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Seitenleiste verschieben</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">Verbergen</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigaziun </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pagina_principala" title="Visitar la pagina principala [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Pagina principala</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:La_pinta" title="Infurmaziuns davart il project, tge che ti pos far, nua che ti chassas infurmaziuns"><span>Discutar en la pinta</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Zuf%C3%A4llige_Seite" title="Chargiar ina pagina casuala. [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Artitgel casual</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-participation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-participation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sa participar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Agid:Cuntegn" title="Qua chattas agid."><span>Agid</span></a></li><li id="n-Prims-pass" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Agid:Prims_pass"><span>Prims pass</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Letzte_%C3%84nderungen" title="La glista da las ultimas midadas en la wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Ultimas midadas</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pagina_principala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-rm.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.25em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-rm.svg" width="120" height="15" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.9375em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Spezial:Suche" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Intercurir Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Tschertgar</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Tschertgar Wikipedia" aria-label="Tschertgar Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Intercurir Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spezial:Suche"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Tschertgar</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Utensils persunals"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Erscheinungsbild"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Änderung des Aussehens der Schriftgröße, -breite und -farbe der Seite" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Erscheinungsbild" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Erscheinungsbild</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_rm.wikipedia.org&uselang=rm" class=""><span>Donaziuns</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Benutzerkonto_anlegen&returnto=Tirchia" title="Wir ermutigen dich dazu, ein Benutzerkonto zu erstellen und dich anzumelden. Es ist jedoch nicht zwingend erforderlich." class=""><span>Crear in conto d'utilisader</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Anmelden&returnto=Tirchia" title="I fiss bun sche ti s'annunziassas, ti na stos dentant betg. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>T'annunziar</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Weitere Optionen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Utensils persunals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Utensils persunals</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Benutzermenü" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_rm.wikipedia.org&uselang=rm"><span>Donaziuns</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Benutzerkonto_anlegen&returnto=Tirchia" title="Wir ermutigen dich dazu, ein Benutzerkonto zu erstellen und dich anzumelden. Es ist jedoch nicht zwingend erforderlich."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crear in conto d'utilisader</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Anmelden&returnto=Tirchia" title="I fiss bun sche ti s'annunziassas, ti na stos dentant betg. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>T'annunziar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Seiten für abgemeldete Benutzer <a href="/wiki/Agid:Einf%C3%BChrung" aria-label="Erfahre mehr über das Bearbeiten"><span>Weitere Informationen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Meine_Beitr%C3%A4ge" title="Eine Liste der Bearbeitungen, die von dieser IP-Adresse gemacht wurden [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribuziuns</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Meine_Diskussionsseite" title="Discussiun davart modificaziuns che derivan da questa adressa dad IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pagina da discussiun da questa IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Website"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhaltsverzeichnis" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhaltsverzeichnis</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">In die Seitenleiste verschieben</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Anfang</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geografia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Geografia umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Posiziun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posiziun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Posiziun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posiziun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Geologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuntradas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuntradas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Cuntradas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuntradas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Clima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_e_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_e_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Flora e fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_e_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territoris_natirals_protegids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territoris_natirals_protegids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Territoris natirals protegids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territoris_natirals_protegids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Splagias_e_cuntradas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Splagias_e_cuntradas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Splagias e cuntradas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Splagias_e_cuntradas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Populaziun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Populaziun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Populaziun</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Populaziun-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Populaziun umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Populaziun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pievels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pievels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pievels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pievels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Linguas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religiuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religiuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Religiuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religiuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Situaziun_sociala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Situaziun_sociala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Situaziun sociala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Situaziun_sociala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistem_da_furmaziun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistem_da_furmaziun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sistem da furmaziun</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sistem_da_furmaziun-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Sistem da furmaziun umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sistem_da_furmaziun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scola_populara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scola_populara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Scola populara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scola_populara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scolas_autas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scolas_autas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Scolas autas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scolas_autas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istorgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istorgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Istorgia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istorgia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Istorgia umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istorgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preistorgia_ed_antica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preistorgia_ed_antica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Preistorgia ed antica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preistorgia_ed_antica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperi_dals_Göktürk_–_6avel_fin_8avel_tschientaner_s.C." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperi_dals_Göktürk_–_6avel_fin_8avel_tschientaner_s.C."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Imperi dals Göktürk – 6avel fin 8avel tschientaner s.C.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperi_dals_Göktürk_–_6avel_fin_8avel_tschientaner_s.C.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seldschucs_–_11avel_tschientaner_s.C." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seldschucs_–_11avel_tschientaner_s.C."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Seldschucs – 11avel tschientaner s.C.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seldschucs_–_11avel_tschientaner_s.C.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperi_osmanic_–_a_partir_da_1299_s.C." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperi_osmanic_–_a_partir_da_1299_s.C."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Imperi osmanic – a partir da 1299 s.C.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperi_osmanic_–_a_partir_da_1299_s.C.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atatürk_–_republica_e_refurmas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atatürk_–_republica_e_refurmas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Atatürk – republica e refurmas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atatürk_–_republica_e_refurmas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Segunda_Guerra_mundiala_e_suenterguerra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Segunda_Guerra_mundiala_e_suenterguerra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Segunda Guerra mundiala e suenterguerra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Segunda_Guerra_mundiala_e_suenterguerra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Politica</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politica-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Politica umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sistem_politic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistem_politic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sistem politic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistem_politic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dretgs_umans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dretgs_umans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Dretgs umans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dretgs_umans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politica_exteriura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politica_exteriura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Politica exteriura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politica_exteriura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relaziuns_envers_stadis_vischins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relaziuns_envers_stadis_vischins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Relaziuns envers stadis vischins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relaziuns_envers_stadis_vischins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisaziuns_internaziunalas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisaziuns_internaziunalas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Organisaziuns internaziunalas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisaziuns_internaziunalas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Militar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Militar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Militar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Militar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Militar umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Militar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rolla_politica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rolla_politica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Rolla politica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rolla_politica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sutdivisiun_administrativa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sutdivisiun_administrativa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sutdivisiun administrativa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sutdivisiun_administrativa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Sutdivisiun administrativa umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sutdivisiun_administrativa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Economia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Economia umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economia_d’energia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economia_d’energia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Economia d’energia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economia_d’energia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Provediment_cun_forza_electrica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provediment_cun_forza_electrica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>Provediment cun forza electrica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provediment_cun_forza_electrica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commerzi_cun_l’exteriur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commerzi_cun_l’exteriur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>Commerzi cun l’exteriur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commerzi_cun_l’exteriur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turissem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turissem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.3</span> <span>Turissem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turissem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bilantscha_dal_stadi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilantscha_dal_stadi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bilantscha dal stadi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilantscha_dal_stadi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Infrastructura</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Infrastructura umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traffic_sin_via" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traffic_sin_via"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Traffic sin via</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traffic_sin_via-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viafier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viafier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Viafier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viafier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traffic_aviatic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traffic_aviatic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Traffic aviatic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traffic_aviatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traffic_sin_l’aua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traffic_sin_l’aua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Traffic sin l’aua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traffic_sin_l’aua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pipelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pipelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Pipelines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pipelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medias_e_telecommunicaziun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medias_e_telecommunicaziun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Medias e telecommunicaziun</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medias_e_telecommunicaziun-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Medias e telecommunicaziun umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medias_e_telecommunicaziun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Medias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecommunicaziun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunicaziun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Telecommunicaziun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunicaziun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Cultura</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Cultura umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Litteratura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Litteratura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_figurativ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_figurativ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Art figurativ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_figurativ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Musica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuschina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuschina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.6</span> <span>Cuschina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuschina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dis_da_festa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dis_da_festa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.7</span> <span>Dis da festa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dis_da_festa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patrimoni_natiral_e_cultural_mundial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patrimoni_natiral_e_cultural_mundial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Patrimoni natiral e cultural mundial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patrimoni_natiral_e_cultural_mundial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annotaziuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annotaziuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Annotaziuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annotaziuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratura_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratura_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Litteratura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratura_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colliaziuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colliaziuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Colliaziuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colliaziuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhaltsverzeichnis" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhaltsverzeichnis umschalten" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhaltsverzeichnis umschalten</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tirchia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Zu einem Artikel in einer anderen Sprache gehen. Verfügbar in 330 Sprachen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-330" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">330 Sprachen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AC%D1%8B%D1%80%D2%9B%D3%99%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ҭырқәтәыла – abchasian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ҭырқәтәыла" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abchasian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turuki" title="Turuki – aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Turuki" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B5" title="Тыркуе – adygai" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Тыркуе" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adygai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Turkye" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkei" title="Türkei – tudestg svizzer" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Türkei" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="tudestg svizzer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – altaic dal sid" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="altaic dal sid" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AD" title="ቱርክ – amaric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቱርክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Amisisch" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amisisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Turquía – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Turquía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrcland" title="Tyrcland – englais vegl" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tyrcland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="englais vegl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="तुर्की – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तुर्की" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="lesenswerter Artikel"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تركيا – arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تركيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%A9%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܛܘܪܩܝܐ – arameic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܛܘܪܩܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تركيا – Marokkanisches Arabisch" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تركيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Marokkanisches Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="توركيا – Ägyptisches Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توركيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Ägyptisches Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="তুৰস্ক – assami" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তুৰস্ক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Turquía – asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Turquía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркия – avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Туркия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turka" title="Turka – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Turka" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="तुर्की – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="तुर्की" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiy%C9%99" title="Türkiyə – aserbeidschanic" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türkiyə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbeidschanic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87" title="تورکیه – Südaserbaidschanisch" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تورکیه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="Südaserbaidschanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D3%99" title="Төркиә – baschkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төркиә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baschkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – balinais" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiakei" title="Tiakei – Bairisch" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tiakei" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bairisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tork%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Torkėjė – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Torkėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – Zentralbikolano" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Zentralbikolano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Westküsten-Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="Westküsten-Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Турцыя – bieloruss" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Турцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bieloruss" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Турэччына – Weißrussisch (Taraschkewiza)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Турэччына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Weißrussisch (Taraschkewiza)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция – bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Турция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="तुर्की – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तुर्की" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teki" title="Teki – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Teki" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Banjaresisch" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjaresisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="တူရကီခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="တူရကီခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="তুরস্ক – bengal" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুরস্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཏུར་ཀི། – tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཏུར་ཀི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="তুরস্ক – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="তুরস্ক" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turska" title="Turska – bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Turska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%97" title="ᨈᨘᨑᨀᨗ – bugi" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨈᨘᨑᨀᨗ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="bugi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Түрэг Улас – Russisches Burjatisch" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Түрэг Улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russisches Burjatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turquia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Turquía – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Turquía" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%AB-%C4%AB-g%C3%AC" title="Tū-ī-gì – Min Dong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tū-ī-gì" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Min Dong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%8C" title="Туркойчоь – tschetschen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Туркойчоь" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tschetschen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeya" title="Turkeya – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Turkeya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AC%E1%8F%83" title="ᎬᏃ – cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎬᏃ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="exzellenter Artikel"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="تورکیا – curd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تورکیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia – cors" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="cors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%90%E1%95%92%E1%91%AD" title="ᑐᕒᑭ – cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="ᑐᕒᑭ" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="cree" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – tirc crimean" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tirc crimean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turecko" title="Turecko – tschec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turecko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tschec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ABreck%C3%B4" title="Tëreckô – kaschubic" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Tëreckô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kaschubic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%B7%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Тѷрци – slav da baselgia" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Тѷрци" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="slav da baselgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Турци – tschuvasch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Турци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tschuvasch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twrci" title="Twrci – kimric" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Twrci" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kimric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="empfohlener Artikel"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkiet" title="Tyrkiet – danais" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tyrkiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkei" title="Türkei – tudestg" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Türkei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tudestg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagaare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1rkiya" title="Tırkiya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tırkiya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkojska" title="Turkojska – bass sorb" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Turkojska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="bass sorb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Zentral-Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Zentral-Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="टर्की – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="टर्की" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%86%DE%A9%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ތުރުކީވިލާތް – maledivic" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތުރުކީވިލާތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="maledivic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82" title="བྱའི་རིགས་ཅིག – dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="བྱའི་རིགས་ཅིག" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%94k%C9%94" title="Dɔkɔ – ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Dɔkɔ" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="lesenswerter Artikel"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τουρκία – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τουρκία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turch%C3%AE" title="Turchî – Emilianisch" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Turchî" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emilianisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – englais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="englais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkio" title="Turkio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Turkio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="exzellenter Artikel"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Turquía – spagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turquía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrgi" title="Türgi – eston" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Türgi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="eston" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia – Extremadurisch" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Turquia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremadurisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87" title="ترکیه – persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترکیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="lesenswerter Artikel"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkki" title="Turkki – finlandais" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turkki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrg%C3%BC" title="Türgü – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Türgü" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – fidschian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fidschian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkaland" title="Turkaland – feroais" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Turkaland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquie" title="Turquie – franzos" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turquie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franzos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia – Frankoprovenzalisch" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Turquia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Frankoprovenzalisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkei" title="Türkei – fris dal nord" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Türkei" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="fris dal nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchie" title="Turchie – friulan" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Turchie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije – fris" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Turkije" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="fris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tuirc" title="An Tuirc – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tuirc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Gagausisch" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagausisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="土耳其" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirki" title="Tirki – Französisch-Guayana Kreolisch" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tirki" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Französisch-Guayana Kreolisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tuirc" title="An Tuirc – gaelic scot" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Tuirc" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelic scot" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Turquía – galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Turquía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8A%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%87" title="تۊرکيه – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="تۊرکيه" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turyk%C3%ADa" title="Turykía – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Turykía" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="तुर्की – Goa-Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="तुर्की" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goa-Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍄𐍅𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰 – gotic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍄𐍅𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Ghanaisches Pidgin-Englisch" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaisches Pidgin-Englisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="તુર્કસ્તાન – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તુર્કસ્તાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Wayúu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayúu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Farefare" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Farefare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Farefare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Turkee" title="Yn Turkee – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Turkee" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiyya" title="Turkiyya – haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Turkiyya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BA-ng%C3%AD-kh%C3%AC" title="Thú-ngí-khì – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thú-ngí-khì" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuleke" title="Kuleke – hawaian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kuleke" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="lesenswerter Artikel"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94" title="טורקיה – ebraic" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טורקיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="तुर्की – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तुर्की" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Fidschi-Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fidschi-Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="exzellenter Artikel"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turska" title="Turska – croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Turska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkowska" title="Turkowska – aut sorb" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Turkowska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="aut sorb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiki" title="Tiki – creol haitian" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tiki" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="creol haitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="exzellenter Artikel"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6r%C3%B6korsz%C3%A1g" title="Törökország – ungarais" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Törökország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Թուրքիա – armen" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուրքիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Թուրքիա – Westarmenisch" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Թուրքիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Westarmenisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – indonais" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcia" title="Turcia – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Turcia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk%C3%A9y" title="Turkéy – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Turkéy" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-igl mw-list-item"><a href="https://igl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – Igala" lang="igl" hreflang="igl" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Igala" data-language-local-name="Igala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkii" title="Turkii – inupiak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Turkii" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="inupiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BA" title="Туркий мохк – ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Туркий мохк" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkland" title="Tyrkland – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tyrkland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia – talian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%91%E1%95%90%E1%91%AD" title="ᑑᕐᑭ – inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑑᕐᑭ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3" title="トルコ – giapunais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルコ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapunais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toerki" title="Toerki – Jamaikanisch-Kreolisch" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Toerki" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaikanisch-Kreolisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/turk" title="turk – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="turk" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="exzellenter Artikel"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="თურქეთი – georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თურქეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BArkiya" title="Túrkiya – karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Túrkiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tturk" title="Tturk – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tturk" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Тыркуей – kabardic" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Тыркуей" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuurkii" title="Tuurkii – Kabiyé" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tuurkii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiyé" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turukya" title="Turukya – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Turukya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak%C4%A9" title="Takĩ – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Takĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Түркия – casac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түркия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="casac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8" title="តួកគី – cambodschan" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តួកគី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="cambodschan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF" title="ಟರ್ಕಿ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟರ್ಕಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%82%A4%EC%98%88" title="튀르키예 – corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="튀르키예" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Тюркия – Komi-Permjakisch" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Тюркия" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permjakisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Тюрк – karachay-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Тюрк" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karachay-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="تُرکی – kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تُرکی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkei" title="Türkei – colognais" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Türkei" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="colognais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirkiye" title="Tirkiye – curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tirkiye" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Турция" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – cornic" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Түркия – kirghis" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түркия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="exzellenter Artikel"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcia" title="Turcia – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Turcia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierkei" title="Tierkei – luxemburgais" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tierkei" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркия – Lakisch" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Туркия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lakisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция – lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Турция" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcia" title="Turcia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Turcia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buturuki" title="Buturuki – ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Buturuki" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije – limburgais" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Turkije" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia – Ligurisch" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia – Ladinisch" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladinisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrchia" title="Türchia – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Türchia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk%C3%AD" title="Turkí – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Turkí" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B5" title="ປະເທດຕຸຣກີ – laot" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຕຸຣກີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laot" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkija" title="Turkija – lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Turkija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turceja" title="Turceja – Lettgallisch" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Turceja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Lettgallisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="exzellenter Artikel"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcija" title="Turcija – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Turcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – madurais" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madurais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="टर्की – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="टर्की" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркия – moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Туркия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkia" title="Torkia – malagassi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Torkia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Турций – Ostmari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Турций" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Ostmari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81kei" title="Tākei – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tākei" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="exzellenter Artikel"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Турција – macedon" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Турција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF" title="തുർക്കി – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തുർക്കി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Турк – mongolic" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Турк" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯇꯔꯀꯤ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯔꯀꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Moore</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कस्तान – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तुर्कस्तान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Турци – Bergmari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Турци" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Bergmari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – malaic" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkija" title="Turkija – maltais" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Turkija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquie" title="Turquie – mirandais" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Turquie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="တူရကီနိုင်ငံ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တူရကီနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Турция Мастор – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Турция Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87" title="تورکیه – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تورکیه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia – neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6rkie" title="Törkie – bass tudestg" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Törkie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bass tudestg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije – Niedersächsisch" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Turkije" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Niedersächsisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="टर्की – nepalais" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="टर्की" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="टर्की – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="टर्की" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ng mw-list-item"><a href="https://ng.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – ndonga" lang="ng" hreflang="ng" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Oshiwambo" data-language-local-name="ndonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oshiwambo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije – ollandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Turkije" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ollandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkia" title="Tyrkia – norvegiais nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tyrkia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiais nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkia" title="Tyrkia – norvegais bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tyrkia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegais bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%93%DF%8A%DF%95%DF%8D%DF%AB_%DF%A3%DF%9D%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%96%DF%8C%DF%AB" title="ߓߊߕߍ߫ ߣߝߊ߬ߖߌ߫ – n’ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߓߊߕߍ߫ ߣߝߊ߬ߖߌ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr mw-list-item"><a href="https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – ndebele dal sid" lang="nr" hreflang="nr" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="IsiNdebele seSewula" data-language-local-name="ndebele dal sid" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiNdebele seSewula</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtchie" title="Turtchie – Normannisch" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Turtchie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Normannisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – sotho dal nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho dal nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bich%CA%BCah_%C5%81ich%C3%ADi%CA%BCii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Bichʼah Łichíiʼii Bikéyah – navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bichʼah Łichíiʼii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Turquia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtsii" title="Turtsii – Olonetzisch" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Turtsii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Olonetzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkii" title="Tarkii – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tarkii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%80" title="ତୁର୍କୀ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ତୁର୍କୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Турк – ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Турк" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80" title="ਤੁਰਕੀ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੁਰਕੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkie" title="Turkie – Picardisch" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Turkie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkie" title="Turkie – Pennsylvaniadeutsch" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Turkie" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvaniadeutsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkei" title="Türkei – Pfälzisch" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Türkei" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Pfälzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87" title="तुर्किये – pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="तुर्किये" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkii" title="Turkii – Pitcairn-Englisch" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Turkii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Englisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcja" title="Turcja – polac" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Turcja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turch%C3%ACa" title="Turchìa – Piemontesisch" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Turchìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piemontesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ترکی – Westliches Panjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترکی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Westliches Panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τουρκία – Pontisch" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Τουρκία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%87" title="تورکيه – paschto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تورکيه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paschto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="exzellenter Artikel"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turquia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – Vlax-Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax-Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turukiya" title="Turukiya – rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Turukiya" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcia" title="Turcia – rumen" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turcia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia – aromunic" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromunic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchie" title="Turchie – Tarandíne" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Turchie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarandíne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция – russ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Турция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Турція – Russinisch" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Турція" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Russinisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turukiya" title="Turukiya – kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Turukiya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="तुर्की – sanscrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तुर्की" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="Түүркүйэ – jakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Түүркүйэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – sard" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turch%C3%ACa" title="Turchìa – sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Turchìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – scot" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scot" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%AA%D9%8A" title="ترڪي – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ترڪي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durka" title="Durka – sami dal nord" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Durka" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sami dal nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turuk%C3%AFi" title="Turukïi – sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Turukïi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turska" title="Turska – serbo-croat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Turska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkya" title="Turkya – tachelit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Turkya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းတိူဝ်ႇၵီႇ – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းတိူဝ်ႇၵီႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="තුර්කිය – singalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තුර්කිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – einfaches Englisch" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="einfaches Englisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turecko" title="Turecko – slovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Turecko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ترکی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ترکی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur%C4%8Dija" title="Turčija – sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Turčija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take" title="Take – samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Take" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkki" title="Turkki – sami inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Turkki" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="sami inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turuki" title="Turuki – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Turuki" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiga" title="Turkiga – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Turkiga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqia" title="Turqia – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Turqia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Турска – serb" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Турска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiyakondre" title="Turkiyakondre – sranan tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Turkiyakondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="sranan tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IThekhi" title="IThekhi – swazi" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IThekhi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swazi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – sotho dal sid" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="sotho dal sid" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk%C3%A4i" title="Turkäi – Saterfriesisch" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Turkäi" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterfriesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – sundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiet" title="Turkiet – svedais" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Turkiet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uturuki" title="Uturuki – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uturuki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcyjo" title="Turcyjo – Schlesisch (Wasserpolnisch)" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Turcyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Schlesisch (Wasserpolnisch)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="துருக்கி – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துருக்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF" title="ಟರ್ಕಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಟರ್ಕಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80" title="టర్కీ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టర్కీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia – tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркия – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Туркия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5" title="ประเทศตุรกี – tailandais" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศตุรกี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AA" title="ቱርኪ – tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ቱርኪ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrki%C3%BDe" title="Türkiýe – turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Türkiýe" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkij%C9%99" title="Tyrkijə – Talisch" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Tyrkijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toake" title="Toake – tonga" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Toake" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teki" title="Teki – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Teki" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – tirc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tirc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="lesenswerter Artikel"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Төркия – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төркия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turiti" title="Turiti – tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Turiti" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция – tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Турция" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция – udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Турция" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%AC%DB%87%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="تۈركىيە جۇمھۇرىيىتى – uiguric" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تۈركىيە جۇمھۇرىيىتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Туреччина – ucranais" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Туреччина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucranais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="exzellenter Artikel"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%81" title="ترکیہ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترکیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya – usbec" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="venda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turch%C3%ACa" title="Turchìa – Venetisch" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Turchìa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkanma" title="Turkanma – Wepsisch" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Turkanma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Wepsisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%95_Nh%C4%A9_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ – vietnamais" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeye" title="Turkeye – Westflämisch" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Turkeye" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="Westflämisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk%C3%A4n" title="Türkän – volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Türkän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourkeye" title="Tourkeye – vallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tourkeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeya" title="Turkeya – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Turkeya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirki" title="Tirki – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Tirki" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="土耳其" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye – kalmuk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITurkiya" title="ITurkiya – xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="ITurkiya" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="თურქეთი – Mingrelisch" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თურქეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99" title="טערקיי – jiddic" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טערקיי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dujwjgiz" title="Dujwjgiz – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dujwjgiz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije – Seeländisch" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Turkije" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Seeländisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵢⴰ – marocan tamazight standardisà" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="marocan tamazight standardisà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其 – chinais" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="土耳其" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其 – Klassisches Chinesisch" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="土耳其" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Klassisches Chinesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B3%CD%98-n%C3%AD-k%C3%AE" title="Thó͘-ní-kî – Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thó͘-ní-kî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="土耳其" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITheki" title="ITheki – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ITheki" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifitgar las colliaziuns tar autras linguas" class="wbc-editpage">Modifitgar colliaziuns</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Tip da pagina"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tirchia" title="Mussar l'artitgel [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artitgel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussiun:Tirchia" rel="discussion" title="Discussiuns davart il cuntegn da l'artitgel [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussiun</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Sprachvariante ändern" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">rumantsch</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Questa pagina"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tirchia"><span>Leger</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit" title="Modifitgar questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifitgar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit" title="Modifitgar il code da funtauna da questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifitgar il code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=history" title="Versiuns pli veglias da questa pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Seitenwerkzeuge"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Utensils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Utensils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Werkzeuge</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">In die Seitenleiste verschieben</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">Verbergen</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Weitere Optionen" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Aktionen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tirchia"><span>Leger</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit" title="Modifitgar questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifitgar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit" title="Modifitgar il code da funtauna da questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifitgar il code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=history"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Allgemein </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Linkliste/Tirchia" title="Glista da tut las paginas vichi che mussan sin questa pagina [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Colliaziuns sin questa pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:%C3%84nderungen_an_verlinkten_Seiten/Tirchia" rel="nofollow" title="Ultimas midadas sin paginas colliadas cun questa pagina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modificaziuns sin paginas colliadas</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Spezialseiten" title="Glista da tut las paginas spezialas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Paginas spezialas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&oldid=165907" title="Link permanent tar questa versiun da la pagina"><span>Colliaziun permanenta</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=info" title="Weitere Informationen über diese Seite"><span>Infurmaziuns da la pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Zitierhilfe&page=Tirchia&id=165907&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Hinweise, wie diese Seite zitiert werden kann"><span>Citar questa pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:URL-K%C3%BCrzung&url=https%3A%2F%2Frm.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTirchia"><span>Gekürzte URL abrufen</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Frm.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTirchia"><span>QR-Code runterladen</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stampar/exportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Buch&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Tirchia"><span>Crear in cudesch</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tirchia&action=show-download-screen"><span>Telechargiar sco PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&printable=yes" title="Versiun per stampar da questa pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiun per stampar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En auters projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43" title="Link zum verbundenen Objekt im Datenrepositorium [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata object</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Seitenwerkzeuge"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Erscheinungsbild"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Erscheinungsbild</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">In die Seitenleiste verschieben</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">Verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Ord Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="rm" dir="ltr"><div style="right:30px; display:none;" class="topicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artitgels_che_mintga_Vichipedia_duai_aver" title="Artitgel dals 1000"><img alt="Artitgel dals 1000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/1000HA.png/28px-1000HA.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/1000HA.png 1.5x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="36" /></a></span></div> <table class="prettytable float-right" align="right" width="330"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DDD;"><font size="+1"><b>Republica da la Tirchia</b></font><br /> <p><b>Türkiye Cumhuriyeti</b><font size="-1"> (tirc)</font> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="2"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="100%" class="nogrid"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" width="50%" style="background-color:transparent; border:none"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Flag_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/150px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/225px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/300px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="background-color:transparent; border:none; width:50%; font-size:90%; text-align: center"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Emblem_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none; width:50%; font-size:90%; text-align: center"> </td> <td style="border:none; width:50%; font-size:90%; text-align: center"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Lingua uffiziala</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Lingua_tirca" title="Lingua tirca">tirc</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Chapitala</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ankara (n'exista betg)">Ankara</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Furma da stadi</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;">stadi unitar republican </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Schef da stadi e schef da la regenza</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;">president dal stadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (n'exista betg)">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> (a medem temp schef da la regenza) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Surfatscha</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;">783 562  km² </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Abitants</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;">83 154 997 (2019) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Spessezza</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;">103 abitants per km² </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Munaida</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;">lira tirca </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Independenza</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;">29 d’october 1923 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Imni naziunal</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;"><i>İstiklâl Marşı</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Zona d'urari</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;">+3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Numer da l'auto</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;">TR </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>TLD d'internet</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;">.tr </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Preselecziun</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;">+90 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#f2f2f4;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Turkey_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Turkey_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Turkey_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Turkey_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/495px-Turkey_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Turkey_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/660px-Turkey_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller; vertical-align:top; background-color:#f2f2f4;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Turkey_in_Europe_(-rivers_-mini_map).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Turkey_in_Europe_%28-rivers_-mini_map%29.svg/330px-Turkey_in_Europe_%28-rivers_-mini_map%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Turkey_in_Europe_%28-rivers_-mini_map%29.svg/495px-Turkey_in_Europe_%28-rivers_-mini_map%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Turkey_in_Europe_%28-rivers_-mini_map%29.svg/660px-Turkey_in_Europe_%28-rivers_-mini_map%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1198" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller; vertical-align:top; background-color:#f2f2f4;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Turkey_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Turkey_map.svg/330px-Turkey_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Turkey_map.svg/495px-Turkey_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Turkey_map.svg/660px-Turkey_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>La <b>Tirchia</b> (tirc Türkiye, uffizialmain Republica da la Tirchia, tirc Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, curt T.C.) è in stadi unitar en l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatolia (n'exista betg)">Anatolia</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asia_Anteriura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asia Anteriura (n'exista betg)">Asia Anteriura</a>) e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachia_da_l%27Ost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trachia da l'Ost (n'exista betg)">Trachia da l’Ost</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_dal_Sidost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Europa dal Sidost (n'exista betg)">Europa dal Sidost</a>). Sco stadi successur da l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_osmanic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperi osmanic (n'exista betg)">Imperi osmanic</a> è il pajais segnà dapi sia fundaziun l’onn 1923 d’in’orientaziun laicistica e kemalistica. Il fundatur dal stadi <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> ha inizià ina modernisaziun da la Tirchia tras refurmas socialas e da dretg tenor l’exempel da divers stadis naziunals europeics. </p><p>Geograficamain vegn il pajais per ordinari sutdividì en set regiuns. En la Tirchia vivan bundant 82 milliuns abitants (situaziun dal 2018) sin ina surfatscha da 783 562 km². En la zona d’aglomeraziun <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> viva stgars in tschintgavel da la populaziun, daspera datti ulteriuras citads cun dapli ch’in milliun abitants sco la chapitala <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izmir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izmir (n'exista betg)">Izmir</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bursa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bursa (n'exista betg)">Bursa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adana (n'exista betg)">Adana</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antalya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antalya (n'exista betg)">Antalya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konya (n'exista betg)">Konya</a> ed autras. Il grad d’urbarisaziun sa chattava l’onn 2017 tar 74,4 %. En la Tirchia datti 18 lieus dal Patrimoni mundial da l’Unesco e numerus territoris da protecziun da la natira. </p><p>Tar la Tirchia sa tracti d’in nov pajais industrial cun entradas medias. Il 2016 ha il pajais – resguardond la capacitad da cumpra – cuntanschì la tredeschavel gronda prestaziun economica dal mund. La Tirchia è tranter auter commembra da l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=OECD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OECD (n'exista betg)">OECD</a>, da la <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, da las <a href="/wiki/Naziuns_unidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Naziuns unidas">Naziuns unidas</a>, dals <a href="/w/index.php?title=G20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G20 (n'exista betg)">G20</a> sco er da l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisaziun_per_la_collavuraziun_islamica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisaziun per la collavuraziun islamica (n'exista betg)">Organisaziun per la collavuraziun islamica</a>. Dapi il 1999 furma la Tirchia en pli in candidat d’adesiun uffizial da l’<a href="/wiki/Uniun_europeica" title="Uniun europeica">Uniun europeica</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografia">Geografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifitgar secziun: Geografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=1" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Geografia"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posiziun">Posiziun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifitgar secziun: Posiziun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=2" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Posiziun"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Istanbul2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Istanbul2010.jpg/210px-Istanbul2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Istanbul2010.jpg/315px-Istanbul2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Istanbul2010.jpg/420px-Istanbul2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>Istanbul</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Ayder_Plateau_@_Rize-Turkey.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ayder_Plateau_%40_Rize-Turkey.JPG/210px-Ayder_Plateau_%40_Rize-Turkey.JPG" decoding="async" width="210" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ayder_Plateau_%40_Rize-Turkey.JPG/315px-Ayder_Plateau_%40_Rize-Turkey.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ayder_Plateau_%40_Rize-Turkey.JPG/420px-Ayder_Plateau_%40_Rize-Turkey.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2290" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption>Regiun da la Mar Naira</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Tumulus_-_panoramio_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tumulus_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/210px-Tumulus_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tumulus_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/315px-Tumulus_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tumulus_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/420px-Tumulus_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4945" data-file-height="3296" /></a><figcaption>Anatolia Centrala</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Kohrvirab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kohrvirab.jpg/210px-Kohrvirab.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kohrvirab.jpg/315px-Kohrvirab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kohrvirab.jpg/420px-Kohrvirab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2334" /></a><figcaption>L’Ararat, la pli auta muntogna da la Tirchia</figcaption></figure> <p>La Tirchia s’extenda geograficamain sur dus continents. L’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatolia (n'exista betg)">Anatolia</a>, la part asiatica dal territori statal tirc, cumpiglia radund 97 % da la surfatscha dal pajais. La part europeica en il nordvest (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachia_da_l%27Ost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trachia da l'Ost (n'exista betg)">Trachia da l’Ost</a>) mesira radund 3 % da la surfatscha e cumpiglia er la part principala da la metropola <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. </p><p>Cun ina lingia da costa da radund 7200 km cunfinescha la Tirchia en il vest cun la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mar_Egeica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mar Egeica (n'exista betg)">Mar Egeica</a>, en il sid cun la <a href="/wiki/Mar_Mediterrana" title="Mar Mediterrana">Mar Mediterrana</a> ed en il nord cun la <a href="/wiki/Mar_Naira" title="Mar Naira">Mar Naira</a>. La <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mar_da_Marmara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mar da Marmara (n'exista betg)">Mar da Marmara</a> è situada tranter la Mar Egeica e la Mar Naira ed è mintgamai colliada cun quellas tras ina stretga: en il vest èn quai las <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dardanellas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dardanellas (n'exista betg)">Dardanellas</a> d’ina lunghezza da ca. 65 kilometers, en l’ost il <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bosporus (n'exista betg)">Bosporus</a>. Al Bosporus sa chatta la metropola <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. </p><p>Il cunfin dal pajais vers ils otg stadis vischins ha ina lunghezza totala da 2816 km. En il nordvest cunfinescha la Tirchia cun la <a href="/wiki/Grezia" title="Grezia">Grezia</a> (192 km) e la <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (223 km), en il nordost cun la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgia (n'exista betg)">Georgia</a> (273 km), l’<a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> (311 km), l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aserbaidschan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aserbaidschan (n'exista betg)">Aserbaidschan</a> (exclava e republica autonoma Nachitschewan, 17 km), en l’ost cun l’<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (534 km) ed en il sid cun l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Irac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irac (n'exista betg)">Irac</a> (367 km) e la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siria (n'exista betg)">Siria</a> (899 km). L’insla <a href="/wiki/Cipra" title="Cipra">Cipra</a> cun la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republica_da_la_Cipra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republica da la Cipra (n'exista betg)">Republica da la Cipra</a> e la Republica tirca Cipra dal Nord, che n’è betg renconuschida internaziunalmain, è situada en ina distanza da ca. 70 kilometers davent da la costa dal sid. Medemamain betg lunsch davent da la terra franca tirca sa chattan las inslas grecas Chios, Kos, Symi e Rhodos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geologia">Geologia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifitgar secziun: Geologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=3" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Geologia"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geologicamain fa la Tirchia part da la chadaina da muntognas alpidica. Il pajais sa chatta per gronda part sin la platta anatolica, la quala cunfinescha en il nord ed ost cun la platta eurasiana, en il sid cun la platta araba ed en il sidvest cun la platta africana. Pervi da la ruttadira da l’Anatolia dal Nord tutga surtut la part settentriunala da la Tirchia tar las regiuns periclitadas il pli ferm d’in terratrembel en tut il mund.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuntradas">Cuntradas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifitgar secziun: Cuntradas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=4" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Cuntradas"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geograficamain vegn la Tirchia partida en set cuntradas u regiuns. Quatter regiuns sa numnan suenter la mar cunfinanta: regiun da la <a href="/wiki/Mar_Naira" title="Mar Naira">Mar Naira</a>, regiun da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marmara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marmara (n'exista betg)">Marmara</a>, regiun da la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mar_Egeica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mar Egeica (n'exista betg)">Mar Egeica</a> e regiun da la <a href="/wiki/Mar_Mediterrana" title="Mar Mediterrana">Mar Mediterrana</a>. Trais regiuns vegnan designadas tenor lur posiziun en l’Anatolia: Anatolia Centrala, Anatolia da l’Ost ed Anatolia dal Sidost. Questas regiuns sa differenzieschan fermamain areguard la vegetaziun e las cundiziuns climaticas. </p><p>La regiun da Marmara circumdescha la Mar da Marmara e sa chatta uschia per part en l’Europa e per part en l’Anatolia che tutga tar l’Asia. La part europeica en il nord da la Mar da Marmara furma la Trachia tirca (Trachia da l’Ost). Al flum Meriç cunfinescha la Tirchia cun la <a href="/wiki/Grezia" title="Grezia">Grezia</a>. La regiun da Marmara è collinusa e cuverta da bostgaglia e guauds. Il terren arabel fritgaivel guntgescha vers ost ad ina cuntrada da steppa. La regiun metropola <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> è il center economic da la Tirchia. La citad gronda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bursa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bursa (n'exista betg)">Bursa</a> furma in lieu da cura ch’è enconuschent per sias funtaunas da zulper e termalas; ella sa chatta al pe da la Muntogna Uludağ. Quella furma sur onn in lieu d’excursiun fitg frequentà. </p><p>La regiun da la Mar Egeica vegn medemamain tratga a niz intensivamain tras l’agricultura. La cuntrada segnada da bleras collinas s’extenda per lung da la costa dal vest tranter Çanakkale e Bodrum. La regiun da costa tutga tar las regiuns da la Tirchia ch’èn vegnidas rendidas accessiblas il meglier per il turissem. Sper cipressas ed ulivers è la cuntrada segnada da vignas. En questa regiun sa chattan bleras restanzas archeologicas dal temp da la colonisaziun greca en l’antica, p.ex. <a href="/wiki/Troja" title="Troja">Troja</a>, Assos (Behramkale), Pergamon (Bergama), Ephesus (Efes), Priene, Milet, Didyma ed Euromos. </p><p>La regiun da la Mar Naira cumpiglia la strivla da costa settentriunala da la Tirchia. Quella è segnada d’in clima miaivel, umid e la cuntrada muntagnarda è cuverta cun gronds guauds. Sin il terren ordvart fritgaivel vegn cultivà té, tubac, tirc e nitscholas. </p><p>La regiun da l’Anatolia Centrala cumpiglia l’auta planira situada en quest territori. Qua sa chattan il lai da sal Tuz Gölü e chadainas da muntogna che cuntanschan per part autezzas da fin 3900 meters. En l’ost sa chatta la Cappadochia ch’è enconuschenta per sias taunas d’abitar e baselgias pitgadas en il crap da tuf da muntognas che tanschan fin en autezzas da 2000 meters. L’Anatolia Centrala è surtut segnada d’ina cuntrada da steppa; quella n’è però per gronda part betg d’origin natiral, mabain deriva d’intervenziuns da vart da l’uman sco debostgaziuns u ruissas tras muaglia. Il territori tutga tar il pli sitg da l’entira Anatolia; en la regiun enturn il Tuz Gölü è il clima segnà da tratgs da semidesert. Perquai n’ha lieu qua nagina utilisaziun agricula intensiva sco en las regiuns surmenziunadas. Ina repartiziun da las precipitaziuns favuraivla als fritgs dal funs, cun in maximum da las precipitaziuns la primavaira e l’entschatta da la stad, pussibilitescha però la cultivaziun senza sauaziun artifiziala. Perquai vegnan tratgs a niz per l’agricultura quasi tut ils terrens betg carstics e che n’èn betg vegnids destruids tras erosiun. Cultivads vegnan qua surtut furment, ierdi, leguminosas (surtut chicras) e fritgs. Il clima da la regiun è segnà da stads fitg chaudas, sitgas cun notgs frestgas. L’enviern crodan las temperaturas magari fin sut −20 °C. Igl è tuttavia er pussaivel da cultivar en l’Anatolia Centrala plantas da la regiun da la Mar Mediterrana ch’han gugent il chaud, ma ch’èn resistentas cunter il fraid sco per exempel fighers, mailers da granats u murers. Er la viticultura resp. la cultivaziun d’ivas è derasada. </p><p>En l’Anatolia da l’Ost sco regiun d’auta muntogna èn situads intgins dals pli auts pizs da la Tirchia sco l’Ararat ed il Süphan Dağı. Medemamain sa chattan qua ils flums da funtauna da l’Eufrat, il Murat ed il Karasu, en pli il curs superiur da l’Aras che cula sperasvi l’Arat vers ost en direcziun da la Mar Caspica. Il Lai da Van, cun 1640 meters il lai intern il pli autsituà dal pajais, sa chatta medemamain en questa regiun. Las pli grondas citads èn Elazığ, Erzincan, Erzurum, Malatya e Van. </p><p>La regiun da la Mar Mediterrana vegn circumdada en il nord da la Muntogna dal Taurus ed en l’ost da la Muntogna Nur (u Amanos). En questa regiun vegnan surtut cultivads fritgs da citrus, bananas, tomatas, nitscholas e mangola. </p><p>L’Anatolia dal Sidost è la pli veglia regiun culturala da la Tirchia. Quella vegn circumdada da la Muntogna dal Taurus. Tras questa regiun culan ils dus flums Eufrat e Tigris. En l’agricultura domineschan la cultivaziun da furment, ierdi, ulivas e pistazias sco er la viticultura. Sper chadainas da muntogna è la regiun en l’ost da l’Eufrat segnada d’ina planira auta. </p><p>Idrologicamain stat la Tirchia sut l’ensaina da ses reliev e surtut da la Muntogna dal Taurus en il sid sco er da l’Auta Planira Armena en l’ost. La gronda part da l’Anatolia maina l’aua sur flums pli gronds sco Kızılırmak e Sakarya en la Mar Naira. La Mar Mediterrana e la Mar Egeica disponan percunter be d’in intschess idrografic relativamain pitschen. En la part centrala dal pajais fineschan intgins flums en lais da sal ed en la part orientala mainan l’Aras e ses affluents l’aua vers la Mar Caspica resp. Eufrat e Tigrid vers il Golf da la Persia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clima">Clima</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifitgar secziun: Clima" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=5" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Clima"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toptextcells" style="border:1px solid #8888AA; background:#F7F8FF; text-align:center; border-spacing:1px;" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Las datas climaticas da la Tirchia tenor las regiuns geograficas<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#CC9933;"> <th style="text-align:left;">Regiun </th> <th>Temperatura media (°C) </th> <th>Temperatura maximala (°C) </th> <th>Temperatura minimala (°C) </th> <th>Umiditad en media (%) </th> <th>Media da las precipitaziuns (mm) </th></tr> <tr style="background:#CFBF7A;"> <td style="text-align:left;">Regiun da Marmara </td> <td>13,5 </td> <td>44,6 </td> <td>−27,8 </td> <td>71,2 </td> <td>569,0 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#C09A7C;"> <td style="text-align:left;">Regiun da la Mar Egeica </td> <td>15,4 </td> <td>48,5 </td> <td>−45,6 </td> <td>60,9 </td> <td>654,3 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#8FB1AC;"> <td style="text-align:left;">Regiun da la Mar Mediterrana </td> <td>16,4 </td> <td>45,6 </td> <td>−33,5 </td> <td>63,9 </td> <td>706,0 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#BC89BE;"> <td style="text-align:left;">Regiun da la Mar Naira </td> <td>12,3 </td> <td>44,2 </td> <td>−32,8 </td> <td>70,9 </td> <td>828,5 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#C9B974;"> <td style="text-align:left;">Anatolia Centrala </td> <td>10,6 </td> <td>41,8 </td> <td>−36,2 </td> <td>62,6 </td> <td>392,0 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#97C789;"> <td style="text-align:left;">Anatolia da l’Ost </td> <td>9,7 </td> <td>44,4 </td> <td>−45,6 </td> <td>60,9 </td> <td>569,0 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#D0AC84;"> <td style="text-align:left;">Anatolia dal Sidost </td> <td>16,5 </td> <td>48,4 </td> <td>−24,3 </td> <td>53,4 </td> <td>584,5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_e_fauna">Flora e fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifitgar secziun: Flora e fauna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=6" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Flora e fauna"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La flora da la Tirchia vala sco la pli multifara e variada dal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxim_Orient&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proxim Orient (n'exista betg)">Proxim Orient</a>. En il fratemp han ins eruì bundant 850 geners cun var 9000 spezias. Tar radund in terz da quellas sa tracti da spezias endemicas. Motivs per questa rata d’endemits extrem auta furma il fatg che diversas regiuns fitogeograficas sa cruschan qua, sco er la varietad climatica e la cuntrada ritga da muntognas; igl èn quai facturs che pussibiliteschan ina vasta diversificaziun. Bleras spezias endemicas èn però periclitadas. </p><p>Er bleras spezias da selvaschina da chatscha bassa e portgs selvadis vivan qua, sa decimeschan però cuntinuadamain pervi da la chatscha. Sco animals da niz èn surtut derasads bovs, chavals, biffels, nursas e chauras. Ils effectivs da chamels èn sa reducids d’in cuntin ils ultims decennis; quels vegnan oz tegnids en emprima lingia per concurrenzas sportivas e main sco animals da sauma. </p><p>A la costa tirca fruntan ins sin las pli differentas spezias da peschs ed er sin delfins. Per part vivan en la mar er diversas spezias da squagls, ils quals na sa trategnan però per ordinari betg en vischinanza da la costa. La foca mediterrana che valeva sco svanida en l’Europa cumpara en il fratemp puspè a la costa da la Mar Egeica en la Tirchia ed en Grezia. </p><p>Ils pli gronds animals da rapina che vivan oz anc en Tirchia èn tranter auter l’urs brin, il luf, il schacal mellen ed il luf-tscherver eurasian. La hiena sdrimada viva en il sidost dal pajais. Per part fruntan ins er sin giats selvadis ed en il sidost dal pajais sin varans. En il decurs dal temp èn divers animals da rapina vegnids extirpads. L’ultim liun asiatic è vegnì sajettà l’onn 1870. Il leopard anatolic ch’ins ha declerà l’onn 1974 sco extirpà han ins puspè scuvert l’onn 2013 en la regiun da la Mar Mediterrana. </p><p>En la Tirchia cuan ed enverneschan numerusas spezias d’utschels. En il sid da Bandırma, en il parc naziunal Kuşcenneti, sa chatta in enconuschent paradis d’utschels nua che pelicans, andas selvadias, cicognas, cormorans, luschainas e fasans han chattà lur dachasa. Impurtantas colonias dal flamingo rosa vivan a l’intern ed en il sid dal pajais. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territoris_natirals_protegids">Territoris natirals protegids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifitgar secziun: Territoris natirals protegids" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=7" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Territoris natirals protegids"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1,3 % da la surfatscha da la Tirchia stattan sut protecziun da la natira. Tranter auter existan diesch territoris da protecziun da la costa, 18 territoris natirals protegids e 41 parcs naziunals, dals quals dus appartegnan al Patrimoni natiral mundial. </p><p>Il ministeri da l’ambient na dispona però betg da meds finanzials suffizients per garantir ina protecziun cumplessiva dals territoris. En pli na correspundan ils parcs naziunals e territoris da protecziun en la Tirchia savens betg als criteris da l’<a href="/wiki/Uniun_internaziunala_per_il_mantegniment_da_la_natira_e_da_sias_resursas" title="Uniun internaziunala per il mantegniment da la natira e da sias resursas">Uniun internaziunala per il mantegniment da la natira e da sias resursas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Splagias_e_cuntradas">Splagias e cuntradas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifitgar secziun: Splagias e cuntradas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=8" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Splagias e cuntradas"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radund 250 splagias en la Tirchia èn marcadas cun la bandiera blaua, la quala inditgescha ch’ins ha ademplì la stagiun passada in standard constant areguard la qualitad da l’aua da far bogn. </p><p>La costa dal sid tranter Antalya en il vest ed il Cap Anamur en l’ost da la Tirchia, er enconuschenta sut il num Riviera tirca, è in dals centers turistics dal pajais. Sper <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antalya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antalya (n'exista betg)">Antalya</a> furma qua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alanya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alanya (n'exista betg)">Alanya</a> la pli impurtanta citad. Daspera èn er fitg popularas las splagias a la Mar Egeica cun lieus da bogn sco <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bodrum (n'exista betg)">Bodrum</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fethiye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fethiye (n'exista betg)">Fethiye</a>. </p><p>La Cappadochia è ina regiun situada en l’Anatolia Centrala. In dals lieus ils pli enconuschents furma qua Göreme cun sias baselgias tagliadas en il grip. La cuntrada consista da crap da tuf, il qual erodescha be plaunsieu tras las quantitads da precipitaziuns bassas ed il vent; parts pli diras restan a dretg si e furman uschia chamins caracteristics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Populaziun">Populaziun</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifitgar secziun: Populaziun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=9" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Populaziun"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Turkey_population_density_by_province_2014.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Turkey_population_density_by_province_2014.png/280px-Turkey_population_density_by_province_2014.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Turkey_population_density_by_province_2014.png/420px-Turkey_population_density_by_province_2014.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Turkey_population_density_by_province_2014.png/560px-Turkey_population_density_by_province_2014.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Spessezza da la populaziun tenor provinzas (2014)</figcaption></figure> <p>Dapi la fundaziun da la republica l’onn 1923 è la populaziun en la Tirchia creschida fitg svelt. L’onn 1927 vivevan en la Tirchia stgars 14 milliuns umans, il 2014 eran quai 77,7 milliuns. La Tirchia furma a medem temp in pajais d’immigraziun e d’emigraziun. Durant ils onns 1960, 1970 e 1980 han milliuns Tircs bandunà il pajais sco migrants da lavur u fugitivs politics ed èn ids en <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frantscha" title="Frantscha">Frantscha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svezia" title="Svezia">Svezia</a>, ils <a href="/wiki/Pajais_Bass" title="Pajais Bass">Pajais Bass</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Svizra" title="Svizra">Svizra</a> u en l’<a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. Surtut minoritads han bandunà la Tirchia, per exempel Aramens, Alevits, Armens, Assirs, Grecs, Curds, Gidieus, Jesids e Zaza. Da l’autra vart èn arrivads suenter la crudada da la tenda da fier nà dal Balcan, da la Grezia, dal Proxim Orient, da l’Iran, da l’Asia Centrala e da la Crim migrants en la republica. Il 2016 sa trategnevan en la Tirchia 2,8 milliuns fugitivs, surtut stgatschads da la Guerra civila siriana. La Tirchia furmava uschia il pajais cun la pli auta cumpart da fugitivs en tut il mund.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L’onn 2017 eran 6 % da la populaziun migrants u fugitivs. </p><p>La populaziun da la Tirchia è fitg giuvna. La media da vegliadetgna munta a 30,7 onns (situaziun dal 2014). La structura da vegliadetgna sa preschentava il medem onn sco suonda: 24,28 % dals burgais èn sut 14 onns, 67,75 % tranter 15 e 64 onns e be 7,97 % sur 65 onns vegls.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pievels">Pievels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifitgar secziun: Pievels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=10" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Pievels"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La cumposiziun etnica da la populaziun na sa lascha betg eruir precisamain. Tar dumbraziuns dal pievel uffizialas na vegn l’appartegnientscha etnica betg pli registrada. Las indicaziuns davart las etnias divergeschan fermamain ina da l’autra, tut tenor tge funtauna ch’ins consultescha. Approximativamain vivan en Tirchia 70–81 % Tircs, 9–14 % Curds, 4 % Zaza, 2 % Circassians, 2 % Bosniacs, 1,5 % Arabs, 1 % Albanais, 1 % Lazs, 0,1 % Georgians sco er diversas autras gruppas etnicas u naziunalitads sco Armens, Bulgars, Aramens, Tschetschens, Grecs, Gidieus e Roma. </p><p>L’onn 1914 vivevan en l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_osmanic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperi osmanic (n'exista betg)">Imperi osmanic</a> radund 1,3 milliuns Armens cun lingua materna armena.<sup id="cite_ref-shaw_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shaw-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tras il genocid dal 1915 fin 1917 e las stgatschadas è lur dumber sa reducì sin ca. 40 000. Vitiers vegnan ca. 70 000 immigrants armens illegals. </p><p>La gruppa da la populaziun dals Tircs vegn definida differentamain. La regenza tirca attribuescha a quella dapi il 1965 gruppas che vegnan consideradas tenor autras funtaunas sco appartegnentas ad auters pievels tircs. Quai pertutga radund 600 000 Aserbaidschans, mintgamai fin a 200 000 Meschets e Turkmens, ca. 15 000 Gagaus, mintgamai ca. 1000 Casachs, Kirgis, Kumyks, Usbecs e 500 Uigurs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguas">Linguas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifitgar secziun: Linguas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=11" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Linguas"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La lingua naziunala ed uffiziala da la Tirchia odierna è il tirc che vegn discurrì da bundant 80 % da la populaziun sco lingua materna e d’ulteriurs 10–15 % sco segunda lingua. </p><p>Ultra da quai existan radund ventg linguas or da tschintg differentas famiglias da linguas che vegnan discurridas oz dad etnias u minoritads indigenas betg tircas. En quest senn furma la Tirchia in stadi multietnic. Las pli impurtantas da questas linguas èn: </p> <ul><li>Kurmandschi u curd dal nord cun ca. 14 milliuns pledaders (lingua indogermana dal rom iranais)</li> <li>Zazaic cun 1,2–2 milliuns pledaders (lingua indogermana dal rom iranais)</li> <li>Arab (arab da la Mesopotamia dal Nord) cun ca. 1 milliun pledaders (lingua afroasiatica dal rom semitic)</li> <li>Aserbaidschan cun 550 000 pledaders en la Tirchia (lingua tirca dal rom oghusic)</li> <li>Kabard u circassian da l’ost cun 550 000 pledaders en la Tirchia (lingua dal Caucasus dal Vest)</li> <li>Bulgar cun 300 000 pledaders (lingua indogermana dal rom slav)</li> <li>Adygai u circassian dal vest cun stgars 300 000 pledaders (lingua dal Caucasus dal Vest)</li> <li>Armen dal vest u Homschezi cun 70 000 pledaders (lingua indogermana)</li></ul> <p>Grec, surtut pontic, vegniva discurrì il 1914 anc da 1,73 milliuns umans, ils quals èn però vegnids stgatschads tras persecuziun cuntinuanta. Fin oz èn anc restads 4000 pledaders ad Istanbul. Da las linguas arameicas – ils dialects dals cristians arameics – è restada oz en Tirchia abstrahà dals Turoyo (3000 pledaders) be anc la pitschna lingua Hertevin (1000 pledaders). </p><p>Tar la gruppa cartveliana da las linguas caucasas tutgan en la Tirchia il georgian (40 000 pledaders) ed il laz (30 000). Ultra da las linguas gia menziunadas kabard ed adygai vegnan discurridas en la Tirchia las linguas dal Caucasus dal Vest abasin (10 000) ed abchasian (5000). </p><p>Autras linguas minoritaras furman las linguas indogermanas albanais (15 000 pledaders en la Tirchia), romani (25 000) e domari (30 000). Tras moviments da fugitivs actuals vegnan er discurridas en Tirchia numerusas autras linguas da l’Asia dal Vest sco turkmen, kasac, kirgis, usbec, uiguric e.a. </p><p>En il territori da la Tirchia odierna èn vegnidas discurridas en il decurs da l’istorgia numerusas impurtantas linguas ch’èn oz mortas ora. Tar las pli impurtantas tutgan ettitic, luvic, lichian, lidic, frigic, accadic (en furma da l’assiric), urartian, grec vegl, bizantin, armen vegl, latin ed il sirian classic, la lingua da religiun dals cristians arameics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religiuns">Religiuns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifitgar secziun: Religiuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=12" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Religiuns"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg/220px-Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg/330px-Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg/440px-Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5514" data-file-height="3681" /></a><figcaption>Hagia Sophia</figcaption></figure> <p>Tenor statisticas uffizialas èn radund 99 % da la populaziun tirca muslims, da quai èn ca. 82 % sunnits, 16 % alevits e 1–2 % alavits. Ultra da quai vivan en la Tirchia 0,2 % cristians (125 000) e 0,04 % gidieus (23 000). A l’entschatta dal 20avel tschientaner vivevan anc ca. 20 % cristians (surtut Armens e Grecs) sin il territori da la Tirchia odierna ed il 1923 han ins dumbrà bundant 120 000 gidieus. </p><p>Las cifras èn però da tractar cun resalva, pertge che mintga abitant da la Tirchia che n’inditgescha betg explicitamain in’autra religiun, vegn registrà automaticamain sco muslim. In pendant a la sortida da la baselgia n’exista betg, uschia che er ateists, agnostichers e burgais che n’appartegnan a nagina cuminanza religiusa vegnan registrads en la statistica uffiziala sco muslims. Il dumber precis dals muslims e dals abitants senza confessiun n’è oramai betg enconuschent. </p><p>Dapi la fundaziun da la republica vala il princip da separaziun tranter stadi e religiun. La posiziun da l’islam sco religiun statala ha il fundatur dal stadi Atatürk abolì l’onn 1928 en rom d’ina revisiun da la constituziun. Dapi lura vesa la Tirchia sasezza sco stadi laicistic che n’ha naginas preferenzas religiusas. Uschia na vala la scharia, cuntrari als blers auters stadis muslims, betg en la Tirchia. Ils ultims onns han moviments religius-conservativs però gudagnà influenza en la populaziun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Situaziun_sociala">Situaziun sociala</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifitgar secziun: Situaziun sociala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=13" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Situaziun sociala"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il stadi prevesa per tut ils burgais in provediment medicinal da basa. Il 2007 avevi en media 1,23 medis per 1000 abitants. L’aspectativa da vita ha cumpiglià en l’interval 2010 fin 2015 en media 74,8 onns (tar ils umens 71,5 onns, tar las dunnas 78,1 onns). En la rangaziun da l’index dal svilup uman (indicatur da bainstanza) sa chattava la Tirchia il 2014 sin plaz 72 da 188 stadis e tutga uschia tar la gruppa dals stadis «cun in aut svilup uman». </p><p>Tenor in studi dal 2014 enconuscha la Tirchia in coeffizient da Gini da 0,84 ed è uschia in pajais cun in «aut grad d’inegualitad areguard la facultad». Ils ultims onns è quella anc s’augmentada: Il 2002 disponiva il procent da la populaziun il pli ritg da 39,4 % da la facultad, il 2014 eran quai 54,3 %. Tenor Forbes devi il 2017 en la Tirchia 29 milliardaris. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sistem_da_furmaziun">Sistem da furmaziun</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifitgar secziun: Sistem da furmaziun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=14" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Sistem da furmaziun"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scola_populara">Scola populara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifitgar secziun: Scola populara" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=15" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Scola populara"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En rom da l’ultima refurma da la furmaziun han ins augmentà il temp da scola obligatoric e sutdividì il sistem da furmaziun en quatter onns scola elementara, quatter onns stgalim mesaun e quatter onns scola media. </p><p>Pervi da la finanziaziun manglusa e l’aut dumber d’uffants en la vegliadetgna da scola (ca. 25 % da l’entira populaziun) existan en il sistem da furmaziun tirc deficits considerabels. Il foss economic tranter l’ost dal pajais ed il vest pli sviluppà ha er influenzas sin il sistem da scola. En l’ost datti in grond dumber da scolas cumplessivas cun dapli che 50 scolars per classa. Percunter ha pudì vegnir augmentada ils ultims onns la durada da la frequentaziun da la scola da las persunas sur 25 onns d’en media 4,5 onns l’onn 1990 sin 7,9 onns l’onn 2015. L’aspectativa da furmaziun actuala munta a 14,6 onns. L’onn 2015 eran 95 % da la populaziun tirca abels da leger e scriver. </p><p>En ils studis da PISA sa chatta la Tirchia en il terz inferiur dals stadis participants. Il 2015 han ils scolars tircs cuntanschì en matematica il plaz 50 da 72 stadis participants, en scienzas natiralas il plaz 53 ed en chapientscha da leger il plaz 50. Las prestaziuns dals scolars tircs eran en tut las trais categorias sut la media da l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisaziun_da_cooperaziun_e_svilup_economic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisaziun da cooperaziun e svilup economic (n'exista betg)">Organisaziun da cooperaziun e svilup economic</a> (OECD), ma tuttavia cumparegliabels cun quels d’auters novs pajais industrials. </p><p>Ils ultims onns è la regenza tirca sut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erdo%C4%9Fan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erdoğan (n'exista betg)">Erdoğan</a> sa stentada da reislamisar pli ferm las scolas popularas e scolas autas dal pajais. Fin il 2011 eri per exempel scumandà da purtar faziel da chau, dapi lura è quai admess. E sper il rom obligatoric han ins introducì ils novs roms d’elecziun coran, arab e la vita dal profet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammed (n'exista betg)">Mohammed</a>. Ultra da quai han las scolas religiusas (scolas İmam-Hatip) survegnì dapli muntada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scolas_autas">Scolas autas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifitgar secziun: Scolas autas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=16" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Scolas autas"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En tut la Tirchia existan 172 universitads, da quai 69 universitads privatas cun renconuschientscha statala, quatter academias militaras ed in’academia da polizia. A las universitads dal pajais studegian 3,6 milliuns students, quai che correspunda a ca. 33 % da tut las persunas che bandunan la scola obligatorica. La gronda part dals students da l’exteriur derivan dals stadis turcs da l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asia_Centrala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asia Centrala (n'exista betg)">Asia Centrala</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorgia">Istorgia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifitgar secziun: Istorgia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=17" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Istorgia"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preistorgia_ed_antica">Preistorgia ed antica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifitgar secziun: Preistorgia ed antica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=18" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Preistorgia ed antica"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Walls_of_Troy_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Walls_of_Troy_%281%29.jpg/220px-Walls_of_Troy_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Walls_of_Troy_%281%29.jpg/330px-Walls_of_Troy_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Walls_of_Troy_%281%29.jpg/440px-Walls_of_Troy_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Mirs dal temp da bronz a Troja</figcaption></figure> <p>Il territori da la Tirchia odierna è colonisà dapi il temp paleolitic.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En la Tirchia da l’Ost ha il neoliticum cumenzà fitg baud. Perditgas da quai èn Göbekli Tepe, Nevali Cori e Çatalhöyük. En il terz e segund millenni a.C. vivevan en l’Anatolia ils Hattians (er Protohattians), en la Mesopotamia dal Nord ils Hurrits. </p><p>En la segunda mesadad dal terz millenni èn immigrads sper ils Luvians ils Hetits, in pievel medemamain indogerman, dal qual l’origin n’è anc betg sclerì dal tuttafatg. Circa a medem temp è sa furmada en l’Asia Minura ina rait da colonias da commerzi assirianas. Suenter in temp cun principadis locals, han ils Hetits fundà vers 1600 a.C. lur imperi grond cun la chapitala Hattuša. Quel è ì a fin per motivs betg enconuschents vers 1200 a.C.; lur cultura ha però cuntinuà en reginavels pitschens en l’Anatolia dal Sidost ed en la Siria fin ca. 600 a.C. Ina raschun pussaivla per la fin da l’Imperi dals Hetits han furmà ils Frigs che derivavan tenor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homer (n'exista betg)">Homer</a> da la Trachia. Davart lur fasa tempriva sin territori da l’Asia Minura datti be paucas perditgas; en il fratemp sa mussa però ch’els han gia colonisà lur chapitala Gordion en il 12avel tschientaner a.C. Vers 750 a.C. sa lascha cumprovar in imperi grond frig enturn Gordion e la citad da Midas. Quel è ì a fin l’onn 696 a.C., apparentamain pervi da l’invasiun dals Cimmerians che derivavan probablamain da la Russia dal Sid. Circa a medem temp è sa furmà en la part orientala da l’Asia Minura il reginavel dals Lids cun la chapitala Sardes. En il nordost ha existì dal 9avel fin il 7avel tschientaner a.C. l’imperi dad Urartu, il qual è stà involvì pli u main permanentamain en cumbats cun ils Assirs. </p><p>La costa dal vest da l’Anatolia (t.a. Milet) è gia vegnida colonisada dapi la mesadad dal segund millenni a.C. tras grecs ionics, aiolics e dorics, ils quals èn avanzads da là davent vers la costa dal sid e vers la Mar Naira. Er da la cultura micenica èn vegnids a la glisch relicts a la costa dal vest e dal sid, sco er en il fratemp a Kuşaklı en l’auta planira da l’Anatolia Centrala. A partir da 700 a.C. èn avanzads nà da l’ost Meds e Persians ed han conquistà la Lidia e parts da las colonias grecas. A partir da 334 a.C. ha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_il_Grond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander il Grond (n'exista betg)">Alexander il Grond</a> conquistà l’entira Asia Minura. Suenter la mort da quel è ses reginavel grond dà dapart; igl ha cumenzà il helenissem cun plirs regents rivalisants da derivanza macedona. La predominanza greca è vegnida terminada vers la fin dal terz tschientaner tras l’expansiun da l’<a href="/wiki/Imperi_roman" title="Imperi roman">Imperi roman</a>, il qual ha surpiglià successivamain la pussanza en l’Asia Minura e mantegnì quella fin la spartiziun da l’imperi en la Roma occidentala e la Roma orientala (Bizanz) en il quart tschientaner. Silsuenter ha il pajais appartegnì fin l’avanzada dals Arabs e pli tard dals Seldschucs ed Osmans a l’Imperi bizantin. </p><p>Parallel als surmenziunads han existì dominis locals: </p> <ul><li>ils Lukka en il 15avel fin 13avel tschientaner a.C. en la Lichia</li> <li>ils Mitanni en il 15avel e 14avel tschientaner en la Mesopotamia dal Nord e Siria</li> <li>il domini d’Arzawa circa a medem temp sco ils Hetits en il sidvest da l’Asia Minura</li> <li>ils Arames ca. 1200 fin 1000 a.C. en la Mesopotamia dal Nord</li> <li>ils Karer e Leleger enturn il quart tschientaner a.C. en l’Anatolia dal Vest enturn Mylasa e Labraunda</li> <li>ils Licians 400 fin 300 a.C.</li> <li>ils Parts da 200 a.C. fin 200 s.C. en il nordost ed en l’Armenia odierna</li> <li>il domini da Commagene da 163 fin ca. la naschientscha da Cristus en la part orientala da l’Anatolia Centrala.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperi_dals_Göktürk_–_6avel_fin_8avel_tschientaner_s.C."><span id="Imperi_dals_G.C3.B6kt.C3.BCrk_.E2.80.93_6avel_fin_8avel_tschientaner_s.C."></span>Imperi dals Göktürk – 6avel fin 8avel tschientaner s.C.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifitgar secziun: Imperi dals Göktürk – 6avel fin 8avel tschientaner s.C." class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=19" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Imperi dals Göktürk – 6avel fin 8avel tschientaner s.C."><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il num dals Tircs deriva da l’Asia Centrala. Là existiva en la Mongolia odierna dal 6avel fin il 8avel tschientaner il chaganat dals Turcs, ils quals vegnan per ordinari – per als distinguer dals Tircs da pli tard – numnads Göktürk. Ils Chinais als numnavan tujue. Da là è il num sa derasà en il temp medieval tempriv sco noziun collectiva per la gronda part dals pievels da la steppa eurasians, tranter auter er per tals che na discurrivan nagina lingua turca (sco per exempel ils Magyars ch’ils Bizantins numnavan Τουρκοι, Tourkoi). Ils immigrants, dals quals la Tirchia ha ses num, èn stads ils Oghuz che derivavan da la regiun enturn la Mar d’Aral. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seldschucs_–_11avel_tschientaner_s.C."><span id="Seldschucs_.E2.80.93_11avel_tschientaner_s.C."></span>Seldschucs – 11avel tschientaner s.C.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modifitgar secziun: Seldschucs – 11avel tschientaner s.C." class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=20" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Seldschucs – 11avel tschientaner s.C."><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ils Seldschucs han battì a moda decisiva l’armada bizantina en la Battaglia sper Manzikert l’onn 1071. L’onn 1077 è vegnì fundà il sultanat dals Seldschucs da Rum e sinaquai han ils tircs conquistà grondas parts da l’Anatolia da l’Ost e da l’Anatolia Centrala. Suenter l’assagl dals Mongols è il reginavel seldschuc stà flaivlentà, uschia che diversas stirpas tircas èn definitivamain sa fatgas independentas. Or d’in da quests principadis tircs è sa sviluppà l’Imperi osmanic da pli tard. Dapi il 12avel tschientaner è cumprovada en funtaunas dal vest la denominaziun ‹Turchia› per il pajais. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperi_osmanic_–_a_partir_da_1299_s.C."><span id="Imperi_osmanic_.E2.80.93_a_partir_da_1299_s.C."></span>Imperi osmanic – a partir da 1299 s.C.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modifitgar secziun: Imperi osmanic – a partir da 1299 s.C." class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=21" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Imperi osmanic – a partir da 1299 s.C."><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Naher_Osten_historisch_-_Osmanisches_Reich_1830-1923.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Naher_Osten_historisch_-_Osmanisches_Reich_1830-1923.gif/220px-Naher_Osten_historisch_-_Osmanisches_Reich_1830-1923.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Naher_Osten_historisch_-_Osmanisches_Reich_1830-1923.gif/330px-Naher_Osten_historisch_-_Osmanisches_Reich_1830-1923.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Naher_Osten_historisch_-_Osmanisches_Reich_1830-1923.gif/440px-Naher_Osten_historisch_-_Osmanisches_Reich_1830-1923.gif 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="834" /></a><figcaption>Svilup territorial da l’Imperi osmanic</figcaption></figure></div> <p>Vers il 1299 ha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osman_Gazi_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osman Gazi I (n'exista betg)">Osman Gazi I</a> (1259–1326) fundà la dinastia dals Osmans che vegn numnada suenter el e da la quala deriva il num da l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_osmanic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperi osmanic (n'exista betg)">Imperi osmanic</a> (er numnà Imperi tirc). L’emprim ha surtut giugà per ils Osmans l’ideologia da Gazi in’impurtanta rolla areguard la strategia da guerra. Els avevan da l’entschatta ennà en mira la conquista da territoris bizantins, uschia che emprimas conquistas han gì lieu al cunfin vers l’Imperi bizantin (Uc) ed han cuntinuà en direcziun da la Rumelia en l’Europa. Suenter la conquista da Constantinopel l’onn 1453 han ils Osmans regì sur vastas parts dal Proxim Orient, da l’Africa dal Nord, da la Crim, dal Caucasus e dal Balcan. </p><p>Suenter che l’expansiun da l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_osmanic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperi osmanic (n'exista betg)">Imperi osmanic</a> vers l’Europa era vegnida franada davant <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> (sconfitta da l’imperi osmanic al Kahlenberg 1683) è l’imperi vegnì chatschà enavos adina dapli or da ses territori europeic fin sin il piz en il vest da la Mar da Marmara, tranter Istanbul ed Edirne. Ils moviments naziunals ch’èn sa fatgs valair en il 19avel tschientaner han manà in pau a la giada ad ina sparpagliaziun da l’imperi; l’occupaziun da l’Africa dal Nord tirca tras pussanzas europeicas e la finala la sconfitta en l’Emprima Guerra mundiala han manà a la ruina cumpletta da l’imperi. </p><p>En l’<a href="/wiki/Emprima_Guerra_mundiala" title="Emprima Guerra mundiala">Emprima Guerra mundiala</a> ha l’Imperi osmanic cumbattì sin la vart da las Pussanzas centralas. Suenter che la Frantscha e la Gronda Britannia avevan empermess als Armens in stadi independent en l’Anatolia da l’Ost, ha la regenza osmanica sut ils Giuvens Tircs temì per l’integritad territoriala. Sut il pretext d’in’acziun da translocaziun èn ina gronda part dals Armens che vivevan sin il territori da l’imperi vegnids mazzads u èn morts durant la stgatschada en il desert siric. Tut en tut èn vegnids per la vita ils onns 1915 fin 1917 tranter 300 000 e 1,5 milliuns Armens, quai che vegn resguardà a nivel internaziunal sco genocid. Er cunter ils Arames ed Assirs è vegnì commess in genocid. Ensemen cun las mazzacras dals Grecs che vivevan al sidost da la Mar Naira (Pontos) ha quai muntà la fin da la colonisaziun cristiana dal pajais da prest dus millennis. L’onn 1985 ha la Cumissiun per ils dretgs umans da las <a href="/wiki/Naziuns_unidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Naziuns unidas">Naziuns unidas</a> considerà las mesiras da la regenza osmanica da lez temp sco <a href="/wiki/Genocid" title="Genocid">genocid</a>. Las regenzas tircas snegan però fin oz che quests mazzaments sajan stads intenziunads u schizunt vegnids commess da vart da la regenza osmanica – ed uschia la tesa dal genocid. </p><p>Suenter la sconfitta da las Pussanzas centralas ha l’Imperi osmanic pers en rom dals Contracts da pasch da Sèvres ses territoris restants situads ordaifer l’Anatolia e la Trachia. Plinavant duevan vastas parts da la Tirchia odierna vegnir attribuidas a la Grezia, l’Italia e la Frantscha, dueva vegnir fundà en l’ost in stadi armen ed attribuida en il sidost als Curds ina regiun autonoma. Quests plans na duevan la finala però betg vegnir realisads. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atatürk_–_republica_e_refurmas"><span id="Atat.C3.BCrk_.E2.80.93_republica_e_refurmas"></span>Atatürk – republica e refurmas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modifitgar secziun: Atatürk – republica e refurmas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=22" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Atatürk – republica e refurmas"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Pascha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafa Kemal Pascha (n'exista betg)">Mustafa Kemal Pascha</a> ha organisà a partir dals 19 da matg 1919 la resistenza politica e militara cunter quests plans. Cumbats spezialmain intensivs èn vegnids manads a partir dal 1920 cunter ils Grecs. La guerra è ida a fin ils 9 da settember 1922 cun la reconquista dad Izmir. Suenter la fin dals cumbats han gì lieu purificaziuns etnicas en la Grezia ed en Tirchia; en rom da quellas èn ‹Tircs› vegnids stgatschads dal territori grec (cun excepziun dals muslims en la Trachia dal Vest) e ‹Grecs› dal territori tirc (cun excepziun dals Grecs ad Istanbul). </p><p>Suenter la victoria da la Tirchia han ins revedì ils 24 da fanadur 1923 cun il Contract da Losanna las determinaziuns dal Contract da Sèvres. En rom dal nov contract èn ils cunfins dal stadi odiern vegnids renconuschids tras il dretg internaziunal. A medem temp han ins legalisà la stgatschada vicendaivla da las minoritads. Suenter che tut las unitads militaras da l’exteriur han gì bandunà l’Anatolia, ha Mustafa Kemal Pascha proclamà ils 29 d’october 1923 la republica. </p><p>En il decurs da ses temp d’uffizi ha Mustafa Kemal Pascha realisà refurmas fundamentalas areguard il sistem politic e las structuras socialas, las qualas duevan far da la Tirchia in stadi modern, secular ed orientà vers l’Europa. Las lingias directivas da sia politica vegnan oz subsummadas sut la noziun kemalissem. </p><p>Tranter auter han ins abolì il 1922 il sultanat ed il 1924 il califat. Il medem onn ha la Tirchia dismess la scharia, il 1925 è vegnì scumandà en rom d’ina refurma cumplessiva da la vestgadira (lescha dal chapè) il fes ed introducida la coeducaziun. Las fraternitads islamicas ch’avevan gronda influenza èn vegnidas scumandadas. Il 1926 han ins remplazzà la cronologia islamica tras il chalender gregorian ed introducì il sistem metric. Per instituziuns statalas valeva quest ultim gia dapi il 1871. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Reisicumhur_Mustafa_Kemal_Cumhuriyet_Bayram%C4%B1_kutlamalar%C4%B1nda,_Ankara,_29_Ekim_1925.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Reisicumhur_Mustafa_Kemal_Cumhuriyet_Bayram%C4%B1_kutlamalar%C4%B1nda%2C_Ankara%2C_29_Ekim_1925.png/160px-Reisicumhur_Mustafa_Kemal_Cumhuriyet_Bayram%C4%B1_kutlamalar%C4%B1nda%2C_Ankara%2C_29_Ekim_1925.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Reisicumhur_Mustafa_Kemal_Cumhuriyet_Bayram%C4%B1_kutlamalar%C4%B1nda%2C_Ankara%2C_29_Ekim_1925.png/240px-Reisicumhur_Mustafa_Kemal_Cumhuriyet_Bayram%C4%B1_kutlamalar%C4%B1nda%2C_Ankara%2C_29_Ekim_1925.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Reisicumhur_Mustafa_Kemal_Cumhuriyet_Bayram%C4%B1_kutlamalar%C4%B1nda%2C_Ankara%2C_29_Ekim_1925.png/320px-Reisicumhur_Mustafa_Kemal_Cumhuriyet_Bayram%C4%B1_kutlamalar%C4%B1nda%2C_Ankara%2C_29_Ekim_1925.png 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk – il fundatur da la Tirchia moderna</figcaption></figure> <p>En il decurs dals proxims onns han ins surpiglià entirs sistems da dretg da pajais europeicas ed adattà a las relaziuns tircas. Il 1926 ha la Tirchia surpiglià il dretg civil svizzer – ed uschia er la monogamia cun l’egualitad tranter dunna ed um (en la vita da mintgadi ha l’egualitad però be sa laschà realisar parzialmain). Igl èn suandads il dretg commerzial tudestg ed il dretg penal talian. L’onn 1928 han ins proclamà la secularisaziun e remplazzà la scrittira araba tras la latina (revoluziun dals bustabs). En rom d’ulteriuras refurmas ha la Tirchia introducì il 1930 il dretg da votar activ da las dunnas e dapi il 1934 dastgan dunnas er sezzas candidar (dretg da votar passiv). Ultra da quai ha il regent laschà deliberar l’assamblea naziunala la lescha dal num da famiglia; en rom da questa procedura al ha il parlament onurà cun il num Atatürk (bab dals Tircs). Be paucas da las refurmas – t.a. l’iniziativa dad Atatürk da far il clom d’oraziun be en lingua tirca enstagl araba – èn vegnidas revocadas suenter sia mort, damai che quai na sa laschava betg realisar e controllar dal tuttafatg. </p><p>Suenter che Atatürk è mort ils 10 da november 1938 è ses confident Ismet Inönü daventà il segund president da stadi tirc. Inönü è sa stentà da cuntinuar cun la modernisaziun da la Tirchia e da mantegnair en la politica da l’exteriur la neutralitad. L’onn 1939 è il stadi Hatay s’unì cun la Tirchia, furmond da qua davent la provinza da medem num cun la chapitala İskenderun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Segunda_Guerra_mundiala_e_suenterguerra">Segunda Guerra mundiala e suenterguerra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modifitgar secziun: Segunda Guerra mundiala e suenterguerra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=23" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Segunda Guerra mundiala e suenterguerra"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suenter l’erupziun da la <a href="/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_mundiala" title="Segunda Guerra mundiala">Segunda Guerra mundiala</a> ha la Tirchia mantegnì l’emprim la neutralitad, suenter esser sa cunvegnida cun la Frantscha davart l’incorporaziun da la provinza Hatay. Pir ils 23 da favrer 1945 ha il pajais declerà sin la vart dals Alliads simbolicamain la guerra a la <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> ed al <a href="/wiki/Giapun" title="Giapun">Giapun</a>. Ils 26 da zercladur 1945 ha la Tirchia suttascrit la Charta da las Naziuns unidas. Uschia tutga il pajais tar ils 51 commember fundaturs da las <a href="/wiki/Naziuns_unidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Naziuns unidas">Naziuns unidas</a>. </p><p>Il 1945 èn stadas admessas en Tirchia l’emprima giada dapi il 1930 ulteriuras partidas politicas. Tar las elecziuns dal 1950 ha la Partida democratica sut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adnan_Menderes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adnan Menderes (n'exista betg)">Adnan Menderes</a> cuntanschì la maioritad en il parlament. Uschia è ì a fin il domini d’ina partida da la Partida populara republicana ch’aveva durà dapi la fundaziun dal stadi. </p><p>Cur ch’il conflict tranter ost e vest è daventà adina pli critic e l’Uniun sovietica ha cumenzà a far valair si’influenza en il pajais, ha la Tirchia bandunà definitivamain sia politica da neutralitad. L’onn 1950 è la Tirchia sa participada sco part d’in contingent da las Naziuns unidas a la Guerra da la Corea ed il 1952 è il pajais daventà commember da la NATO. </p><p>L’onn 1960 ha il primminister regent proclamà ina lescha d’autorisaziun cun l’intenziun da tschessentar l’opposiziun politica. Sinaquai hai dà in putsch da las forzas militaras tircas. Menderes ed auters politichers èn vegnids sentenziads a la mort e pendids. Suenter ch’il militar ha introducì il 1961 ina nova constituziun, ha el dà enavos la pussanza ad ina regenza civila. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İsmet İnönü (n'exista betg)">İsmet İnönü</a>, il qual era gia stà en uffizi avant la Segunda Guerra mundiala ils onns 1923–1924 e 1925–1937, è danovamain daventà primminister ed ha regì dal 1961 fin il 1965. Er a las regenzas successuras na duevi però betg reussir da dumagnar sut controlla las activitads terroristicas da dretga e da sanestra ed er la situaziun economica è sa pegiurada. L’onn 1971 ha l’armada, senza far in putsch, danovamain intervegnì en la politica. Sut influenza dal militar han ins mess tras mesiras pli repressivas envers la populaziun. </p><p>L’onn 1974 ha la dictatura militara greca da lez temp, che suandava in naziunalissem agressiv, cupitgà il president cipriot Makarios. Il primminister tirc <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%BClent_Ecevit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bülent Ecevit (n'exista betg)">Bülent Ecevit</a> ha sinaquai tramess unitads da truppas en Cipra per proteger la minoritad tirca sin l’insla e prevegnir ad in’uniun tranter la Grezia e la Cipra cun sia maioritad greca. Suenter grevs cumbats èn ins sa cunvegnids a l’armistizi che divida fin oz l’insla en duas parts independentas. Il 1983 han ins proclamà la Republica tirca Cipra dal Nord, la quala n’è però fin oz betg renconuschida en il dretg internaziunal. </p><p>Ils 12 da settember 1980 ha il militar danovamain fatg in putsch. Il motiv ha furmà la fasa fitg instabila dapi ils onns 1970 ch’è stada segnada da coaliziuns politicas alternantas, d’instabilitad politica ed economica e d’acts da terror dal spectrum politic dretg e sanester. Il militar sut il general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenan_Evren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenan Evren (n'exista betg)">Kenan Evren</a> ha proclamà il dretg da guerra e scumandà tuttas partidas politicas. La junta è intervegnida fitg ferm cunter separatists curds ed opponents da la sanestra. Ins ha mess a ferm 650 000 persunas, registrà 1,5 milliuns persunas suspectadas e mess ad ir proceduras cunter 210 000 Tircs. Tut en tut è vegnì proclamà 517 giadas la paina da mort, tschuncanta persunas èn vegnidas executadas, 171 umans èn morts en consequenza da torturas. 14 000 Tircs han pers lur naziunalitad, 30 000 umans han bandunà la Tirchia sco fugitivs politics. Partidas politicas èn vegnidas scumandadas, 23 000 uniuns èn vegnidas serradas, millis persunas relaschadas. 31 schurnalists han ins sentenzià da lez temp a chastis d’arrest, durant 10 mais n’han dastgà cumparair naginas gasettas. Ils 7 da november 1982 è vegnida approvada tras votaziun dal pievel la constituziun preschentada dal militar; quella è entrada en vigur ils 9 da november 1982 ed è en vigur fin oz. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Gezi_park%C4%B1_2013-06-08_(100).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gezi_park%C4%B1_2013-06-08_%28100%29.jpg/220px-Gezi_park%C4%B1_2013-06-08_%28100%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gezi_park%C4%B1_2013-06-08_%28100%29.jpg/330px-Gezi_park%C4%B1_2013-06-08_%28100%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gezi_park%C4%B1_2013-06-08_%28100%29.jpg/440px-Gezi_park%C4%B1_2013-06-08_%28100%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Bandiera da la Tirchia</figcaption></figure> <p>A partir da la mesadad dals onns 1980 ha il conflict dals Curds dominà en la Tirchia la politica interna. Fin là aveva la politica taschentà la problematica dals Curds, uschia che quella n’era betg stada preschenta en la schientscha da la societad tirca. La politica d’assimilaziun da la Tirchia ha manà a la suppressiun da la cultura ed identitad curda. Sco reacziun sin quai è sa furmada l’onn 1978 la Partida da lavurants dal Curdistan (PKK) sut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_%C3%96calan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdullah Öcalan (n'exista betg)">Abdullah Öcalan</a>. En il sidost dal pajais ha quella cumenzà il 1984 in cumbat armà per realisar in stadi independent socialistic Curdistan. L’onn 1998 ha il servetsch secret tirc arrestà Öcalan a Kenia e manà el en la Tirchia. Sinaquai ha la PKK declerà in armistizi unilateral, il qual è pir vegnì rut l’onn 2004. </p><p>Sut la regenza da <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%BClent_Ecevit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bülent Ecevit (n'exista betg)">Bülent Ecevit</a> (1999–2002) han inizià refurmas cumplessivas areguard il dretg civil, las qualas han rinforzà ils dretgs umans e da libertad (p.ex. dretg da reuniun e da demonstraziun). Tranter auter han ins abolì la paina da mort, scumandà tuttas furmas da tortura e rinforzà las libertads culturalas da la populaziun curda. Er sut l’AKP (dapi il 2001) han questas refurmas cuntinuà. Uschia èn lubids dapi lura il diever dals dialects curds, l’instrucziun da la lingua curda e chanals da radio e televisiun curds. </p><p>L’entschatta dal nov millenni è stada segnada d’ina vart d’attentats da bumbas da l’al-Qaida ad Istanbul, da novs cumbats tranter il militar curd e la PKK sco er da la vischinanza geografica tar la Guerra civila en Siria. Da l’autra vart han cumenzà l’onn 2005 – suenter esser sa stentà 40 onns persuenter – las tractativas per l’adesiun a l’Uniun europeica. Pervi da la tenuta conservativ-islamica da la regenza da l’AKP ha l’EU però fatg valair ch’i manchian ils progress necessaris areguard ils dretgs fundamentals e la libertad d’opiniun e che las dretgiras na sajan betg nunpartischantas avunda. </p><p>Il fanadur 2016 hai dà in’emprova da far in putsch cunter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erdo%C4%9Fan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erdoğan (n'exista betg)">Erdoğan</a>; a quai èn suandadas mesiras da repressiun da vart da la regenza. Er la nova constituziun dal 2018 e las reelecziuns dal medem onn han confirmà la posiziun ed il curs dal president dal stadi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politica">Politica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modifitgar secziun: Politica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=24" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Politica"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistem_politic">Sistem politic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Modifitgar secziun: Sistem politic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=25" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Sistem politic"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tenor la constituziun dal 1982 furmava la Tirchia ina democrazia parlamentara cun in cussegl dals ministers, che vegniva presidià dal primminister, ed ina giustia independenta. Il 2010 e 2018 han alura gì lieu revisiuns cumplessivas da la constituziun, uschia che la separaziun da las pussanzas è realisada be pli parzialmain. Il cussegl dals ministers sco organ executiv superiur n’exista betg pli. Il president che vegn elegì tras il pievel furma uss sco sulet il chau da l’executiva. Tranter auter ha il cabinet ch’el presidiescha la cumpetenza da relaschar leschas provisoricas. Er l’influenza dal president sin las elecziuns da las autoritads giudizialas è vegnida extendida e dretgs spezials da las forzas armadas abolids quasi dal tuttafatg. </p><p>Organ legislativ furma en la Tirchia la Gronda Assamblea naziunala. Quella consista da 600 parlamentaris che vegnan elegids directamain tras il pievel per quatter onns. A partir dal 18avel onn da vita ha mintga burgaisa e mintga burgais il dretg d’eleger ed il dretg da vegnir elegì. </p><p>En las scienzas politicas vegn il sistem politic da la Tirchia savens descrit sco «democrazia defecta» u sco «reschim ibrid» (t.a. dal politolog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemal_Karakas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cemal Karakas (n'exista betg)">Cemal Karakas</a>). En l’Index da democrazia dal magazin britannic ‹The Economist› ha il pajais figurà il 2016 sin plaz 110 da 167. </p><p>Tenor l’Index da percepziun da corrupziun da Transparency International sa chattava la Tirchia l’onn 2016 da 176 pajais ensemen cun la Tunesia, il Kuwait e la Bulgaria sin plaz 75, cun 41 da maximal 100 puncts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dretgs_umans">Dretgs umans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Modifitgar secziun: Dretgs umans" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=26" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Dretgs umans"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg/240px-Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg/360px-Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg/480px-Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>Protests da schurnalists tircs per lur collegas, 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>Il princip che tut ils burgais sajan eguals davant la lescha, e quai independentamain da lur lingua, razza, colur da la pel, schlattaina, religiun u concepziun dal mund, ha il president dal stadi <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> francà en la constituziun dal 1924. Sin quest fundament garantescha er la constituziun vertenta dal 1982 als burgais tircs ina vasta paletta da dretgs fundamentals e da dretgs da libertad individuals. </p><p>La problematica actuala areguard ils dretgs umans furma plitost la dumonda co ch’ils dretgs constituziunals (t.a. libertad d’opiniun, d’infurmaziun e da religiun) vegnan mess en vigur. Vitiers vegnan deficits en connex cun la protecziun da las minoritads etnicas e la realisaziun dal dretg sindical. Sa sminuids in pau, ma betg anc schliads dal tuttafatg – surtut betg dapi il putsch dal 2016 – èn problems en connex cun la tortura da vart da la polizia. Ina tematica che vegn adina puspè discutada a moda cuntraversa furma la libertad da s’exprimer e da pressa. L’artitgel contestà (art. 31 dal cudesch penal) smanatscha cun sancziuns penalas cunter l’«offensiun da la naziun tirca, da la republica tirca e da las instituziuns e dals organs dal stadi».<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politica_exteriura">Politica exteriura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Modifitgar secziun: Politica exteriura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=27" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Politica exteriura"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dapi che la Tirchia è s’orientada vers l’Occident, datti duas constantas en la politica exteriura dal pajais: il giavisch da daventar commember da l’Uniun europeica e las stentas d’impedir ch’i sa furmia en il sidost dal pajais (sco er en ils territoris cunfinants cun maioritad curda dals stadis vischins) in stadi curd. La Tirchia considerescha sasezza sco pussanza protectiva dals Tircs sin il <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balcan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balcan (n'exista betg)">Balcan</a> e dals Turkmens da l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Irac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irac (n'exista betg)">Irac</a>. Ultra da quai sa stenta il pajais da sa posiziunar sco pussanza directiva envers ils stadis turks (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cipra_dal_Nord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cipra dal Nord (n'exista betg)">Cipra dal Nord</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aserbaidschan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aserbaidschan (n'exista betg)">Aserbaidschan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Usbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usbekistan (n'exista betg)">Usbekistan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkmenistan (n'exista betg)">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirgisistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirgisistan (n'exista betg)">Kirgisistan</a> e <a href="/wiki/Kasachstan" title="Kasachstan">Kasachstan</a>) da l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asia_Anteriura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asia Anteriura (n'exista betg)">Asia Anteriura</a> ed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asia_Centrala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asia Centrala (n'exista betg)">Asia Centrala</a> e da meglierar las relaziuns envers las republicas autonomas e regiuns da lingua turka. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relaziuns_envers_stadis_vischins">Relaziuns envers stadis vischins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Modifitgar secziun: Relaziuns envers stadis vischins" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=28" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Relaziuns envers stadis vischins"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Grezia</dt></dl> <p>Champs da conflict regiunals furman la Mar Egeica e la Cipra. En la Mar Egeica è il decurs dal cunfin tranter ils dus pajais contestà. Omadus pajais emprovan da far valair en quest connex lur interess militars ed economics (giaschaments da petroli eventuals). Ils ultims onns èn las relaziuns tranter ils dus stadis però sa meglieradas cleramain. </p> <dl><dt>Cipra</dt></dl> <p>Differenzas datti pervi dals schuldads tircs ch’èn staziunads en la Cipra dal Nord. L’emprova da la Republica da la Cipra da staziunar sin l’insla rachetas da defensiun cunter aviuns ha bunamain manà vers la mesadad dals onns 1990 ad ina guerra. </p> <dl><dt>Irac</dt></dl> <p>Cun egliada critica observa la Tirchia in’eventuala extensiun dals dretgs u expansiun territoriala da la regiun autonoma Curdistan en l’Irac dal Nord. In agen stadi tirc en l’Irac dal Nord (cun ils champs da petroli a Kirkuk sco basa economica) pudess er dar en la Tirchia nov schlantsch al moviment d’independenza. Malgrà questas differenzas politicas investeschan bleras interpresas tircas en il territori curd iracais. Ultra da quai ha Ankara avert in consulat ad Erbil. </p> <dl><dt>Siria</dt></dl> <p>In object da dispita tranter ils dus stadis, e quai gia dapi decennis, furma la provinza tirca Hatay. Quella aveva appartegnì fin il 1938 al territori sirian sut mandat da la Frantscha ed era vegnì attribuì il 1939 a la Tirchia. Cuntraversas datti er pervi da l’aua da l’Eufrat: La construcziun da mirs da serra en connex cun il project da l’Anatolia dal Sidost ha sveglià temas da vart da la Siria che la Tirchia pudess far in di maldiever da l’aua sco instrument da pussanza. Il sustegn da la PKK da vart da la Siria ha manà vers la fin dals onns 1990 a smanatschas da guerra da la Tirchia envers Damascus. Suenter ina fasa d’avischinaziun ha la Guerra civila en Siria dapi il 2011 fatg pegiurar massivamain las relaziuns tranter ils dus stadis e manà il 2012 al Conflict sirian-tirc. La regenza tirca ha appellà repetidamain al president sirian Baschar al-Assad da sa retrair. Il pli tard dapi il matg 2012 vegnan cumbattants da l’opposiziun siriana trenads ed armadas dal servetsch secret tirc. Pervi da la violenza dal reschim dad Assad cunter glieud en l’agen pajais ha la Tirchia decretà sancziuns economicas, bloccà tut ils contos da simpatisants dal reschim e scumandà furniziuns d’armas a la regenza siriana. La Tirchia ha recepì in fitg grond dumber da fugitivs sirians; la speranza che quels possian returnar suenter ina svelta cupitga dad Assad n’è però betg sa verifitgada. </p> <dl><dt>Armenia</dt></dl> <p>La regenza tirca snega il genocid dal 1915/1916 envers ils Armens e sa stenta d’impedir che auters stadis renconuschian quel uffizialmain. L’occupaziun da la regiun da l’Aut Karabakh, che tutga tenor il dretg internaziunal tar l’Aserbaidschan, tras l’Armenia engrevgescha las relaziuns envers la Tirchia, damai che quest’ultima considerescha sasezza sco pussanza protectiva da l’Aserbaidschan. Ultra da quai na renconuscha l’Armenia fin oz betg ils cunfins vers la Tirchia sco che quels eran vegnids fixads en rom dal Contract da Kars (1921). Bain èn ins sa stentads ils ultims onns da normalisar las relaziuns tranter ils dus stadis e da stabilir relaziuns diplomaticas; ma la ratificaziun da las cunvegnas respectivas sa mussa sco vaira spinusa. </p> <dl><dt>Bulgaria</dt></dl> <p>Durant la Guerra fraida hai dà tranter ils dus pajais tensiuns pervi da la suppressiun da la minoritad tirca en Bulgaria ch’era immigrada là dal temp da l’Imperi osmanic. Ultra da quai refusa la Tirchia da pajar indemnisaziuns a descendents dals Bulgars ch’èn vegnids stgatschads or dal territori da la Tirchia odierna (Bulgars da l’Anatolia). Ozendi tgiran las regenzas dals dus pajais però bunas relaziuns, betg il davos pervi da la muntada vicendaivla da l’economia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Organisaziuns_internaziunalas">Organisaziuns internaziunalas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Modifitgar secziun: Organisaziuns internaziunalas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=29" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Organisaziuns internaziunalas"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La Tirchia è dapi il 1952 commembra da la <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>. Gia dapi il 1963 tgira il pajais relaziuns tar las organisaziuns precursuras da l’<a href="/wiki/Uniun_europeica" title="Uniun europeica">Uniun europeica</a> e sa stenta dapi decennis da cuntanscher ina commembranza a dretg cumplain. Il december 2004 ha l’Uniun europeica decidì d’iniziar tractativas d’adesiun. </p><p>Daspera è la Tirchia commembra da las <a href="/wiki/Naziuns_unidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Naziuns unidas">Naziuns unidas</a>, dal <a href="/wiki/Fond_monetar_internaziunal" title="Fond monetar internaziunal">Fond monetar internaziunal</a>, dal <a href="/wiki/Cussegl_da_l%27Europa" title="Cussegl da l'Europa">Cussegl da l’Europa</a>, da l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisaziun_da_cooperaziun_e_svilup_economic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisaziun da cooperaziun e svilup economic (n'exista betg)">Organisaziun da cooperaziun e svilup economic</a> (OECD), da l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisaziun_per_la_segirezza_e_la_collavuraziun_en_l%27Europa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisaziun per la segirezza e la collavuraziun en l'Europa (n'exista betg)">Organisaziun per la segirezza e la collavuraziun en l’Europa</a> (OSCE), da l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisaziun_da_la_Conferenza_islamica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisaziun da la Conferenza islamica (n'exista betg)">Organisaziun da la Conferenza islamica</a> e dad autras pli. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Militar">Militar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Modifitgar secziun: Militar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=30" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Militar"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Changing_of_the_Guard_at_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Changing_of_the_Guard_at_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg/220px-Changing_of_the_Guard_at_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Changing_of_the_Guard_at_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg/330px-Changing_of_the_Guard_at_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Changing_of_the_Guard_at_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg/440px-Changing_of_the_Guard_at_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4215" data-file-height="3010" /></a><figcaption>Midada da la guardia (Mausoleum dad Atatürk, Ankara)</figcaption></figure> <p>Suenter ils <a href="/wiki/Stadis_Unids" title="Stadis Unids">Stadis Unids</a> è la Tirchia represchentada en la <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> cun il segund grond contingent da schuldads (ca. 612 000). Pervi da las bleras basas d’impurtanza strategica furma la Tirchia savens il center operativ per intervenziuns militaras en il <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxim_Orient&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proxim Orient (n'exista betg)">Proxim Orient</a>. </p><p>Il 2018 sa chattava la Tirchia sin plaz 20 da 155 en l’Index da militarisaziun global. Il militar tirc vegn er engaschà a l’intern dal pajais en la protecziun cunter catastrofas. </p><p>En la Tirchia exista per mintga um ch’ha accumplì ses 20avel onn da vita in’obligaziun al servetsch militar. I n’exista nagina pussaivladad da prestar enstagl in servetsch da cumpensaziun civil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rolla_politica">Rolla politica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Modifitgar secziun: Rolla politica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=31" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Rolla politica"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Las forzas militaras tircas considereschan sasezzas sco protecturas da la democrazia e dal kemalissem. Ellas pretendan tradiziunalmain per sasezzas in «dretg da veto, da garanzia e da guardia».<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gia duas giadas ha l’armada fatg in putsch per terminar crisas politicas, numnadamain il 1960 ed il 1980 (ultra da quai è la regenza <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demirel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demirel (n'exista betg)">Demirel</a> vegnida sfurzada il 1971 da demissiunar). Il decurs dals dus putschs è stà sumegliant: il militar è stà paucs onns a la pussanza ed ha, suenter ina refurma da la constituziun, surdà quella ad ina regenza civila. L’intenziun politica da vart dal militar è però stada differenta: Il putsch dal matg 1960 è surtut vegnì purtà d’uffiziers dal cader mesaun d’orientaziun sanestra ed ha manà ad ina constituziun democratica. Il putsch dal settember 1980 han però fatg generals d’orientaziun dretga, quai ch’ha manà ad adattaziuns correspundentas en la constituziun. Er il 1997 ha l’intervenziun dal militar manà a la demissiun da la regenza sut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Necmettin_Erbakan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Necmettin Erbakan (n'exista betg)">Necmettin Erbakan</a>; quai è però succedì senza sa servir da la forza da las armas. Il 2016 ha l’emprova da far in putsch militar fatg naufragi. La regenza (president <a href="/w/index.php?title=Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (n'exista betg)">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> ed il cabinet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yıldırım (n'exista betg)">Yıldırım</a>) è sa profitada da quai cun relaschar dieschmillis collavuraturs dal militar, da la polizia, da la giustia, da l’administraziun e d’instituziuns da furmaziun. Er independentamain da la tentativa da far in culp da stadi è il temp d’uffizi dad Erdoğan segnà da decisiuns che servan a tschessentar la pussanza dal militar e d’augmentar quella dal president. </p><p>Forzas armadas tircas èn adina puspè stadas engaschadas suenter la Segunda Guerra mundiala en operaziuns militaras internaziunalas da las Naziuns unidas resp. da la NATO (Guerra da la Corea 1950–1953, Somalia 1993–1994, Bosnia- Erzegovina e Cosovo ils onns 1990, Irac ed Afghanistan fin oz). En pli ha l’armada tirca fatg atgnas offensivas militaras cun invader la Cipra dal Nord (1974) resp. la Siria dal Nord en rom da la guerra civila (a partir dal 2016). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sutdivisiun_administrativa">Sutdivisiun administrativa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Modifitgar secziun: Sutdivisiun administrativa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=32" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Sutdivisiun administrativa"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Areguard l’administraziun regiunala e communala è la Tirchia sutdividida en 81 provinzas (il u valilik) che vegnan administradas tras in guvernatur (vali). Las singulas provinzas èn da lur vart sutdivididas en circuls e vischnancas. Ils circuls (ilçe u kaymakamlık) vegnan manads d’in kaymakam che vegn nominà dal minister da l’intern. Il president communal (belediye başkanı) u cuvitg (muhtar) vegn elegì tras il pievel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citads">Citads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Modifitgar secziun: Citads" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=33" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Citads"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L’urbanisaziun è avanzada fitg ferm en Tirchia. Var 74 % da l’entira populaziun vivan en citads. Il sidost e nordost dal pajais èn be pauc populads; la gronda part da la populaziun viva e lavura en las aglomeraziuns a la costa dal vest ed en la regiun enturn il quadrangul Ankara, Sivas, Kayseri e Konya en la Tirchia Centrala. </p><p>Chapitala e sedia da la regenza furma la citad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ankara (n'exista betg)">Ankara</a> situada en l’Anatolia Centrala, la quala dumbra radund 4,5 milliuns abitants. Qua sa chatta er la sedia da la Gronda Assamblea naziunala e dals commandos da las forzas armadas. Ankara furma in dals pli gronds centers d’industria e da servetschs da la Tirchia. Ultra da quai sa chatta qua l’Universitad dad Ankara che Mustafa Kemal ha fundà il 1936. </p><p>Ina megametropola, la pli gronda citad dal pajais ed a medem temp il pli impurtant center economic e cultural dal pajais furma la citad <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> (pli baud Bizanz resp. Constantinopel) situada al Bosporus. Quella s’extenda dad omaduas varts da la stretga da la mar sur dus continents sin ina surfatscha da ca. 1269 km². La citad sezza ha bundant 11 milliuns abitants; en l’entira regiun metropolitana vivan sin ca. 5220 km² radund 12,5 milliuns abitants. Questas cifras impressiunantas fan dad Istanbul ina da las pli grondas citads dal mund. </p><p>La terz gronda citad è, cun bundant 3,7 milliuns abitants, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izmir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izmir (n'exista betg)">Izmir</a>. Sper Istanbul sa chatta qua il segund grond port commerzial dal pajais. Bursa (2,8 milliuns abitants), in’anteriura chapitala da l’Imperi osmanic, furma oz in impurtant center economic da l’industria d’automobils e da textilias. La pli gronda ed er economicamain la pli ferma citad dal sidost dal pajais è <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaziantep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaziantep (n'exista betg)">Gaziantep</a> (1,8 milliuns abitants). Ulteriuras impurtantas citads èn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adana (n'exista betg)">Adana</a> (2 milliuns abitants), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konya (n'exista betg)">Konya</a> ed il center turistic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antalya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antalya (n'exista betg)">Antalya</a> (mintgamai ca. 1,1 milliuns abitants, situaziun dal 2014). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economia">Economia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Modifitgar secziun: Economia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=34" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Economia"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg/220px-View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg/330px-View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg/440px-View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2106" /></a><figcaption>Il quartier da finanzas Levent ad Istanbul</figcaption></figure> <p>La situaziun economica da la Tirchia è fitg dischequilibrada. Igl exista in foss profund tranter il vest industrialisà e si’industria moderna (surtut en las citads grondas) e l’ost structurà a moda agrara e pauc sviluppà. Ils secturs industrials ils pli impurtants èn l’industria da textilias, il turissem, l’industria d’automobils, en pli l’industria chemica, la construcziun da maschinas e la branscha d’electronica. </p><p>La quota da dischoccupads sa chattava l’onn 2017 tar 11,2 %. Il medem onn lavuravan 18,4 % da tut las forzas da lavur en l’agricultura, 26,6 % en l’industria e 54,9 % en il sectur da servetschs. Il dumber total dals occupads muntava a 31,3 milliuns. Sfidas per il martgà da lavur furman l’auta cumpart da lavur clandestina e la bassa quota d’activitad da gudogn da las dunnas (ca. 30 %). La paja minimala uffiziala muntava il 2016 1647 liras tircas (radund 520 euros) il mais. </p><p>La regiun gronda <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> cuntanscha var 41 % da las entradas medias dals 15 stadis occidentals da l’Uniun europeica, l’ost percunter be 7 %. Divers projects, tranter auter gronds projects da mir da serra, duain gidar l’ost a sa sviluppar. Ultra da quai existan en l’economia publica tirca problems structurals considerabels. Uschia contribuescha l’agricultura be 11,9 % al product social brut, occupa però 30,6 % da las forzas da lavur. L’industria contribuescha 29,6 % dal product social brut, il sectur da servetschs 58,5 %. En l’industria lavuran 19,3 % da tut las persunas occupadas ed en ils servetschs 44,5 %. Dapi il 1996 exista tranter la Tirchia e l’Uniun europeica in’uniun da duana (51,6 % dals exports van en l’UE, 46 % dals imports derivan da l’UE). </p><p>L’economia da la Tirchia è bain segnada da gronda creschientscha, ma a medem temp d’in’inflaziun anc pli auta. Pervi da l’erosiun da las instituziuns suenter il putsch dal 2016 han las agenturas da rating declassà repetidamain il pajais. E la fin dal 2018 è l’economia tirca ruschnada en la recessiun. </p><p>En il Global Competitiveness Index che mesira la cumpetitivitad d’in pajais, sa chatta la Tirchia sin plaz 53 da 137 (situaziun dal 2017/18). En l’Index per libertad economica sa chattava la Tirchia il 2017 sin plaz 70 da 180.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economia_d’energia"><span id="Economia_d.E2.80.99energia"></span>Economia d’energia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Modifitgar secziun: Economia d’energia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=35" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Economia d’energia"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Provediment_cun_forza_electrica">Provediment cun forza electrica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Modifitgar secziun: Provediment cun forza electrica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=36" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Provediment cun forza electrica"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ils ultims decennis ha la Tirchia extendì marcantamain la capacitad da producziun d’energia. Il 2012 sa chattava il pajais areguard la producziun annuala cun 228,1 milliardas kWh sin il 20avel plaz en tut il mund. A mesa vista èsi previs da cuntanscher ina capacitad da producziun da 120 000 MW. </p><p>Il 2014 èn 34,2 % da l’energia vegnids producids cun ovras idraulicas, 31 % cun ovras d’energia da gas, 20,5 % cun ovras d’energia da charvun, 5  % cun implants eroelectrics e 9,3 % cun ulteriuras ovras. A mesa vista duain 30 % dal consum d’electricitad vegnir cuverts cun energias regenerablas. Per quest intent duai la prestaziun da las ovras idraulicas vegnir augmentada fermamain ed investì en implants eroelectrics ed en la fotovoltaica. </p><p>La rait da transmissiun en la Tirchia vegn gestiunada tras la societad statala Türkiye Elektrik İletim A.Ş. (TEİAŞ). Dapi l’avrigl 2015 è la rait electrica tirca colliada cun la rait europeica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commerzi_cun_l’exteriur"><span id="Commerzi_cun_l.E2.80.99exteriur"></span>Commerzi cun l’exteriur</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Modifitgar secziun: Commerzi cun l’exteriur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=37" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Commerzi cun l’exteriur"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ils pajais furniturs principals da la Tirchia èn stads il 2016 la <a href="/wiki/Republica_Populara_da_la_China" title="Republica Populara da la China">Republica Populara da la China</a> (12,8 %), la <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> (10,8 %), la <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (7,6 %), ils <a href="/wiki/Stadis_Unids" title="Stadis Unids">Stadis Unids</a> (5,5 %), l’<a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> (5,1 %), la <a href="/wiki/Frantscha" title="Frantscha">Frantscha</a> (3,7 %) e la <a href="/wiki/Corea_dal_Sid" title="Corea dal Sid">Corea dal Sid</a> (3,2 %). Ils pajais cumpraders principals èn stads il medem onn la <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> (9,8 %), il <a href="/wiki/Reginavel_Un%C3%AC" title="Reginavel Unì">Reginavel Unì</a> (8,2 %), l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Irac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irac (n'exista betg)">Irac</a> (5,4 %), l’<a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> (5,3 %), ils <a href="/wiki/Stadis_Unids" title="Stadis Unids">Stadis Unids</a> (4,6 %), la <a href="/wiki/Frantscha" title="Frantscha">Frantscha</a> (4,2 %) ed ils <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emirats_Arabs_Unids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emirats Arabs Unids (n'exista betg)">Emirats Arabs Unids</a> (3,8 %). Bunamain la mesadad dal commerzi cun l’exteriur ha gì lieu cun stadis da l’<a href="/wiki/Uniun_europeica" title="Uniun europeica">Uniun europeica</a>. Il pli impurtant partenari commerzial è stada la <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>. </p><p>Il 2016 ha la Tirchia importà rauba per 198,6 milliardas dollars ed exportà rauba per 142,6 milliardas dollars. La Tirchia ha gì uschia in deficit da la bilantscha commerziala da 56,0 milliardas dollars u 6,5 % da la prestaziun economica. Quest deficit da la bilantscha commerziala vegn valità sco memia aut, sa lascha però gulivar in pau tras entradas or dal turissem ed assegnaziuns da Tircs che vivan a l’exteriur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turissem">Turissem</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Modifitgar secziun: Turissem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=38" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Turissem"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il turissem gioga in’impurtanta rolla. La Tirchia tutga tar ils 10 pajais ils pli frequentads en tut il mund. Il 2019 èn quai stads var 51 milliuns visitaders. Suenter onns che l’industria da turissem ha patì da frequenzas pli bassas (surtut il 2016 pervi dal conflict en Siria ed il privel da terror), creschan las cifras puspè cuntinuadamain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilantscha_dal_stadi">Bilantscha dal stadi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Modifitgar secziun: Bilantscha dal stadi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=39" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Bilantscha dal stadi"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La bilantscha dal stadi ha cumpiglià il 2016 sortidas da 198,8 milliardas dollars ed entradas da 184,3 milliardas dollars. Da quai resulta in deficit dal quint da 1,7 % dal product interiur brut. Ils debits statals han muntà il 2016 a 29,2 % dal product interiur brut. </p><p>Il 2006 èn vegnidas impundidas da las expensas statalas (en % dal product interiur brut) 5,6 en la sanadad, il 2004 4,0 % en la furmaziun ed il 2005 5,3 % en il militar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructura">Infrastructura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=40" title="Modifitgar secziun: Infrastructura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=40" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Infrastructura"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:OE1891.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/OE1891.JPG/180px-OE1891.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/OE1891.JPG/270px-OE1891.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/OE1891.JPG/360px-OE1891.JPG 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="1243" /></a><figcaption>Placat da reclama per l’Orient Express (1891)</figcaption></figure> <p>Pervi da sia posiziun sco punct central da traffic tranter l’<a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> e l’<a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> furma il sectur da traffic in’impurtanta funtauna d’entradas dal pajais. Ils servetschs da transport cumpiglian il traffic sin via, la viafier, il traffic maritim ed il traffic aviatic, ma er transports sur conducts da bischens. A l’intern dal pajais sa splega il transport da rauba ed il traffic da persunas quasi exclusivamain sin via. Il traffic da martganzia cun l’exteriur ha percunter surtut lieu sur vias navigablas ed il traffic da persunas cun l’aviun. </p><p>L’onn 2000 han il traffic e la communicaziun cumpiglià radund 14 % dal product interiur brut. 27,3 % da tut las investiziuns publicas vegnan fatgas qua. Da quai resulta cleramain la gronda muntada da quests secturs d’infrastructura per la Tirchia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traffic_sin_via">Traffic sin via</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=41" title="Modifitgar secziun: Traffic sin via" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=41" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Traffic sin via"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La rait da vias da la Tirchia mesira ina lunghezza da radund 414 000 km. Da quai èn 2000 km autostradas, 62 000 km straduns e 350 000 km vias communalas. La pli impurtanta autostrada maina dad <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> ad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ankara (n'exista betg)">Ankara</a> (O-4), medemamain impurtanta è la O-52 che maina dad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adana (n'exista betg)">Adana</a> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaziantep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaziantep (n'exista betg)">Gaziantep</a>. Ulteriuras autostradas existan enturn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izmir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izmir (n'exista betg)">Izmir</a> (O-31 ed O-32) ed en la part meridiunala dal pajais (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mersin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mersin (n'exista betg)">Mersin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0skenderun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İskenderun (n'exista betg)">İskenderun</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozant%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pozantı (n'exista betg)">Pozantı</a>). Ulteriuras autostradas sa chattan en planisaziun u construcziun. </p><p>Sin las vias vegnan transportads 89,2 % dals bains a l’intern dal pajais (situaziun dal 2000). La cumpart dal traffic da persunas è cun 95 % schizunt anc pli auta. Viadis a lunga distanza han surtut lieu en cars. Damai che bleras interpresas concurrenzeschan per la favur dals viagiaturs, porschan quellas in fitg bun service (bavrondas, WLAN). </p><p>La segirezza en il traffic sin via na cuntanscha da preschent anc betg il nivel da la gronda part dals stadis europeics. Mintg’onn èn da deplorar ca. 3400 victimas. Actualmain èn ins londervi d’introducir diversas mesiras e sistems che duain gidar a minimar il dumber d’unfrendas. </p><p>Taxas d’autostrada èn da pajar per traversar las trais punts sur il Bosporus sco er sin sis tschancuns d’autostrada. Da quai èn resultadas il 2005 entradas statalas en l’autezza da 357 milliuns YTL. </p><p>Il traffic a curta distanza vegn organisà en las citads tras bus publics. Damai che la rait dal traffic public è però manglusa, domineschan transports collectivs (dolmuş). Quels vegnan organisads da persunas privatas ch’èn savens s’unids a cooperativas. Il num ‹dolmuş› signifitga ‹daventà plain› e deriva da quai ch’ils bus u autos na partan betg da temps fixs, mabain pir cur che quels èn emplenids suffizientamain. En il fratemp è er sa sviluppà per quests servetschs privats in servetsch da lingia cun urari e pretschs pli u main fixs (almain en aglomeraziuns). Daspera existan er taxis regulars che lavuran cun taxameter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viafier">Viafier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=42" title="Modifitgar secziun: Viafier" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=42" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Viafier"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il traffic da viafier ha il maun public tractà sur decennis a moda main prioritara, dond enstagl la preferenza ad investiziuns en la rait da vias. La trassaziun da la rait da viafier deriva per part anc da l’emprima mesadad dal 20avel tschientaner, è però vegnida renovada massivamain ils ultims onns. Sia lunghezza munta a var 11 000 km; da quai èn ca. 20 % electrifitgads. La cumpart da la viafier al traffic general ha muntà il 1999 var 10 %. </p><p>Danor sin il traject tranter <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> ed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ankara (n'exista betg)">Ankara</a> curseschan per ordinari be in u dus trens da persunas per di. La spertadad da viadi sa chatta savens sut quella da la spessa rait da bus publics. Percunter è il confort en ils trens pli aut. </p><p>Dapi intgins onns ha la regenza puspè realisà la muntada dal traffic da viafier ed investescha fitg bler en questa branscha. Uschia han ins cumprà novas locomotivas e renovà las staziuns ed ils binaris. Ultra da quai planisescha la regenza da construir en l’agen pajais trens ad auta sveltezza. Actualmain èn ins londervi d’eriger numerusas lingias ad auta sveltezza (fin 250 km/h); ils emprims trajects èn vegnids averts il 2009/2010. Ils custs totals per quest megaproject muntan a 28 fin 30 milliardas dollars. La regenza chinaisa metta a disposiziun ils credits necessaris. Ad Istanbul duain trens spezials che mainan sut il Bosporus colliar la part europeica cun la part asiatica en intervals da 2–10 minutas. </p><p>En diversas citads existan er metros fitg frequentadas, numnadamain ad Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Adana e Bursa. Las viafiers urbanas percunter han per ordinari difficultads da concurrer cun la spessa rait da bus. Trams curseschan a Samsun, Gaziantep, Kayseri, Antalya (5,1 km), Eskişehir (14,5 km), Istanbul (Tramvay 14,3 km e.a.) e Konya (18 km). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traffic_aviatic">Traffic aviatic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=43" title="Modifitgar secziun: Traffic aviatic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=43" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Traffic aviatic"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La societad aviatica statala Turkish Airlines (Türk Hava Yolları THY) è vegnida fundada l’onn 1933 ed ha disponì fin ils onns 1990 d’in monopol sin sgols regulars. En il fratemp porschan er numerusas societads aviaticas privatas lur servetschs (p.ex. AtlasGlobal, MNG Airlines, Onur Air, Pegasus Airlines, Sunexpress) e cuntanschan ina quota da participaziun al martgà da 33 %. </p><p>Tut en tut dispona la Tirchia da 117 plazzas d’aviaziun; da quai èn 15 eroports internaziunals. La pli impurtanta plazza aviatica è situada en la part europeica dad <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> (İstanbul Havalimanı); sin la vart asiatica da la citad sa chatta in’ulteriura in pau pli pitschna (Sabiha Gökçen). D’impurtanza per il turissem è la plazza aviatica d’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antalya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antalya (n'exista betg)">Antalya</a> cun bunamain 32 milliuns passagiers (situaziun dal 2018). Ulteriuras impurtantas plazzas aviaticas sa chattan ad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izmir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izmir (n'exista betg)">Izmir</a> (Adnan Menderes) ed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ankara (n'exista betg)">Ankara</a> (Esenboğa). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:SH_Kadikoey,_Istanbul_(P1100251).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/SH_Kadikoey%2C_Istanbul_%28P1100251%29.jpg/220px-SH_Kadikoey%2C_Istanbul_%28P1100251%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/SH_Kadikoey%2C_Istanbul_%28P1100251%29.jpg/330px-SH_Kadikoey%2C_Istanbul_%28P1100251%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/SH_Kadikoey%2C_Istanbul_%28P1100251%29.jpg/440px-SH_Kadikoey%2C_Istanbul_%28P1100251%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3397" data-file-height="1911" /></a><figcaption>Traffic da navettas (Bosporus)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traffic_sin_l’aua"><span id="Traffic_sin_l.E2.80.99aua"></span>Traffic sin l’aua</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=44" title="Modifitgar secziun: Traffic sin l’aua" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=44" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Traffic sin l’aua"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cun ina lunghezza da la costa da 8333 km e 156 ports è il potenzial dal traffic sin l’aua fitg grond. La flotta mercantila tirca cumpiglia radund 900 navs da vitgira. Ad Izmir ed Istanbul è er il traffic cun navs-fera d’impurtanza, tut tenor ruta munta il temp da viadi tranter las parts da la citad 10–30 minutas (Izmir) resp. 20–40 minutas (Istanbul). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pipelines">Pipelines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=45" title="Modifitgar secziun: Pipelines" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=45" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Pipelines"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L’emprim conduct d’ieli per transportar petroli criv e products d’ieli han ins avert l’onn 1966 tranter Batman e Dörtyol (al Golf dad İskenderun). L’onn 1977 è suandada l’impurtanta lingia d’ieli tranter l’Irac e la Tirchia cun ina lunghezza totala da 981 km (da quai 641 km sin territori tirc). Durant la Guerra dal Golf e l’embargo ch’è suandà è questa lingia stada ord funcziun tranter il 1990 ed il 1997. </p><p>Dapi il 2002 maina in conduct da gas natiral cun il num Blue Stream tras la Mar Naira da Noworossijsk a Samsun e vinavant ad Ankara. Quest conduct ha ina capacitad annuala da 14 milliardas meters cubic. </p><p>La pipeline che maina da <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aserbaidschan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aserbaidschan (n'exista betg)">Aserbaidschan</a>) sur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiflis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiflis (n'exista betg)">Tiflis</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgia (n'exista betg)">Georgia</a>) a Ceyhan (Tirchia) furnescha petroli da l’Asia Centrala e dal Caucasus sur la Tirchia en l’Europa dal Vest. Quest conduct d’ina lunghezza da 1760 km è vegnì terminà il 2005 ed ha ina capacitad da ca. 1 milliun barrel ad onn. Parallel latiers maina da Baku sur Tiflis fin ad Ezurum in conduct da gas natiral d’ina capacitad da 7 milliardas meters cubic gas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medias_e_telecommunicaziun">Medias e telecommunicaziun</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=46" title="Modifitgar secziun: Medias e telecommunicaziun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=46" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Medias e telecommunicaziun"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medias">Medias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=47" title="Modifitgar secziun: Medias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=47" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Medias"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radio e televisiun èn organisads en la Tirchia sco sistem dual. La gronda part dals emetturs sa chatta en ils mauns d’intgins paucs concerns da medias. Daspera emetta la gruppa statala TRT programs da radio e televisiun. Emetturs da radio e televisiun privats èn admess pir dapi l’onn 1990. Dapi lura ha la TRT pers relativamain svelt la muntada d’antruras; sia quota da participaziun al martgà sa chatta oz cleramain sut quella dals pli impurtants concurrents privats. </p><p>Da regular ils emetturs da radio e televisiun privats è chaussa da l’autoritad da regulaziun RTÜK, la quala po conceder e retrair licenzas u er relaschar in scumond d’emissiun a temp limità. La pressa na vegn betg (pli) regulada; la gronda part da las medias stampadas è però suttamessa a l’autocontrolla voluntaria dal cussegl da pressa tirc, il qual tracta er recurs en connex cun las medias electronicas. </p><p>Tematicas spinusas per schurnalists furman rapports davart il militar tirc, ils Curds, l’islam politic sco er il genocid cunter ils Armens. Per avair tractà tals temas èn vegnids mess a ferm ed accusads fin la fin dals onns 1990 numerus schurnalists e serradas redacziuns da gasettas. En vista a l’adesiun a l’<a href="/wiki/Uniun_europeica" title="Uniun europeica">Uniun europeica</a> han ins en il fratemp refurmà la constituziun e la lescha da pressa, uschia che la situaziun areguard l’opiniun da pressa è sa meglierada cleramain ils davos onns. Ma adina puspè capiti ch’il president e ses cabinet expriman smanatschas envers schurnalists (cf. survart areguard l’art. 31 dal cudesch penal) ed anc adina sa chattan numerus schurnalists en praschun. </p><p>Las gasettas cun la pli gronda ediziun ed influenza èn Sabah, Hürriyet, Milliyet, Türkiye e Posta. Daspera cumparan numerusas gasettas da l’emna e revistas mensilas che s’occupan per ordinari d’in tema specific (p.ex. sport). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunicaziun">Telecommunicaziun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=48" title="Modifitgar secziun: Telecommunicaziun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=48" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Telecommunicaziun"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La suletta interpresa da telecommunicaziun che porscha rait fixa è Türk Telekom. L’onn 2005 eran 55 % da la Türk Telekom vegnids vendids per 6,55 milliardas dollars ad in consorzi da firmas. Entant ch’il dumber da raits fixas stagnescha, è il dumber d’utilisaders da telefonia mobila creschì fermamain. Il medem vala er per l’internet: Il 2005 disponivan be stgars 9 % d’in access a l’internet, il 2008 eran quai 24,5 % ed il 2016 73 %. </p><p>La connexiun internaziunala da la communicaziun vegn tranter auter garantida tras trais cabels da faschs da fibras da vaider che mainan tras la <a href="/wiki/Mar_Mediterrana" title="Mar Mediterrana">Mar Mediterrana</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Mar_Naira" title="Mar Naira">Mar Naira</a>. Tras quels è la Tirchia colliada cun l’<a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Grezia" title="Grezia">Grezia</a>, l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israel (n'exista betg)">Israel</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Rumenia" title="Rumenia">Rumenia</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> ed ils <a href="/wiki/Stadis_Unids" title="Stadis Unids">Stadis Unids</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultura">Cultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=49" title="Modifitgar secziun: Cultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=49" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Cultura"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La cultura da la Tirchia odierna è segnada da la cultura nomada dals territoris d’origin dals Turcs en l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asia_Centrala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asia Centrala (n'exista betg)">Asia Centrala</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibiria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sibiria (n'exista betg)">Sibiria</a>, da la cultura da l’Imperi osmanic cun sias influenzas bizantinas, persianas, arabas, caucasianas, armenas e curdas, sco er da la ferma orientaziun vers l’Europa dapi la fundaziun da la republica sut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemal Atatürk (n'exista betg)">Kemal Atatürk</a>. Il center cultural dal pajais furma la metropola <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Litteratura">Litteratura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=50" title="Modifitgar secziun: Litteratura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=50" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Litteratura"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Pamuk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pamuk.jpg/160px-Pamuk.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pamuk.jpg/240px-Pamuk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pamuk.jpg/320px-Pamuk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1829" data-file-height="2470" /></a><figcaption>Il titular dal Premi Nobel da litteratura Orhan Pamuk</figcaption></figure> <p>Las ragischs da la litteratura tirca tanschan lunsch enavos en il passà. Avant che convertir a l’islam era la litteratura tirca scritta ed orala segnada da la cultura nomada e dal schamanissem. En il temp tempriv sa cumponiva la litteratura d’istorgias, ditgas, chanzuns, poesias e proverbis che vegnivan dads vinavant da bucca a bucca. Las inscripziuns dad Orhon dal 6avel e 7avel tschientaner furman alura las emprimas ovras litteraras scrittas dals Tircs. </p><p>En l’emprima mesadad dal 10avel tschientaner èn ils Tircs convertids a l’islam. Ensemen cun l’islam è er creschida l’influenza da la lingua araba e persiana sin la litteratura tirca. A partir dal 11avel tschientaner è sa sviluppà tar ils Tircs ch’eran daventads sesents en l’Anatolia il tirc da la Tirchia. L’influenza da l’islam ha dominà tranter il 11avel tschientaner e la mesadad dal 19avel tschientaner. Durant quest temp sa lascha il svilup da la litteratura tirca divider en duas gruppas principalas: per l’ina la litteratura da divan, per l’autra la litteratura populara. </p><p>Durant la perioda da Tanzimat en il 19avel tschientaner è l’influenza da l’Occident daventada pli gronda. L’emprim han ins translatà litteratura occidentala en lingua tirca ed a partir dals onns 1870 èn cumparids emprims romans scrits en tirc. Ina rolla tut speziala ha giugà da quel temp la gasetta ‹Servet-i fünûn› (‹stgazi da la savida›) cun il poet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tevfik_Fikret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tevfik Fikret (n'exista betg)">Tevfik Fikret</a> ed il romancier <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halid_Ziya_U%C5%9Fakl%C4%B1gil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil (n'exista betg)">Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil</a>. A medem temp sa fa valair ina litteratura da tempra naziunalistica e patriotica. </p><p>Dal temp da fundaziun da la republica hai dà grondas midadas en la litteratura tirca. Da gronda purtada èn surtut stads dus eveniments: l’introducziun da la scrittira latina l’onn 1928 e la gronda refurma da la lingua a partir dal 1932. Ils novs scripturs èn sa distanziads da la stilistica e lingua fixa da fin qua. Quai è surtut vegnì propagà dals poets da Garip enturn Orhan Veli. </p><p>Cun la furma èn er sa midads ils cuntegns da la litteratura tirca. Represchentants temprivs da quest svilup èn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fakir_Baykurt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fakir Baykurt (n'exista betg)">Fakir Baykurt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabahattin_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabahattin Ali (n'exista betg)">Sabahattin Ali</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sait_Faik_Abas%C4%B1yan%C4%B1k&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sait Faik Abasıyanık (n'exista betg)">Sait Faik Abasıyanık</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ya%C5%9Far_Kemal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaşar Kemal (n'exista betg)">Yaşar Kemal</a> che tschentan glieud simpla en il center da lur lavurs. Cun s’orientar dapli a la descripziun da la vita da mintgadi na manca er betg la critica sociala e politica envers il stadi. Quel reagescha cun censura e violenza politica. Auturs sco <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Hikmet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nâzım Hikmet (n'exista betg)">Nâzım Hikmet</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ya%C5%9Far_Kemal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaşar Kemal (n'exista betg)">Yaşar Kemal</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aziz_Nesin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aziz Nesin (n'exista betg)">Aziz Nesin</a> han passentà pervi da la persecuziun da lur publicaziuns blers onns en praschuns tircas. Kemal ha perquai numnà las praschuns la «scola da la litteratura tirca». </p><p>Cun ils migrants da lavur (lavurers esters) è arrivada en ils onns 1960 er la litteratura tirca ed auturs da derivanza tirca en l’Europa dal Vest. Lur ovras èn uss vegnidas translatadas e recepidas dapli en las pli diversas linguas. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aras_%C3%96ren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aras Ören (n'exista betg)">Aras Ören</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C3%BCksel_Pazarkaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yüksel Pazarkaya (n'exista betg)">Yüksel Pazarkaya</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emine_Sevgi_%C3%96zdamar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emine Sevgi Özdamar (n'exista betg)">Emine Sevgi Özdamar</a> èn s’occupads en differenta moda da la vita en Germania. Entant che la censura ed ils trais putschs militars (1960, 1971 e 1980) han franà il svilup da la litteratura tirca, han scripturs attribuì sur il detur da questa litteratura da migrants a sviluppar ina litteratura tirca fitg multifara ed independenta sco ch’ella sa preschenta ozendi. Impurtants represchentants da la litteratura tirca pli nova furman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orhan_Pamuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orhan Pamuk (n'exista betg)">Orhan Pamuk</a>, il titular dal Premi Nobel da litteratura dal 2006, ed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmet_Hamdi_Tanp%C4%B1nar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar (n'exista betg)">Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar</a>. </p><p>Las pli grondas chasas edituras tircas èn Nesil, Timas, Mustu, Yeni Asya e Sahdamar. Tar var 40 % da las novas ediziuns che cumparan en lingua tirca sa tracti da translaziuns or d’autras linguas (englais, tudestg e.a.). Per cumparegliar: en Germania èn be 8 % da las novas ediziuns vegnidas translatadas d’autras linguas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=51" title="Modifitgar secziun: Museums" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=51" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Museums"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il <a href="/w/index.php?title=Topkap%C4%B1_Saray%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topkapı Sarayı (n'exista betg)">Topkapı Sarayı</a> ad Istanbul ha furmà durant plirs tschientaners la residenza dals sultans e center administrativ da l’Imperi osmanic. Oz sa chatta là in museum cun collecziuns da porcellana, manuscrits, purtrets, vestgadira, giuvels ed armas dal temp da l’Imperi osmanic sco er diversas reliquias islamicas sco armas da Mohammed e dals emprims califs ed in dals pli vegls exemplars dal coran. </p><p>Gist visavi sa chatta la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hagia Sophia (n'exista betg)">Hagia Sophia</a>, a ses temp la baselgia principala da l’Imperi bizantin e center religius da la baselgia ortodoxa. Suenter la conquista osmanica è la Hagia Sophia daventada la moschea principala dals Osmans. Oz è l’edifizi sacral er accessibel a la publicitad sco museum. </p><p>Sin il terz plaz dals bains culturals ils pli frequentads da la Tirchia sa chatta la metropola antica Ephesos cun ca. 2 milliuns visitaders ad onn. Las ruinas che vegnan perscrutadas dapi il 1895 attiran ils turists surtut cun la fatschada reconstruida da la biblioteca da Celsus e cun las ruinas da duas chasas privatas. </p><p>Er <a href="/wiki/Troja" title="Troja">Troja</a>, in dals pli enconuschents lieus or da la mitologia antica, sa chatta en la Tirchia, numnadamain en la regiun Troas al Hellespont en il nordvest dal pajais. </p><p>Tar ils pli impurtants museums archeologics en l’Europa tutgan il Museum archeologic ad Istanbul ed il Museum per las civilisaziuns da l’Anatolia ad Ankara. </p><p>Il Palaz dad Ishak Pascha, ch’è vegnì erigì tranter il 1685 ed il 1784 e ch’è oz en ruina, sa chatta il pli oradim la Tirchia, ca. 6 km davent da la citad Doğubeyazıt. Quest cumplex ch’era vegnì construì per l’emir curd da Doğubeyazıt, Çolak Abdi Pascha, e ses figl İshak Pascha II unescha elements architectonics armens, georgians, persians, seldschucs ed osmanics. </p><p>Cun il tempel dad Artemis (Artemision) ad Ephesos ed il Mausoleum a Halikarnassos a Bodrum sa chattan gist dus dals set miraculs dal mund antics en l’Anatolia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_figurativ">Art figurativ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=52" title="Modifitgar secziun: Art figurativ" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=52" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Art figurativ"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Aksaray_Kilim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aksaray_Kilim.jpg/320px-Aksaray_Kilim.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aksaray_Kilim.jpg/480px-Aksaray_Kilim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aksaray_Kilim.jpg/640px-Aksaray_Kilim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5980" data-file-height="2421" /></a><figcaption>Tarpun da l’Anatolia Centrala (18avel tschientaner)</figcaption></figure> <p>Istoricamain èn artists tircs surtut sa focusads sin l’‹artisanadi decorativ›, vul dir sin ornar a moda artistica objects e plattinas, sviluppar musters da tarpuns cumplexs e crear scrittiras artisticas (calligrafia). Quai surtut pervi dal scumond da maletgs en l’islam che vul ch’ins desistia da visualisar essers vivents. En la pratica n’è quest princip però betg adina vegnì suandà a moda fitg severa, sco che mussa per exempel la pictura da miniaturas osmanica. En il decurs dal 18avel tschientaner è quella vegnida remplazzada tras in stil europeic, il qual han intermedià artists europeics ch’ins aveva envidà a purtretar ils sultans. In dals pli enconuschents artists tircs contemporans è <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bedri_Baykam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bedri Baykam (n'exista betg)">Bedri Baykam</a>. </p><p>A la sculptura ha il scumond da maletgs islamic medemamain mess en l’Imperi osmanic cunfins religius. Quai è sa midà en il 20avel tschientaner en rom da la politica da cultura republicana; da quella èn surtut resortids monuments naziunals. In enconuschent represchentant modern da la cultura è <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilham_Koman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilham Koman (n'exista betg)">Ilham Koman</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=53" title="Modifitgar secziun: Film" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=53" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Film"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sco emprima registraziun da film tirca valan ils maletgs che Fuat Uzkınay ha fatg il 1914 da la siglientada dal monument da victoria dad Ayastefanos che las truppas russas avevan erigì a Bakırköy sper Istanbul. </p><p>La producziun per il kino da massa è segnada da cumedias e da films dad action. Ina fasa spezialmain productiva han furmà en quest reguard ils films dals onns 1960 e 1970, cun fin a 300 producziuns per onn. Status da cult han per exempel cuntanschì las cumedias da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemal_Sunal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemal Sunal (n'exista betg)">Kemal Sunal</a> en sia rolla da parada sco perdent simpatic or da la classa sociala inferiura ch’ha, malgrà tuttas adversitads, il cor al dretg lieu. <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%BCneyt_Arkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cüneyt Arkin (n'exista betg)">Cüneyt Arkin</a> è in auter represchentant da quest’èra, enconuschent surtut tras films d’action. </p><p>Da tematicas pli seriusas s’occupa il reschissur, autur ed actur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C4%B1lmaz_G%C3%BCney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yılmaz Güney (n'exista betg)">Yılmaz Güney</a>. Cun ses film ‹Yol› (‹Yol – Der Weg›) ha el gudagnà il 1982 la Palma d’aur al Festival da film a Cannes. Sco communist persvadì tractan ses films da povradad, da la posiziun dals Curds e da la pussanza statala. Entaifer la producziun da film actuala è surtut enconuschent il reschissur e producent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuri_Bilge_Ceylan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuri Bilge Ceylan (n'exista betg)">Nuri Bilge Ceylan</a> ch’ha medemamain gia gudagnà divers premis a Cannes, tranter auter per ‹Uzak› (‹Uzak – Weit›), ‹Bir Zamanlar Anadolu’da› (‹Once Upon a Time in Anatolia›), ‹Üç maymun› (‹Drei Affen›) e ‹Kış Uykusu› (‹Winterschlaf›). </p><p>Grondas summas da producziun èn vegnidas impundidas ils ultims onns per films d’action politics sco ‹Kurtlar Vadisi – Irak› (‹Tal der Wölfe – Irak›) u per ‹Fetih 1453› che tracta la conquista da Constantinopel l’onn 1453. En omadus cas sa tracti da producziuns contestadas pervi da lur messadi politic tendenzius. </p><p>Fitg popularas èn serias tircas, e quai betg mo en l’agen pajais, mabain sin l’entir Balcan ed en l’entir mund islam. Sco bain d’export cultural èn quellas integradas fix en chanals da l’exteriur cun fitg autas quotas d’aspectaturs. Rollas da dunnas emancipadas ed ina chapientscha memia pauc ortodoxa da l’istorgia da l’islam mainan però savens a protestas u a regulaziuns en divers pajais d’import. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musica">Musica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=54" title="Modifitgar secziun: Musica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=54" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Musica"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cuntrari a l’opiniun derasada n’è la musica osmanica, auter che la litteratura, strusch stada influenzada d’elements arabs. Suenter la fundaziun da la republica ha la regenza augmentà la promoziun da la musica tirca. Dapi l’onn 1924 han ins cumenzà a rimnar ed archivar la musica populara or da l’Anatolia. L’onn 1953 cumpigliava quest archiv 10 000 chanzuns popularas. Igl exista in ensemble statal per musica classica tirca. Dapi ils onns 1990 domineschan stils da musica moderns sper direcziuns classicas sco Türk Halk Müziği e Türk Sanat Müziği. </p><p>La gronda part da la musica populara tirca sa basa sin il saz, ina sort lauta a culiez lung. Zurna e davul èn instruments preschents surtut en regiuns ruralas che vegnan savens sunads a chaschun da nozzas u d’autras festivitads. Ultra da quai èn derasadas la flauta da pasturs kaval e la ney. Er la varianta electrica dal saz e darbuka, savens accumpagnads da keyboards electrics, èn instruments populars. </p><p>Numerus cumponist europeics èn stads fascinads en il 18avel tschientaner da la musica tirca, surtut da la rolla dominanta dals instruments da sturs e dals instruments da batter en las chapellas militaras. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a> ha integrà en sia sinfonia militara ed en intginas da sias operas instruments tircs. Il medem ha fatg <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> en sia 9avla sinfonia. <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> ha scrit ses Rondo alla turca en sia sonata da clavazin nr. 11 A-dur KV 331 ed er fatg diever da motivs tircs en intginas da sias operas. Cumbain che quest’influenza tirca è be stada en moda durant in tschert temp, ha ella gì per consequenza ch’ins ha integrà en l’orchester sinfonic tschinellas, schumber grond e scalins. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuschina">Cuschina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=55" title="Modifitgar secziun: Cuschina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=55" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Cuschina"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:D%C3%B6nerci,_1855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/D%C3%B6nerci%2C_1855.jpg/200px-D%C3%B6nerci%2C_1855.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/D%C3%B6nerci%2C_1855.jpg/300px-D%C3%B6nerci%2C_1855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/D%C3%B6nerci%2C_1855.jpg/400px-D%C3%B6nerci%2C_1855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption>Vendider da döner l’onn 1855</figcaption></figure> <p>La cuschina tirca contemporana furma il resultat da la maschaida tranter la tradiziun da cuschinar nomada oriunda da las stirpas tircas cun la cuschina dal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxim_Orient&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proxim Orient (n'exista betg)">Proxim Orient</a>; ultra da quai èn sa fatgas valair influenzas da la regiun da la <a href="/wiki/Mar_Mediterrana" title="Mar Mediterrana">Mar Mediterrana</a>. Or da questa multifariadad è sa sviluppada en il decurs dals tschientaners, surtut sut l’influenza da la cultura e moda da viver osmanica, la cuschina tirca caracteristica. </p><p>La cuschina tirca ha medemamain influenzà la cuschina greca e la cuschina dal Balcan – tranter auter er etimologicamain. Uschia deriva per exempel zaziki dal tirc cacık, e ćevapčići da kebapcik (diminutiv da kebap). Er jogurt deriva dal pled tirc yoğurt. Döner kebab (verbalmain ‹charn dal gril che sa volva›) vegn fatg da charn-bov, charn-vadè u charn-giaglinom. En la Tirchia, ma er en auters pajais vegn il döner er servì sin il plat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dis_da_festa">Dis da festa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=56" title="Modifitgar secziun: Dis da festa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=56" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Dis da festa"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ils dis da festa religius s’orienteschan tenor il chalender lunar islamic; perquai han quels lieu mintg’onn ca. 11 dis pli baud e n’han entaifer il chalender gregorian nagina data fixa. Tras quai poi schizunt esser da temp en temp ch’ina da las festas ha lieu duas giadas durant in onn chalender: l’emprima giada l’entschatta da schaner, ina segunda giada la fin da december. Il di da ruaus emnil furma la dumengia e betg – sco che quai è il cas en la gronda part dals stadis segnads da l’islam – il venderdi. </p><p>Daspera vegnan festivads: </p> <ul><li>l’emprim da schaner (sco emprim di da l’onn)</li> <li>ils 23 d’avrigl (festa da la suveranitad naziunala e da l’uffant; regorda a l’avertura da l’Assamblea naziunala sco fundament da la suveranitad da la republica)</li> <li>il prim da matg (di da la lavur e da la solidaritad)</li> <li>ils 19 da matg (di da la giuventetgna e dal sport, commemoraziun da l’arrivada dad Atatürk a Samsun e dal cumenzament da la guerra da liberaziun)</li> <li>ils 15 da fanadur (di da la democrazia e da l’unitad naziunala; regorda a las unfrendas dal putsch dal 2016)</li> <li>ils 30 d’avust (festa da la victoria; regorda a la victoria decisiva da Başkomutanlık Meydan Savaşı cunter ils Grecs en la guerra da liberaziun tirca)</li> <li>ils 29 d’october (festa da la republica; di da festa naziunala che regorda a la proclamaziun da la republica tras Atatürk l’onn 1923).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=57" title="Modifitgar secziun: Sport" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=57" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Sport"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il sport il pli popular en la Tirchia è il ballape. Ils pli impurtants clubs da ballape derivan dad Istanbul (Galatasaray Istanbul, Beşiktaş Istanbul e Fenerbahçe Istanbul). Trabzonspor e Bursaspor èn stads ils sulets clubs d’ordaifer Istanbul, als quals igl è reussì da daventar campiun tirc. </p><p>La squadra da ballape naziunala ha pudì sa qualifitgar per il campiunadi mundial dal 1954 e dal 2002 sco er diversas giadas per il campiunadi europeic. Sco meglier resultat ha la Tirchia cuntanschì il 2008 il mez final dal campiunadi europeic. </p><p>Sper il ballape vegn er il ballabasket giugà en la Tirchia sin in aut nivel. Tscherts giugaders tircs giogan en la NBA americana. Il 2010 ha gì lieu il campiunadi mundial da ballabasket en la Tirchia. Davos ils Stadis Unids è la squadra dal pajais ospitant daventada segunda. </p><p>Ulteriurs sports populars èn il boxar, cun divers enconuschents profis, e la furmla 1 (Grond Premi da la Tirchia en l’Otodromo dad Istanbul). </p><p>Tar ils sports naziunals tradiziunals tutga il sport a chaval; il sport cirit serviva a furmar ils nomads a chaval ed è surtut sa mantegnì en l’ost dal pajais. Lutgar cun ieli (yağlı güreş) vegn pratitgà en la Tirchia dapi bundant 650 onns; duas giadas ad onn han lieu cumbats als quals sa participeschan lutgaders da tut las parts dal pajais.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dapi l’onn 2000 ha Istanbul candidà repetidamain sco lieu d’occurrenza dals gieus olimpics da stad, fin uss adumbatten. En connex cun questa candidatura han ins erigì per dapli che 100 milliuns euros il stadion olimpic Atatürk. Il center dals gieus e la gronda part dals lieus da sport sa chattan da la vart europeica da la citad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patrimoni_natiral_e_cultural_mundial">Patrimoni natiral e cultural mundial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=58" title="Modifitgar secziun: Patrimoni natiral e cultural mundial" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=58" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Patrimoni natiral e cultural mundial"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sin la glista dal Patrimoni mundial da l’UNESCO figureschan ils suandants lieus situads en Tirchia: </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Istanbul_asv2020-02_img23_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img23_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace.jpg/210px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img23_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img23_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace.jpg/315px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img23_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img23_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace.jpg/420px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img23_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6515" data-file-height="4343" /></a><figcaption>Palaz da Topkapı</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/210px-Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/315px-Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/420px-Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9163" data-file-height="7100" /></a><figcaption>Ephesos</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Ils lieus istorics dad Istanbul (citad veglia, diversas baselgias e moscheas, palaz da Topkapı, Mir teodosian)</li> <li>la moschea Selimiye ad Edirne</li> <li>la plazza d’exchavaziun archeologica da Troja</li> <li>il parc naziunal Göreme ed ils monuments da grippa en la Cappadochia</li> <li>la citad antica Hierapolis cun las terrassas da tuf chaltschinus da Pamukkale</li> <li>las ruinas da Hattuša e Yazılıkaya</li> <li>il lieu d’exchavaziun monumental sin il Nemrut Dağı</li> <li>la citad veglia da Safranbolu</li> <li>las ruinas da Xanthos cun il sanctuari Letoon</li> <li>la gronda moschea e l’ospital da Divriği</li> <li>il lieu da chat neolitic da Çatalhöyük</li> <li>Bursa e Cumalıkızık</li> <li>la citad antica Pergamon</li> <li>la citad antica Ephesos</li> <li>las fortificaziuns da Diyarbakır ed ils ierts da Hevsel</li> <li>l’anteriura chapitala armena Ani</li> <li>la citad antica Aphrodisias</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annotaziuns">Annotaziuns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=59" title="Modifitgar secziun: Annotaziuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=59" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Annotaziuns"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nuri Güldalı: <i>Geomorphologie der Türkei. Erläuterungen zur geomorphologischen Übersichtskarte der Türkei 1:2.000.000</i>. (<i>Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Reihe A: Naturwissenschaften</i>, tom 4), Reichert, Wiesbaden 1979, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3882260394" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-88226-039-4</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ECO Geoscience Database: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425125903/http://www.ecogeodb.com/ECO_Detail.asp?P=Climate&CN=Turkey&C=TUR"><i>Natural geography of Turkey</i></a>, consultà ils 14 da fanadur 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020210531/https://www.protectedplanet.net/country/TR"><i>Turkey</i></a>, sin: protectedplanet.net, consultà ils 17 da schaner 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/statistics/country/5a8ee0387/unhcr-statistical-yearbook-2016-16th-edition.html"><i>UNHCR Statistical Yearbook 2016</i></a>, 16avla ediziun, consultà ils 25 d’avrigl 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations – Population Division: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/"><i>World Population Prospects</i></a>, consultà ils 16 da fanadur 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shaw-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-shaw_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw: <i>The Ottoman Empire Census System and Population</i>, 1831–1914.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Şevket Aziz Kansu: <i>Stone Age Cultures in Turkey</i>. En: <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>, tom 31, nr. 2, p. 227–232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119125610/https://www.hrw.org/legacy/german/docs/2006/03/06/turkey12765.htm"><i>Human Rights Watch</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Straßner: <i>Militärdiktaturen im 20. Jahrhundert. Motivation, Herrschaftstechnik und Modernisierung im Vergleich.</i> Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2013, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783658021559" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-658-02155-9</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Infurmaziuns tenor Central Intelligence Agency: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821073349/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2129.html"><i>The World Factbook</i></a>, consultà ils 6 d’avust 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322094128/http://www.turkishoilwrestling.net/"><i>Turkish Oil Wrestling</i></a>.</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratura_2">Litteratura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=60" title="Modifitgar secziun: Litteratura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=60" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Litteratura"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Merian: <i>Türkei.</i> Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg 1985, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3455285058" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-455-28505-8</a>.</li> <li>Udo Steinbach: <i>Die Türkei im 20. Jahrhundert. Schwieriger Partner Europas.</i> Gustav Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach 1996, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3785708289" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-7857-0828-9</a>.</li> <li>Ciğdem Akkaya, Yasemin Özbek, Faruk Şen: <i>Länderbericht Türkei.</i> Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1998.</li> <li>Brigitte Moser-Weithmann, Michael Weithmann: <i>Die Türkei. Nation zwischen Europa und dem Nahen Osten</i>. Pustet, Regensburg 2002, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/379171788X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-7917-1788-X</a>.</li> <li>Gazi Çağlar: <i>Die Türkei zwischen Orient und Okzident. Eine politische Analyse ihrer Geschichte und Gegenwart.</i> Unrast, Münster 2004, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3897710161" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-89771-016-1</a>.</li> <li>Christian Rumpf, Udo Steinbach: <i>Das politische System der Türkei.</i> En: Wolfgang Ismayr (ed.): <i>Die politischen Systeme Osteuropas.</i> 2. ed., UTB, Opladen 2004, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3825281868" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-8252-8186-8</a>, p. 847–886.</li> <li>Stefan Stautner: <i>Türkei. Europa oder Orient? Repräsentation der Türkei zwischen Europa und Orient.</i> Rhombos, Berlin 2004, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3937231331" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-937231-33-1</a>.</li> <li>Günter Seufert, Christopher Kubaseck: <i>Die Türkei. Politik, Geschichte, Kultur</i>. (<i>Beck’sche Reihe</i>, 1603), Beck, Minca 2004, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3406511104" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-406-51110-4</a>. (2. ed., 2006)</li> <li>Feroz Ahmad: <i>Geschichte der Türkei</i>. Magnus, Essen 2005, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3884004336" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-88400-433-6</a>.</li> <li>Türkische Nachrichtenagentur: <i>Türkei Almanach 2006.</i> Ankara 2006, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9751938988" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 975-19-3898-8</a>.</li> <li>Udo Steinbach: <i>Geschichte der Türkei.</i> C.H. Beck, Minca 2007, 4. ed. curregida ed amplifitgada, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3406447430" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-406-44743-0</a>.</li> <li>Cem Özdemir: <i>Die Türkei. Politik, Religion, Kultur.</i> Cun fotografias da Sedat Mehder, Beltz & Gelberg, Weinheim 2008, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783407753434" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-407-75343-4</a>.</li> <li>Brigitte Moser-Weithmann, Michael Weithmann: <i>Landeskunde Türkei. Geschichte, Gesellschaft und Kultur</i>. Buske, Hamburg 2008, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783875484915" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-87548-491-5</a>.</li> <li>Christian Rumpf: <i>Recht und Wirtschaft der Türkei.</i> 2. ed., Global Local, Stuttgart 2009, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783981178128" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-9811781-2-8</a>.</li> <li>Klaus Kreiser, Christoph K. Neumann: <i>Kleine Geschichte der Türkei</i>. (<i>Reclams Universal-Bibliothek</i>, nr. 18669), 2. ed. curregida ed amplifitgada, Reclam, Stuttgart 2009, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783150186695" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-15-018669-5</a>.</li> <li>Udo Steinbach (ed.): <i>Länderbericht Türkei.</i> Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Bonn 2012, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783838902821" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-8389-0282-1</a>.</li> <li>Michael Zick: <i>Türkei – Wiege der Zivilisation.</i> 2. ed. actualisada, Konrad Theiss, Stuttgart 2013, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783806227062" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-8062-2706-2</a>.</li> <li>Ilker Ataç, Michael Fanizadeh, Volkan Ağar, Wiener Institut für internationalen Dialog und Zusammenarbeit (VIDC) (ed.): <i>Nach dem Putsch. 16 Anmerkungen zur ‹neuen› Türkei</i>. Mandelbaum Verlag, Vienna 2018, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783854765769" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-85476-576-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colliaziuns">Colliaziuns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&veaction=edit&section=61" title="Modifitgar secziun: Colliaziuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirchia&action=edit&section=61" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Colliaziuns"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:T%C3%BCrkiye?uselang=rm">Commons: Tirchia</a></span></b> – Collecziun da maletgs, videos e datotecas d'audio</div> <ul><li>Statistisches Bundesamt: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161115171728/https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/LaenderRegionen/Internationales/Land/Europa/Tuerkei.html"><i>Länderprofil Türkei</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tuerkei-recht.de/">Portal online davart il dretg e l’economia en Tirchia</a></li></ul> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;;;border:none;; font-size:xx-small;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Model:Navigaziun_Stadis_da_l%27Europa" title="Model:Navigaziun Stadis da l'Europa"><img alt="Vegeu aquesta plantilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/20px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/30px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/40px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size:110%;">Stadis da l'<a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <p><b>Stadis suverans:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Bielorussia" title="Bielorussia">Bielorussia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_ed_Erzegovina" title="Bosnia ed Erzegovina">Bosnia ed Erzegovina</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Cipra" title="Cipra">Cipra</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Croazia" title="Croazia">Croazia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Danemarc" title="Danemarc">Danemarc</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Finlanda" title="Finlanda">Finlanda</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Frantscha" title="Frantscha">Frantscha</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Grezia" title="Grezia">Grezia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Republica_da_l%27Irlanda" title="Republica da l'Irlanda">Irlanda</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Islanda" 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