Paquimé apogee (1205 to 1260 CE); this period corresponds to the late period of Paquimé culture.<sup id="cite_ref-INAH_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INAH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Site">The Site</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:40Casas5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/40Casas5.jpg/220px-40Casas5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/40Casas5.jpg/330px-40Casas5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/40Casas5.jpg/440px-40Casas5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4822" data-file-height="3140" /></a><figcaption>Typical T-shaped doorway</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:40Casas3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/40Casas3.jpg/220px-40Casas3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/40Casas3.jpg/330px-40Casas3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/40Casas3.jpg/440px-40Casas3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4782" data-file-height="3206" /></a><figcaption>The large building in the <i>Cueva de las Ventanas</i> with Room 5 in the background.</figcaption></figure> <p>Of the cave complex, the only area partially restored is the "Cueva de las Ventanas". It is a small archaeological site constructed with strong walls of poured adobe, with small "T" doors, characterizing the region pre-Hispanic architecture. It is a two-story structure of which only the ground floor rooms can be visited, these are distributed such that space was maximized within the space available in the cave.<sup id="cite_ref-INAH_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INAH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cueva_de_las_Ventanas_2">Cueva de las Ventanas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cueva de las Ventanas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost all rooms had stuccoed floors and furnaces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Room_1">Room 1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Room 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is almost totally destroyed and was placed towards the cave slope.<sup id="cite_ref-INAH_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INAH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Room_2">Room 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Room 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On its higher section, a watchtower was constructed; it has a large number of small windows. It was equipped with a small drain channel and a urinal, the only ones found at the site. It is suspected it was used particularly during the crude winters of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-INAH_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INAH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Room_3">Room 3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Room 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is a large room, by its characteristics it must have been an area where most daily activities took place. Because of a sidewalk carved on the rock it is believed to have been used for certain ceremonies, as was done in the <a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">kivas</a>, by southwestern US natives, from prehispanic times. This site has relevant similarities with sites of that region.<sup id="cite_ref-INAH_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INAH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The room is partially roofed with pine beams and displays remains of windows that would perhaps complement those of the watchtower. Vestiges of a normal size door was found, all others are a meter of high. In this enclosure and almost in all other, the remains of strong floors with well finished stucco can be seen.<sup id="cite_ref-INAH_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INAH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Room_4">Room 4</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Room 4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is almost totally destroyed, it lacks ceiling, and remaining walls indicate that its size was larger than others in the cave's back, with similar functions to those of Room 3.<sup id="cite_ref-INAH_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INAH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Room_5">Room 5</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Room 5"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Its layout is irregular and it was built over a large rock. From old photographs of the site, it is known that its interior had an oval-shaped barn, with a kind of woven grass cover. Its overall height was two meters, currently, it is totally destroyed and it is only possible to see remains of the walls in the floor; these were reinforced with dry woven grass and covered with mud. Other similar barns have been found in like sites of the "Sierra Madre Occidental".<sup id="cite_ref-INAH_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INAH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Room_6">Room 6</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Room 6"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The remaining rooms were built at the end of the cave, embedded in the rocky wall and it is believed were housing units. </p><p>Number 6 is in the south side and still has its ceiling pine wood beams in good conditions. Being adjacent to rooms 3 and 7 it is very dark and cold.<sup id="cite_ref-INAH_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INAH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rooms_7_and_8">Rooms 7 and 8</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rooms 7 and 8"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Number 7 is similar to the previous one, does not have any distinguishing characteristics. Number 8 lacks a ceiling and has access to a small area that perhaps was used as an internal patio. Perhaps it was used to manufacture arrows, as a required complementary activity. Several stone tools were found, of the type used to carve and smooth the wooden materials used to make projectiles.<sup id="cite_ref-INAH_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INAH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rooms_9_and_10">Rooms 9 and 10</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Rooms 9 and 10"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both are deteriorated and 10 were probably propped up by the last inhabitants. Vestiges of small stoves were found as well as compacted earth steps that lead to the long enclosures that are to the front.<sup id="cite_ref-INAH_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INAH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Room_11">Room 11</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Room 11"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Basically it is similar to the previous, but for some reason native groups of similar cultures to the constructors, visited it and painted zoomorphic designs on its walls; these are streamlined figures that represent elongated birds, the beak is apparent. It is possible that these artists were the original inhabitants, which returned to celebrate some type of ritual that could not be made elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-INAH_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INAH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Room_12">Room 12</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Room 12"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An individual burial was found, perhaps a local leader, it was placed in the small space between the wall and the rock of the cave. It had a small maize offering, one ceramic pot and a leather bag with <a href="/wiki/Pinole" title="Pinole">pinole</a>, used by pre-Hispanic people of Mexico. The burial also contained, semiprecious stones, possibly currency to ensure his entrance to the underworld. The man was shrouded in a mortuary bed roll (<a href="/wiki/Petate" title="Petate">Petate</a>) similar those depicted in some of the pre-Hispanic codices.<sup id="cite_ref-INAH_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INAH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rooms_13_and_14">Rooms 13 and 14</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Rooms 13 and 14"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Number 13 is very deteriorated and perhaps had large dimensions. </p><p>Number 14 is smaller and isolated, was constructed at the rocky bottom and because of its small dimensions it could only be used to sleep, as well as to temporarily isolate people, as per inhabitants beliefs, and as was done with young girls at the time of their first menstruation. This custom was practiced by native groups of the area, even in current times.<sup id="cite_ref-INAH_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INAH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From this room it is possible to see the floors of the second floor rooms, although deteriorated, clay molded forms can be seen near the center of each floor; these are of rectangular shape and not too high, perhaps stoves used in the site.<sup id="cite_ref-INAH_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INAH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Aventuras-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aventuras_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aventuras_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aventuras_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aventuras_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aventuras_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aventuras_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aventuras_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aventuras_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aventuras_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.great-adventures.com/destinations/mexico/huapoca.html">"Cave Dwellings of the Huapoca Canyon"</a>. Adventures Great and Small<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cave+Dwellings+of+the+Huapoca+Canyon&rft.pub=Adventures+Great+and+Small&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.great-adventures.com%2Fdestinations%2Fmexico%2Fhuapoca.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuarenta+Casas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INAH-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-INAH_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INAH_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INAH_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INAH_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INAH_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INAH_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INAH_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INAH_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INAH_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INAH_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INAH_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INAH_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INAH_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INAH_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INAH_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INAH_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INAH_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INAH_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INAH_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuevara_Sánchez1986" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guevara Sánchez, Arturo (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216020156/http://www.gobiernodigital.inah.gob.mx/ZonasArqueologicas/todas/htme/za00501.html">"Las cuarenta casas, Pagina Web INAH"</a> [Las Cuarenta Casas, INAH Web Page] (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gobiernodigital.inah.gob.mx/ZonasArqueologicas/todas/htme/za00501.html#">the original</a> on December 16, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Las+cuarenta+casas%2C+Pagina+Web+INAH&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Guevara+S%C3%A1nchez&rft.aufirst=Arturo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gobiernodigital.inah.gob.mx%2FZonasArqueologicas%2Ftodas%2Fhtme%2Fza00501.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuarenta+Casas" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cave-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cave_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.great-adventures.com/destinations/mexico/huapoca.html">"CAVE DWELLINGS OF THE HUAPOCA CANYON, MEXICO"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CAVE+DWELLINGS+OF+THE+HUAPOCA+CANYON%2C+MEXICO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.great-adventures.com%2Fdestinations%2Fmexico%2Fhuapoca.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuarenta+Casas" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Schaafsma, Curtis F. and Riley, Carroll L. (1999) <i>The Casas Grandes World</i> University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, Utah, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87480-595-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87480-595-3">0-87480-595-3</a></li> <li>Guevara Sánchez, Arturo (1984) <i>Las Cuarenta Casas: Un Sitio Arqueologico del Estado de Chihuahua</i> Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Departamento de Prehistoria, Cuaderno de Trabajo No. 27, México, D.F. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13822513">13822513</a></li> <li>Guevara Sánchez, Arturo (1985) <i>Apuntes Para la Arqueologia de Chihuahua</i> Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Departamento de Prehistoria, Centro Regional de Chihuahua, Cuaderno de Trabajo No. 1, México, D.F. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15128615">15128615</a></li> <li>Guevara Sánchez, Arturo (1986) <i>Arqueología del área de las Cuarenta Casas, Chihuahua</i> Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Colección Científica, México, D.F., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/968-6038-42-6" title="Special:BookSources/968-6038-42-6">968-6038-42-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuarenta_Casas&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancestral_Puebloan_dwellings_in_Colorado" title="List of Ancestral Puebloan dwellings in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_dwellings_of_Pueblo_peoples_in_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancestral_Puebloan_dwellings_in_New_Mexico" title="List of Ancestral Puebloan dwellings in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_dwellings_of_Pueblo_peoples_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancestral_Puebloan_dwellings_in_Utah" title="List of Ancestral Puebloan dwellings in Utah">Utah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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(capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_City" title="Chihuahua City">Ciudad Chihuahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Cuauht%C3%A9moc,_Chihuahua" title="Ciudad Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua">Ciudad Cuauhtémoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ciudad Juárez">Ciudad Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delicias,_Chihuahua" title="Delicias, Chihuahua">Delicias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Madera" title="Ciudad Madera">Madera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parral,_Chihuahua" title="Parral, Chihuahua">Parral</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chihuahua_en_M%C3%A9xico.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Chihuahua_en_M%C3%A9xico.svg/100px-Chihuahua_en_M%C3%A9xico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Chihuahua_en_M%C3%A9xico.svg/150px-Chihuahua_en_M%C3%A9xico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Chihuahua_en_M%C3%A9xico.svg/200px-Chihuahua_en_M%C3%A9xico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="653" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Chihuahua" title="Municipalities of Chihuahua">List of the sixty-seven municipalities in Chihuahua with their municipal seats (cabecera municipal)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico">Metropolitan areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_Chihuahua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greater Chihuahua (page does not exist)">Greater Chihuahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso%E2%80%93Ju%C3%A1rez" title="El Paso–Juárez">El Paso–Juárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)#History" title="Chihuahua (state)">History of Chihuahua</a> (state)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chihuahua_City" title="Timeline of Chihuahua City">Timeline of Chihuahua City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Timeline of Ciudad Juárez">Timeline of Ciudad Juárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Arareco" title="Lake Arareco">Lake Arareco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaseachic_Falls" title="Basaseachic Falls">Basaseachic Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Casas Grandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_Canyon" title="Copper Canyon">Copper Canyon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuarenta Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_la_Rancher%C3%ADa" title="Cueva de la Ranchería">Cueva de la Ranchería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_la_Olla_(archaeological_site)" title="Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)">Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbres_de_Majalca_National_Park" title="Cumbres de Majalca National Park">Cumbres de Majalca National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedra_Volada" title="Piedra Volada">Piedra Volada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samalayuca_Dune_Fields" title="Samalayuca Dune Fields">Samalayuca Dune Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Occidental" title="Sierra Madre Occidental">Sierra Madre Occidental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Chihuahua" title="Governor of Chihuahua">Governors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#North_America" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Periods</a></i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">Archaic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture" title="Avonlea culture">Avonlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk_Creek_complex" title="Buttermilk Creek complex">Buttermilk Creek complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_Creek_culture" title="Calf Creek culture">Calf Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comond%C3%BA_complex" title="Comondú complex">Comondú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hopewell_sites" title="List of Hopewell sites">List of Hopewell sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_complex" title="La Jolla complex">La Jolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_complex" title="Las Palmas complex">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_culture" title="Old Cordilleran culture">Old Cordilleran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arctic_tradition" title="Paleo-Arctic tradition">Paleo-Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ocher_people" title="Red Ocher people">Red Ocher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchefuncte_site#Tchefuncte_culture" title="Tchefuncte site">Tchefuncte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzick_site" title="Anzick site">Anzick site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastian_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastian Site">Bastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Archeological_Site_(13WD50)" title="Benson Archeological Site (13WD50)">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefish_Caves" title="Bluefish Caves">Bluefish Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bluff_Point_Stoneworks" title="The Bluff Point Stoneworks">The Bluff Point Stoneworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewster Site">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candelaria_Cave" title="Candelaria Cave">Candelaria Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuarenta Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_la_Olla_(archaeological_site)" title="Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)">Cueva de la Olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Fin_del_Mundo" title="El Fin del Mundo">El Fin del Mundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Vallecito" title="El Vallecito">El Vallecito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Site">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_site" title="Folsom site">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Juelson" title="Fort Juelson">Fort Juelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mounds_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Mounds Site">Four Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Archeological_District" title="Glenwood Archeological District">Glenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Point" title="Grimes Point">Grimes Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1poca" title="Huápoca">Huápoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Village" title="Kimball Village">Kimball Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehner_Mammoth-Kill_Site" title="Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site">Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_Quarry_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynch Quarry Site">Lynch Quarry Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaning_Cavern" title="Moaning Cavern">Moaning Cavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorehead_Circle" title="Moorehead Circle">Moorehead Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Mounds" title="Morrison Mounds">Morrison Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_Cave" title="Mummy Cave">Mummy Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_Mounds_National_Historical_Park" title="Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park">Ocmulgee Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Fort_(Tennessee)" title="Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)">Old Stone Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Site_(Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orwell Site (Fergus Falls, Minnesota)">Orwell site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Bluff" title="Painted Bluff">Painted Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_Archeological_State_Park" title="Parkin Archeological State Park">Parkin Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_Mounds_Archeological_State_Park" title="Plum Bayou Mounds Archeological State Park">Plum Bayou Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassawek" title="Rassawek">Rassawek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_Canyon" title="Recapture Canyon">Recapture Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Eagle" title="Rock Eagle">Rock Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Hawk" title="Rock Hawk">Rock Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstock_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosenstock Village Site">Rosenstock Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Ruins" title="Salmon Ruins">Salmon Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Sierra de San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites" title="List of shell ring sites">Shell ring sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stallings_Island" title="Stallings Island">Stallings Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek Indian Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Turkey River Mounds State Preserve">Turkey River Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Sun_River_site" title="Upward Sun River site">Upward Sun River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oak_Forest_Earthlodge_Site" title="West Oak Forest Earthlodge Site">West Oak Forest Earthlodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickiup_Hill" title="Wickiup Hill">Wickiup Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Springs_Man" title="Arlington Springs Man">Arlington Springs Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhl_Woman" title="Buhl Woman">Buhl Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Brea_Woman" title="La Brea Woman">La Brea Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanderthal_Lady" title="Leanderthal Lady">Leanderthal Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Woman" title="Minnesota Woman">Minnesota Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1on_woman" title="Peñon woman">Peñon woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Ballgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_Revolution_(pottery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container Revolution (pottery)">Container Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">Effigy mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Birdman" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Falcon dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America#North_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing">Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">N.A.G.P.R.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Transoceanic contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_glyphs" title="Water glyphs">Water glyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt>Related</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" 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