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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilitarisme_negativista" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilitarisme_negativista"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Utilitarisme negativista</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilitarisme_negativista-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istòria_de_l'utilitarisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istòria_de_l'utilitarisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Istòria de l'utilitarisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istòria_de_l'utilitarisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilitarisme_de_l'acte_contra_utilitarisme_de_las_nòrmas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilitarisme_de_l'acte_contra_utilitarisme_de_las_nòrmas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Utilitarisme de l'acte contra utilitarisme de las nòrmas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilitarisme_de_l'acte_contra_utilitarisme_de_las_nòrmas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilitarisme_preferencial,_utilitarisme_de_Pareto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilitarisme_preferencial,_utilitarisme_de_Pareto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Utilitarisme preferencial, utilitarisme de Pareto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilitarisme_preferencial,_utilitarisme_de_Pareto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticas_de_l'utilitarisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticas_de_l'utilitarisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticas de l'utilitarisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticas_de_l'utilitarisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligams_extèrnes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligams_extèrnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ligams extèrnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligams_extèrnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Utilitarisme</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 73 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarisme" title="Utilitarisme - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Utilitarisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismus" title="Utilitarismus - aleman de Soïssa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Utilitarismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="aleman de Soïssa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A5%E1%89%85%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%8A%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="ጥቅማዊነት - amaric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጥቅማዊነት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نفعية - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نفعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismu" title="Utilitarismu - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Utilitarismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarizm" title="Utilitarizm - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Utilitarizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Утылітарызм - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Утылітарызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Утилитаризъм - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Утилитаризъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="উপযোগবাদ - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপযোগবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarisme" title="Utilitarisme - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Utilitarisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismus" title="Utilitarismus - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Utilitarismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defnyddiolaeth" title="Defnyddiolaeth - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Defnyddiolaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarisme" title="Utilitarisme - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Utilitarisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismus" title="Utilitarismus - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Utilitarismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A9%CF%86%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ωφελιμισμός - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ωφελιμισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Utilitarianism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilismo" title="Utilismo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Utilismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismo" title="Utilitarismo - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Utilitarismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarism" title="Utilitarism - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Utilitarism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismo" title="Utilitarismo - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Utilitarismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="فایده‌گرایی - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فایده‌گرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismi" title="Utilitarismi - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Utilitarismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarisme" title="Utilitarisme - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Utilitarisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismus" title="Utilitarismus - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Utilitarismus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismo" title="Utilitarismo - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Utilitarismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="תועלתנות - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תועלתנות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="उपयोगितावाद - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उपयोगितावाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarizam" title="Utilitarizam - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Utilitarizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haszonelv%C5%B1s%C3%A9g" title="Haszonelvűség - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Haszonelvűség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Ուտիլիտարիզմ - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուտիլիտարիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianisme" title="Utilitarianisme - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Utilitarianisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nytjastefna" title="Nytjastefna - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nytjastefna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismo" title="Utilitarismo - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Utilitarismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="功利主義 - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="功利主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianisme" title="Utilitarianisme - javanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Utilitarianisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="უტილიტარიზმი - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უტილიტარიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Утилитаризм - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Утилитаризм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6" title="ಉಪಯುಕ್ತತಾವಾದ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಪಯುಕ್ತತಾವಾದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EB%A6%AC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="공리주의 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공리주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Утилитаризм - karatxai-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Утилитаризм" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karatxai-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBdgir%C3%AE" title="Sûdgirî - curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sûdgirî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Утилитаризм - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Утилитаризм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismus" title="Utilitarismus - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Utilitarismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarizmas" title="Utilitarizmas - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Utilitarizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilit%C4%81risms" title="Utilitārisms - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Utilitārisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Утилитаризам - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Утилитаризам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രയോജനവാദം - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രയോജനവാദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianisme" title="Utilitarianisme - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Utilitarianisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92" title="လက်တွေ့အသုံးကျမှုဝါဒ - birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လက်တွေ့အသုံးကျမှုဝါဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarisme" title="Utilitarisme - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Utilitarisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarisme" title="Utilitarisme - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Utilitarisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarisme" title="Utilitarisme - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Utilitarisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utylitaryzm" title="Utylitaryzm - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Utylitaryzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%AB%D9%BC%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA" title="د ګټې اصالت - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ګټې اصالت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismo" title="Utilitarismo - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Utilitarismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarism" title="Utilitarism - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Utilitarism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Утилитаризм - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Утилитаризм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarizam" title="Utilitarizam - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Utilitarizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Utilitarianism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarizmus" title="Utilitarizmus - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Utilitarizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarizem" title="Utilitarizem - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Utilitarizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Утилитаризам - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Утилитаризам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarism" title="Utilitarism - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Utilitarism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="பயனெறிமுறைக் கோட்பாடு - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பயனெறிமுறைக் கோட்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ประโยชน์นิยม - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประโยชน์นิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismo" title="Utilitarismo - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Utilitarismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yararc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Yararcılık - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yararcılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Утилітаризм - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Утилітаризм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_v%E1%BB%8B_l%E1%BB%A3i" title="Chủ nghĩa vị lợi - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa vị lợi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarismo" title="Utilitarismo - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Utilitarismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="功利主义 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="功利主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="功利主義 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="功利主義" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="功用主義 - cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="功用主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q160590#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificar los ligams interlenga" class="wbc-editpage">Modificar los ligams</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacis de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Utilitarisme" title="Veire l’article [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discutir:Utilitarisme&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion a prepaus d'aquesta pagina (la pagina existís pas) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">occitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Afichatges"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Utilitarisme"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarisme&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarisme&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarisme&action=history" title="Los autors e versions precedentas d'aquesta pagina. 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="oc" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg/220px-Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg/330px-Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg/440px-Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Imatge de <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>, creator d'aquel corrent.</figcaption></figure> <p>L'<b>utilitarisme</b> es un camp terroic de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moralitat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moralitat (la pagina existís pas)">moralitat</a>, basat sus la maximizacion de l'utilitat per la <a href="/wiki/Societat" title="Societat">societat</a> o l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Umanitat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umanitat (la pagina existís pas)">umanitat</a>. La moralitat de quina que siá accion o lei donará per son utilitat a la societat. </p><p>Se pòt sovent resumir l'utilitarisme a partir del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Principi_d%27utilitat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principi d'utilitat (la pagina existís pas)">principi d'utilitat</a> coma <span class="citation">«lo maximum de benestar pel mai grand nombre de personas»</span>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Una_teoria_sul_benestar_e_de_çò_qu'es_juste"><span id="Una_teoria_sul_benestar_e_de_.C3.A7.C3.B2_qu.27es_juste"></span>Una teoria sul benestar e de çò qu'es juste</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarisme&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Una teoria sul benestar e de çò qu'es juste" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarisme&action=edit&section=1" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Una teoria sul benestar e de çò qu'es juste"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'utilitarisme es tant una teoria sul benestar que sul çò qu'es juste. Coma teoria sul benestar, l'utilitarisme defend qu'es bon que totes supausam d'una mai granda utilitat, es a dire, plaser, preferéncia-satisfaccion, o una lista objectiva de valors. Coma teoria sus çò qu'es juste, l'utilitarisme pren en compte las consequéncias de l'acte, e afirma que l'acte juste serà aquel que totes supausam d'una mai granda utilitat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilitarisme_negativista">Utilitarisme negativista</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarisme&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : Utilitarisme negativista" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarisme&action=edit&section=2" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Utilitarisme negativista"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fòrça teorias utilitaristas defendon lo benestar maximum pel mai grand nombre de personas possible. L'utilitaritarisme negativista crei necessari de promòure la mendre quantitat de dolor o de damatge pel mai grand nombre de personas possible. Los defensors d'aquela interpretacion de l'utilitarisme argumentan que se tracta d'una formula etica pus eficaça, perque i a mai de possibilitats de crear damatge que de crear benestar, e los damatges mai grands an mai grandas consequéncias que los bens mai grands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istòria_de_l'utilitarisme"><span id="Ist.C3.B2ria_de_l.27utilitarisme"></span>Istòria de l'utilitarisme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarisme&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : Istòria de l'utilitarisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarisme&action=edit&section=3" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Istòria de l'utilitarisme"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Las basas filosoficas de l'utilitarisme remontan a las òbras de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cumberland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Cumberland (la pagina existís pas)">Richard Cumberland</a> e <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, encara a la <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8cia_Antica" class="mw-redirect" title="Grècia Antica">Grècia Antica</a> amb <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a>, mas formalament lo paire foguèt <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>, qu'afirmèt que lo plaser e la dolor èran <i>los unics absoluts</i> del monde: <i><span class="citation">«la natura sometèt l'òme al govèrn de dos sobeirans: lo plaser e la dolor»</span></i>. De per aquí escriguèt la règla de l'utilitat: lo benestar es çò que dona lo pus grand bonaür al mai grand nombre de personas. Mai tard, realizant que la formulacion aviá dos maximums diferents, e benlèu concurrents, contunhèt simplament a parlar del "principi del benestar mai grand". </p><p>Tant la filosofia d'<a href="/wiki/Epicur" title="Epicur">Epicur</a> qu'aquela de Bentham se pòdon considerar coma dos tipes de consequencialisme edonista, perque jutjan la correccion de las accions segon lo benestat qu'apòrtan, identificant lo bonaür amb lo plaser. La formulacion de Bentham es un edonïsme egoïsta, perque alara qu'Epicur recomandava de far çò que te fasiá mai aüros, Bentham manten que se deu far çò que farà aüros la majoritat. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> es, el, responsable del concèpte d'<i>utilitat</i>, amb son celèbre e brèu libre <i>Utilitarisme</i>. Malgrat que Mill èra un utilitarista, sosteniá que totas las formas de plaser an pas la meteissa valor, perque afirmava que <span class="citation">«es melhor èsser un <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> insatisfach qu'un idiòt satisfach»</span>. Èra pas en acòrdi amb lo calcul edonista de Bentham, perque considerava que la qualitat es melhora que la quantitat. </p><p>L'utilitarisme influiguèt fòrça lo camp de l'economia, subretot la teoria de l'utilitat, que son concèpte tanben es utilizat, pasmens amb un efècte diferent. S'aplica de forma mecanica las teorias <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marginalisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marginalisme (la pagina existís pas)">marginalistas</a> per explicar lo comportament economic de las personas, atal coma las mesuras mai justa (en general, tenents del <i>laissez faire</i> (daissar far)). </p><p>Dins lo camp de la biologia, se considèra lo plaser coma un guida natural cap a la santat fisiologica e un cambi evolutiu benefactor. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Spencer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Spencer (la pagina existís pas)">Herbert Spencer</a>, amb son <i>Data of Ethics</i>, formulèt definitivament los principis de libertat sus una basa biologicoeconomica, i apondent la teoria quantitativa de la libertat: la pus granda libertat per l'individú es compatibla amb l'egala libertat pels autres. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilitarisme_de_l'acte_contra_utilitarisme_de_las_nòrmas"><span id="Utilitarisme_de_l.27acte_contra_utilitarisme_de_las_n.C3.B2rmas"></span>Utilitarisme de l'acte contra utilitarisme de las nòrmas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarisme&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : Utilitarisme de l'acte contra utilitarisme de las nòrmas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarisme&action=edit&section=4" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Utilitarisme de l'acte contra utilitarisme de las nòrmas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>D'autres formas d'utilitarisme foguèron prepausadas. La tradicionala es aquela de l'utilitarisme de l'acte, qu'afirma que lo melhor acte es aquel que pòrta la mai granda utilitat. Un autre biais de lo veire es lo de l'utilitarisme de las nòrmas, que considèra coma melhor l'acte d'aquel qu'emergís una nòrma que pòrta la mai granda utilitat. </p><p>Per comprendre los melhors concèptes, se poiriá considerar los scenaris seguents: un cirurgian a sièis pacients: un a besonh d'un fetge, un autre d'un pancreas, lo tresen d'una vesicula biliara e dos an besonh d'un ren. Fin finala, un sieisen ven d'èsser operat d'apendiciti. Deu lo mètge tuar lo sieisen pacient e transplantar sos organs als autres? O al contrari deu daissar morir los autres cinc? Una concepcion classica de l'utilitarisme de l'acte nos forçariá a nos destriar per la primièra opcion. </p><p>Un utilitarista de las nòrmas fixariá la norma abans l'acte d'esperel (tuar lo sieisen pacient). Dins aquel cas la nòrma seriá: <span class="citation">«se un cirurgian pòt tuar una persona relativament sana per transplantar sos organs levat qu'una persona que n'a besonh vitalament, se lo deurà far»</span>. Evidentament, institucionalizar aquela nòrma dins la societat provocariá mai de consequéncias negativas que positivas: las personas relativament sanas evitarián d'anar a l'espital, las operacion vendrián riscadas, eca. Doncas, un utilitarista de las nòrmas diriá que se deu crear una norma opausada a aquela, que garentisca que se pòscan pas far damatges als organs de las personas sanas per los donar a d'autres. Alara, se lo cirurgian matariá lo sieisen pacient, seriá pas juste. </p><p>Fòrça utilitaristas argumentarián que l'utilitarisme pasmens cabe los actes, mas tanben d'exigéncias e disposicions, de prèmis e de castigs, de règlas e d'institucions. Un còp aquò reconegut, l'utilitarisme ven una teoria <a href="/wiki/Morala" title="Morala">morala</a> pus complèxa e rica, que s'armoniza mai amb nòstras institucions moralas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilitarisme_preferencial,_utilitarisme_de_Pareto"><span id="Utilitarisme_preferencial.2C_utilitarisme_de_Pareto"></span>Utilitarisme preferencial, utilitarisme de Pareto</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarisme&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : Utilitarisme preferencial, utilitarisme de Pareto" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarisme&action=edit&section=5" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Utilitarisme preferencial, utilitarisme de Pareto"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'utilitarisme de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pareto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pareto (la pagina existís pas)">Pareto</a> dins lo monde economic, definís l'utilitarisme en tèrmes de satisfaccion de las preferéncias. Los utilitaristas de la preferéncia afirman que lo juste es far çò que produsís las melhoras consequéncias, mas definisson las melhoras consequéncias en tèrmes de satisfaccion de las preferéncias, que poirián inclure, dins lo cas del cirurgian, de concèptes coma la reputacion davant l'edonisme pur. </p><p>Tanben aplicat a l'exemple precedent, apareis lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pareto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pareto (la pagina existís pas)">concèpte paretian</a> de la satisfaccion, segon qu'aquela se pòt pas quantificar, nimai comparar diferents individús. Alara, cap d'element racional nos permetriá de decidir, dins una vision d'utilitarisme de l'acte, s'es melhor de tuar lo sieisen pacient e de salvar los autres, o lo contrari. Prepausa coma causida d'accion la cèrca de l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Efici%C3%A9ncia_de_Pareto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eficiéncia de Pareto (la pagina existís pas)">eficiéncia de Pareto</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticas_de_l'utilitarisme"><span id="Criticas_de_l.27utilitarisme"></span>Criticas de l'utilitarisme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarisme&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : Criticas de l'utilitarisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarisme&action=edit&section=6" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Criticas de l'utilitarisme"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Las criticas de l'utilitarisme sovent argumentan qu'aquela vision se fa front a fòrça problèmas, un d'aqueles es de comparar l'utilitat entre diferentas personas. Fòrça dels primièrs utilitaristas pensavan que lo bonaür se poiriá mesurar quantitativament, e èsser comparat mejans de calculs, encara que degun i capitèt. </p><p>S'argumentèt que lo bonaür de las personas se pòt pas mesurar, e que alara aquel càlcul es impossible, pas dins la practica, nimai en principi. </p> <ul><li>A aquela critica los utilitaristas respondon fasent apèl a l'empatia e a de principis biològics, atal coma exemples extrèms: segon aquelas teorias, la mòrt de milèrs de personas seriá pas pièger que la d'una sola.</li></ul> <p>L'utilitarisme tanben foguèt criticat per arribar a de conclusions contrarias "a la morala" e al "sens comun". Per exemple, s'èrem forçats de causir entre salvar nòstre pròpri filh, o dos que coneissèm pas, la majoritat de las gents causirián de salvar lor pròpri filh. En cambi, un utilitarisme non paretian causiriá, el, de salvar los autres dos, perque an mai grand potencial d'èsser aüros qu'un sol. </p> <ul><li>Los utilitaristas respondon que l'argument del "sens comun" foguèt utilizat per justificar fòrça posicions controvertidas, e que la nocion de "sens comun" vària segon l'individú, decision que pòscan pas èsser utilizat coma basa d'una morala collectiva. E mai, cal dire que l'utilitarisme normatiu respond perfectament a l'exemple mencionat.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a> refusa l'utilitarisme, lo normatiu coma aquel dels actes, perque aquel fach que los dreches dependon de las bonas consequéncias que se volon, e <span class="citation">«aquò es incompatible amb lo <a href="/wiki/Liberalisme" title="Liberalisme">liberalisme</a>»</span>. Se tracta d'una postura subretot <a href="/wiki/Drech_natural" title="Drech natural">jusnaturalista</a>, que considèra que los dreches an una origina naturala. A la critica jusnaturalista s'argumenta que, per exemple, se l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Esclavisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esclavisme (la pagina existís pas)">esclavatge</a> o la <a href="/wiki/Tortura" title="Tortura">tortura</a> èran bons per tota la populacion, poirián èsser justificats teoricament per l'utilitarisme. Rawls defend que l'etica politica deu partir de la posicion originala. </p> <ul><li>La risposta utilitarista, levat la concepcion paretiana, sosten que Rawls pren pas en compte los efèctes indirèctes de l'acceptacion de politicas inumanas, atal poirián èsser un sentiment d'inseguritat, e que alara resulta impossible qu'aquelas politicas sián bonas per la collectivitat. Tanben critican fortament la concepcion jusnaturalista, que considèran un <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mite</a> e un biais de <a href="/wiki/Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion">religion</a> modèrna.</li></ul> <p>Cal dire que la majoritat de las criticas cap a l'utilitarisme son dirigidas a l'utilitarisme dels actes segon Bentham, e qu'es possible pels utilitaristas de las nòrmas, o los benthamians, d'arribar a de conclusions que sián compatiblas amb aquelas criticas. De fach, John Stuart Mill considerèt <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> coma utilitarista de las nòrmas. Segon Mill, los imperatius categorics de Kant pasmens an de sens dins los cases de violéncia, se prenèm en compte las consequéncias de l'accion. Kant afirma que viure egoïstament pòt pas èsser universalizat, perque totes necessitam l'afècte dins un moment o un autre. Segon Mill aquel argument se basa sus las consequéncias. Se pòt observar que qualques formas d'utilitarisme son potencialament compatiblas amb lo Kantisme e d'autras filosofias moralas. </p><p>R.M. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hare (la pagina existís pas)">Hare</a> es un autre exemple d'utilitarista qu'adaptèt sa filosofia al kantisme. Basa pas sa teoria sul principi d'utilitat, mas crei que podèm far de consideracions utilitaristas, consequéncias, a l'ora de formular de causidas universalas. Aquela filosofia se nomena <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspectivisme_universal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perspectivisme universal (la pagina existís pas)">perspectivisme universal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarisme&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarisme&action=edit&section=7" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Bibliografia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En catalan">(<abbr title="">ca</abbr>)</span> Alcoberro, Ramon. <i>L'utilitarisme</i>. Barcelona: EdiUOC, 2007.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En espanhòl">(<abbr title="">es</abbr>)</span> Guisán, Esperanza. <i>Una ética de libertad y solidaridad</i>. Rubí (Barcelona): Antrophos, 2008.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligams_extèrnes"><span id="Ligams_ext.C3.A8rnes"></span>Ligams extèrnes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarisme&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : Ligams extèrnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarisme&action=edit&section=8" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Ligams extèrnes"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alcoberro.info/V1/utilitarisme.htm">Dossier <i>Utilitarisme</i> web del Dr. Ramon Alcoberro</a> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utilitarisme&oldid=1972303">https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utilitarisme&oldid=1972303</a> »</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categoria de la pagina</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Mod%C3%A8l_infobox" title="Categoria:Modèl infobox">Modèl infobox</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Aquela pagina es estada modificada pel darrièr còp lo 6 agost de 2015 a 17.45.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Drech_d%27autor" title="Wikipèdia:Drech d'autor">Drech d'autor</a> : Los tèxtes son disponibles jos <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licéncia Creative Commons paternitat pertatge a l’identic</a> ; d’autras condicions se pòdon aplicar. 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