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post-page" ><span property="name">Plant identification</span></a><meta property="position" content="2"></span> > <span property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem"><span property="name" class="post post-page current-item">Dandelions</span><meta property="url" content="https://bsbi.org/identification/taraxacum"><meta property="position" content="3"></span> </div> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <div id="content" class="site-content" role="main"> <article id="post-19918" class="post-19918 page type-page status-publish post"> <nav id="left-panel-jump-pane"> <h2>Jump to</h2> <ul> </ul> <h3>Taraxacum</h3> <ul class="taxon-jump-list"> <li><details><summary>section Celtica</summary><a href='/download/15658/' title='Plant Crib'>Section Celtica id key</a><ul><li><i>Taraxacum aesculosum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum akteum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum amicorum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum atrocollinum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum beeftinkii</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum berthae</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum bracteatum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum breconense</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum britannicum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum caledonicum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum cambricum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum celticum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum chlorofrugale</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum chrysoglossum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum duplidentifrons</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum elegantifrons</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum excellens</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum fulgidum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum fulvicarpum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum gaelorum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum gelertii</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum haematicum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum hesperium</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum hibernicola</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum hygrophilum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum inane</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum inclinorum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum lancastriense</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum landmarkii</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum luteum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum nietoi</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum nordstedtii</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum oellgaardii</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum olgae</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum orcadense</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum ostenfeldii</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum palustrisquameum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum pietii-oosterveldii</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum porteri</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum pseudonordstedtii</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum rubrisquameum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum subbracteatum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum tamesense</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum texelense</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum unguilobum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum zevenbergenii</i></li></ul></li><li><details><summary>section Erythrosperma</summary><a href='/download/19301/' title='Plant Crib'>Section Erythrosperma id key</a><ul><li><i>Taraxacum acutum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum arenastrum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum argutum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum bellicum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum brachyglossum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum cenabense</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum commixtum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum degelii</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum disseminatum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum dunense</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum falcatum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum fulviforme</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum fulvum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum glauciniforme</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum gotlandicum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum haworthianum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum inopinatum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum lacistophyllum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum limbatum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum oxoniense</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum parnassicum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum placidum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum proximiforme</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum proximum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum pseudoproximum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum retzii</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum rubicundum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum scanicum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum scoticum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum tanylepis</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum tortilobum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum wallonicum</i></li></ul></li><li><details><summary>section Hamata</summary><a href='/Taraxacum_section_hamata_Crib_3.pdf' title='Plant Crib'>Section Hamata id key</a><ul><li><i>Taraxacum atactum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum boekmanii</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum fusciflorum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum hamatiforme</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum hamatulum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum hamatum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum hamiferum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum kernianum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum lamprophyllum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum lancidens</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum marklundii</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum polyhamatum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum prionum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum pruinatum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum pseudohamatum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum pseudomarklundii</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum quadrans</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum sahlinianum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum spiculatum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum subhamatum</i></li></ul></li><li><details><summary>section Naevosa</summary><a href='/download/19304/' title='Plant Crib'>Section Naevosa id key</a><ul><li><i>Taraxacum cornubiense</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum drucei</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum euryphyllum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum hirsutissimum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum maculosum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum naevosiforme</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum naevosum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum pseudolarssonii</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum richardsianum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum rubellum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum stictophyllum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum subnaevosum</i></li></ul></li><li><details><summary>section Obliqua</summary><ul><li><i>Taraxacum obliquum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum platyglossum</i></li></ul></li><li><details><summary>section Palustria</summary><a href='/Taraxacum_Palustria.pdf' title='Plant Crib'>Section Palustria id key</a><ul><li><i>Taraxacum amarellum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum anglicum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum ciliare</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum palustre</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum vestrogothicum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum webbii</i></li></ul></li><li><details><summary>section Ruderalia</summary><a href='/Taraxacum_sect_Ruderalia_Crib_3.pdf' title='Plant Crib'>Section Ruderalia id key</a><ul><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-aberrans'><i>Taraxacum aberrans</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum acroglossum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum acutifidum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum acutifrons</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-adiantifrons'><i>Taraxacum adiantifrons</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-aequilobum'><i>Taraxacum aequilobum</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum aequisectum</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-alatum'><i>Taraxacum alatum</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum altissimum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum amplum</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-ancistrolobum'><i>Taraxacum ancistrolobum</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-angulare'><i>Taraxacum angulare</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum angustisquameum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum atonolobum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum aurosulum</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-caloschistum'><i>Taraxacum caloschistum</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum cherwellense</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum chloroticum</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-chrysophaenum'><i>Taraxacum chrysophaenum</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum coartatum</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-cophocentrum'><i>Taraxacum cophocentrum</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-cordatum'><i>Taraxacum cordatum</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum corynodes</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-croceiflorum'><i>Taraxacum croceiflorum</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum curtifrons</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum cyanolepis</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-densilobum'><i>Taraxacum densilobum</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum diastematicum</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-dilaceratum'><i>Taraxacum dilaceratum</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-dilatatum'><i>Taraxacum dilatatum</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-edmondsonianum'><i>Taraxacum edmondsonianum</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-ekmanii'><i>Taraxacum ekmanii</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-exacutum'><i>Taraxacum exacutum</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-expallidiforme'><i>Taraxacum expallidiforme</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-exsertiforme'><i>Taraxacum exsertiforme</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-exsertum'><i>Taraxacum exsertum</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum fagerstroemii</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/Taraxacum-fasciatum'><i>Taraxacum fasciatum</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/20804'><i>Taraxacum hepaticum</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-hexhamense'><i>Taraxacum hexhamense</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/20817'><i>Taraxacum horridifrons</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum huelphersianum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum incisum</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-insigne'><i>Taraxacum insigne</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-interveniens'><i>Taraxacum interveniens</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-intumescens'><i>Taraxacum intumescens</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-lacerifolium'><i>Taraxacum lacerifolium</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-laciniosifrons'><i>Taraxacum laciniosifrons</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum laciniosum</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-laeticolor'><i>Taraxacum laeticolor</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-latens'><i>Taraxacum latens</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-laticordatum'><i>Taraxacum laticordatum</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-latisectum'><i>Taraxacum latisectum</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-latissimum'><i>Taraxacum latissimum</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-lepidum'><i>Taraxacum lepidum</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum leptodon</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum leucopodum</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-lingulatum'><i>Taraxacum lingulatum</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/identification/taraxacum/longisquameum'><i>Taraxacum longisquameum</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-lucidum'><i>Taraxacum lucidum</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-lunare'><i>Taraxacum lunare</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum luteolum</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-macranthoides'><i>Taraxacum macranthoides</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum macrolobum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum maculatum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum margettsii</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum melanthoides</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/20811'><i>Taraxacum mimulum</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-multicolorans'><i>Taraxacum multicolorans</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum necessarium</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-nigridentatum'><i>Taraxacum nigridentatum</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-nitidum'><i>Taraxacum nitidum</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum obliquilobum</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-oblongatum'><i>Taraxacum oblongatum</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-obtusifrons'><i>Taraxacum obtusifrons</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum obtusilobum</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-ochrochlorum'><i>Taraxacum ochrochlorum</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-pachylobum'><i>Taraxacum pachylobum</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-pachymerum'><i>Taraxacum pachymerum</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-pallescens'><i>Taraxacum pallescens</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-pallidipes'><i>Taraxacum pallidipes</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-pannucium'><i>Taraxacum pannucium</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-pannulatiforme'><i>Taraxacum pannulatiforme</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-pannulatum'><i>Taraxacum pannulatum</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum pectinatiforme</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-piceatum'><i>Taraxacum piceatum</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum planum</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-polyodon'><i>Taraxacum polyodon</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-porrigens'><i>Taraxacum porrigens</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-procerisquameum'><i>Taraxacum procerisquameum</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-pseudoretroflexum'><i>Taraxacum pseudoretroflexum</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-pulchrifolium'><i>Taraxacum pulchrifolium</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum remanentilobum</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-retroflexum'><i>Taraxacum retroflexum</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-rhamphodes'><i>Taraxacum rhamphodes</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-sagittipotens'><i>Taraxacum sagittipotens</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum scotiniforme</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-sellandii'><i>Taraxacum sellandii</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum semiglobosum</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-sinuatum'><i>Taraxacum sinuatum</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum speciosum</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-stenacrum'><i>Taraxacum stenacrum</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/identification/taraxacum/stenoglossum'><i>Taraxacum stenoglossum</i></a></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-stereodes'><i>Taraxacum stereodes</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum subcyanolepis</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum subexpallidum</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-subhuelphersianum'><i>Taraxacum subhuelphersianum</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum sublaeticolor</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/20797'><i>Taraxacum sublongisquameum</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum subundulatum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum subxanthostigma</i></li><li><a href='https://bsbi.org/species/taraxacum-sundbergii'><i>Taraxacum sundbergii</i></a></li><li><i>Taraxacum tanyphyllum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum tenebricans</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum trilobatum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum tumentilobum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum undulatiflorum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum undulatum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum valens</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum vastisectum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum xanthostigma</i></li></ul></li><li><details><summary>section Spectabilia</summary><a href='/download/6554/' title='Plant Crib'>Section Spectabilia id key</a><ul><li><i>Taraxacum faeroense</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum geirhildae</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum palmeri</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum serpenticola</i></li></ul></li><li><details><summary>section Taraxacum</summary><a href='/download/6606/' title='Plant Crib'>Section Taraxacum id key</a><ul><li><i>Taraxacum ceratolobum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum clovense</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum craspedotum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum cymbifolium</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum dudmanianum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum pycnostictum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum rhodopodum</i></li><li><i>Taraxacum rufofructum</i></li></ul></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="jumpcontent1" class="entry-main"> <header class="entry-header unclear-entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://bsbi.org/identification/taraxacum" title="Permalink to Dandelions" rel="bookmark">Dandelions</a></h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <div id="pl-19918" class="panel-layout" ><div id="pg-19918-0" class="panel-grid panel-no-style" ><div id="pgc-19918-0-0" class="panel-grid-cell" ><div id="panel-19918-0-0-0" class="so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child" data-index="0" ><div class="so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base" > <div class="siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget"> <p>Everyone knows what a dandelion looks like, but did you know that there are <em>c</em>250 species of dandelion recorded in Britain & Ireland?</p> <ul> <li>Pollinators love them for the nectar and pollen they provide early in the year.</li> <li>Gardeners curse them for the stubborn taproot, rosettes which escape the mower's blades and the many seeds that are so easily dispersed.</li> <li>Taxonomists argue over which species is which.</li> </ul> </div> </div></div><div id="panel-19918-0-0-1" class="so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-last-child" data-index="1" ><div class="so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base" > <div class="siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget"> <h3>Dandelion Handbooks</h3> <p>BSBI <a href="https://bsbi.org/publications/ebooks/9-dandelions-of-great-britain-and-ireland">Handbook no. 9, <em>Dandelions of the British Isles</em></a> (Dudman & Richards 1997) was the standard source of reference, but John Richards, co-author, has now published a completely revised edition: BSBI Handbook no. 23 is the <a href="https://bsbi.org/bsbi-handbook-field-handbook-to-british-and-irish-dandelions"><em>Field Handbook to British and Irish Dandelions</em></a>. John has also prepared a selection of online dandelion species accounts, starting with a selection in section Ruderalia - they are all accessible and free to view or download from this web page.</p> <h3>Dandelion workshop</h3> <p>Our free <a href="https://bsbi.org/events/taraxacum-zoom-workshop-for-beginners-intermediates">Dandelion ID online workshop,</a> led by Handbook author John Richards, was held on 25th April 2021; the webinar was recorded and the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNbbY29j1PI&t=4068s">video is available here</a> on the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/botanicalsocietyofbritainandireland">BSBI YouTube channel</a>. It's aimed at intermediate level botanists - if you are brand new to dandelion ID, try <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6kLoKk5GW0&t=173s">Josh Styles' Intro to Dandelions webinar first</a>: it helps you put your dandelion into the right section before you attempt to take it to species.</p> <h3>Getting started with identification</h3> <p>Together with <em>Hieracium </em>(hawkweeds) and <em>Rubus</em> (blackberries), <em>Taraxacum</em> is probably the most challenging genus that British and Irish botanists encounter. Tim Rich has set out a few <a href="https://bsbipublicity.blogspot.com/2020/03/the-dandelion-id-bug-tim-says-its.html">Taraxacum dos and don'ts</a> to help you get started, but if you're only just <a href="https://bsbi.org/plant-id-getting-started">beginning to identify wild plants</a>, we'd suggest that you get some of the more user-friendly genera under your belt first, before you start tackling dandelions.</p> <p>The plasticity of dandelions is such that it takes a great deal of experience to learn what a species can ‘do’, and there are a great many of them. A thorough study of one’s local ‘patch’ might eventually yield 80-100 species, and casual introductions from elsewhere in Europe are always a possibility. It's best to examine only well-grown, typical individuals just before and during early flowering (a window of about a month, although this extends with increasing altitude). Even then, be prepared not to name a substantial proportion of material.</p> <p>There are perhaps 20-30 species which are easily and reliably learnt (e.g. <em>T. lacistophyllum, T. rubicundum, T. argutum, T. inopinatum, T. faeroense, T. euryphyllum, T. pseudolarssonii, T. luteum, T. unguilobum, T. nordstedtii, T. bracteatum, T. subbracteatum</em>,<em> T. hamatum, T. pseudohamatum, T. exacutum, T. ancistrolobum, </em>etc.).</p> <p>Tim Rich's presentation gives an <a href="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/BSBI-dandelions-workshop-BSBI-2018-2-Tim-Rich-sections-1-1.pdf">introduction to dandelion sections</a> and what to look for.</p> <h3>Taraxacum sections</h3> <p>By its nature, the sectional division of <em>Taraxacum</em> produces much more “fuzzy” categories than the species or genus, hence the sections must be keyed out using as many characters as possible, including ecological ones. Indeed, ecological characters are very significant for, given the habitat or locality, one can expect to find members of certain sections. Conversely, the presence of some sections says a lot about the quality of the habitat!</p> <p>Of the nine British sections, Sections <em>Taraxacum</em>, <em>Obliqua</em> and <em>Palustria</em> are all very restricted ecologically and contain very few species. Section <em>Spectabilia</em> includes one common and widespread but very plastic species viz. <em>T. faeroense</em> (Dahlst.) Dahlst. (three endemics are present in Shetland and one on St Kilda). The other three largely native sections, Sections <em>Naevosa</em>, <em>Celtica</em> and <em>Erythrosperma</em> each contain substantial numbers of species. Of the more ‘weedy’ sections with many casuals and likely introductions, Section <em>Ruderalia </em>contains about half the known species in Britain. Section <em>Hamata </em>appears to be a fairly homogeneous group but it has affinities with Section <em>Celtica</em> and, in certain cases, some species could fit fairly happily into either section.</p> <p>The key to the nine Sections in the Handbook, and the key in Stace’s <em>New Flora of the British Isles</em> are essentially identical, and allow some provisional groupings to be made.</p> <p>Use the headings in the left-hand column to open up each Section and view illustrated accounts of the species in that Section. We are adding new species accounts all the time!</p> <h3>Collecting specimens</h3> <p>For anyone who is serious about identifying dandelions, there is no substitute for developing a comprehensive herbarium of well-preserved material named by a recognised authority who is going to want to see specimens that have been carefully selected in the field and pressed for later reference. A presentation given by Tim Rich at the BSBI <a href="https://bsbi.org/recorders-conference">Recorders' Conference</a> 2018, gives an <a href="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/BSBI-dandelions-workshop-BSBI-2018-1-Tim-Rich.pdf">introduction to collecting dandelion specimens</a>. Arthur Chater has compiled general advice on <a href="https://bsbi.org/download/6008/">collecting and pressing specimens</a>.</p> <p>The following notes may also help:</p> <ol> <li>Collect until mid-late flowering period only. Leaves produced later will be the ‘summer’ leaves, and are usually larger and not of typical shape.</li> <li>Plants should be well-grown, and not from shaded, heavily-trodden, mown or grazed areas, or diseased.</li> <li>Note in the field <ul> <li>the attitude and dimensions of the outer involucral bracts (i.e. whether erect, spreading, or recurved). - the length & width of the involucral bracts, their colour (all green, suffused purple, red-tipped, etc.), and whether bordered.</li> <li>leaf colour (shade of green), and whether blotched or spotted.</li> <li>petiole colour, midrib colour (underneath).</li> <li>colour of stigma, ligule stripe.</li> <li>diameter of the head when fully open (usually in sunshine).</li> </ul> </li> <li>The whole plant should be collected (single leaves and heads are not of much use), but specimens should be excised at the top of the root. If possible include both flowering and fruiting heads (especially Sect. <em>Erythrosperma</em>). Flowers can be ‘clocked’ (i.e. flowers placed in water until the fruits have matured, if necessary) but the oldest flowers in a specimen also usually go to seed in the press.</li> <li>Plants are best preserved if pressed immediately after collection (i.e. in the field) as the leaves curl very rapidly. Leaves must be flattened individually, and heads pressed from the side. Small leaves and buds in the rosette may be removed. The silhouettes in the <em>Taraxacum Handbook</em> show how to lay out plants.</li> <li>Rapid drying is essential if the true colours are to be preserved. This will mean a change of paper at least once a day, preferably twice, and the press near a source of gentle heat (e.g. a radiator).</li> <li>If leaves become curled and flaccid, the whole plant may be immersed in water for up to 24 hours until it is again fully turgid. It is then easily pressed (after gently shaking to remove excess water), but additional changes of drying paper are required.</li> </ol> <h3>Digital images</h3> <p>Digital images to accompany specimens can markedly enhance their value as characters lost or obscured by pressing can be assessed and pictures should be taken at the time of collection. Particularly useful are pictures of involucres in late bud, the attitude of the ligules underneath, and the colour of the outside of the petiole. Images should be numbered with the collecting number.</p> <h3>Help and support</h3> <p>While you're getting started with dandelion identification, there are groups and individuals on social media who will help.</p> <ul> <li>On Twitter, try <a href="https://twitter.com/joshual951" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Joshua Styles</a> or <a href="https://twitter.com/BrambleBotanist" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Alex Prendergast</a>. Or share your photos during <a href="https://bsbi.org/wildflower-hour">Wild Flower Hour</a> and add the <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/wildflowerID?src=hashtag_click&f=live" target="_blank" rel="noopener">#wildflowerID</a> hashtag if you'd like some help. Take a look at some of the dandelion photos shared during Wild Flower Hour's week-long <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/dandelionfest?src=hashtag_click&f=live" target="_blank" rel="noopener">#dandelionfest</a> in April 2020 and again in April 2021.</li> <li>Ask to join <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/1008799279201801/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dandelions (Taraxacum) of Britain and Ireland</a> on Facebook, nobody who is keen to learn more about dandelion ID will be turned away.</li> </ul> </div> </div></div></div><div id="pgc-19918-0-1" class="panel-grid-cell" ><div id="panel-19918-0-1-0" class="so-panel widget widget_sow-image panel-first-child" data-index="2" ><div class="so-widget-sow-image so-widget-sow-image-default-dbf295114b96-19918" > <div class="sow-image-container"> <a href="https://bsbi.org/publications/ebooks/23-field-handbook-to-british-and-irish-dandelions" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" > <picture><source srcset="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Front-scaled.jpg.webp 1775w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Front-208x300.jpg.webp 208w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Front-710x1024.jpg.webp 710w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Front-1065x1536.jpg.webp 1065w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Front-1420x2048.jpg.webp 1420w" sizes='(max-width: 1775px) 100vw, 1775px' type="image/webp"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Front-scaled.jpg" width="1775" height="2560" srcset="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Front-scaled.jpg 1775w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Front-208x300.jpg 208w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Front-710x1024.jpg 710w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Front-1065x1536.jpg 1065w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Front-1420x2048.jpg 1420w" sizes="(max-width: 1775px) 100vw, 1775px" title="Front" alt="" class="so-widget-image" data-eio="p" /></picture> </a></div> </div></div><div id="panel-19918-0-1-1" class="so-panel widget widget_sow-editor" data-index="3" ><div class="so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base" > <div class="siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget"> <p><em><a href="https://bsbi.org/bsbi-handbook-field-handbook-to-british-and-irish-dandelions">Field Handbook to British and Irish Dandelions</a>.</em> A. J. Richards. BSBI <a href="https://bsbi.org/bsbi-handbooks">Handbook</a> No. 23. <em> </em></p> </div> </div></div><div id="panel-19918-0-1-2" class="so-panel widget widget_sow-image" data-index="4" ><div class="so-widget-sow-image so-widget-sow-image-default-dbf295114b96-19918" > <div class="sow-image-container"> <picture><source srcset="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/p131-scaled.jpg.webp 1775w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/p131-208x300.jpg.webp 208w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/p131-710x1024.jpg.webp 710w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/p131-1065x1536.jpg.webp 1065w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/p131-1420x2048.jpg.webp 1420w" sizes='(max-width: 1775px) 100vw, 1775px' type="image/webp"><img decoding="async" src="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/p131-scaled.jpg" width="1775" height="2560" srcset="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/p131-scaled.jpg 1775w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/p131-208x300.jpg 208w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/p131-710x1024.jpg 710w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/p131-1065x1536.jpg 1065w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/p131-1420x2048.jpg 1420w" sizes="(max-width: 1775px) 100vw, 1775px" title="p131" alt="" class="so-widget-image" data-eio="p" /></picture> </div> </div></div><div id="panel-19918-0-1-3" class="so-panel widget widget_sow-image" data-index="5" ><div class="so-widget-sow-image so-widget-sow-image-default-dbf295114b96-19918" > <div class="sow-image-container"> <picture><source srcset="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_3875-scaled.jpg.webp 2560w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_3875-300x200.jpg.webp 300w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_3875-1024x683.jpg.webp 1024w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_3875-1536x1024.jpg.webp 1536w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_3875-2048x1365.jpg.webp 2048w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_3875-272x182.jpg.webp 272w" sizes='(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px' type="image/webp"><img decoding="async" src="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_3875-scaled.jpg" width="2560" height="1707" srcset="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_3875-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_3875-300x200.jpg 300w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_3875-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_3875-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_3875-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_3875-272x182.jpg 272w" sizes="(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px" title="IMG_3875" alt="" class="so-widget-image" data-eio="p" /></picture> </div> </div></div><div id="panel-19918-0-1-4" class="so-panel widget widget_sow-image" data-index="6" ><div class="so-widget-sow-image so-widget-sow-image-default-8b5b6f678277-19918" > <div class="sow-image-container"> <a href="/wp-content/uploads/Image.jpeg" > <picture><source srcset="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-scaled.jpeg.webp 1795w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-210x300.jpeg.webp 210w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-718x1024.jpeg.webp 718w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-1077x1536.jpeg.webp 1077w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-1436x2048.jpeg.webp 1436w" sizes='(max-width: 1795px) 100vw, 1795px' type="image/webp"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-scaled.jpeg" width="1795" height="2560" srcset="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-scaled.jpeg 1795w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-210x300.jpeg 210w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-718x1024.jpeg 718w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-1077x1536.jpeg 1077w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-1436x2048.jpeg 1436w" sizes="(max-width: 1795px) 100vw, 1795px" title="The parts of a dandelion" alt="" class="so-widget-image" data-eio="p" /></picture> </a></div> </div></div><div id="panel-19918-0-1-5" class="so-panel widget widget_sow-image" data-index="7" ><div class="so-widget-sow-image so-widget-sow-image-default-dbf295114b96-19918" > <div class="sow-image-container"> <picture><source srcset="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Taraxacum-longisquameum-Redborun.jpg.webp 2256w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Taraxacum-longisquameum-Redborun-300x199.jpg.webp 300w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Taraxacum-longisquameum-Redborun-1024x679.jpg.webp 1024w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Taraxacum-longisquameum-Redborun-1536x1019.jpg.webp 1536w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Taraxacum-longisquameum-Redborun-2048x1358.jpg.webp 2048w" sizes='(max-width: 2256px) 100vw, 2256px' type="image/webp"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Taraxacum-longisquameum-Redborun.jpg" width="2256" height="1496" srcset="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Taraxacum-longisquameum-Redborun.jpg 2256w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Taraxacum-longisquameum-Redborun-300x199.jpg 300w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Taraxacum-longisquameum-Redborun-1024x679.jpg 1024w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Taraxacum-longisquameum-Redborun-1536x1019.jpg 1536w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Taraxacum-longisquameum-Redborun-2048x1358.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 2256px) 100vw, 2256px" title="Taraxacum longisquameum" alt="" class="so-widget-image" data-eio="p" /></picture> </div> </div></div><div id="panel-19918-0-1-6" class="so-panel widget widget_sow-image" data-index="8" ><div class="so-widget-sow-image so-widget-sow-image-default-dbf295114b96-19918" > <div class="sow-image-container"> <picture><source srcset="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/dandelions_bsbi_handbook_9.jpg.webp 896w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/dandelions_bsbi_handbook_9-210x300.jpg.webp 210w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/dandelions_bsbi_handbook_9-717x1024.jpg.webp 717w" sizes='(max-width: 896px) 100vw, 896px' type="image/webp"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/dandelions_bsbi_handbook_9.jpg" width="896" height="1280" srcset="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/dandelions_bsbi_handbook_9.jpg 896w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/dandelions_bsbi_handbook_9-210x300.jpg 210w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/dandelions_bsbi_handbook_9-717x1024.jpg 717w" sizes="(max-width: 896px) 100vw, 896px" title="Dandelions of Great Britain and Ireland. BSBI Handbook 9. A.A. Dudman and A.J. Richards" alt="Dandelions of Great Britain and Ireland" class="so-widget-image" data-eio="p" /></picture> </div> </div></div><div id="panel-19918-0-1-7" class="so-panel widget widget_sow-editor" data-index="9" ><div class="so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base" > <div class="siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget"> <p><a title="buy from Summerfield Books" href="https://www.summerfieldbooks.com/product/dandelions-of-great-britain-and-ireland-2/"><em>Dandelions</em> <em>of Great Britain and Ireland</em></a>: A.A. Dudman & A.J. Richards. <a href="https://bsbi.org/bsbi-handbooks">BSBI Handbook</a> No. 9.</p> </div> </div></div><div id="panel-19918-0-1-8" class="so-panel widget widget_sow-image" data-index="10" ><div class="so-widget-sow-image so-widget-sow-image-default-dbf295114b96-19918" > <div class="sow-image-container"> <picture><source srcset="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Taraxacum-stenoglossum-inv-LynesDSC00349-scaled.jpg.webp 2560w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Taraxacum-stenoglossum-inv-LynesDSC00349-300x200.jpg.webp 300w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Taraxacum-stenoglossum-inv-LynesDSC00349-1024x683.jpg.webp 1024w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Taraxacum-stenoglossum-inv-LynesDSC00349-1536x1024.jpg.webp 1536w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Taraxacum-stenoglossum-inv-LynesDSC00349-2048x1365.jpg.webp 2048w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Taraxacum-stenoglossum-inv-LynesDSC00349-272x182.jpg.webp 272w" sizes='(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px' type="image/webp"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Taraxacum-stenoglossum-inv-LynesDSC00349-scaled.jpg" width="2560" height="1707" srcset="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Taraxacum-stenoglossum-inv-LynesDSC00349-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Taraxacum-stenoglossum-inv-LynesDSC00349-300x200.jpg 300w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Taraxacum-stenoglossum-inv-LynesDSC00349-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Taraxacum-stenoglossum-inv-LynesDSC00349-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Taraxacum-stenoglossum-inv-LynesDSC00349-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/Taraxacum-stenoglossum-inv-LynesDSC00349-272x182.jpg 272w" sizes="(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px" title="Taraxacum stenoglossum. Image: Mark Lynes" alt="" class="so-widget-image" data-eio="p" /></picture> </div> </div></div><div id="panel-19918-0-1-9" class="so-panel widget widget_sow-editor" data-index="11" ><div class="nojump panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-19918-0-1-9" ><div class="so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base" > <div class="siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget"> <h3 class="nojump">BSBI's network of experts</h3> <p>BSBI members have exclusive access to a network of 100+ expert referees for difficult plant groups. The BSBI's expert referee for dandelions has more than 50 years experience of studying and identifying these difficult plants.</p> <p>If you are serious about dandelion identification, we recommend that you <a href="https://bsbi.org/subscriptions">join BSBI</a>. Your welcome pack will include a copy of the BSBI Yearbook with full contact details for every single referee, along with notes on the material they require in order to make an identification.</p> </div> </div></div></div><div id="panel-19918-0-1-10" class="so-panel widget widget_sow-image" data-index="12" ><div class="so-widget-sow-image so-widget-sow-image-default-dbf295114b96-19918" > <div class="sow-image-container"> <picture><source srcset="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_4028-scaled.jpg.webp 2560w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_4028-300x200.jpg.webp 300w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_4028-1024x683.jpg.webp 1024w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_4028-1536x1024.jpg.webp 1536w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_4028-2048x1365.jpg.webp 2048w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_4028-272x182.jpg.webp 272w" sizes='(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px' type="image/webp"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_4028-scaled.jpg" width="2560" height="1707" srcset="https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_4028-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_4028-300x200.jpg 300w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_4028-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_4028-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_4028-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://bsbi.org/wp-content/uploads/IMG_4028-272x182.jpg 272w" sizes="(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px" title="IMG_4028" alt="" class="so-widget-image" data-eio="p" /></picture> </div> </div></div><div id="panel-19918-0-1-11" class="so-panel widget widget_sow-image panel-last-child" data-index="13" ><div class="so-widget-sow-image so-widget-sow-image-default-8b5b6f678277-19918" > <div class="sow-image-container"> <img title="Dandelions" alt="" class="so-widget-image"/> </div> </div></div></div></div><div id="pg-19918-1" class="panel-grid panel-no-style" ><div id="pgc-19918-1-0" class="panel-grid-cell" ><div id="panel-19918-1-0-0" class="so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child" data-index="14" ><div class="so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base" ><h3 class="widget-title">Online dandelion ID course</h3> <div class="siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget"> <p>On 25th April 2020, ecologist and BSBI member Josh Styles hosted a free online introductory course to dandelion identification. It attracted 305 participants on the day and has since been viewed more than 4,000 times!</p> <p>You can view Josh's slides here: <a class="download-link" title="" href="https://bsbi.org/download/20089/"> An Introduction to Dandelions</a> or <a href="https://youtu.be/W6kLoKk5GW0?t=173">watch the presentation on YouTube</a>.</p> <p>Contact <a href="https://twitter.com/joshual951" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Josh on Twitter</a> with your dandelion enquiries.</p> </div> </div></div><div id="panel-19918-1-0-1" class="so-panel widget widget_media_video panel-last-child" data-index="15" ><div style="width:100%;" class="wp-video"> <video class="wp-video-shortcode" id="video-19918-1" preload="metadata" controls="controls"><source type="video/youtube" src="https://youtu.be/W6kLoKk5GW0?t=173&_=1" /><a href="https://youtu.be/W6kLoKk5GW0?t=173">https://youtu.be/W6kLoKk5GW0?t=173</a></video></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> <script> (function() { var jumpLinks = new BsbiDb.JumpLinks; 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