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<!doctype html><html lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,shrink-to-fit=no"><link rel="manifest" href="/dist/assets/manifest.json"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ram.openstax.org/osano/osano.css"><script src="https://cmp.osano.com/AzZqbXTbzhHsU3cv1/68d8e8ae-4024-4489-a000-72766ad284a6/osano.js"></script><script>!function(e,t,a,n,g){e[n]=e[n]||[],e[n].push({"gtm.start":(new Date).getTime(),event:"gtm.js"});var m=t.getElementsByTagName(a)[0],r=t.createElement(a);r.async=!0,r.src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-TFCS56G",m.parentNode.insertBefore(r,m)}(window,document,"script","dataLayer")</script><script>function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)}window.dataLayer=window.dataLayer||[],window.oxDLF=window.oxDLF||[],gtag("js",new Date),window.dataLayer.push({app:"rex"})</script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_HTMLorMML-full&delayStartupUntil=configured" async></script><title>Preface - Anatomy and Physiology | OpenStax</title><link href="/rex/releases/v4/630b080/static/css/main.c5032a2a.chunk.css" rel="stylesheet"><meta data-rex-page name="description" content="OpenStax is a nonprofit based at Rice University, and it’s our mission to improve student access to education. Our first openly licensed college textboo..."><meta data-rex-page property="og:description" content="OpenStax is a nonprofit based at Rice University, and it’s our mission to improve student access to education. Our first openly licensed college textboo..."><meta data-rex-page property="og:title" content="Preface - Anatomy and Physiology | OpenStax"><meta data-rex-page property="og:url" content="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/preface"><meta data-rex-page name="theme-color" content="#5e6062"><meta data-rex-page name="citation_book_title" content="Anatomy and Physiology"><meta data-rex-page name="citation_publisher" content="OpenStax"><meta data-rex-page name="citation_language" content="English"><meta data-rex-page name="citation_date" content="Apr 25, 2013"><meta data-rex-page name="citation_author" content="J. Gordon Betts"><meta data-rex-page name="citation_author" content="Kelly A. Young"><meta data-rex-page name="citation_author" content="James A. Wise"><meta data-rex-page name="citation_author" content="Eddie Johnson"><meta data-rex-page name="citation_author" content="Brandon Poe"><meta data-rex-page name="citation_author" content="Dean H. Kruse"><meta data-rex-page name="citation_author" content="Oksana Korol"><meta data-rex-page name="citation_author" content="Jody E. 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styled__SearchButton-sc-12dq39v-3 */ .dAFIlk{height:3.2rem;border-radius:0;margin:0;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none;background:transparent;color:#5e6062;display:none;} .dAFIlk > svg{height:2.5rem;width:2.5rem;padding:0.4rem;vertical-align:middle;} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.dAFIlk{display:block;height:100%;}}.eoLjh{height:3.2rem;border-radius:0;margin:0;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none;background:transparent;color:#5e6062;} .eoLjh > svg{height:2.5rem;width:2.5rem;padding:0.4rem;vertical-align:middle;} @media screen and (max-width:50em){.eoLjh{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: styled__SearchInputWrapper-sc-12dq39v-7 */ .hpkAyy{margin-left:auto;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin-right:-5.2rem;position:relative;color:#5e6062;border:solid 0.1rem;border-radius:0.2rem;width:38rem;} .hpkAyy:last-child{margin-right:auto;} .hpkAyy:focus-within{border:solid 0.1rem #0dc0dc;box-shadow:0 0 4px 0 rgba(13,192,220,0.5);} .hpkAyy.focus-within{border:solid 0.1rem #0dc0dc;box-shadow:0 0 4px 0 rgba(13,192,220,0.5);} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.hpkAyy{height:100%;overflow:hidden;}} @media screen and (max-width:50em){.hpkAyy{width:100%;}.hpkAyy,.hpkAyy:last-child{margin-right:0;}} /* sc-component-id: styled__SearchInput-sc-12dq39v-8 */ .kGWMSU{color:#424242;-webkit-appearance:textfield;-moz-appearance:textfield;appearance:textfield;font-size:1.6rem;margin:0 1rem 0 1rem;height:3.2rem;border:none;outline:none;width:100%;-webkit-appearance:textfield;-moz-appearance:textfield;appearance:textfield;} .kGWMSU::-webkit-search-decoration,.kGWMSU::-webkit-search-cancel-button,.kGWMSU::-webkit-search-results-button,.kGWMSU::-webkit-search-results-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;display:none;} .kGWMSU::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#6f6f6f;} .kGWMSU::-moz-placeholder{color:#6f6f6f;} .kGWMSU:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#6f6f6f;} .kGWMSU::placeholder{color:#6f6f6f;} @media screen and (max-width:50em){.kGWMSU{display:none;}}.bHFdA{color:#424242;-webkit-appearance:textfield;-moz-appearance:textfield;appearance:textfield;font-size:1.6rem;margin:0 1rem 0 1rem;height:3.2rem;border:none;outline:none;width:100%;-webkit-appearance:textfield;-moz-appearance:textfield;appearance:textfield;} .bHFdA::-webkit-search-decoration,.bHFdA::-webkit-search-cancel-button,.bHFdA::-webkit-search-results-button,.bHFdA::-webkit-search-results-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;display:none;} .bHFdA::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#6f6f6f;} .bHFdA::-moz-placeholder{color:#6f6f6f;} .bHFdA:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#6f6f6f;} .bHFdA::placeholder{color:#6f6f6f;} /* sc-component-id: styled__SearchPrintWrapper-sc-12dq39v-9 */ .cHhLGz{height:5rem;max-width:128rem;margin:0 auto;text-align:right;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;overflow:visible;background-color:#fff;-webkit-transition:padding-left 300ms;transition:padding-left 300ms;padding-left:37.5rem;box-shadow:0 0.2rem 0.2rem 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.14);} @media screen and (max-width:90em){.cHhLGz{padding-left:calc(45.5rem - (100vw - 128rem) / 2);}} @media screen and (max-width:80em){.cHhLGz{padding-left:45.5rem;}} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.cHhLGz{padding-left:0 !important;}} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.cHhLGz{display:none;}} @media screen and (max-width:50em){.cHhLGz{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:5.3rem;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;padding:0 6px;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none;}.cHhLGz .styled__SearchInputWrapper-sc-12dq39v-7{border:none;border-radius:0;width:45px;}} /* sc-component-id: styled__MobileSearchContainer-sc-12dq39v-10 */ .hKhfgu{max-width:128rem;margin:0 auto;width:calc(100% - 3.2rem * 2);overflow:visible;margin-top:1rem;margin-bottom:1rem;height:3.2rem;} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.hKhfgu{width:calc(100% - 1.6rem * 2);}} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.hKhfgu{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}} @media screen and (max-width:50em){.hKhfgu{-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;}} /* sc-component-id: styled__MobileSearchWrapper-sc-12dq39v-11 */ .foGdGm{display:none;overflow:visible;height:5.3rem;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 0.2rem 0.2rem 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.14);} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.foGdGm{padding-left:8rem;display:block;}} @media screen and (max-width:50em){.foGdGm{padding-left:0;display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: styled__Hr-sc-12dq39v-12 */ .iJYKyP{border:none;border-top:0.1rem solid #efeff1;display:none;margin:0;} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.iJYKyP{display:block;}} /* sc-component-id: styled__InnerText-sc-12dq39v-14 */ .fahaRL{white-space:nowrap;margin-right:1rem;text-align:left;} /* sc-component-id: styled__TextResizerDropdown-sc-12dq39v-16 */ .gZvMfu{margin-left:auto;z-index:3;} .gZvMfu > button{max-height:5.2rem;} .gZvMfu > button > div{padding:1.5rem;} @media screen and (max-width:50em){.gZvMfu{margin-left:0;display:block;}.gZvMfu > button{max-height:4.6rem;}.gZvMfu > button > div{padding:0.9rem 1.5rem;}} /* sc-component-id: styled__CloseSearchResultsTextButton-sc-12dq39v-19 */ .kzdVbH{cursor:pointer;border:none;padding:0;background:none;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;color:#5e6062;height:100%;min-width:45px;color:#424242;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2.5rem;color:#027EB5;cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;overflow:visible;min-width:auto;display:none;} .kzdVbH:hover,.kzdVbH:focus{color:#424242;} .kzdVbH:hover,.kzdVbH:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:#0064A0;} @media screen and (max-width:50em){.kzdVbH{display:block;}} /* sc-component-id: Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 */ .cVuUUi{height:1.7rem;width:1.7rem;} /* sc-component-id: Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 */ .jsdrhW{height:1.7rem;width:1.7rem;} /* sc-component-id: Details__Summary-xi326o-2 */ .goqLfs{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;} .goqLfs::before{display:none;} .goqLfs::-moz-list-bullet{list-style-type:none;} .goqLfs::-webkit-details-marker{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: Details-xi326o-3 */ .iboMxh[open] > summary .Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0{display:none;} .iboMxh:not([open]) > summary .Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1{display:none;} /* sc-component-id: sc-global-1551700365 */ @import url("https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=IBM+Plex+Sans:ital@0;1&display=swap");@import url("https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=IBM+Plex+Mono&display=swap");[data-dynamic-style="true"]:root{--content-text-scale:1;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=page],[data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=composite-page]{font-size:calc(1.6rem * var(--content-text-scale));line-height:calc(2.3rem * var(--content-text-scale));} [data-dynamic-style="true"] input,[data-dynamic-style="true"] button,[data-dynamic-style="true"] select,[data-dynamic-style="true"] textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] span[data-media~=screenreader]{border:0;-webkit-clip:rect(0 0 0 0);clip:rect(0 0 0 0);height:auto;margin:0;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap;opacity:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] button,[data-dynamic-style="true"] html input[type=button],[data-dynamic-style="true"] input[type=reset],[data-dynamic-style="true"] input[type=submit]{-webkit-appearance:button;cursor:pointer;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] button{overflow:visible;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] button,[data-dynamic-style="true"] input,[data-dynamic-style="true"] optgroup,[data-dynamic-style="true"] select,[data-dynamic-style="true"] textarea{color:inherit;font:inherit;margin:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] sup{top:-0.5em;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] sub{bottom:-0.25em;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] sub,[data-dynamic-style="true"] sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] pre{text-align:left;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] code[data-display=block]{display:block;white-space:pre-wrap;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] u[data-effect=double-underline]{-webkit-text-decoration-style:double;text-decoration-style:double;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=media][data-display=inline]{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .smallcaps{font-size:calc(1.3rem * var(--content-text-scale));} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-caption span.smallcaps{font-size:calc(1rem * var(--content-text-scale));} [data-dynamic-style="true"] span.os-icons{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;float:left;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] pre.inline-code{display:inline;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] h1{color:#333;margin:1.5rem 0 1rem 0;font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] h2{color:#333;font-size:calc(3.2rem * var(--content-text-scale));line-height:calc(3.5rem * var(--content-text-scale));margin:1.5rem 0 1rem 0;font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] h3{color:#333;font-size:calc(2.4rem * var(--content-text-scale));line-height:calc(2.3rem * var(--content-text-scale));margin:1.5rem 0 1rem 0;font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] h4{color:#333;font-size:calc(1.8rem * var(--content-text-scale));margin:1.5rem 0 1rem 0;font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] h5{color:#333;font-size:calc(1.5rem * var(--content-text-scale));margin:1.5rem 0 1rem 0;font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] h6{color:#333;font-size:calc(1.5rem * var(--content-text-scale));margin:1.5rem 0 1rem 0;font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] p{color:#424242;margin:1rem 0 0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] p > [data-type=title]{display:block;font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] p > .title{display:block;font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eoc h2[data-type=document-title]{font-size:calc(2.1rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eoc h2[data-type=document-title] .os-number{font-weight:bold;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eoc h2.os-title{font-size:calc(2.1rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eoc h2.os-title .os-number{font-weight:bold;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob h2[data-type=document-title]{font-size:calc(2.1rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob h2[data-type=document-title] .os-number{font-weight:bold;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob h2.os-title{font-size:calc(2.1rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob h2.os-title .os-number{font-weight:bold;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] figure{position:relative;text-align:center;margin:0;overflow:auto;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] figure > [data-type=media]{display:block;margin:0;text-align:center;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] figure > .media{display:block;margin:0;text-align:center;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] figure img{width:100%;margin:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] figure.scaled-down{width:60%;margin:auto;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] figure.scaled-down ~ .os-caption-container{width:60%;margin:auto;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] figure.scaled-down-30{width:30%;margin:auto;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] figure.scaled-down-30 ~ .os-caption-container{width:30%;margin:auto;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-figure{display:table;margin:3rem auto;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-figure .os-caption-container{display:table-caption;padding-top:1rem;color:#424242;font-size:calc(1.2rem * var(--content-text-scale));line-height:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));caption-side:bottom;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-figure .os-caption-container > .os-title{font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-figure .os-caption-container > .os-title-label{font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-figure .os-caption-container > .os-number{font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-figure.has-mechanism-figure{display:table;margin:3rem auto;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-figure.has-mechanism-figure .os-caption-title-container{color:#424242;background-color:#C3E2C3;padding:1rem;font-size:calc(1.2rem * var(--content-text-scale));line-height:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-figure.has-mechanism-figure .os-caption-title-container > .os-title{font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-figure.has-mechanism-figure .os-caption-title-container > .os-title-label{font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-figure.has-mechanism-figure .os-caption-title-container > .os-number{font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-figure.has-mechanism-figure .os-caption-title-container.scaled-down{width:60%;margin:auto;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-figure.has-mechanism-figure .os-caption-text-container{border-right-width:2px;border-right-style:solid;border-right-color:#C3E2C3;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;border-left-color:#C3E2C3;padding:1rem;color:#424242;font-size:calc(1.2rem * var(--content-text-scale));line-height:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-figure.has-mechanism-figure .os-caption-text-container.scaled-down{width:60%;margin:auto;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] img{max-width:100%;margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:1em;height:auto;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] span[data-type=media] img{display:block;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] div[data-type=media].os-embed{margin:3rem 0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] *:not(figure) > [data-type=media].scaled-down{display:block;text-align:center;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] *:not(figure) > [data-type=media].scaled-down img{width:60%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] *:not(figure) > [data-type=media].scaled-down-30{display:block;text-align:center;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] *:not(figure) > [data-type=media].scaled-down-30 img{width:30%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] *:not(figure) img.scaled-down{width:60%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] *:not(figure) img.scaled-down-30{width:30%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=term]:not(.no-emphasis){font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .term:not(.no-emphasis){font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] ul{margin-top:1rem;margin-bottom:1rem;color:#424242;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] ul ul{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] ul ol{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] ol{margin-top:1rem;margin-bottom:1rem;color:#424242;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] ol ul{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] ol ol{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] ul[data-bullet-style=none]{list-style-type:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-abstract{list-style-type:none;padding-left:2rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] ul.critical-thinking{padding-top:1rem;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:0.2rem;border-top-color:#dcdcdc;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .circled{list-style-type:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .circled > li{position:relative;left:-2rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .circled > li > .token{padding-right:0.5rem;vertical-align:baseline !important;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] p > .token{padding-right:0.5rem;vertical-align:baseline !important;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .appendix [data-type=list]{margin-top:1rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .stepwise{list-style-type:none;padding-left:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .stepwise > li .os-stepwise-token{white-space:pre;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .stepwise > li > .os-stepwise-content > ul{padding-left:1rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .stepwise > li > .os-stepwise-content > ol{padding-left:1rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-stepwise{list-style-type:none;padding-left:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-stepwise > li .os-stepwise-token{white-space:pre;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-stepwise > li > .os-stepwise-content > ul{padding-left:1rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-stepwise > li > .os-stepwise-content > ol{padding-left:1rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .list{overflow-wrap:break-word;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .list .title{font-weight:bold;margin-top:15px;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .list [data-type=title]{font-weight:bold;margin-top:15px;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=list]{overflow-wrap:break-word;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=list] .title{font-weight:bold;margin-top:15px;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=list] [data-type=title]{font-weight:bold;margin-top:15px;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .learning-objectives{margin:3rem 0;padding:1.5rem;border-style:solid;border-color:#dcdcdc;border-width:0.2rem;background-color:#ededed;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .learning-objectives [data-type=title]{display:block;margin-top:0;padding:0 1.5rem 1rem;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#dcdcdc;border-bottom-width:0.2rem;color:#555;font-size:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:700;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.1rem;letter-spacing:0.1rem;text-transform:uppercase;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .learning-objectives p{margin:1rem 0 1rem 1.5rem;color:#555;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .learning-objectives[data-type=note]{padding:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .abstract{position:relative;margin:3rem 6rem 0 6rem;padding:4.5rem 1.5rem 1.5rem 1.5rem;background-color:#ededed;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .abstract ul{margin:1.5rem 0 0 0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .abstract ul::after{position:absolute;top:1.5rem;left:1.5rem;color:#424242;font-size:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.1rem;letter-spacing:0.1rem;text-transform:uppercase;content:Abstract;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] a{color:#026aa1;cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] a:hover{color:#005481;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=note]:not(.reference){margin:3rem 0;border-style:solid;border-width:0.2rem;border-color:#dcdcdc;background-color:#ededed;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=note]:not(.reference) > [data-type=title]{display:block;margin:0 1.5rem 0;padding:1.5rem 1.5rem 1rem;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0.2rem;border-bottom-color:#dcdcdc;color:#424242;font-size:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.1rem;letter-spacing:0.1rem;text-transform:uppercase;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=note]:not(.reference) > header > [data-type=title]{display:block;margin:0 1.5rem 0;padding:1.5rem 1.5rem 1rem;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0.2rem;border-bottom-color:#dcdcdc;color:#424242;font-size:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.1rem;letter-spacing:0.1rem;text-transform:uppercase;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=note]:not(.reference) > .title{display:block;margin:0 1.5rem 0;padding:1.5rem 1.5rem 1rem;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0.2rem;border-bottom-color:#dcdcdc;color:#424242;font-size:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.1rem;letter-spacing:0.1rem;text-transform:uppercase;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=note]:not(.reference) > header > .title{display:block;margin:0 1.5rem 0;padding:1.5rem 1.5rem 1rem;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0.2rem;border-bottom-color:#dcdcdc;color:#424242;font-size:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.1rem;letter-spacing:0.1rem;text-transform:uppercase;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=note]:not(.reference) > header > .os-title{display:block;margin:0 1.5rem 0;padding:1.5rem 1.5rem 1rem;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0.2rem;border-bottom-color:#dcdcdc;color:#424242;font-size:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.1rem;letter-spacing:0.1rem;text-transform:uppercase;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=note]:not(.reference) [data-type=exercise]:first-of-type{margin-top:1rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=note]:not(.reference) > section{padding:0rem 3rem 1.5rem;border-top:none;background-color:#ededed;color:#424242;overflow-x:auto !important;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=note]:not(.reference) > section span[data-type=media]{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;margin:1rem 0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=note]:not(.reference) > section > *:not(section):not(header):first-child{margin-top:1rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=note]:not(.reference) > section > header{margin-top:3rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .note{margin:3rem 0;border-style:solid;border-width:0.2rem;border-color:#dcdcdc;background-color:#ededed;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .note > [data-type=title]{display:block;margin:0 1.5rem 0;padding:1.5rem 1.5rem 1rem;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0.2rem;border-bottom-color:#dcdcdc;color:#424242;font-size:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.1rem;letter-spacing:0.1rem;text-transform:uppercase;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .note > header > [data-type=title]{display:block;margin:0 1.5rem 0;padding:1.5rem 1.5rem 1rem;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0.2rem;border-bottom-color:#dcdcdc;color:#424242;font-size:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.1rem;letter-spacing:0.1rem;text-transform:uppercase;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .note > .title{display:block;margin:0 1.5rem 0;padding:1.5rem 1.5rem 1rem;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0.2rem;border-bottom-color:#dcdcdc;color:#424242;font-size:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.1rem;letter-spacing:0.1rem;text-transform:uppercase;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .note > header > .title{display:block;margin:0 1.5rem 0;padding:1.5rem 1.5rem 1rem;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0.2rem;border-bottom-color:#dcdcdc;color:#424242;font-size:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.1rem;letter-spacing:0.1rem;text-transform:uppercase;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .note > header > .os-title{display:block;margin:0 1.5rem 0;padding:1.5rem 1.5rem 1rem;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0.2rem;border-bottom-color:#dcdcdc;color:#424242;font-size:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.1rem;letter-spacing:0.1rem;text-transform:uppercase;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .note [data-type=exercise]:first-of-type{margin-top:1rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .note > section{padding:0rem 3rem 1.5rem;border-top:none;background-color:#ededed;color:#424242;overflow-x:auto !important;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .note > section span[data-type=media]{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;margin:1rem 0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .note > section > *:not(section):not(header):first-child{margin-top:1rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .note > section > header{margin-top:3rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=example]{margin:3rem 0;border-style:solid;border-width:0.2rem;border-color:#dcdcdc;background-color:#ededed;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=example] > [data-type=title]{display:block;margin:0 1.5rem 0;padding:1.5rem 1.5rem 1rem;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0.2rem;border-bottom-color:#dcdcdc;color:#424242;font-size:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.1rem;letter-spacing:0.1rem;text-transform:uppercase;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=example] > header > [data-type=title]{display:block;margin:0 1.5rem 0;padding:1.5rem 1.5rem 1rem;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0.2rem;border-bottom-color:#dcdcdc;color:#424242;font-size:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.1rem;letter-spacing:0.1rem;text-transform:uppercase;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=example] > .title{display:block;margin:0 1.5rem 0;padding:1.5rem 1.5rem 1rem;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0.2rem;border-bottom-color:#dcdcdc;color:#424242;font-size:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.1rem;letter-spacing:0.1rem;text-transform:uppercase;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=example] > header > .title{display:block;margin:0 1.5rem 0;padding:1.5rem 1.5rem 1rem;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0.2rem;border-bottom-color:#dcdcdc;color:#424242;font-size:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.1rem;letter-spacing:0.1rem;text-transform:uppercase;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=example] > header > .os-title{display:block;margin:0 1.5rem 0;padding:1.5rem 1.5rem 1rem;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0.2rem;border-bottom-color:#dcdcdc;color:#424242;font-size:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.1rem;letter-spacing:0.1rem;text-transform:uppercase;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=example] [data-type=exercise]:first-of-type{margin-top:1rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=example] > section{padding:0rem 3rem 1.5rem;border-top:none;background-color:#ededed;color:#424242;overflow-x:auto !important;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=example] > section span[data-type=media]{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;margin:1rem 0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=example] > section > *:not(section):not(header):first-child{margin-top:1rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=example] > section > header{margin-top:3rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .example{margin:3rem 0;border-style:solid;border-width:0.2rem;border-color:#dcdcdc;background-color:#ededed;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .example > [data-type=title]{display:block;margin:0 1.5rem 0;padding:1.5rem 1.5rem 1rem;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0.2rem;border-bottom-color:#dcdcdc;color:#424242;font-size:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.1rem;letter-spacing:0.1rem;text-transform:uppercase;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .example > header > [data-type=title]{display:block;margin:0 1.5rem 0;padding:1.5rem 1.5rem 1rem;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0.2rem;border-bottom-color:#dcdcdc;color:#424242;font-size:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.1rem;letter-spacing:0.1rem;text-transform:uppercase;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .example > .title{display:block;margin:0 1.5rem 0;padding:1.5rem 1.5rem 1rem;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0.2rem;border-bottom-color:#dcdcdc;color:#424242;font-size:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.1rem;letter-spacing:0.1rem;text-transform:uppercase;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .example > header > .title{display:block;margin:0 1.5rem 0;padding:1.5rem 1.5rem 1rem;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0.2rem;border-bottom-color:#dcdcdc;color:#424242;font-size:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.1rem;letter-spacing:0.1rem;text-transform:uppercase;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .example > header > .os-title{display:block;margin:0 1.5rem 0;padding:1.5rem 1.5rem 1rem;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0.2rem;border-bottom-color:#dcdcdc;color:#424242;font-size:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.1rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.1rem;letter-spacing:0.1rem;text-transform:uppercase;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .example [data-type=exercise]:first-of-type{margin-top:1rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .example > section{padding:0rem 3rem 1.5rem;border-top:none;background-color:#ededed;color:#424242;overflow-x:auto !important;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .example > section span[data-type=media]{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;margin:1rem 0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .example > section > *:not(section):not(header):first-child{margin-top:1rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .example > section > header{margin-top:3rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise] div[data-type=title]{font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise] [data-type=problem]{display:table;padding:0.5em 1em;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise] [data-type=problem] > .os-number{display:table-cell;font-weight:700;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;text-align:right;width:30px;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise] [data-type=problem] > .os-divider{margin-right:0.5em;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise] [data-type=problem] a.lo-reference{margin-right:0.5em;font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise] [data-type=problem] > .os-number ~ .os-problem-container{display:table-cell;width:100%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise] [data-type=problem] li[data-type=question-answer] pre{margin:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise] [data-type=solution]{padding:0.5em 1em;border-top-width:0.1rem;border-top-color:#dcdcdc;border-top-style:solid;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise] [data-type=solution] .btn-link{color:#21366b;font-weight:400;border-radius:0;background-color:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;border-color:transparent;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise] [data-type=solution] > .ui-toggle{font-weight:bold;text-align:center;text-transform:capitalize;list-style:none;cursor:pointer;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise] [data-type=solution] > .ui-toggle::before{content:"[Show/Hide Solution]";} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise] [data-type=solution] > summary.ui-toggle::-webkit-details-marker{display:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise] .solution{padding:0.5em 1em;border-top-width:0.1rem;border-top-color:#dcdcdc;border-top-style:solid;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise] .solution .btn-link{color:#21366b;font-weight:400;border-radius:0;background-color:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;border-color:transparent;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise] .solution > .ui-toggle{font-weight:bold;text-align:center;text-transform:capitalize;list-style:none;cursor:pointer;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise] .solution > .ui-toggle::before{content:"[Show/Hide Solution]";} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise] .solution > summary.ui-toggle::-webkit-details-marker{display:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise].has-problem-title .os-problem-container{display:initial;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise].check-understanding [data-type=title]::before{margin-right:0;content:"";} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise].check-understanding .title::before{margin-right:0;content:"";} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise].conceptual-questions [data-type=problem]{border-top:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise].conceptual-questions [data-type=problem] p{margin:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise].conceptual-questions .problem{border-top:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise].conceptual-questions .problem p{margin:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=injected-exercise] [data-type=exercise-question]{padding:0.5em 1em;display:table;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=injected-exercise] [data-type=exercise-question] > .os-number{display:table-cell;font-weight:700;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;text-align:right;width:30px;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=injected-exercise] [data-type=exercise-question] > .os-divider{margin-right:0.5em;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=injected-exercise] [data-type=exercise-question] > .os-number ~ .os-problem-container{display:table-cell;width:100%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=injected-exercise] [data-type=exercise-question] > .os-problem-container > [data-type=question-stem]{display:table !important;width:100%;table-layout:fixed;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=injected-exercise] [data-type=exercise-question] > .os-problem-container b + img{vertical-align:top;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=injected-exercise] [data-type=exercise-question] > .os-problem-container li[data-type=question-answer] pre{margin:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=injected-exercise] [data-type=exercise-question] > .os-problem-container ol[data-type=question-answers][type=a]{counter-reset:multi-choice-index;padding:0;margin:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=injected-exercise] [data-type=exercise-question] > .os-problem-container ol[data-type=question-answers][type=a] > li[data-type=question-answer]{display:table;counter-increment:multi-choice-index;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=injected-exercise] [data-type=exercise-question] > .os-problem-container ol[data-type=question-answers][type=a] > li[data-type=question-answer]::before{font-weight:bold;color:#000;content:counter(multi-choice-index,lower-latin) ".";margin-right:0.5em;width:16px;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=injected-exercise] [data-type=exercise-question] > .os-problem-container ol[data-type=question-answers][type=a] div[data-type=answer-content]{display:table-cell;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .appendix [data-type=exercise] .os-problem-container p{margin-top:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .appendix [data-type=exercise] .os-problem-container li[data-type=question-answer] pre{margin:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-number ~ .os-problem-container{display:inline;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-number ~ .os-problem-container > :first-child:not(ul):not(ol):not([data-type=note]):not(.os-figure){display:inline;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-number ~ .os-problem-container > ol{margin-top:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-number ~ .os-problem-container > ul{margin-top:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-number ~ .os-problem-container > [data-type=note]{margin-top:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-number ~ .os-problem-container .os-figure{margin:3rem 0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-number ~ .os-problem-container img{display:block;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-number ~ .os-problem-container li[data-type=question-answer] pre{margin:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-number ~ .os-solution-container{display:inline;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-number ~ .os-solution-container > :first-child:not(ul):not(ol):not([data-type=note]):not(.os-figure){display:inline;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-number ~ .os-solution-container > ol{margin-top:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-number ~ .os-solution-container > ul{margin-top:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-number ~ .os-solution-container > [data-type=note]{margin-top:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-number ~ .os-solution-container .os-figure{margin:3rem 0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-number ~ .os-solution-container img{display:block;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise-question]{display:table;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise-question] > .os-prefix{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;margin-right:0.5em;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#000;font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise-question] > .os-prefix > .os-label{text-transform:uppercase;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=exercise-question] > .os-prefix > .os-number{-webkit-align-self:flex-end;-ms-flex-item-align:end;align-self:flex-end;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=injected-exercise] [data-type=alphabetical-question-multipart] > .os-problem-container{display:table;width:100%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=injected-exercise] [data-type=alphabetical-question-multipart] > .os-problem-container > .problem-letter{display:table-cell;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#000;font-weight:bold;width:16px;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=injected-exercise] [data-type=alphabetical-question-multipart] > .os-problem-container > .os-divider{display:table-cell;width:0.5em;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=injected-exercise] [data-type=alphabetical-question-multipart] > .os-problem-container > [data-type=question-stem]{display:table-cell;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=injected-exercise] [data-type=alphabetical-question-multipart] > .os-problem-container > [data-type=question-stem].has-first-element{display:table-cell;vertical-align:bottom;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=injected-exercise] [data-type=alphabetical-question-multipart] > .os-problem-container li[data-type=question-answer] pre{margin:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table{overflow:auto !important;margin:20px 0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table .os-table-title{padding-bottom:1em;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;counter-increment:table;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table.has-images{table-layout:fixed;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table table{background-color:#fff;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table caption{margin-top:0.5rem;font-size:calc(1.3rem * var(--content-text-scale));text-align:left;caption-side:bottom;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table caption sup{top:auto;line-height:inherit;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table caption > .title{display:block;font-size:calc(1.8rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table caption > .title::before{margin-right:0.5rem;color:#606163;font-weight:bold;content:"Table " counter(table) ".";} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table thead > tr > th{border-width:0.2rem;border-style:solid;border-color:#ddd;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding:0.5em 1em;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table thead > tr > th[data-align=center]{text-align:center;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table thead > tr > th[data-valign=top]{vertical-align:top;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table thead > tr > th[data-align=right]{text-align:right;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table tbody > tr.header-row > td{border-top-color:black;border-top-width:0.1rem;border-top-style:solid;border-bottom-color:black;border-bottom-width:0.1rem;border-bottom-style:solid;padding-top:0.7rem;padding-bottom:0.7rem;font-weight:700;padding-left:table-h-spacing(1);padding-right:table-h-spacing(1);} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table tbody > tr > td:not(.hljs-ln-numbers,.hljs-ln-code){border-width:0.1rem;border-style:solid;border-color:#ddd;padding:0.5em 1em;vertical-align:middle;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table tbody > tr > td:not(.hljs-ln-numbers,.hljs-ln-code)[data-align=center]{text-align:center;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table tbody > tr > td:not(.hljs-ln-numbers,.hljs-ln-code)[data-valign=top]{vertical-align:top;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table tbody > tr > td:not(.hljs-ln-numbers,.hljs-ln-code)[data-align=right]{text-align:right;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table tbody + tbody{border-width:0.2rem;border-style:solid;border-color:#ddd;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table tfoot > tr > td:not(.hljs-ln-numbers,.hljs-ln-code){border-width:0.1rem;border-style:solid;border-color:#ddd;padding:0.5em 1em;vertical-align:middle;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table tfoot > tr > td:not(.hljs-ln-numbers,.hljs-ln-code)[data-align=center]{text-align:center;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table tfoot > tr > td:not(.hljs-ln-numbers,.hljs-ln-code)[data-valign=top]{vertical-align:top;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table tfoot > tr > td:not(.hljs-ln-numbers,.hljs-ln-code)[data-align=right]{text-align:right;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table ol{padding-left:1.5em;margin-top:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table ol[data-bullet-style=none]{margin:0;padding:0;list-style-type:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table ol[data-bullet-style=none] li{list-style:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table ul{padding-left:1.5em;margin-top:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table ul[data-bullet-style=none]{margin:0;padding:0;list-style-type:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table ul[data-bullet-style=none] li{list-style:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table .os-figure{margin:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table .os-figure img{margin:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table .os-figure .os-caption-container{padding:1rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table table.alternate-shading tr:nth-child(even){background-color:#ededed;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table .os-caption-container{padding:8px;border-top-width:0.1rem;border-top-style:solid;border-top-color:#dcdcdc;font-size:0.9em;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table .os-caption-container > .os-title-label{display:inline-block;padding-right:0.25em;font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table .os-caption-container > .os-number{display:inline-block;padding-right:0.25em;font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] blockquote{font-size:calc(16px * var(--content-text-scale));padding:1rem 2rem;margin:1rem 0 2rem;border-left-width:0.5rem;border-left-style:solid;border-left-color:#dcdcdc;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .hljs-comment{color:#5C5C5C;font-style:italic;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .hljs-keyword{color:#0000aa;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .hljs-function{color:#006900;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .hljs-title{color:#5C5C5C;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .hljs-params{color:#000000;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .hljs-string{color:#914700;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .hljs-built_in{color:#006464;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .hljs-number{color:#006767;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .green-code{color:#006900;font-family:Courier Prime,monospace;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .brown-code{color:#A35200;font-family:Courier Prime,monospace;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .hljs-ln .hljs-ln-code{font-size:1.2rem;font-family:Courier Prime,monospace;padding-left:0.5rem;text-align:left;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .hljs-ln .hljs-ln-numbers{font-size:1.2rem;font-family:Courier Prime,monospace;border-right:1pt solid;border-color:#000;padding-right:10px;text-align:right;vertical-align:top;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .primary-function,[data-dynamic-style="true"] .secondary-function{font-family:"IBM Plex Mono",monospace;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .primary-function{font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-glossary-container dl dt{font-weight:700;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-glossary-container dl dd{margin-left:0;margin-inline-start:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .introduction > .os-figure.has-splash > figure.splash{margin:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .introduction > .os-figure.has-splash > figure.splash:not([data-orient=vertical]){display:block;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .introduction > .os-figure.has-splash > figure.splash:not([data-orient=vertical]) img{width:100%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .introduction > .os-figure.has-splash > figure.splash.unnumbered{display:table;margin:3rem auto;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .introduction > .os-figure.has-splash > figure.splash.unnumbered figcaption{text-align:left;padding-left:0rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .introduction > .intro-body .os-chapter-outline ul{margin-top:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob.os-reference-container .os-chapter-area [data-type=solution] p{display:inline;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob.os-reference-container .os-chapter-area > .reference{color:#424242;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob.os-reference-container .os-chapter-area > .reference span.os-reference-number{margin-top:10px;font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob.os-references-container .references .os-note-body > a{margin-top:10px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eoc.os-reference-container .os-chapter-area [data-type=solution] p{display:inline;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eoc.os-reference-container .os-chapter-area > .reference{color:#424242;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eoc.os-reference-container .os-chapter-area > .reference span.os-reference-number{margin-top:10px;font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eoc.os-references-container .references .os-note-body > a{margin-top:10px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] a[data-type=cite]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .coreq-skills{padding:0 3rem 3rem 3rem;border-width:1rem;border-style:solid;border-color:#dcdcdc;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .coreq-skills > .os-title{margin:0 -3rem;padding:1.5rem 3rem;font-size:calc(1.7rem * var(--content-text-scale));color:#424242;background-color:#ececec;border-bottom-width:1rem;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#dcdcdc;text-transform:uppercase;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .coreq-skills .os-coreq-exercises .os-problem-container{display:inline;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .coreq-skills .os-coreq-exercises .os-problem-container > p:first-child{display:inline;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .footnote{font-size:calc(1rem * var(--content-text-scale));} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=footnote-refs]{margin-top:6rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=footnote-refs] [data-type=footnote-ref]{font-size:calc(1.4rem * var(--content-text-scale));padding-left:27px;text-indent:-27px;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=footnote-refs] [data-type=footnote-ref] [data-type=footnote-ref-content]:before{content:" ";} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=footnote-refs] ul{list-style:none;line-height:2.5rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=equation].unnumbered{overflow:auto !important;width:100%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=equation]:not(.unnumbered){overflow:auto !important;width:100%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=equation]:not(.unnumbered) [data-type=title]{display:block;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=equation]:not(.unnumbered) .os-equation-number{width:5%;vertical-align:middle;margin-left:1em;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=equation]:not(.unnumbered) .os-equation-number .os-number{padding:5px;border-color:#000;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=equation]:not(.unnumbered) > .MathJax_Display{min-width:auto !important;min-height:auto !important;width:auto !important;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] p.annotation-text{font-family:"IBM Plex Serif",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-style:italic;color:#156851;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] p.public-domain{font-family:"IBM Plex Serif",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;padding:1rem 2rem;margin:1rem 0 2rem;border-left-style:solid;border-left-color:#156851;border-left-width:0.2rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] p.student-sample{font-family:"IBM Plex Serif",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;padding:1rem 2rem;margin:1rem 0 2rem;border-left-style:solid;border-left-color:#005F9A;border-left-width:0.2rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-teacher{display:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] [data-type=switch] > :not([data-media~=screen]){display:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .folio-chapter{display:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .folio-module{display:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .folio-eoc-left{display:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .folio-eoc-right{display:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .folio-appendix-left{display:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .folio-appendix-right{display:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .folio-eob-left{display:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .folio-eob-right{display:none;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] *:not(.os-term) > .red-text{color:#CC0000;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] *:not(.os-term) > .cyan-text{color:#0078a3;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] *:not(.os-term) > .magenta-text{color:#E00087;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] *:not(.os-term) > .green-text{color:#007A49;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] *:not(.os-term) > .gray-text{color:#757575;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] *:not(.os-term) > .yellow-text{color:#8F7200;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] *:not(.os-term) > .purple-text{color:#8d4c83;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .blue-text{color:#0074BC;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="2"][data-ratio="1,1"] col[data-width="1*"]{width:50%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="2"][data-ratio="1,2"] col[data-width="1*"]{width:33.3333333333%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="2"][data-ratio="1,2"] col[data-width="2*"]{width:66.6666666667%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="2"][data-ratio="1,3"] col[data-width="1*"]{width:25%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="2"][data-ratio="2,2"] col[data-width="2*"]{width:50%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="2"][data-ratio="1,3"] col[data-width="3*"]{width:75%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="2"][data-ratio="2,3"] col[data-width="2*"]{width:40%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="2"][data-ratio="2,3"] col[data-width="3*"]{width:60%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="2"][data-ratio="3,2"] col[data-width="3*"]{width:60%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="3"][data-ratio="1,2,2"] col[data-width="1*"]{width:20%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="3"][data-ratio="1,2,2"] col[data-width="2*"]{width:40%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="3"][data-ratio="1,2,1"] col[data-width="1*"]{width:25%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="3"][data-ratio="1,2,1"] col[data-width="2*"]{width:50%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="3"][data-ratio="1,3,3"] col[data-width="1*"]{width:14.2857142857%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="3"][data-ratio="2,2,3"] col[data-width="1*"]{width:14.2857142857%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="3"][data-ratio="2,2,3"] col[data-width="2*"]{width:28.5714285714%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="3"][data-ratio="1,3,3"] col[data-width="3*"]{width:42.8571428571%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="3"][data-ratio="2,2,3"] col[data-width="3*"]{width:42.8571428571%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="3"][data-ratio="2,3,3"] col[data-width="1*"]{width:12.5%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="3"][data-ratio="2,3,3"] col[data-width="2*"]{width:25%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="3"][data-ratio="2,3,3"] col[data-width="3*"]{width:37.5%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="3"][data-ratio="3,3,3"] col[data-width="3*"]{width:33.3333333333%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="3"][data-ratio="1,8,8"] col[data-width="1*"]{width:5.8823529412%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="3"][data-ratio="1,8,8"] col[data-width="8*"]{width:47.0588235294%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="4"][data-ratio="1,1,1,1"] col[data-width="1*"]{width:25%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="4"][data-ratio="1,2,1,1"] col[data-width="1*"]{width:20%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="4"][data-ratio="1,2,1,1"] col[data-width="2*"]{width:40%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="4"][data-ratio="1,1,3,1"] col[data-width="1*"]{width:16.6666666667%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="4"][data-ratio="1,1,2,2"] col[data-width="1*"]{width:16.6666666667%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="4"][data-ratio="1,1,2,2"] col[data-width="2*"]{width:33.3333333333%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="4"][data-ratio="1,1,3,1"] col[data-width="3*"]{width:50%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="4"][data-ratio="1,2,2,2"] col[data-width="1*"]{width:14.2857142857%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="4"][data-ratio="1,2,2,2"] col[data-width="2*"]{width:28.5714285714%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="4"][data-ratio="1,2,3,2"] col[data-width="1*"]{width:12.5%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="4"][data-ratio="2,1,3,2"] col[data-width="1*"]{width:12.5%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="4"][data-ratio="1,2,3,2"] col[data-width="2*"]{width:25%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="4"][data-ratio="2,1,3,2"] col[data-width="2*"]{width:25%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="4"][data-ratio="1,2,3,2"] col[data-width="3*"]{width:37.5%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="5"][data-ratio="1,1,1,1,1"] col[data-width="1*"]{width:20%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="5"][data-ratio="1,2,2,2,2"] col[data-width="1*"]{width:11.1111111111%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="5"][data-ratio="1,2,2,2,2"] col[data-width="2*"]{width:22.2222222222%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="6"][data-ratio="1,2,2,2,2,2"] col[data-width="1*"]{width:9.0909090909%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-table [data-columns="6"][data-ratio="1,2,2,2,2,2"] col[data-width="2*"]{width:18.1818181818%;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] section.works-cited [data-type=title]{text-align:center;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] section.works-cited p{text-indent:-2.5rem;padding-left:2.5rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] section.section-workscited [data-type=title]{text-align:center;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] section.section-workscited p{text-indent:-2.5rem;padding-left:2.5rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] section.further-reading [data-type=title]{text-align:center;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] section.further-reading p{text-indent:-2.5rem;padding-left:2.5rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-suggested-reading-container p{text-indent:-2.5rem;padding-left:2.5rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-references-container p{text-indent:-2.5rem;padding-left:2.5rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-reference-container p{text-indent:-2.5rem;padding-left:2.5rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-index-container{margin-top:1.5rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-index-container > .group-by{margin-bottom:1.5rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-index-container > .group-by > .group-label{margin-bottom:1rem;font-size:calc(2.1rem * var(--content-text-scale));font-weight:bold;display:block;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-index-container > .group-by > .os-index-item{margin-bottom:0.5rem;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-index-container > .group-by > .os-index-item > .os-term{padding-right:0.5rem;font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob.os-solutions-container > .os-solution-area > .os-note-number{font-weight:bold;font-size:calc(1.8rem * var(--content-text-scale));} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob [data-type=solution],[data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob [data-type=question-solution]{display:table;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob [data-type=solution] > .os-number,[data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob [data-type=question-solution] > .os-number{display:table-cell;font-weight:700;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;text-align:right;width:30px;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob [data-type=solution] > .os-divider,[data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob [data-type=question-solution] > .os-divider{margin-right:0.5em;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob [data-type=solution] > .os-solution-container,[data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob [data-type=question-solution] > .os-solution-container{display:table-cell;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob [data-type=solution] > .os-solution-container img,[data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob [data-type=question-solution] > .os-solution-container img{margin-top:0;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob [data-type=solution] > .os-solution-container > span.answer-letters,[data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob [data-type=question-solution] > .os-solution-container > span.answer-letters{font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob [data-type=question-solution] > .os-prefix{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;margin-right:0.5em;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#000;font-weight:bold;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob [data-type=question-solution] > .os-prefix > .os-label{text-transform:uppercase;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob [data-type=question-solution] > .os-prefix > .os-number{-webkit-align-self:flex-end;-ms-flex-item-align:end;align-self:flex-end;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob [data-type=question-solution] > .os-solution-container{width:auto;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob [data-type=question-solution] > .os-solution-container.has-first-element{display:table-cell;vertical-align:bottom;width:auto;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob [data-type=question-solution] > .os-solution-container > [data-type=solution-part]{display:inline-table;margin-right:0.5em;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob [data-type=question-solution] > .os-solution-container > [data-type=solution-part] > .problem-letter{display:table-cell;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#000;font-weight:bold;width:16px;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob [data-type=question-solution] > .os-solution-container > [data-type=solution-part] > .os-divider{margin-right:0.5em;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob [data-type=question-solution] > .os-solution-container > [data-type=solution-part] > .os-solution-container{display:table-cell;width:auto;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eob [data-type=question-solution] > .os-solution-container > [data-type=solution-part] > .os-solution-container.has-first-element{display:table-cell;vertical-align:bottom;width:auto;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eoc [data-type=solution]{display:table;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eoc [data-type=solution] > .os-number{display:table-cell;font-weight:700;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;text-align:right;width:30px;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eoc [data-type=solution] > .os-divider{margin-right:0.5em;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eoc [data-type=solution] > .os-solution-container{display:table-cell;width:auto;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] .os-eoc [data-type=solution] > .os-solution-container.has-first-element{display:table-cell;vertical-align:bottom;width:auto;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] span.linguistic-icon{width:2rem;height:2rem;margin:.15rem 1rem .15rem 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left;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] span.culture-icon{width:2rem;height:2rem;margin:.15rem 1rem .15rem 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left;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] span.speech-icon{width:2rem;height:2rem;margin:.15rem 1rem .15rem 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left;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] span.auditory-icon{width:2rem;height:2rem;margin:.15rem 1rem .15rem 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left;} [data-dynamic-style="true"] span.kinesthetic-icon{width:2rem;height:2rem;margin:.15rem 1rem .15rem 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/* sc-component-id: MainContent__ContentStyles-sc-6yy1if-0 */ .NnXKu{outline:none;--content-text-scale:1;} .NnXKu .os-problem-container .token,.NnXKu .os-solution-container .token{font-size-adjust:cap-height 1;vertical-align:middle;} /* sc-component-id: PageContent-ny9bj0-0 */ .jykESs{overflow:visible;} @media screen{.jykESs{max-width:82.5rem;margin:0 auto;}} @media screen{.jykESs{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;}.jykESs #main-content{overflow:visible;width:100%;}.jykESs #main-content > [data-type="page"],.jykESs #main-content > [data-type="composite-page"]{margin-top:3.2rem;}@media screen and (max-width:75em){.jykESs #main-content > [data-type="page"],.jykESs #main-content > [data-type="composite-page"]{margin-top:1.6rem;}}} .jykESs .highlight{position:relative;z-index:1;} .jykESs .MathJax_Display .highlight,.jykESs .MathJax_Preview + .highlight{display:inline-block;} .jykESs .highlight.yellow{background-color:#ffff8a;} .jykESs .highlight.yellow.block{display:block;} .jykESs .highlight.yellow.block:after{position:absolute;z-index:-1;content:"";display:block;top:-1rem;bottom:-1rem;left:-1rem;right:-1rem;background-color:#ffff8a;} .jykESs .highlight.yellow.block.first.has-note:before{position:absolute;top:-1rem;left:-1rem;content:"";width:0;height:0;opacity:0.8;border-left:1.2em solid #fed200;border-bottom:1.2em solid transparent;} .jykESs .highlight.yellow.first.text.has-note:after{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;content:"";width:0;height:0;opacity:0.8;border-left:0.9em solid #fed200;border-top:0.9em solid transparent;-webkit-transform:rotate(90deg);-ms-transform:rotate(90deg);transform:rotate(90deg);} @media screen{.jykESs .highlight.yellow[aria-current]{background-color:#fed200;border-bottom:0.2rem solid #8f7700;padding:0.2rem 0 0;}.jykESs .highlight.yellow[aria-current].block:after{background-color:#fed200;}.jykESs .highlight.yellow[aria-current].first.text.has-note:after{display:none;}} .jykESs .highlight.green{background-color:#def99f;} .jykESs .highlight.green.block{display:block;} .jykESs .highlight.green.block:after{position:absolute;z-index:-1;content:"";display:block;top:-1rem;bottom:-1rem;left:-1rem;right:-1rem;background-color:#def99f;} .jykESs .highlight.green.block.first.has-note:before{position:absolute;top:-1rem;left:-1rem;content:"";width:0;height:0;opacity:0.8;border-left:1.2em solid #92d101;border-bottom:1.2em solid transparent;} .jykESs .highlight.green.first.text.has-note:after{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;content:"";width:0;height:0;opacity:0.8;border-left:0.9em solid #92d101;border-top:0.9em solid transparent;-webkit-transform:rotate(90deg);-ms-transform:rotate(90deg);transform:rotate(90deg);} @media screen{.jykESs .highlight.green[aria-current]{background-color:#92d101;border-bottom:0.2rem solid #4e6f01;padding:0.2rem 0 0;}.jykESs .highlight.green[aria-current].block:after{background-color:#92d101;}.jykESs .highlight.green[aria-current].first.text.has-note:after{display:none;}} .jykESs .highlight.blue{background-color:#c8f5ff;} .jykESs .highlight.blue.block{display:block;} .jykESs .highlight.blue.block:after{position:absolute;z-index:-1;content:"";display:block;top:-1rem;bottom:-1rem;left:-1rem;right:-1rem;background-color:#c8f5ff;} .jykESs .highlight.blue.block.first.has-note:before{position:absolute;top:-1rem;left:-1rem;content:"";width:0;height:0;opacity:0.8;border-left:1.2em solid #00c3ed;border-bottom:1.2em solid transparent;} .jykESs .highlight.blue.first.text.has-note:after{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;content:"";width:0;height:0;opacity:0.8;border-left:0.9em solid #00c3ed;border-top:0.9em solid transparent;-webkit-transform:rotate(90deg);-ms-transform:rotate(90deg);transform:rotate(90deg);} @media screen{.jykESs .highlight.blue[aria-current]{background-color:#00c3ed;border-bottom:0.2rem solid #006880;padding:0.2rem 0 0;}.jykESs .highlight.blue[aria-current].block:after{background-color:#00c3ed;}.jykESs .highlight.blue[aria-current].first.text.has-note:after{display:none;}} .jykESs .highlight.purple{background-color:#cbcfff;} .jykESs .highlight.purple.block{display:block;} .jykESs .highlight.purple.block:after{position:absolute;z-index:-1;content:"";display:block;top:-1rem;bottom:-1rem;left:-1rem;right:-1rem;background-color:#cbcfff;} .jykESs .highlight.purple.block.first.has-note:before{position:absolute;top:-1rem;left:-1rem;content:"";width:0;height:0;opacity:0.8;border-left:1.2em solid #545ec8;border-bottom:1.2em solid transparent;} .jykESs .highlight.purple.first.text.has-note:after{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;content:"";width:0;height:0;opacity:0.8;border-left:0.9em solid #545ec8;border-top:0.9em solid transparent;-webkit-transform:rotate(90deg);-ms-transform:rotate(90deg);transform:rotate(90deg);} @media screen{.jykESs .highlight.purple[aria-current]{background-color:#545ec8;border-bottom:0.2rem solid #141a3e;padding:0.2rem 0 0;color:#fff;}.jykESs .highlight.purple[aria-current].block:after{background-color:#545ec8;}.jykESs .highlight.purple[aria-current].first.text.has-note:after{display:none;}} .jykESs .highlight.pink{background-color:#ffc5e1;} .jykESs .highlight.pink.block{display:block;} .jykESs .highlight.pink.block:after{position:absolute;z-index:-1;content:"";display:block;top:-1rem;bottom:-1rem;left:-1rem;right:-1rem;background-color:#ffc5e1;} .jykESs .highlight.pink.block.first.has-note:before{position:absolute;top:-1rem;left:-1rem;content:"";width:0;height:0;opacity:0.8;border-left:1.2em solid #de017e;border-bottom:1.2em solid transparent;} .jykESs .highlight.pink.first.text.has-note:after{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;content:"";width:0;height:0;opacity:0.8;border-left:0.9em solid #de017e;border-top:0.9em solid transparent;-webkit-transform:rotate(90deg);-ms-transform:rotate(90deg);transform:rotate(90deg);} @media screen{.jykESs .highlight.pink[aria-current]{background-color:#de017e;border-bottom:0.2rem solid #560131;padding:0.2rem 0 0;color:#fff;}.jykESs .highlight.pink[aria-current].block:after{background-color:#de017e;}.jykESs .highlight.pink[aria-current].first.text.has-note:after{display:none;}} @media screen{.jykESs .search-highlight{font-weight:bold;}.jykESs .search-highlight,.jykESs .search-highlight .math{background-color:#ffea00;}.jykESs .search-highlight[aria-current],.jykESs .search-highlight[aria-current] .math{background-color:#ff9e4b;padding:0.2rem 0;}.jykESs .search-highlight[aria-current] .search-highlight{background-color:unset;}.jykESs .search-highlight [data-for-screenreaders="true"]::before{content:attr(data-message);position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;-webkit-clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip:rect(0,0,0,0);white-space:nowrap;border:0;}} .jykESs .os-figure,.jykESs .os-figure:last-child{margin-bottom:5px;} .jykESs #main-content *{overflow:initial;} /* sc-component-id: Wrapper-m6kdbg-0 */ .bwERCu{position:relative;overflow:visible;} @media screen{@media screen and (max-width:75em){.bwERCu{margin-left:0;}}} /* sc-component-id: Wrapper__ContentLayoutBody-m6kdbg-1 */ .fRDSoc{width:100%;max-width:144rem;margin:0 auto;display:grid;grid-template-columns:8rem auto auto;} @media screen and (max-width:50em){.fRDSoc{grid-template-columns:100%;}} /* sc-component-id: Attribution__SummaryClosedIcon-sc-11isnv6-0 */ .gSPJtD{margin-left:-0.3rem;} /* sc-component-id: Attribution__SummaryOpenIcon-sc-11isnv6-1 */ .kRXAve{margin-left:-0.3rem;} /* sc-component-id: Attribution__AttributionSummary-sc-11isnv6-2 */ .ccMXsL{font-weight:500;list-style:none;} @media screen{.ccMXsL{max-width:82.5rem;margin:0 auto;}} .ccMXsL,.ccMXsL span{color:#424242;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2.5rem;color:#027EB5;cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} .ccMXsL a,.ccMXsL span a{color:#027EB5;cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} .ccMXsL a:hover,.ccMXsL span a:hover{color:#0064A0;} .ccMXsL:hover,.ccMXsL span:hover,.ccMXsL:focus,.ccMXsL span:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:#0064A0;} /* sc-component-id: Attribution__Content-sc-11isnv6-3 */ @media screen{.SNfN{max-width:82.5rem;margin:0 auto;}} .SNfN blockquote{margin-left:0;} /* sc-component-id: Attribution__AttributionDetails-sc-11isnv6-4 */ .ecFdAU{color:#424242;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2.5rem;box-shadow:0 -1rem 1rem -1rem rgba(0,0,0,0.1);margin:3rem 0 0 0;min-height:6rem;padding:0 3.2rem;padding-top:1.8rem;} .ecFdAU[open] > summary .Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0{display:none;} .ecFdAU:not([open]) > summary .Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1{display:none;} .ecFdAU a{color:#027EB5;cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} .ecFdAU a:hover{color:#0064A0;} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.ecFdAU{padding:0 1.6rem;}} .ecFdAU > .Attribution__AttributionSummary-sc-11isnv6-2{margin-bottom:1.8rem;} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.ecFdAU{min-height:4rem;padding-top:0.8rem;}.ecFdAU > .Details__Summary-xi326o-2{margin-bottom:0.8rem;}} .ecFdAU li{margin-bottom:1rem;overflow:visible;} @media print{.ecFdAU{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: PageToasts__ToastContainerWrapper-ey1bvc-0 */ .ljbbLD{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;overflow:visible;z-index:19;top:12rem;} @media screen and (max-width:90em){.ljbbLD{max-width:calc(100vw - ((100vw - 128rem) / 2) - 8rem);left:calc(100vw - (100vw - ((100vw - 128rem) / 2) - 8rem));}} @media screen and (max-width:80em){.ljbbLD{max-width:calc(100vw - 8rem);left:8rem;}} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.ljbbLD{max-width:100%;left:0;z-index:21;top:11.3rem;}} /* sc-component-id: MinPageHeight-sc-1i28xs0-0 */ @media screen{.bbpvz{overflow:visible;-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;min-height:calc(100vh - 33.1rem);}@media screen and (max-width:75em){.bbpvz{min-height:calc(100vh - 28rem);}}} /* sc-component-id: SidebarControl__ButtonText-sdjc7-0 */ .ilphAr{font-weight:600;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.5rem;margin:0;padding:0;} @media screen and (max-width:50em){.ilphAr{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2.5rem;margin-left:1.2rem;}} /* sc-component-id: SidebarControl__OpenButton-sdjc7-1 */ .hjSBfv{background:none;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;min-height:77px;color:#5e6062;border:none;padding:0;overflow:visible;cursor:pointer;display:none;} @media screen and (max-width:50em){.hjSBfv{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:start;min-height:unset;margin-top:25px;background:none;}} .hjSBfv:hover{color:#424242;} .hjSBfv > svg{height:2.5rem;width:2.5rem;padding:0.4rem;} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.hjSBfv{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}.cjpdUH{background:none;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;min-height:77px;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.1);color:#5e6062;border:none;padding:0;overflow:visible;cursor:pointer;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} @media screen and (max-width:50em){.cjpdUH{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:start;min-height:unset;margin-top:25px;background:none;}} .cjpdUH:hover{color:#424242;} .cjpdUH > svg{height:2.5rem;width:2.5rem;padding:0.4rem;} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.cjpdUH{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: SidebarControl__CloseButton-sdjc7-2 */ .kZSWHO{color:#5e6062;border:none;padding:0;background:none;overflow:visible;cursor:pointer;display:block;} .kZSWHO:hover{color:#424242;} @media screen and (max-width:50em){.kZSWHO{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: SidebarControl__CloseToCAndMobileMenuButton-sdjc7-3 */ .eZZIok{height:40px;position:absolute;right:0;display:none;} @media screen and (max-width:50em){.eZZIok{display:block;}} /* sc-component-id: SidebarControl__TOCBackButton-sdjc7-5 */ .iQvAYm{display:none;} @media screen and (max-width:50em){.iQvAYm{display:block;}} /* sc-component-id: RedoPadding-sc-1rj2rww-0 */ @media screen{.gaOlpC{padding:0 3.2rem;-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}@media screen and (max-width:75em){.gaOlpC{padding:0 1.6rem;}}} .gaOlpC:focus-within{overflow:visible;} /* sc-component-id: PrevNextBar__RightArrow-sc-13m2i12-1 */ .hAIJlW{height:2.5rem;width:2.5rem;margin-top:0.1rem;} /* sc-component-id: PrevNextBar__HidingContentLink-sc-13m2i12-2 */ .eMxlJc{color:#027EB5;cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} .eMxlJc:hover,.eMxlJc:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:#0064A0;} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.eMxlJc{margin-left:-0.8rem;}}.TdchT{color:#027EB5;cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} .TdchT:hover,.TdchT:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:#0064A0;} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.TdchT{margin-right:-0.8rem;}} /* sc-component-id: PrevNextBar__BarWrapper-sc-13m2i12-3 */ .fEZPiF{color:#424242;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2.5rem;overflow:visible;width:100%;max-width:82.5rem;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;height:4rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:5rem auto 3rem auto;border-top:solid 0.1rem #e5e5e5;border-bottom:solid 0.1rem #e5e5e5;} @media print{.fEZPiF{display:none;}} .fEZPiF a{border:none;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.fEZPiF{margin:3.5rem auto 3rem auto;border:0;}} /* sc-component-id: sc-global-3195935756 */ body{-webkit-scroll-padding:15rem 0 0 0;-moz-scroll-padding:15rem 0 0 0;-ms-scroll-padding:15rem 0 0 0;scroll-padding:15rem 0 0 0;} @media screen and (max-width:75em){body{-webkit-scroll-padding:14.3rem 0 0 0;-moz-scroll-padding:14.3rem 0 0 0;-ms-scroll-padding:14.3rem 0 0 0;scroll-padding:14.3rem 0 0 0;}} /* sc-component-id: BookBanner__TopBar-sc-1avy0c0-1 */ .jVswHX{width:100%;max-width:128rem;margin:0 auto;} /* sc-component-id: BookBanner__BookTitle-sc-1avy0c0-2 */ .gUeKV{color:#424242;font-size:1.8rem;line-height:2.5rem;-webkit-letter-spacing:-0.02rem;-moz-letter-spacing:-0.02rem;-ms-letter-spacing:-0.02rem;letter-spacing:-0.02rem;padding:1rem 0 1rem 0;margin:0;max-width:105.25rem;padding:0;color:#fff;white-space:nowrap;text-overflow:ellipsis;overflow:hidden;display:block;height:2.5rem;font-weight:normal;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;margin:0;} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.gUeKV{color:#424242;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2rem;-webkit-letter-spacing:-0.02rem;-moz-letter-spacing:-0.02rem;-ms-letter-spacing:-0.02rem;letter-spacing:-0.02rem;padding:1rem 0 1rem 0;margin:0;}} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.gUeKV{max-width:105.25rem;padding:0;color:#fff;white-space:nowrap;text-overflow:ellipsis;overflow:hidden;}}.jvAwFk{color:#424242;font-size:1.8rem;line-height:2.5rem;-webkit-letter-spacing:-0.02rem;-moz-letter-spacing:-0.02rem;-ms-letter-spacing:-0.02rem;letter-spacing:-0.02rem;padding:1rem 0 1rem 0;margin:0;max-width:105.25rem;padding:0;color:#fff;white-space:nowrap;text-overflow:ellipsis;overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;height:2.5rem;font-weight:normal;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;margin:0;width:27rem;} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.jvAwFk{color:#424242;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2rem;-webkit-letter-spacing:-0.02rem;-moz-letter-spacing:-0.02rem;-ms-letter-spacing:-0.02rem;letter-spacing:-0.02rem;padding:1rem 0 1rem 0;margin:0;}} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.jvAwFk{max-width:105.25rem;padding:0;color:#fff;white-space:nowrap;text-overflow:ellipsis;overflow:hidden;}} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.jvAwFk{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: BookBanner__BookChapter-sc-1avy0c0-4 */ .kPUGut{color:#424242;font-size:2.4rem;line-height:3rem;-webkit-letter-spacing:-0.02rem;-moz-letter-spacing:-0.02rem;-ms-letter-spacing:-0.02rem;letter-spacing:-0.02rem;padding:1.5rem 0 1rem 0;margin:0;max-width:105.25rem;padding:0;color:#fff;white-space:nowrap;text-overflow:ellipsis;overflow:hidden;font-weight:600;display:block;margin:1rem 0 0 0;} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.kPUGut{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2rem;}} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.kPUGut{max-width:105.25rem;padding:0;color:#fff;white-space:nowrap;text-overflow:ellipsis;overflow:hidden;white-space:normal;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:2;max-height:4rem;margin-top:0.3rem;}}.fNXDFo{color:#424242;font-size:1.8rem;line-height:2.5rem;-webkit-letter-spacing:-0.02rem;-moz-letter-spacing:-0.02rem;-ms-letter-spacing:-0.02rem;letter-spacing:-0.02rem;padding:1rem 0 1rem 0;margin:0;max-width:105.25rem;padding:0;color:#fff;white-space:nowrap;text-overflow:ellipsis;overflow:hidden;font-weight:600;display:inline-block;margin:1rem 0 0 0;max-width:78.25rem;} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.fNXDFo{color:#424242;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2rem;-webkit-letter-spacing:-0.02rem;-moz-letter-spacing:-0.02rem;-ms-letter-spacing:-0.02rem;letter-spacing:-0.02rem;padding:1rem 0 1rem 0;margin:0;}} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.fNXDFo{max-width:105.25rem;padding:0;color:#fff;white-space:nowrap;text-overflow:ellipsis;overflow:hidden;white-space:normal;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:2;max-height:4rem;margin-top:0.3rem;}} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.fNXDFo{max-width:none;}} /* sc-component-id: BookBanner__BarWrapper-sc-1avy0c0-5 */ .faYoLy{top:0;padding:0 3.2rem;box-shadow:0 0.2rem 0.2rem 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.1);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;height:13rem;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 200ms;-webkit-transition:transform 200ms;transition:transform 200ms;position:relative;z-index:69;overflow:hidden;background:linear-gradient(to right, #5e6062, #97999b);} @media print{.faYoLy{display:none;}} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.faYoLy{padding:1.6rem;height:10.4rem;}}.ftqcwZ{top:0;padding:0 3.2rem;box-shadow:0 0.2rem 0.2rem 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.1);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;height:7rem;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 200ms;-webkit-transition:transform 200ms;transition:transform 200ms;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;z-index:68;overflow:hidden;background:linear-gradient(to right, #5e6062, #97999b);margin-top:-7rem;} @media print{.ftqcwZ{display:none;}} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.ftqcwZ{padding:1.6rem;height:6rem;margin-top:-6rem;}} /* sc-component-id: BuyBook__BuyBookAlignment-s2exzh-0 */ .dsrSOQ{width:100%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;margin:0 auto;max-width:82.5rem;overflow:visible;} @media print{.dsrSOQ{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: BuyBook__BuyBookLink-s2exzh-1 */ .bdmjCi{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2.5rem;font-size:1.6rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;height:5rem;width:19rem;color:#d4450c;border:solid 0.1rem;font-weight:700;} /* sc-component-id: styles__NudgeElementTarget-hrv0cf-10 */ .BGmTi{display:contents;} /* sc-component-id: SidebarPane__SidebarPaneBody-rvfm87-0 */ .hyOCnI{grid-area:1 / 2 / auto / 3;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:7rem;margin-top:-5rem;overflow-y:auto;height:calc(100vh - 13rem);max-height:calc(100vh - 7rem);-webkit-transform-origin:left;-ms-transform-origin:left;transform-origin:left;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 300ms ease-in-out,opacity 300ms ease-in-out,box-shadow 300ms ease-in-out;-webkit-transition:transform 300ms ease-in-out,opacity 300ms ease-in-out,box-shadow 300ms ease-in-out;transition:transform 300ms ease-in-out,opacity 300ms ease-in-out,box-shadow 300ms ease-in-out;background-color:#fafafa;z-index:50;width:37.5rem;box-shadow:0.2rem 0 0.2rem 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.1);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.hyOCnI{width:30.4rem;top:6rem;height:calc(100vh - 11.2rem);max-height:calc(100vh - 6rem);}} @media screen and (max-width:50em){.hyOCnI{z-index:90;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;min-width:100%;max-height:100%;margin:0;padding:0;}} .hyOCnI > ol{-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;position:relative;padding:1.8rem 1.8rem 1.8rem 1.6rem;-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;} .hyOCnI > ol > li:first-child{margin-top:0;} .hyOCnI > ol::before{content:"";background:#fafafa;display:block;height:1.8rem;margin:-1.8rem -1.8rem 0 -1.8rem;} .hyOCnI > *{-webkit-transition:all 300ms;transition:all 300ms;opacity:1;} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.hyOCnI{overflow-y:hidden;-webkit-transform:translateX(-100%);-ms-transform:translateX(-100%);transform:translateX(-100%);box-shadow:none;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;}.hyOCnI > *{opacity:0;}} @media print{.hyOCnI{display:none;}} /* sc-component-id: SidebarPane__Header-rvfm87-1 */ .lmKWaf{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;height:5rem;padding:0 1.8rem;overflow:visible;border-bottom:1px solid #d5d5d5;box-shadow:0 1rem 1rem -1rem rgba(0,0,0,0.14);} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.lmKWaf{height:5.3rem;}} /* sc-component-id: SidebarPane__HeaderText-rvfm87-2 */ .jyCPMx{font-size:1.8rem;line-height:2.9rem;font-weight:600;margin:0;padding:0;color:#5e6062;-webkit-flex:1 1 0%;-ms-flex:1 1 0%;flex:1 1 0%;text-align:left;} @media screen and (max-width:50em){.jyCPMx{text-align:center;}} /* sc-component-id: styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 */ .cSTpUE{color:#424242;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:1.6rem;font-weight:normal;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.8rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;} /* sc-component-id: styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 */ .cRIWDW{color:#424242;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:1.6rem;font-weight:normal;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.8rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-left:1.7rem;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;} li[aria-label="Current Page"] .cRIWDW{font-weight:600;} .cRIWDW:focus,.cRIWDW:hover{outline:none;color:#000;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} /* sc-component-id: styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 */ .lcPtic{list-style:none;overflow:visible;margin:1.2rem 0 0 0;} @media screen and (max-width:75em){.lcPtic{margin-top:1.7rem;}} /* sc-component-id: styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 */ .hLZWYd{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;} .hLZWYd::before{display:none;} .hLZWYd::-moz-list-bullet{list-style-type:none;} .hLZWYd::-webkit-details-marker{display:none;} .hLZWYd:focus{outline:none;} .hLZWYd:hover .styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0,.hLZWYd:focus .styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0{color:#000;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;} /* sc-component-id: styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 */ .jeQjgr{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;} /* sc-component-id: styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 */ .jjmdsB{margin:0;padding:0;} .jjmdsB > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > details > summary .os-number,.jjmdsB > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > .styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 .os-number{width:0rem;overflow:hidden;} .jjmdsB > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > details > summary .os-divider,.jjmdsB > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > .styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 .os-divider{width:0.8rem;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;} .jjmdsB > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > details > summary .os-text,.jjmdsB > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > .styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 .os-text{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;overflow:hidden;} .jjmdsB > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > details > ol{margin-left:0.8rem;}.inmVEL{margin:0;padding:0;} .inmVEL > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > details > summary .os-number,.inmVEL > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > .styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 .os-number{width:0.890625rem;overflow:hidden;} .inmVEL > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > details > summary .os-divider,.inmVEL > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > .styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 .os-divider{width:0.8rem;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;} .inmVEL > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > details > summary .os-text,.inmVEL > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > .styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 .os-text{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;overflow:hidden;} .inmVEL > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > details > ol{margin-left:1.690625rem;}.bznNBu{margin:0;padding:0;} .bznNBu > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > details > summary .os-number,.bznNBu > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > .styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 .os-number{width:2.2265625rem;overflow:hidden;} .bznNBu > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > details > summary .os-divider,.bznNBu > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > .styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 .os-divider{width:0.8rem;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;} .bznNBu > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > details > summary .os-text,.bznNBu > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > .styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 .os-text{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;overflow:hidden;} .bznNBu > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > details > ol{margin-left:3.0265625rem;}.gncPwk{margin:0;padding:0;} .gncPwk > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > details > summary .os-number,.gncPwk > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > .styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 .os-number{width:1.78125rem;overflow:hidden;} .gncPwk > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > details > summary .os-divider,.gncPwk > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > .styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 .os-divider{width:0.8rem;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;} .gncPwk > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > details > summary .os-text,.gncPwk > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > .styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 .os-text{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;overflow:hidden;} .gncPwk > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > details > ol{margin-left:2.58125rem;}.gpSWWQ{margin:0;padding:0;} .gpSWWQ > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > details > summary .os-number,.gpSWWQ > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > .styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 .os-number{width:3.1171875rem;overflow:hidden;} .gpSWWQ > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > details > summary .os-divider,.gpSWWQ > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > .styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 .os-divider{width:0.8rem;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;} .gpSWWQ > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > details > summary .os-text,.gpSWWQ > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > .styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 .os-text{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;overflow:hidden;} .gpSWWQ > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > details > ol{margin-left:3.9171875rem;}.jPwHOh{margin:0;padding:0;} .jPwHOh > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > details > summary .os-number,.jPwHOh > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > .styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 .os-number{width:4.0078125rem;overflow:hidden;} .jPwHOh > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > details > summary .os-divider,.jPwHOh > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > .styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 .os-divider{width:0.8rem;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;} .jPwHOh > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > details > summary .os-text,.jPwHOh > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > .styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 .os-text{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;overflow:hidden;} .jPwHOh > .styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 > details > ol{margin-left:4.8078125rem;} /* sc-component-id: styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 */ .fFBOM{overflow:visible;} /* sc-component-id: 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class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic" aria-label="Current Page"><a href="preface" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Preface </span></a></li><li data-type="unit" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"> <span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Levels of Organization</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 inmVEL"><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">1</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">An Introduction to the Human Body</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 bznNBu"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="1-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 1" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="1-1-overview-of-anatomy-and-physiology" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">1.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Overview of Anatomy and Physiology</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="1-2-structural-organization-of-the-human-body" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">1.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Structural Organization of the Human Body </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="1-3-functions-of-human-life" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">1.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Functions of Human Life </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="1-4-requirements-for-human-life" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">1.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Requirements for Human Life </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="1-5-homeostasis" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">1.5</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Homeostasis </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="1-6-anatomical-terminology" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">1.6</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Anatomical Terminology </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="1-7-medical-imaging" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">1.7</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Medical Imaging </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="1-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 1" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="1-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 1" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="1-interactive-link-questions" aria-label="Interactive Link Questions - Chapter 1" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Interactive Link Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="1-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 1" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="1-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 1" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">2</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">The Chemical Level of Organization</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 bznNBu"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="2-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 2" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="2-1-elements-and-atoms-the-building-blocks-of-matter" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">2.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="2-2-chemical-bonds" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">2.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Chemical Bonds </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="2-3-chemical-reactions" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">2.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Chemical Reactions </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="2-4-inorganic-compounds-essential-to-human-functioning" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">2.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="2-5-organic-compounds-essential-to-human-functioning" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">2.5</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="2-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 2" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="2-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 2" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="2-interactive-link-questions" aria-label="Interactive Link Questions - Chapter 2" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Interactive Link Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="2-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 2" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="2-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 2" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">3</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">The Cellular Level of Organization</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 bznNBu"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="3-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 3" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="3-1-the-cell-membrane" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">3.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Cell Membrane </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="3-2-the-cytoplasm-and-cellular-organelles" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">3.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="3-3-the-nucleus-and-dna-replication" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">3.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Nucleus and DNA Replication </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="3-4-protein-synthesis" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">3.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Protein Synthesis </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="3-5-cell-growth-and-division" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">3.5</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Cell Growth and Division </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="3-6-cellular-differentiation" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">3.6</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Cellular Differentiation </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="3-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 3" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="3-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 3" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="3-interactive-link-questions" aria-label="Interactive Link Questions - Chapter 3" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Interactive Link Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="3-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 3" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="3-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 3" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">4</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">The Tissue Level of Organization</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 bznNBu"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="4-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 4" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="4-1-types-of-tissues" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">4.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Types of Tissues </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="4-2-epithelial-tissue" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">4.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Epithelial Tissue </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="4-3-connective-tissue-supports-and-protects" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">4.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Connective Tissue Supports and Protects </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="4-4-muscle-tissue-and-motion" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">4.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Muscle Tissue and Motion </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="4-5-nervous-tissue-mediates-perception-and-response" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">4.5</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="4-6-tissue-injury-and-aging" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">4.6</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Tissue Injury and Aging </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="4-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 4" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="4-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 4" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="4-interactive-link-questions" aria-label="Interactive Link Questions - Chapter 4" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Interactive Link Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="4-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 4" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="4-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 4" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="unit" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"> <span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Support and Movement</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 gncPwk"><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">5</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">The Integumentary System</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 bznNBu"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="5-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 5" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="5-1-layers-of-the-skin" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">5.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Layers of the Skin </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="5-2-accessory-structures-of-the-skin" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">5.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Accessory Structures of the Skin </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="5-3-functions-of-the-integumentary-system" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">5.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Functions of the Integumentary System </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="5-4-diseases-disorders-and-injuries-of-the-integumentary-system" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">5.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="5-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 5" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="5-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 5" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="5-interactive-link-questions" aria-label="Interactive Link Questions - Chapter 5" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Interactive Link Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="5-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 5" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="5-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 5" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">6</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 bznNBu"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="6-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 6" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="6-1-the-functions-of-the-skeletal-system" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">6.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Functions of the Skeletal System </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="6-2-bone-classification" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">6.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Bone Classification </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="6-3-bone-structure" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">6.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Bone Structure </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="6-4-bone-formation-and-development" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">6.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Bone Formation and Development </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="6-5-fractures-bone-repair" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">6.5</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Fractures: Bone Repair </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="6-6-exercise-nutrition-hormones-and-bone-tissue" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">6.6</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="6-7-calcium-homeostasis-interactions-of-the-skeletal-system-and-other-organ-systems" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">6.7</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="6-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 6" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="6-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 6" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="6-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 6" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="6-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 6" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">7</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">Axial Skeleton</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 bznNBu"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="7-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 7" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="7-1-divisions-of-the-skeletal-system" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">7.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Divisions of the Skeletal System </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="7-2-the-skull" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">7.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Skull </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="7-3-the-vertebral-column" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">7.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Vertebral Column </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="7-4-the-thoracic-cage" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">7.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Thoracic Cage </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="7-5-embryonic-development-of-the-axial-skeleton" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">7.5</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="7-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 7" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="7-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 7" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="7-interactive-link-questions" aria-label="Interactive Link Questions - Chapter 7" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Interactive Link Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="7-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 7" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="7-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 7" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">8</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">The Appendicular Skeleton</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 bznNBu"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="8-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 8" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="8-1-the-pectoral-girdle" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">8.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Pectoral Girdle </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="8-2-bones-of-the-upper-limb" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">8.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Bones of the Upper Limb </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="8-3-the-pelvic-girdle-and-pelvis" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">8.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="8-4-bones-of-the-lower-limb" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">8.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Bones of the Lower Limb </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="8-5-development-of-the-appendicular-skeleton" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">8.5</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Development of the Appendicular Skeleton </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="8-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 8" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="8-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 8" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="8-interactive-link-questions" aria-label="Interactive Link Questions - Chapter 8" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Interactive Link Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="8-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 8" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="8-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 8" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">9</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">Joints</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 bznNBu"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="9-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 9" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="9-1-classification-of-joints" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">9.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Classification of Joints </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="9-2-fibrous-joints" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">9.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Fibrous Joints </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="9-3-cartilaginous-joints" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">9.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Cartilaginous Joints </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="9-4-synovial-joints" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">9.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Synovial Joints </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="9-5-types-of-body-movements" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">9.5</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Types of Body Movements </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="9-6-anatomy-of-selected-synovial-joints" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">9.6</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="9-7-development-of-joints" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">9.7</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Development of Joints </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="9-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 9" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="9-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 9" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="9-interactive-link-questions" aria-label="Interactive Link Questions - Chapter 9" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Interactive Link Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="9-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 9" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="9-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 9" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">10</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">Muscle Tissue</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 gpSWWQ"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="10-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 10" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="10-1-overview-of-muscle-tissues" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">10.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Overview of Muscle Tissues </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="10-2-skeletal-muscle" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">10.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Skeletal Muscle </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="10-3-muscle-fiber-contraction-and-relaxation" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">10.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="10-4-nervous-system-control-of-muscle-tension" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">10.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="10-5-types-of-muscle-fibers" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">10.5</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Types of Muscle Fibers </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="10-6-exercise-and-muscle-performance" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">10.6</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Exercise and Muscle Performance </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="10-7-cardiac-muscle-tissue" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">10.7</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Cardiac Muscle Tissue </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="10-8-smooth-muscle" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">10.8</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Smooth Muscle </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="10-9-development-and-regeneration-of-muscle-tissue" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">10.9</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="10-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 10" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="10-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 10" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="10-interactive-link-questions" aria-label="Interactive Link Questions - Chapter 10" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Interactive Link Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="10-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 10" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="10-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 10" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">11</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">The Muscular System</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 gpSWWQ"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="11-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 11" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="11-1-interactions-of-skeletal-muscles-their-fascicle-arrangement-and-their-lever-systems" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">11.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="11-2-naming-skeletal-muscles" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">11.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Naming Skeletal Muscles </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="11-3-axial-muscles-of-the-head-neck-and-back" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">11.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="11-4-axial-muscles-of-the-abdominal-wall-and-thorax" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">11.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="11-5-muscles-of-the-pectoral-girdle-and-upper-limbs" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">11.5</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="11-6-appendicular-muscles-of-the-pelvic-girdle-and-lower-limbs" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">11.6</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="11-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 11" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="11-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 11" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="11-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 11" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="11-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 11" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="unit" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"> <span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Regulation, Integration, and Control</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 gncPwk"><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">12</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 gpSWWQ"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="12-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 12" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="12-1-basic-structure-and-function-of-the-nervous-system" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">12.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="12-2-nervous-tissue" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">12.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Nervous Tissue </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="12-3-the-function-of-nervous-tissue" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">12.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Function of Nervous Tissue </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="12-4-the-action-potential" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">12.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Action Potential </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="12-5-communication-between-neurons" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">12.5</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Communication Between Neurons </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="12-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 12" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="12-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 12" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="12-interactive-link-questions" aria-label="Interactive Link Questions - Chapter 12" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Interactive Link Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="12-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 12" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="12-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 12" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">13</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">Anatomy of the Nervous System</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 gpSWWQ"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="13-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 13" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="13-1-the-embryologic-perspective" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">13.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Embryologic Perspective </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="13-2-the-central-nervous-system" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">13.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Central Nervous System </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="13-3-circulation-and-the-central-nervous-system" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">13.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Circulation and the Central Nervous System </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="13-4-the-peripheral-nervous-system" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">13.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Peripheral Nervous System </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="13-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 13" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="13-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 13" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="13-interactive-link-questions" aria-label="Interactive Link Questions - Chapter 13" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Interactive Link Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="13-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 13" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="13-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 13" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">14</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">The Somatic Nervous System</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 gpSWWQ"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="14-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 14" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="14-1-sensory-perception" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">14.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Sensory Perception </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="14-2-central-processing" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">14.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Central Processing </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="14-3-motor-responses" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">14.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Motor Responses </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="14-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 14" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="14-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 14" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="14-interactive-link-questions" aria-label="Interactive Link Questions - Chapter 14" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Interactive Link Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="14-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 14" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="14-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 14" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">15</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">The Autonomic Nervous System</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 gpSWWQ"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="15-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 15" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="15-1-divisions-of-the-autonomic-nervous-system" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">15.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="15-2-autonomic-reflexes-and-homeostasis" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">15.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="15-3-central-control" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">15.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Central Control </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="15-4-drugs-that-affect-the-autonomic-system" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">15.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="15-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 15" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="15-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 15" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="15-interactive-link-questions" aria-label="Interactive Link Questions - Chapter 15" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Interactive Link Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="15-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 15" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="15-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 15" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">16</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">The Neurological Exam</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 gpSWWQ"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="16-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 16" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="16-1-overview-of-the-neurological-exam" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">16.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Overview of the Neurological Exam </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="16-2-the-mental-status-exam" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">16.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Mental Status Exam </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="16-3-the-cranial-nerve-exam" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">16.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Cranial Nerve Exam </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="16-4-the-sensory-and-motor-exams" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">16.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Sensory and Motor Exams </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="16-5-the-coordination-and-gait-exams" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">16.5</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Coordination and Gait Exams </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="16-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 16" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="16-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 16" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="16-interactive-link-questions" aria-label="Interactive Link Questions - Chapter 16" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Interactive Link Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="16-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 16" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="16-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 16" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">17</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">The Endocrine System</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 jPwHOh"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="17-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 17" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="17-1-an-overview-of-the-endocrine-system" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">17.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">An Overview of the Endocrine System </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="17-2-hormones" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">17.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Hormones </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="17-3-the-pituitary-gland-and-hypothalamus" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">17.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="17-4-the-thyroid-gland" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">17.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Thyroid Gland </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="17-5-the-parathyroid-glands" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">17.5</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Parathyroid Glands </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="17-6-the-adrenal-glands" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">17.6</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Adrenal Glands </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="17-7-the-pineal-gland" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">17.7</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Pineal Gland </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="17-8-gonadal-and-placental-hormones" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">17.8</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Gonadal and Placental Hormones </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="17-9-the-endocrine-pancreas" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">17.9</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Endocrine Pancreas </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="17-10-organs-with-secondary-endocrine-functions" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">17.10</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="17-11-development-and-aging-of-the-endocrine-system" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">17.11</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Development and Aging of the Endocrine System </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="17-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 17" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="17-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 17" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="17-interactive-link-questions" aria-label="Interactive Link Questions - Chapter 17" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Interactive Link Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="17-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 17" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="17-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 17" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="unit" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"> <span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Fluids and Transport</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 gncPwk"><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">18</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">The Cardiovascular System: Blood</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 gpSWWQ"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="18-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 18" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="18-1-an-overview-of-blood" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">18.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">An Overview of Blood </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="18-2-production-of-the-formed-elements" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">18.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Production of the Formed Elements </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="18-3-erythrocytes" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">18.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Erythrocytes </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="18-4-leukocytes-and-platelets" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">18.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Leukocytes and Platelets </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="18-5-hemostasis" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">18.5</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Hemostasis </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="18-6-blood-typing" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">18.6</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Blood Typing </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="18-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 18" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="18-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 18" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="18-interactive-link-questions" aria-label="Interactive Link Questions - Chapter 18" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Interactive Link Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="18-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 18" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="18-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 18" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">19</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">The Cardiovascular System: The Heart</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 gpSWWQ"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="19-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 19" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="19-1-heart-anatomy" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">19.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Heart Anatomy </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="19-2-cardiac-muscle-and-electrical-activity" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">19.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="19-3-cardiac-cycle" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">19.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Cardiac Cycle </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="19-4-cardiac-physiology" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">19.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Cardiac Physiology </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="19-5-development-of-the-heart" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">19.5</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Development of the Heart </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="19-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 19" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="19-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 19" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="19-interactive-link-questions" aria-label="Interactive Link Questions - Chapter 19" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Interactive Link Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="19-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 19" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="19-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 19" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">20</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 gpSWWQ"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="20-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 20" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="20-1-structure-and-function-of-blood-vessels" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">20.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Structure and Function of Blood Vessels </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="20-2-blood-flow-blood-pressure-and-resistance" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">20.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="20-3-capillary-exchange" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">20.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Capillary Exchange </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="20-4-homeostatic-regulation-of-the-vascular-system" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">20.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="20-5-circulatory-pathways" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">20.5</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Circulatory Pathways </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="20-6-development-of-blood-vessels-and-fetal-circulation" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">20.6</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="20-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 20" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="20-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 20" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="20-interactive-link-questions" aria-label="Interactive Link Questions - Chapter 20" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Interactive Link Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="20-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 20" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="20-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 20" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">21</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">The Lymphatic and Immune System</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 gpSWWQ"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="21-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 21" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="21-1-anatomy-of-the-lymphatic-and-immune-systems" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">21.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="21-2-barrier-defenses-and-the-innate-immune-response" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">21.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="21-3-the-adaptive-immune-response-t-lymphocytes-and-their-functional-types" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">21.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="21-4-the-adaptive-immune-response-b-lymphocytes-and-antibodies" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">21.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="21-5-the-immune-response-against-pathogens" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">21.5</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Immune Response against Pathogens </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="21-6-diseases-associated-with-depressed-or-overactive-immune-responses" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">21.6</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="21-7-transplantation-and-cancer-immunology" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">21.7</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Transplantation and Cancer Immunology </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="21-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 21" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="21-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 21" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="21-interactive-link-questions" aria-label="Interactive Link Questions - Chapter 21" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Interactive Link Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="21-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 21" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="21-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 21" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="unit" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"> <span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 gncPwk"><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">22</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">The Respiratory System</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 gpSWWQ"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="22-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 22" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="22-1-organs-and-structures-of-the-respiratory-system" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">22.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="22-2-the-lungs" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">22.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Lungs </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="22-3-the-process-of-breathing" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">22.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Process of Breathing </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="22-4-gas-exchange" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">22.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Gas Exchange </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="22-5-transport-of-gases" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">22.5</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Transport of Gases </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="22-6-modifications-in-respiratory-functions" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">22.6</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Modifications in Respiratory Functions </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="22-7-embryonic-development-of-the-respiratory-system" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">22.7</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="22-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 22" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="22-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 22" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="22-interactive-link-questions" aria-label="Interactive Link Questions - Chapter 22" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Interactive Link Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="22-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 22" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="22-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 22" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">23</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">The Digestive System</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 gpSWWQ"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="23-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 23" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="23-1-overview-of-the-digestive-system" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">23.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Overview of the Digestive System </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="23-2-digestive-system-processes-and-regulation" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">23.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Digestive System Processes and Regulation </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="23-3-the-mouth-pharynx-and-esophagus" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">23.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="23-4-the-stomach" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">23.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Stomach </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="23-5-the-small-and-large-intestines" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">23.5</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Small and Large Intestines </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="23-6-accessory-organs-in-digestion-the-liver-pancreas-and-gallbladder" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">23.6</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="23-7-chemical-digestion-and-absorption-a-closer-look" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">23.7</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="23-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 23" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="23-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 23" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="23-interactive-link-questions" aria-label="Interactive Link Questions - Chapter 23" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Interactive Link Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="23-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 23" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="23-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 23" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">24</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">Metabolism and Nutrition</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 gpSWWQ"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="24-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 24" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="24-1-overview-of-metabolic-reactions" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">24.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Overview of Metabolic Reactions </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="24-2-carbohydrate-metabolism" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">24.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Carbohydrate Metabolism </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="24-3-lipid-metabolism" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">24.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Lipid Metabolism </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="24-4-protein-metabolism" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">24.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Protein Metabolism </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="24-5-metabolic-states-of-the-body" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">24.5</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Metabolic States of the Body </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="24-6-energy-and-heat-balance" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">24.6</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Energy and Heat Balance </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="24-7-nutrition-and-diet" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">24.7</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Nutrition and Diet </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="24-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 24" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="24-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 24" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="24-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 24" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="24-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 24" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">25</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">The Urinary System</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 jPwHOh"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="25-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 25" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="25-1-physical-characteristics-of-urine" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">25.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Physical Characteristics of Urine </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="25-2-gross-anatomy-of-urine-transport" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">25.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="25-3-gross-anatomy-of-the-kidney" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">25.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Gross Anatomy of the Kidney </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="25-4-microscopic-anatomy-of-the-kidney" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">25.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="25-5-physiology-of-urine-formation" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">25.5</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Physiology of Urine Formation </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="25-6-tubular-reabsorption" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">25.6</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Tubular Reabsorption </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="25-7-regulation-of-renal-blood-flow" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">25.7</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Regulation of Renal Blood Flow </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="25-8-endocrine-regulation-of-kidney-function" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">25.8</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="25-9-regulation-of-fluid-volume-and-composition" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">25.9</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="25-10-the-urinary-system-and-homeostasis" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">25.10</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">The Urinary System and Homeostasis </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="25-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 25" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="25-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 25" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="25-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 25" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="25-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 25" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">26</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 gpSWWQ"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="26-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 26" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="26-1-body-fluids-and-fluid-compartments" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">26.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="26-2-water-balance" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">26.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Water Balance </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="26-3-electrolyte-balance" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">26.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Electrolyte Balance </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="26-4-acid-base-balance" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">26.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Acid-Base Balance </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="26-5-disorders-of-acid-base-balance" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">26.5</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Disorders of Acid-Base Balance </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="26-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 26" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="26-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 26" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="26-interactive-link-questions" aria-label="Interactive Link Questions - Chapter 26" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Interactive Link Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="26-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 26" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="26-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 26" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="unit" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"> <span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Human Development and the Continuity of Life</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 gncPwk"><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">27</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">The Reproductive System</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 gpSWWQ"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="27-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 27" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="27-1-anatomy-and-physiology-of-the-male-reproductive-system" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">27.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="27-2-anatomy-and-physiology-of-the-female-reproductive-system" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">27.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="27-3-development-of-the-male-and-female-reproductive-systems" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">27.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="27-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 27" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="27-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 27" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="27-interactive-link-questions" aria-label="Interactive Link Questions - Chapter 27" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Interactive Link Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="27-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 27" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="27-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 27" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="chapter" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><details class="Details-xi326o-3 iboMxh styled__NavDetails-sc-18yti3s-6 fFBOM"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 styled__Summary-sc-18yti3s-3 hLZWYd"><div class="styled__SummaryWrapper-sc-18yti3s-4 jeQjgr"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span class="styled__SummaryTitle-sc-18yti3s-0 cSTpUE"><span class="os-number">28</span> <span class="os-divider"> </span> <span class="os-text" data-type="" itemprop="">Development and Inheritance</span></span></div></summary><ol class="styled__NavOl-sc-18yti3s-5 gpSWWQ"><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="28-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Chapter 28" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Introduction </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="28-1-fertilization" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">28.1</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Fertilization </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="28-2-embryonic-development" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">28.2</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Embryonic Development </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="28-3-fetal-development" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">28.3</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Fetal Development </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="28-4-maternal-changes-during-pregnancy-labor-and-birth" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">28.4</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="28-5-adjustments-of-the-infant-at-birth-and-postnatal-stages" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">28.5</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="28-6-lactation" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">28.6</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Lactation </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="28-7-patterns-of-inheritance" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-number">28.7</span><span class="os-divider"> </span><span data-type="" itemprop="" class="os-text">Patterns of Inheritance </span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="28-key-terms" aria-label="Key Terms - Chapter 28" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Key Terms</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="28-chapter-review" aria-label="Chapter Review - Chapter 28" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Chapter Review</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="28-interactive-link-questions" aria-label="Interactive Link Questions - Chapter 28" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Interactive Link Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="28-review-questions" aria-label="Review Questions - Chapter 28" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Review Questions</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="28-critical-thinking-questions" aria-label="Critical Thinking Questions - Chapter 28" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Critical Thinking Questions</span></a></li></ol></details></li></ol></details></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="references" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">References</span></a></li><li data-type="page" class="styled__NavItem-sc-18yti3s-2 lcPtic"><a href="index" class="styled__ContentLink-sc-18yti3s-1 cRIWDW"><span class="os-text">Index</span></a></li></ol></nav><div data-testid="centered-content-row" class="ContentPane__Wrapper-sc-6et83r-0 hPmLNC"><div class="MinPageHeight-sc-1i28xs0-0 bbpvz"><div role="alert" class="PageToasts__ToastContainerWrapper-ey1bvc-0 ljbbLD"></div><div class="RedoPadding-sc-1rj2rww-0 gaOlpC"><main class="PageContent-ny9bj0-0 jykESs page-content" tabindex="-1"><div data-dynamic-style="true" id="main-content" tabindex="-1" class="MainContent__ContentStyles-sc-6yy1if-0 NnXKu"><div data-type="page" id="page_7c42370b-c3ad-48ac-9620-d15367b882c6" class="preface" data-book-content="true"> <p id="eip-4632">Welcome to <em data-effect="italics">Anatomy and Physiology</em>, an OpenStax resource. This textbook was written to increase student access to high-quality learning materials, maintaining highest standards of academic rigor at little to no cost. </p><section data-depth="1" id="eip-7"><h2 data-type="title">About OpenStax</h2><p id="eip-463">OpenStax is a nonprofit based at Rice University, and it’s our mission to improve student access to education. Our first openly licensed college textbook was published in 2012, and our library has since scaled to over 25 books for college and AP<sup>®</sup> courses used by hundreds of thousands of students. Our adaptive learning technology, designed to improve learning outcomes through personalized educational paths, is being piloted in college courses throughout the country. Through our partnerships with philanthropic foundations and our alliance with other educational resource organizations, OpenStax is breaking down the most common barriers to learning and empowering students and instructors to succeed.</p></section><section data-depth="1" id="eip-374"><h2 data-type="title">About OpenStax Resources</h2><section data-depth="2" id="eip-262"><h3 data-type="title">Customization</h3><p id="eip-362"><em data-effect="italics">Anatomy and Physiology</em> is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY) license, which means that you can distribute, remix, and build upon the content, as long as you provide attribution to OpenStax and its content contributors.</p><p id="eip-id1166206909033">Because our books are openly licensed, you are free to use the entire book or pick and choose the sections that are most relevant to the needs of your course. Feel free to remix the content by assigning your students certain chapters and sections in your syllabus, in the order that you prefer. You can even provide a direct link in your syllabus to the sections in the web view of your book.</p><p id="eip-890">Instructors also have the option of creating a customized version of their OpenStax book. The custom version can be made available to students in low-cost print or digital form through their campus bookstore. Visit your book page on openstax.org for more information.</p></section><section data-depth="2" id="eip-185"><h3 data-type="title">Errata</h3><p id="eip-155">All OpenStax textbooks undergo a rigorous review process. However, like any professional-grade textbook, errors sometimes occur. Since our books are web based, we can make updates periodically when deemed pedagogically necessary. If you have a correction to suggest, submit it through the link on your book page on openstax.org. Subject matter experts review all errata suggestions. OpenStax is committed to remaining transparent about all updates, so you will also find a list of past errata changes on your book page on openstax.org. </p></section><section data-depth="2" id="eip-326"><h3 data-type="title">Format</h3><p id="eip-917">You can access this textbook for free in web view or PDF through openstax.org, and in low-cost print and iBooks editions.</p></section></section><section data-depth="1" id="eip-394"><h2 data-type="title">About <em data-effect="italics">Anatomy and Physiology</em></h2><section data-depth="2" id="eip-29"><h3 data-type="title">Coverage and Scope</h3><p id="eip-369">The units of our <em data-effect="italics">Anatomy and Physiology</em> textbook adhere to the scope and sequence followed by most two-semester courses nationwide. The development choices for this textbook were made with the guidance of hundreds of faculty who are deeply involved in teaching this course. These choices led to innovations in art, terminology, career orientation, practical applications, and multimedia-based learning, all with a goal of increasing relevance to students. We strove to make the discipline meaningful and memorable to students, so that they can draw from it a working knowledge that will enrich their future studies. </p><section data-depth="3" id="eip-217"><h4 data-type="title">Unit 1: Levels of Organization </h4><p id="eip-719">Chapters 1–4 provide students with a basic understanding of human anatomy and physiology, including its language, the levels of organization, and the basics of chemistry and cell biology. These chapters provide a foundation for the further study of the body. They also focus particularly on how the body’s regions, important chemicals, and cells maintain homeostasis.<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 2 The Chemical Level of Organization<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 3 The Cellular Level of Organization<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 4 The Tissue Level of Organization<span data-type="newline"><br></span> </p></section><section data-depth="3" id="eip-146"><h4 data-type="title">Unit 2: Support and Movement </h4><p id="eip-760">In Chapters 5–11, students explore the skin, the largest organ of the body, and examine the body’s skeletal and muscular systems, following a traditional sequence of topics. This unit is the first to walk students through specific systems of the body, and as it does so, it maintains a focus on homeostasis as well as those diseases and conditions that can disrupt it.<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 5 The Integumentary System<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 6 Bone and Skeletal Tissue<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 7 The Axial Skeleton<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 8 The Appendicular Skeleton<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 9 Joints<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 10 Muscle Tissue<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 11 The Muscular System<span data-type="newline"><br></span> </p></section><section data-depth="3" id="eip-114"><h4 data-type="title">Unit 3: Regulation, Integration, and Control</h4><p id="eip-595">Chapters 12–17 help students answer questions about nervous and endocrine system control and regulation. In a break with the traditional sequence of topics, the special senses are integrated into the chapter on the somatic nervous system. The chapter on the neurological examination offers students a unique approach to understanding nervous system function using five simple but powerful diagnostic tests. <span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 12 Introduction to the Nervous System<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 13 The Anatomy of the Nervous System<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 14 The Somatic Nervous System<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 15 The Autonomic Nervous System<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 16 The Neurological Exam<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 17 The Endocrine System<span data-type="newline"><br></span> </p></section><section data-depth="3" id="eip-708"><h4 data-type="title">Unit 4: Fluids and Transport </h4><p id="eip-75"> In Chapters 18–21, students examine the principal means of transport for materials needed to support the human body, regulate its internal environment, and provide protection. <span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 18 Blood<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 19 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 20 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 21 The Lymphatic System and Immunity </p></section><section data-depth="3" id="eip-942"><h4 data-type="title">Unit 5: Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange</h4><p id="eip-965">In Chapters 22–26, students discover the interaction between body systems and the outside environment for the exchange of materials, the capture of energy, the release of waste, and the overall maintenance of the internal systems that regulate the exchange. The explanations and illustrations are particularly focused on how structure relates to function. <span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 22 The Respiratory System<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 23 The Digestive System<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 24 Nutrition and Metabolism<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 25 The Urinary System<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance<span data-type="newline"><br></span> </p></section><section data-depth="3" id="eip-314"><h4 data-type="title">Unit 6: Human Development and the Continuity of Life</h4><p id="eip-145">The closing chapters examine the male and female reproductive systems, describe the process of human development and the different stages of pregnancy, and end with a review of the mechanisms of inheritance. <span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 27 The Reproductive System<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chapter 28 Development and Genetic Inheritance<span data-type="newline"><br></span> </p></section></section><section data-depth="2" id="eip-450"><h3 data-type="title">Pedagogical Foundation and Features</h3><p id="eip-191"><em data-effect="italics">Anatomy and Physiology</em> is designed to promote scientific literacy. Throughout the text, you will find features that engage the students by taking selected topics a step further. </p><ul id="eip-641" data-bullet-style="none"><li><strong>Homeostatic Imbalances</strong> discusses the effects and results of imbalances in the body.</li> <li><strong>Disorders</strong> showcases a disorder that is relevant to the body system at hand. This feature may focus on a specific disorder or a set of related disorders.</li> <li><strong>Diseases</strong> showcases a disease that is relevant to the body system at hand.</li> <li><strong>Aging</strong> explores the effect aging has on a body’s system and specific disorders that manifest over time. </li> <li><strong>Career Connections</strong> presents information on the various careers often pursued by allied health students, such as medical technician, medical examiner, and neurophysiologist. Students are introduced to the educational requirements for and day-to-day responsibilities in these careers.</li> <li><strong>Everyday Connections</strong> tie anatomical and physiological concepts to emerging issues and discuss these in terms of everyday life. Topics include “Anabolic Steroids” and “The Effect of Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke.”</li> <li><strong>Interactive Links</strong> direct students to online exercises, simulations, animations, and videos to add a fuller context to core content and help improve understanding of the material. Many features include links to the University of Michigan’s interactive WebScopes, which allow students to zoom in on micrographs in the collection. These resources were vetted by reviewers and other subject matter experts to ensure that they are effective and accurate. We strongly urge students to explore these links, whether viewing a video or inputting data into a simulation, to gain the fullest experience and to learn how to search for information independently. </li></ul></section><section data-depth="2" id="eip-72"><h3 data-type="title">Dynamic, Learner-Centered Art</h3><p id="eip-287"> Our unique approach to visuals is designed to emphasize only the components most important in any given illustration. The art style is particularly aimed at focusing student learning through a powerful blend of traditional depictions and instructional innovations. </p> <p id="eip-id1167703115240">Much of the art in this book consists of black line illustrations. The strongest line is used to highlight the most important structures, and shading is used to show dimension and shape. Color is used sparingly to highlight and clarify the primary anatomical or functional point of the illustration. This technique is intended to draw students’ attention to the critical learning point in the illustration, without distraction from excessive gradients, shadows, and highlights. Full color is used when the structure or process requires it (for example, muscle diagrams and cardiovascular system illustrations). </p> <span data-type="media" id="preface" data-alt="A color illustration of the pharynx."> <img data-media-type="image/png" alt="A color illustration of the pharynx." width="300" height="338" data-lazy-src="/apps/archive/20250116.201611/resources/bb12fe2c942e7c4d3674664514953d4b902eac97"> </span> <p id="fs-idm629835024">By highlighting the most important portions of the illustration, the artwork helps students focus on the most important points without overwhelming them.</p> <section data-depth="3" id="eip-817"><h4 data-type="title">Micrographs</h4><p id="eip-564"> Micrograph magnifications have been calculated based on the objective provided with the image. If a micrograph was recorded at 40×, and the image was magnified an additional 2×, we calculated the final magnification of the micrograph to be 80×. </p> <p id="eip-id1166209684031">Please note that, when viewing the textbook electronically, the micrograph magnification provided in the text does not take into account the size and magnification of the screen on your electronic device. There may be some variation. </p><span data-type="media" id="preface2" data-alt="A color illustration of the pharynx."> <img data-media-type="image/png" alt="A color illustration of the pharynx." width="500" height="281" data-lazy-src="/apps/archive/20250116.201611/resources/2b6cf4d516d11ccf93eba537c9966104c775deb3"> </span> <p id="fs-idm231211856">These glands secrete oils that lubricate and protect the skin. LM × 400. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012)</p> </section></section></section><section data-depth="1" id="eip-388"><h2 data-type="title">Additional Resources</h2><section data-depth="2" id="eip-idm955815248"><h3 data-type="title">Student and Instructor Resources</h3> <p id="eip-idm1471053440">We’ve compiled additional resources for both students and instructors, including Getting Started Guides, an instructor solution guide, and PowerPoint slides. Instructor resources require a verified instructor account, which you can apply for when you log in or create your account on openstax.org. Take advantage of these resources to supplement your OpenStax book.</p> </section> <section data-depth="2" id="eip-idm969713904"><h3 data-type="title">Partner Resources</h3> <p id="eip-idm913148880">OpenStax Partners are our allies in the mission to make high-quality learning materials affordable and accessible to students and instructors everywhere. Their tools integrate seamlessly with our OpenStax titles at a low cost. To access the partner resources for your text, visit your book page on openstax.org.</p> </section></section><section data-depth="1" id="eip-228"><h2 data-type="title">About the Authors</h2><section data-depth="2" id="eip-396" class="sr-contrib-auth"><h3 data-type="title">Senior Contributing Authors</h3><p id="eip-391">J. Gordon Betts, Tyler Junior College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Peter Desaix, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Eddie Johnson, Central Oregon Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Jody E. Johnson, Arapahoe Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Oksana Korol, Aims Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Dean Kruse, Portland Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Brandon Poe, Springfield Technical Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> James A. Wise, Hampton University<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Mark Womble, Youngstown State University<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Kelly A. Young, California State University, Long Beach</p></section><section data-depth="2" id="eip-683"><h3 data-type="title">Advisor</h3><p id="eip-195"> Robin J. Heyden </p></section><section data-depth="2" id="eip-11" class="contrib-auth"><h3 data-type="title">Contributing Authors</h3><p id="eip-491">Kim Aaronson, Aquarius Institute; Triton College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Lopamudra Agarwal, Augusta Technical College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Gary Allen, Dalhousie University<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Robert Allison, McLennan Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Heather Armbruster, Southern Union State Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Timothy Ballard, University of North Carolina Wilmington<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Matthew Barlow, Eastern New Mexico University<span data-type="newline"><br></span> William Blaker, Furman University<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Julie Bowers, East Tennessee State University<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Emily Bradshaw, Florida Southern College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Nishi Bryska, University of North Carolina, Charlotte<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Susan Caley Opsal, Illinois Valley Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Boyd Campbell, Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine and Health Sciences<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Ann Caplea, Walsh University<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Marnie Chapman, University of Alaska, Sitka<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Barbara Christie-Pope, Cornell College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Kenneth Crane, Texarkana College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Maurice Culver, Florida State College at Jacksonville<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Heather Cushman, Tacoma Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Noelle Cutter, Molloy College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Lynnette Danzl-Tauer, Rock Valley College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Jane Davis, Aurora University<span data-type="newline"><br></span> AnnMarie DelliPizzi, Dominican College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Susan Dentel, Washtenaw Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Pamela Dobbins, Shelton State Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Patty Dolan, Pacific Lutheran University<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Sondra Dubowsky, McLennan Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Peter Dukehart, Three Rivers Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Ellen DuPré, Central College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Elizabeth DuPriest, Warner Pacific College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Pam Elf, University of Minnesota<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Sharon Ellerton, Queensborough Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Carla Endres, Utah State University - College of Eastern Utah: San Juan Campus<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Myriam Feldman, Lake Washington Institute of Technology; Cascadia Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Greg Fitch, Avila University<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Lynn Gargan, Tarant County College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Michael Giangrande, Oakland Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Chaya Gopalan, St. Louis College of Pharmacy<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Victor Greco, Chattahoochee Technical College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Susanna Heinze, Skagit Valley College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Ann Henninger, Wartburg College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Dale Horeth, Tidewater Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Michael Hortsch, University of Michigan<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Rosemary Hubbard, Marymount University<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Mark Hubley, Prince George's Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Branko Jablanovic, College of Lake County<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Norman Johnson, University of Massachusetts Amherst<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Mark Jonasson, North Arkansas College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Jeff Keyte, College of Saint Mary<span data-type="newline"><br></span> William Kleinelp, Middlesex County College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Leigh Kleinert, Grand Rapids Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Brenda Leady, University of Toledo<span data-type="newline"><br></span> John Lepri, University of North Carolina, Greensboro<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Sarah Leupen, University of Maryland, Baltimore County<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Lihua Liang, Johns Hopkins University<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Robert Mallet, University of North Texas Health Science Center<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Bruce Maring, Daytona State College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Elisabeth Martin, College of Lake County<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Natalie Maxwell, Carl Albert State College, Sallisaw<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Julie May, William Carey University<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Debra McLaughlin, University of Maryland University College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Nicholas Mitchell, St. Bonaventure University<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Shobhana Natarajan, Brookhaven College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Phillip Nicotera, St. Petersburg College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Mary Jane Niles, University of San Francisco<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Ikemefuna Nwosu, Parkland College; Lake Land College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Betsy Ott, Tyler Junior College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Ivan Paul, John Wood Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Aaron Payette, College of Southern Nevada<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Scott Payne, Kentucky Wesleyan College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Cameron Perkins, South Georgia College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> David Pfeiffer, University of Alaska, Anchorage<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Thomas Pilat, Illinois Central College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Eileen Preston, Tarrant County College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Mike Pyle, Olivet Nazarene University<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Robert Rawding, Gannon University<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Jason Schreer, State University of New York at Potsdam<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Laird Sheldahl, Mt. Hood Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Brian Shmaefsky, Lone Star College System<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Douglas Sizemore, Bevill State Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Susan Spencer, Mount Hood Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Cynthia Standley, University of Arizona<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Robert Sullivan, Marist College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Eric Sun, Middle Georgia State College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Tom Swenson, Ithaca College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Kathleen Tallman, Azusa Pacific University<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Rohinton Tarapore, University of Pennsylvania<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Elizabeth Tattersall, Western Nevada College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Mark Thomas, University of Northern Colorado<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Janis Thompson, Lorain County Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Rita Thrasher, Pensacola State College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> David Van Wylen, St. Olaf College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Lynn Wandrey, Mott Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Margaret Weck, St. Louis College of Pharmacy<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Kathleen Weiss, George Fox University<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Neil Westergaard, Williston State College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> David Wortham, West Georgia Technical College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Umesh Yadav, University of Texas Medical Branch<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Tony Yates, Oklahoma Baptist University<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Justin York, Glendale Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Cheri Zao, North Idaho College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Elena Zoubina, Bridgewater State University; Massasoit Community College<span data-type="newline"><br></span> Shobhana Natarajan, Alcon Laboratories, Inc.</p></section></section><section data-depth="1" id="eip-321"><h2 data-type="title">Special Thanks</h2><p id="eip-980">OpenStax wishes to thank the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School for the use of their extensive micrograph collection. Many of the UM micrographs that appear in <em data-effect="italics">Anatomy and Physiology</em> are interactive WebScopes, which students can explore by zooming in and out. </p><p id="eip-id1164912162747">We also wish to thank the Open Learning Initiative at Carnegie Mellon University, with whom we shared and exchanged resources during the development of <em data-effect="italics">Anatomy and Physiology</em>.</p></section> </div> </div></main><div data-analytics-region="prev-next" class="PrevNextBar__BarWrapper-sc-13m2i12-3 fEZPiF"><span aria-hidden="true"></span><a href="1-introduction" aria-label="Next Page" data-analytics-label="next" class="PrevNextBar__HidingContentLink-sc-13m2i12-2 TdchT">Next<svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo cmKkCv PrevNextBar__RightArrow-sc-13m2i12-1 hAIJlW"><path d="M10.707 17.707L16.414 12l-5.707-5.707-1.414 1.414L13.586 12l-4.293 4.293z"></path></svg></a></div><div class="BuyBook__BuyBookAlignment-s2exzh-0 dsrSOQ"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://buyprint.openstax.org/anatomy-and-physiology" data-analytics-label="buy-book" class="BuyBook__BuyBookLink-s2exzh-1 bdmjCi">Order a print copy</a></div></div></div><details data-testid="attribution-details" data-analytics-region="attribution" class="Details-xi326o-3 Attribution__AttributionDetails-sc-11isnv6-4 ecFdAU"><summary class="Details__Summary-xi326o-2 goqLfs Attribution__AttributionSummary-sc-11isnv6-2 ccMXsL" aria-label="Citation/Attribution"><svg viewBox="0 0 192 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__ExpandIcon-xi326o-0 cVuUUi Attribution__SummaryClosedIcon-sc-11isnv6-0 gSPJtD"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 384.662V127.338c0-17.818 21.543-26.741 34.142-14.142l128.662 128.662c7.81 7.81 7.81 20.474 0 28.284L34.142 398.804C21.543 411.404 0 402.48 0 384.662z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="sc-bRBYWo lhqytD Details__CollapseIcon-xi326o-1 jsdrhW Attribution__SummaryOpenIcon-sc-11isnv6-1 kRXAve"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg><span>Citation/Attribution</span></summary><div class="Attribution__Content-sc-11isnv6-3 SNfN"> <p>This book may not be used in the training of large language models or otherwise be ingested into large language models or generative AI offerings without OpenStax's permission.</p> <p> Want to cite, share, or modify this book? 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We recommend using a citation tool such as <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/citationbuilder/#/default/default">this one</a>. <ul> <li> Authors: J. Gordon Betts, Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Eddie Johnson, Brandon Poe, Dean H. Kruse, Oksana Korol, Jody E. Johnson, Mark Womble, Peter DeSaix </li> <li> Publisher/website: OpenStax </li> <li> Book title: Anatomy and Physiology </li> <li> Publication date: Apr 25, 2013 </li> <li> Location: Houston, Texas </li> <li> Book URL: <a target="_blank" href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/1-introduction" aria-label="Introduction - Anatomy and Physiology | OpenStax">https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/1-introduction</a> </li> <li> Section URL: <a target="_blank" href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/preface" aria-label="Preface - Anatomy and Physiology | OpenStax">https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/preface</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p> © Jan 27, 2022 OpenStax. 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and Physiology","tree":{"id":"14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@ccce780","title":"Anatomy and Physiology","contents":[{"id":"7c42370b-c3ad-48ac-9620-d15367b882c6@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Preface \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"preface","slug":"preface"},{"id":"d3ad443b-78fa-551e-a67f-182bd0cb4c77@ccce780","title":"\n \n \u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Levels of Organization\u003c/span>","toc_type":"unit","contents":[{"id":"5ae6cc38-7b7b-5e9c-a7a4-5d8251baac7f@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">1\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">An Introduction to the Human Body\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"ccc4ed14-6c87-408b-9934-7a0d279d853a@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"1-introduction"},{"id":"ada35081-9ec4-4eb8-98b2-3ce350d5427f@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">1.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Overview of Anatomy and Physiology\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"1-1-overview-of-anatomy-and-physiology"},{"id":"5e1ff6e7-0980-4ae0-bc8a-4b591a7c1760@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">1.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Structural Organization of the Human Body \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"1-2-structural-organization-of-the-human-body"},{"id":"59221da8-5fb6-4b3e-9450-079cd616385b@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">1.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Functions of Human Life \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"1-3-functions-of-human-life"},{"id":"00a2d5b6-9b1d-49ab-a40d-fcd30ceef643@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">1.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Requirements for Human Life \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"1-4-requirements-for-human-life"},{"id":"f10ff9a5-0428-4700-8676-96ad36c4ac64@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">1.5\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Homeostasis \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"1-5-homeostasis"},{"id":"17e4eea8-a005-45af-b835-f756a014cd48@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">1.6\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Anatomical Terminology \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"1-6-anatomical-terminology"},{"id":"bda09c0d-e898-4653-9d37-3cb49fab55e5@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">1.7\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Medical Imaging \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"1-7-medical-imaging"},{"id":"e5b74fd9-3523-5164-8655-8e4674207744@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"1-key-terms"},{"id":"43836806-4847-59ca-bd6e-f5d8602ba0fb@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"1-chapter-review"},{"id":"f77bbe78-030e-5b8d-a564-db66f068ec3e@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Interactive Link Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"1-interactive-link-questions"},{"id":"12307c1b-901e-5f9c-be70-86b707be2b77@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"1-review-questions"},{"id":"32230792-7415-589d-9f02-33e17353cdff@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"1-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"1-an-introduction-to-the-human-body"},{"id":"25af104e-154f-51fa-b882-55c3c0ad4125@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">2\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">The Chemical Level of Organization\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"1fb02236-0cf1-424b-a8cd-13e77aabd1fb@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"2-introduction"},{"id":"b82d4112-06e7-42bb-bd70-4e83cdfe5df0@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">2.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"2-1-elements-and-atoms-the-building-blocks-of-matter"},{"id":"2c60e072-7665-49b9-a2c9-2736b72b533c@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">2.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Chemical Bonds \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"2-2-chemical-bonds"},{"id":"a1979af6-5761-4483-8a50-6ba57729f769@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">2.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Chemical Reactions \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"2-3-chemical-reactions"},{"id":"e4e45509-bfc0-4aee-b73e-17b7582bf7e1@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">2.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"2-4-inorganic-compounds-essential-to-human-functioning"},{"id":"6773536c-3efb-44c9-8ace-78fafdce27e1@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">2.5\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"2-5-organic-compounds-essential-to-human-functioning"},{"id":"1ad49b04-80c1-59c6-be9f-badd9651c115@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"2-key-terms"},{"id":"3e151ada-f837-5c4c-aa91-c5c9d723520b@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"2-chapter-review"},{"id":"416c5f27-de1d-540b-9682-be24f0c70eb7@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Interactive Link Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"2-interactive-link-questions"},{"id":"b373a7e0-7a6e-5c32-80b2-8322d4e81691@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"2-review-questions"},{"id":"4f794402-46fc-54ad-bf51-819e4e61ead3@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"2-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"2-the-chemical-level-of-organization"},{"id":"dd4c593c-46b1-500e-a1fc-d6f7ce396122@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">3\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">The Cellular Level of Organization\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"296b38a8-ec0c-464a-aa91-21fa71ada02b@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"3-introduction"},{"id":"ab65fdf7-9137-48d6-b949-5da675cda5e4@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">3.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Cell Membrane \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"3-1-the-cell-membrane"},{"id":"7d5ecac2-a4c4-4167-b952-c3a9bde54252@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">3.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"3-2-the-cytoplasm-and-cellular-organelles"},{"id":"f53c4738-3dce-4a11-8560-526c87ab0938@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">3.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Nucleus and DNA Replication \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"3-3-the-nucleus-and-dna-replication"},{"id":"9720dd66-aa78-4811-8a72-9caff10a22b9@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">3.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Protein Synthesis \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"3-4-protein-synthesis"},{"id":"ea2a2ecf-4268-4b70-b371-82888c466d47@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">3.5\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Cell Growth and Division \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"3-5-cell-growth-and-division"},{"id":"966c32cc-3d6f-4f4e-af4f-ea0c975e825c@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">3.6\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Cellular Differentiation \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"3-6-cellular-differentiation"},{"id":"80ebe3c7-edb7-5b6f-9ec0-e8f6b781bfee@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"3-key-terms"},{"id":"d0dd2038-d55c-53e5-8687-8c7e3330b477@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"3-chapter-review"},{"id":"45cf443f-31b9-548b-96f1-a202a03e2f10@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Interactive Link Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"3-interactive-link-questions"},{"id":"135b777e-df17-5c4f-8734-e3e3c31baa63@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"3-review-questions"},{"id":"e6b5da72-8e34-5792-bdd6-f1addfaadba2@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"3-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"3-the-cellular-level-of-organization"},{"id":"5916d637-e8fd-5e44-81eb-10050fb2bbd6@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">4\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">The Tissue Level of Organization\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"23a955b6-1303-49c6-895f-15c0d17aa379@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"4-introduction"},{"id":"cdf9ebbd-b0fe-4fce-94b4-512f2a574f18@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">4.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Types of Tissues \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"4-1-types-of-tissues"},{"id":"a16a9513-1ac9-495d-9096-bb8b31905a44@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">4.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Epithelial Tissue \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"4-2-epithelial-tissue"},{"id":"fe382569-de99-4d07-a334-757fb577e488@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">4.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Connective Tissue Supports and Protects \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"4-3-connective-tissue-supports-and-protects"},{"id":"c069e467-4f69-4a18-a0fa-3019c619fcb4@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">4.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Muscle Tissue and Motion \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"4-4-muscle-tissue-and-motion"},{"id":"9e163641-a85d-473c-9e27-68357a60d47e@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">4.5\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"4-5-nervous-tissue-mediates-perception-and-response"},{"id":"364be9f4-198b-4141-af4d-f6f1e2e7451f@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">4.6\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Tissue Injury and Aging \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"4-6-tissue-injury-and-aging"},{"id":"2e261887-f534-57fe-b895-46ff27c04661@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"4-key-terms"},{"id":"eb014b39-94d0-57e5-9f68-1dff7784e60c@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"4-chapter-review"},{"id":"8f4af5c4-ca7c-5a8c-a00e-5b725d39d457@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Interactive Link Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"4-interactive-link-questions"},{"id":"237c8db2-1b14-59ff-88d0-77bde1ada12d@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"4-review-questions"},{"id":"ca59bc19-fda2-5252-b267-c91c14590b0e@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"4-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"4-the-tissue-level-of-organization"}],"slug":"1-levels-of-organization"},{"id":"f98a5884-b598-5578-8fd4-e5d1eb5b2b68@ccce780","title":"\n \n \u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Support and Movement\u003c/span>","toc_type":"unit","contents":[{"id":"728daf6c-9cd1-5a56-a4fb-6e90ee2b6cc8@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">5\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">The Integumentary System\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"d4ba1edb-466a-4e1e-89c6-2f4e3808d015@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"5-introduction"},{"id":"471cb008-6900-476c-8a65-539fdc592b75@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">5.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Layers of the Skin \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"5-1-layers-of-the-skin"},{"id":"d04891a4-ef83-498a-a15b-ba1aabfe8beb@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">5.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Accessory Structures of the Skin \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"5-2-accessory-structures-of-the-skin"},{"id":"e6ad3f38-d07d-4798-b8bf-e160871246b6@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">5.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Functions of the Integumentary System \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"5-3-functions-of-the-integumentary-system"},{"id":"087cf343-a55f-4fdd-b745-931c2d01cec7@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">5.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"5-4-diseases-disorders-and-injuries-of-the-integumentary-system"},{"id":"8449efe4-5d87-52f4-a944-a84e0d11d4ea@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"5-key-terms"},{"id":"85588e90-e749-582e-aeec-0432241ac62e@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"5-chapter-review"},{"id":"de15fa9a-7d43-5963-a32a-e9bc49f7e2df@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Interactive Link Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"5-interactive-link-questions"},{"id":"28935245-dedf-5b0d-88f3-6e99764ed6f8@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"5-review-questions"},{"id":"4b848008-d696-5a95-8203-4e7ed8ecdfbd@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"5-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"5-the-integumentary-system"},{"id":"024eeb51-a9ae-592b-b4d6-d06d6e8beea9@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">6\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"316c6c40-bc30-4ad1-863a-e0ddec74b94d@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"6-introduction"},{"id":"48d80d4f-3c79-411f-b2d8-f98504979f32@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">6.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Functions of the Skeletal System \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"6-1-the-functions-of-the-skeletal-system"},{"id":"f31ed894-b1ee-470d-9adb-7cf69966a03d@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">6.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Bone Classification \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"6-2-bone-classification"},{"id":"9306de62-3f52-46f8-ab1a-94263c480eda@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">6.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Bone Structure \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"6-3-bone-structure"},{"id":"b601e5c1-0c20-449c-a324-a0f5ad55eb96@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">6.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Bone Formation and Development \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"6-4-bone-formation-and-development"},{"id":"9e8ef85c-433b-471e-b0e2-9fe036e2d8cd@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">6.5\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Fractures: Bone Repair \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"6-5-fractures-bone-repair"},{"id":"83ebec07-6636-49f5-b77c-eaf419b6431c@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">6.6\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"6-6-exercise-nutrition-hormones-and-bone-tissue"},{"id":"4a2d7732-7817-4883-ba32-3a4b9c0dd8a5@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">6.7\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"6-7-calcium-homeostasis-interactions-of-the-skeletal-system-and-other-organ-systems"},{"id":"8c013766-9030-5466-9f5f-ed3114c231e0@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"6-key-terms"},{"id":"891f3938-23fe-50f8-8c02-06c5767a8591@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"6-chapter-review"},{"id":"d431af47-33a1-582b-976b-1ff1330ff99b@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"6-review-questions"},{"id":"a015880f-d13e-55c4-adfb-cb950dcca2ba@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"6-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"6-bone-tissue-and-the-skeletal-system"},{"id":"de1e21a4-9963-53b4-b256-749bbbb2445f@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">7\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">Axial Skeleton\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"bd5c53a2-edd5-42c4-97d1-d24c630edc59@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"7-introduction"},{"id":"3d4e4991-1e5b-4700-9c46-1a9ab4143bc2@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">7.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Divisions of the Skeletal System \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"7-1-divisions-of-the-skeletal-system"},{"id":"d70fa6d3-5301-4364-9060-72d7073c2e97@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">7.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Skull \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"7-2-the-skull"},{"id":"e0231e7f-70fd-426d-87e5-574ce51411cb@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">7.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Vertebral Column \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"7-3-the-vertebral-column"},{"id":"8a707ae2-5d8a-4b82-931d-994f23bdbfb9@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">7.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Thoracic Cage \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"7-4-the-thoracic-cage"},{"id":"bdf533f7-5f77-4819-a75d-1a8371dcbda6@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">7.5\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"7-5-embryonic-development-of-the-axial-skeleton"},{"id":"9d08081c-69c6-595d-b281-307e93d5d8a7@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"7-key-terms"},{"id":"65d60aa5-20eb-598d-855c-1ecf2ca78034@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"7-chapter-review"},{"id":"f6e6a0b2-677d-5b85-bb3c-f2af67b69ccb@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Interactive Link Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"7-interactive-link-questions"},{"id":"45fe748e-af72-568c-a1a2-eecfbf386c98@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"7-review-questions"},{"id":"187342a5-1e92-5ed8-bd72-7239c120bbd6@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"7-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"7-axial-skeleton"},{"id":"3d503139-b62e-5e4d-baf7-679ba489b498@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">8\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">The Appendicular Skeleton\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"99ad5172-c6b9-479b-ae01-7903d5ad571a@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"8-introduction"},{"id":"6bbff60e-f9cf-45a1-907b-0c2cecd0cd19@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">8.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Pectoral Girdle \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"8-1-the-pectoral-girdle"},{"id":"1d8b188e-49a6-445b-9f5c-0ac6e52c3286@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">8.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Bones of the Upper Limb \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"8-2-bones-of-the-upper-limb"},{"id":"53a1e895-7e9c-4246-b0e9-77c97a2d4825@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">8.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"8-3-the-pelvic-girdle-and-pelvis"},{"id":"738a2420-a409-4190-89d1-2d89d4496a4b@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">8.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Bones of the Lower Limb \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"8-4-bones-of-the-lower-limb"},{"id":"db6a8313-604d-4bf6-a0a4-b3e433c0d514@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">8.5\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Development of the Appendicular Skeleton \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"8-5-development-of-the-appendicular-skeleton"},{"id":"4e9f57bc-947b-53d2-983b-c365560d197e@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"8-key-terms"},{"id":"24f8e990-dbe3-5da5-bffb-c9a1f8008908@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"8-chapter-review"},{"id":"f2b88c7a-6303-5b04-b384-3ffbc346a4c3@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Interactive Link Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"8-interactive-link-questions"},{"id":"3a0fb4c4-69d2-500f-8a39-1c8c33056e52@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"8-review-questions"},{"id":"4eca3255-5f22-5e00-b8f0-3fba7878e72d@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"8-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"8-the-appendicular-skeleton"},{"id":"11670f71-35b4-50ec-96d8-fc24471d9d92@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">9\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">Joints\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"9dd6e90d-5ca5-453c-83ef-280e2c8d3b55@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"9-introduction"},{"id":"dfedbd1c-1068-4dc1-abbc-cf6956cb20a4@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">9.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Classification of Joints \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"9-1-classification-of-joints"},{"id":"edcb337f-44b2-4749-9e35-104fdb0c53d1@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">9.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Fibrous Joints \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"9-2-fibrous-joints"},{"id":"98ad6c26-7214-4875-af25-6c108fc54b92@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">9.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Cartilaginous Joints \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"9-3-cartilaginous-joints"},{"id":"6c5b58ca-6c6d-4ab3-8b41-60c8733a3144@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">9.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Synovial Joints \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"9-4-synovial-joints"},{"id":"a829ec63-2bac-4a7c-aaf4-87a10e71c27f@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">9.5\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Types of Body Movements \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"9-5-types-of-body-movements"},{"id":"4770f844-6eb0-40bf-96c1-888459ce5219@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">9.6\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"9-6-anatomy-of-selected-synovial-joints"},{"id":"f9102199-b49c-4f82-a0bf-d6349c28e780@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">9.7\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Development of Joints \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"9-7-development-of-joints"},{"id":"5d846e12-aa4b-5e7f-bbf0-acc974b0d50a@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"9-key-terms"},{"id":"54030407-5f40-5b19-a629-161864595094@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"9-chapter-review"},{"id":"69c4cb51-2810-5aa8-ab10-bd390e657884@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Interactive Link Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"9-interactive-link-questions"},{"id":"ab40c8b9-4d22-5b02-a343-8815259e0596@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"9-review-questions"},{"id":"576dd12f-dff1-5b7f-97c6-b9703bfeae8c@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"9-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"9-joints"},{"id":"d523c93e-1750-5d8d-ae8a-45fb5bf81020@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">10\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">Muscle Tissue\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"b0a57f14-b80f-415a-986a-1eda4e8fc9ba@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"10-introduction"},{"id":"2313ad72-7d31-4cff-9d60-f6ab7db6605a@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">10.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Overview of Muscle Tissues \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"10-1-overview-of-muscle-tissues"},{"id":"6df8aab3-1741-4016-b5a9-ac51b52fade0@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">10.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Skeletal Muscle \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"10-2-skeletal-muscle"},{"id":"12d59670-933e-45cf-b4b6-c29f2dde2847@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">10.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"10-3-muscle-fiber-contraction-and-relaxation"},{"id":"01d9bb5d-c4db-4393-8f6f-0d4a132fe7d1@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">10.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"10-4-nervous-system-control-of-muscle-tension"},{"id":"7b0d1b7e-d03e-4e00-b83a-bde3b260b2be@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">10.5\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Types of Muscle Fibers \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"10-5-types-of-muscle-fibers"},{"id":"cde0d23e-62b4-42df-8b13-0931992a7296@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">10.6\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Exercise and Muscle Performance \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"10-6-exercise-and-muscle-performance"},{"id":"8109c458-4598-464f-b393-506247dfe81d@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">10.7\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Cardiac Muscle Tissue \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"10-7-cardiac-muscle-tissue"},{"id":"2ddb0eed-60ee-4cb6-a4d3-f456d9895b7e@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">10.8\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Smooth Muscle \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"10-8-smooth-muscle"},{"id":"8b4feaba-4c3c-470c-92b3-6ee0d60e4d1a@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">10.9\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"10-9-development-and-regeneration-of-muscle-tissue"},{"id":"1dac5c84-d8cc-5d3b-9ed8-2a1e4d1efda6@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"10-key-terms"},{"id":"fd753c06-16c6-5180-ba5b-f5128ec076fb@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"10-chapter-review"},{"id":"0b87109a-f835-5e28-ac7e-4ac451e7746c@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Interactive Link Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"10-interactive-link-questions"},{"id":"545f22b2-3cf0-569a-b48b-ea874a80f1c8@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"10-review-questions"},{"id":"8d167386-b262-5536-bfbb-cec21e2ae8e5@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"10-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"10-muscle-tissue"},{"id":"c16b61e8-9aa5-5155-a7f6-86ccee762ff1@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">11\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">The Muscular System\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"3a9d64a6-f132-456f-9128-f39210180aa1@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"11-introduction"},{"id":"994d37cf-24cc-45b5-9683-851444fab8f3@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">11.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"11-1-interactions-of-skeletal-muscles-their-fascicle-arrangement-and-their-lever-systems"},{"id":"14be838f-4105-4057-b97d-155f592a6e3c@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">11.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Naming Skeletal Muscles \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"11-2-naming-skeletal-muscles"},{"id":"ff1ab679-4c9d-4b8f-9792-6da5fdba00d3@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">11.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"11-3-axial-muscles-of-the-head-neck-and-back"},{"id":"6f7606e8-f229-46a7-9ff2-aceb7f0179a3@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">11.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"11-4-axial-muscles-of-the-abdominal-wall-and-thorax"},{"id":"a8eab9b7-7273-4a46-8c15-3dca136d069c@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">11.5\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"11-5-muscles-of-the-pectoral-girdle-and-upper-limbs"},{"id":"cbdfe00f-2ef8-4348-9111-9fd4ba7a02c5@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">11.6\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"11-6-appendicular-muscles-of-the-pelvic-girdle-and-lower-limbs"},{"id":"878fea43-a1af-54b6-8149-72ba2d90d43f@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"11-key-terms"},{"id":"736b5f3d-4223-5dc8-b21b-46b6127beb37@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"11-chapter-review"},{"id":"0ef348d4-7239-56af-bff6-ee9007c09ce6@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"11-review-questions"},{"id":"d1baae58-f4a1-58ed-a1b0-061a4f843745@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"11-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"11-the-muscular-system"}],"slug":"2-support-and-movement"},{"id":"7ff61b06-53bd-5615-8df3-d154d6473fa1@ccce780","title":"\n \n \u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Regulation, Integration, and Control\u003c/span>","toc_type":"unit","contents":[{"id":"c9070b02-b664-54a1-8c92-8d180d508352@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">12\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"56a25b8f-f840-4c84-824a-e45f48e33369@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"12-introduction"},{"id":"c84b36a7-c47f-458f-a5f3-47651fc91050@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">12.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"12-1-basic-structure-and-function-of-the-nervous-system"},{"id":"998a19bd-2f69-482b-9378-d5def5f45584@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">12.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Nervous Tissue \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"12-2-nervous-tissue"},{"id":"606c718b-c8b9-4091-b202-0a563fcc423c@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">12.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Function of Nervous Tissue \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"12-3-the-function-of-nervous-tissue"},{"id":"401af334-2930-4731-ba9a-14a346326e63@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">12.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Action Potential \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"12-4-the-action-potential"},{"id":"a7be2faf-a3d9-4a42-ad6d-20ebfdf0f2ed@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">12.5\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Communication Between Neurons \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"12-5-communication-between-neurons"},{"id":"62af7f73-e645-5cda-8586-9c48af4dfc2f@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"12-key-terms"},{"id":"8be1c529-2de3-58c3-85d5-8a2f41d33e31@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"12-chapter-review"},{"id":"c2eafbb9-a7af-50f4-b625-be6f63ae6bc3@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Interactive Link Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"12-interactive-link-questions"},{"id":"905fe0ee-b689-5318-9d5c-61d38c819385@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"12-review-questions"},{"id":"14f3542f-1d66-5eb4-bfe6-b55c3b23657a@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"12-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"12-the-nervous-system-and-nervous-tissue"},{"id":"192ef178-9e24-5105-8818-9c3e69dfb521@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">13\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">Anatomy of the Nervous System\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"e2a32b3d-cf2c-4ae2-a234-b17a23e0c172@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"13-introduction"},{"id":"b037bde2-ea37-43a5-9102-8d4fcbc623d1@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">13.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Embryologic Perspective \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"13-1-the-embryologic-perspective"},{"id":"f7896ff3-01c7-48a4-b085-61928696b2db@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">13.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Central Nervous System \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"13-2-the-central-nervous-system"},{"id":"0dc079ae-335c-42e8-90ef-a3744fc5d4a9@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">13.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Circulation and the Central Nervous System \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"13-3-circulation-and-the-central-nervous-system"},{"id":"e5012e2b-8f3f-4600-a061-b44e3d930f49@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">13.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Peripheral Nervous System \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"13-4-the-peripheral-nervous-system"},{"id":"5bfe1d02-240c-5db8-8d2a-3a81849f159b@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"13-key-terms"},{"id":"de0a7ab0-9b22-579c-8713-c5be60fd152d@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"13-chapter-review"},{"id":"9079c764-a42d-5785-97c5-0f8ad8d2c47f@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Interactive Link Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"13-interactive-link-questions"},{"id":"b89e2878-1425-5e49-aef5-28fbcfeb9d9b@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"13-review-questions"},{"id":"5067ec3a-1217-52d4-8bec-ea42e0153f20@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"13-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"13-anatomy-of-the-nervous-system"},{"id":"03355b47-6df7-5a5f-a3a2-93c7a793dfbe@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">14\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">The Somatic Nervous System\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"21ccc413-4bf6-4348-b2d1-880bfbf9cdbf@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"14-introduction"},{"id":"b375ea7d-22d5-4f47-b10a-41dd93637896@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">14.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Sensory Perception \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"14-1-sensory-perception"},{"id":"29cade27-ba23-4f4a-8cbd-128e72420f31@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">14.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Central Processing \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"14-2-central-processing"},{"id":"f3f61efa-f437-4786-a77c-274772f91a39@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">14.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Motor Responses \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"14-3-motor-responses"},{"id":"6f17f02f-c1d0-58c9-9884-170a45b9ea05@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"14-key-terms"},{"id":"97adff5e-2c7d-5ab4-89d2-4cd695a57914@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"14-chapter-review"},{"id":"c2a94e7e-c9c5-5cb0-83ba-fcdadb00797d@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Interactive Link Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"14-interactive-link-questions"},{"id":"adb9e446-22fa-5afc-8fe2-4f77e7ca0740@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"14-review-questions"},{"id":"77826014-3ac0-5a16-809d-df99e00b0604@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"14-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"14-the-somatic-nervous-system"},{"id":"5f808e23-bde3-5a99-8699-57be73feee02@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">15\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">The Autonomic Nervous System\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"999b7be2-9759-4fcf-9671-cb47d11a51df@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"15-introduction"},{"id":"910b6c98-e14e-49ab-95af-e9e2222f994b@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">15.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"15-1-divisions-of-the-autonomic-nervous-system"},{"id":"0bae7483-e6a1-47eb-8571-723ea8ed4131@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">15.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"15-2-autonomic-reflexes-and-homeostasis"},{"id":"791a77b2-e40a-4702-b949-51b2526279b1@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">15.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Central Control \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"15-3-central-control"},{"id":"50a47698-ef12-448b-a886-0766f478c0d1@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">15.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"15-4-drugs-that-affect-the-autonomic-system"},{"id":"218d5953-0de7-54ac-b7d5-34c3d10fac94@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"15-key-terms"},{"id":"13c6ad19-504d-5e01-b1b1-f7e494fcf761@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"15-chapter-review"},{"id":"be425819-4788-5ba2-ab6f-ac1f8c281ad7@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Interactive Link Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"15-interactive-link-questions"},{"id":"111aa23f-50af-57f9-a66f-b88257fb1b8c@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"15-review-questions"},{"id":"e25e5433-e774-540a-8e39-4193565d95c3@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"15-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"15-the-autonomic-nervous-system"},{"id":"19f743e0-76b8-5c62-974b-e6942b794ed8@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">16\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">The Neurological Exam\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"1f950932-7709-4c1c-b067-37bf6e45dcb0@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"16-introduction"},{"id":"59b3e21b-ec02-4fbb-834f-f34175b7d690@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">16.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Overview of the Neurological Exam \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"16-1-overview-of-the-neurological-exam"},{"id":"196eacd1-99a2-49db-ba26-ca2f7660a2a5@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">16.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Mental Status Exam \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"16-2-the-mental-status-exam"},{"id":"c25ddddd-be35-4a04-9423-59652b26e707@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">16.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Cranial Nerve Exam \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"16-3-the-cranial-nerve-exam"},{"id":"dabd35da-7b64-47d9-87ef-cbc63b6013a6@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">16.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Sensory and Motor Exams \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"16-4-the-sensory-and-motor-exams"},{"id":"fee32ae5-d90a-4fac-b05d-69ce572b94dd@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">16.5\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Coordination and Gait Exams \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"16-5-the-coordination-and-gait-exams"},{"id":"43901fef-10e9-5dd4-b7f6-08c7e3729d6b@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"16-key-terms"},{"id":"641401af-03ca-5ee9-b14b-961dec70c7f5@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"16-chapter-review"},{"id":"4b0b3180-ee11-5d2c-8c3e-75ecff3144e9@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Interactive Link Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"16-interactive-link-questions"},{"id":"6cf6953f-97ce-531a-895a-a674c30a656d@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"16-review-questions"},{"id":"bc9cd1f9-12ac-5f95-967f-7aeeff9143eb@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"16-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"16-the-neurological-exam"},{"id":"d252b489-cb88-582b-92c8-690aff647f6b@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">17\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">The Endocrine System\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"74a4f492-5770-4f10-8b56-db59df550c5a@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"17-introduction"},{"id":"e250c2d0-97c5-4ec2-88fd-20207d1acdde@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">17.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">An Overview of the Endocrine System \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"17-1-an-overview-of-the-endocrine-system"},{"id":"093ae45b-1c94-42d2-868d-1e50e7895155@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">17.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Hormones \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"17-2-hormones"},{"id":"220a804e-2280-4c55-adbc-7a34d4810839@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">17.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"17-3-the-pituitary-gland-and-hypothalamus"},{"id":"6218af68-bd2e-4934-9d00-137fb8384dfb@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">17.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Thyroid Gland \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"17-4-the-thyroid-gland"},{"id":"77840296-c962-4f13-a9c6-d9927605fcf4@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">17.5\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Parathyroid Glands \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"17-5-the-parathyroid-glands"},{"id":"91a5f6cb-65d9-441e-b08d-eb2cb4c4cc91@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">17.6\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Adrenal Glands \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"17-6-the-adrenal-glands"},{"id":"80559b95-ffbd-4060-9692-be435e1c8b87@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">17.7\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Pineal Gland \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"17-7-the-pineal-gland"},{"id":"4716c11b-0e85-4670-8714-69a4ff2c9eb3@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">17.8\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Gonadal and Placental Hormones \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"17-8-gonadal-and-placental-hormones"},{"id":"93048ca2-ed02-4cf8-a310-8a8474fc1b21@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">17.9\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Endocrine Pancreas \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"17-9-the-endocrine-pancreas"},{"id":"f55249e0-1a97-4f8c-8427-64ab810e8168@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">17.10\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"17-10-organs-with-secondary-endocrine-functions"},{"id":"6828ab03-aa06-412e-9690-0e092309ae8f@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">17.11\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Development and Aging of the Endocrine System \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"17-11-development-and-aging-of-the-endocrine-system"},{"id":"0d7150c4-79f8-555d-9d5b-0b6eab0c2df2@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"17-key-terms"},{"id":"00c3ff7d-d2da-5fe8-a080-0b1248c4d504@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"17-chapter-review"},{"id":"aaffa216-51e3-5f75-8ee9-66edb8f3ed05@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Interactive Link Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"17-interactive-link-questions"},{"id":"d3af01b4-a19a-5bec-945e-d27ba86e36b9@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"17-review-questions"},{"id":"4a34e0fe-4f6f-578d-8c50-31f220543aa9@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"17-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"17-the-endocrine-system"}],"slug":"3-regulation-integration-and-control"},{"id":"a3cd1524-3713-5a18-b800-f8c79d9aed00@ccce780","title":"\n \n \u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Fluids and Transport\u003c/span>","toc_type":"unit","contents":[{"id":"9f1e6e97-2cca-511f-8424-4b8a425f6e7c@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">18\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">The Cardiovascular System: Blood\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"5c2fc104-e319-47cc-9040-246115727121@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"18-introduction"},{"id":"214ac474-5c9f-4f0b-b979-ff6fd79cb1af@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">18.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">An Overview of Blood \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"18-1-an-overview-of-blood"},{"id":"019f4238-3211-49d3-8a7f-55a57e8ddca4@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">18.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Production of the Formed Elements \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"18-2-production-of-the-formed-elements"},{"id":"f52adcc4-7ee4-477a-b9ee-a23c765587c9@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">18.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Erythrocytes \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"18-3-erythrocytes"},{"id":"df109c81-f215-4a89-b366-98aba0123289@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">18.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Leukocytes and Platelets \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"18-4-leukocytes-and-platelets"},{"id":"405358a7-d9b4-45ed-b95d-d237519f3fe6@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">18.5\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Hemostasis \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"18-5-hemostasis"},{"id":"9da7a518-da0d-4e20-98e2-cf76482fc6f0@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">18.6\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Blood Typing \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"18-6-blood-typing"},{"id":"ba3675af-1a3c-5545-afe4-dd75c906d203@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"18-key-terms"},{"id":"90b093de-7ccc-56ae-b9fb-25632c362340@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"18-chapter-review"},{"id":"02c6973d-8708-54b1-bedf-7268f1798698@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Interactive Link Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"18-interactive-link-questions"},{"id":"cee770c8-adf9-5ff8-b7b7-97d07beed64f@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"18-review-questions"},{"id":"62e9b717-1c6a-5e5b-b407-206d2b101286@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"18-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"18-the-cardiovascular-system-blood"},{"id":"12811401-dbdf-5389-9f2a-66896e1e1bbd@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">19\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">The Cardiovascular System: The Heart\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"152d51bf-1fbb-4daf-ab3a-441bad848e54@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"19-introduction"},{"id":"6394ffc1-5482-4aa6-9233-23ad34848fa0@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">19.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Heart Anatomy \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"19-1-heart-anatomy"},{"id":"302812e9-2d2d-4e44-8075-4bb75db53f36@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">19.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"19-2-cardiac-muscle-and-electrical-activity"},{"id":"22c3f969-ab9d-4df0-8baf-5b1a99372fac@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">19.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Cardiac Cycle \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"19-3-cardiac-cycle"},{"id":"49351638-09b0-4ab1-85cd-e62ba09ffccb@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">19.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Cardiac Physiology \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"19-4-cardiac-physiology"},{"id":"1b1b4368-fa60-4837-883f-c8787424f0b1@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">19.5\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Development of the Heart \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"19-5-development-of-the-heart"},{"id":"af5ad208-405f-53e0-be10-b1ec5ff91a80@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"19-key-terms"},{"id":"4e64c49b-ce26-55bc-ada1-4fd190b9e267@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"19-chapter-review"},{"id":"6c9db66c-d1da-55cc-acbd-25ae191170df@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Interactive Link Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"19-interactive-link-questions"},{"id":"0b7161b0-311c-59ad-8cb5-53dfc74e15f2@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"19-review-questions"},{"id":"d313d453-587c-5135-8c28-762fcea76240@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"19-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"19-the-cardiovascular-system-the-heart"},{"id":"a3d4849f-6d03-5f93-a0fa-a5621a2974ca@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">20\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"f7d4aab2-5251-47be-be95-b2224dd12748@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"20-introduction"},{"id":"58db2cce-b3d9-4904-9049-80a6cd89264b@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">20.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Structure and Function of Blood Vessels \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"20-1-structure-and-function-of-blood-vessels"},{"id":"03841c4c-9e9a-4822-95b2-12273c843a4e@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">20.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"20-2-blood-flow-blood-pressure-and-resistance"},{"id":"797b2238-a9ed-4012-b9af-ce0a25172732@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">20.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Capillary Exchange \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"20-3-capillary-exchange"},{"id":"5f4c74cd-b9f4-432c-b12b-24b7f1474a4f@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">20.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"20-4-homeostatic-regulation-of-the-vascular-system"},{"id":"1aa6075b-8678-43f0-891d-cff6252fb2eb@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">20.5\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Circulatory Pathways \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"20-5-circulatory-pathways"},{"id":"31c4ebff-288e-4f63-af7a-fda9be8a2b3c@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">20.6\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"20-6-development-of-blood-vessels-and-fetal-circulation"},{"id":"962cfa92-6b17-5b62-8ad4-138faa6bce16@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"20-key-terms"},{"id":"09b85f9c-880a-59be-b8c8-b8f059214937@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"20-chapter-review"},{"id":"8581ba82-4794-5897-991a-6337d4a0d5b2@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Interactive Link Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"20-interactive-link-questions"},{"id":"93f27999-ab23-5791-bd11-74da68a7b005@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"20-review-questions"},{"id":"07699305-78b7-56c7-a753-3c58293d2f72@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"20-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"20-the-cardiovascular-system-blood-vessels-and-circulation"},{"id":"544b13b0-2346-5233-9eec-6455c071edc1@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">21\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">The Lymphatic and Immune System\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"96cb4022-ce26-4698-8964-34ce4aea0f30@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"21-introduction"},{"id":"c446645d-d9bc-462d-9e33-8ebd950801ec@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">21.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"21-1-anatomy-of-the-lymphatic-and-immune-systems"},{"id":"3348aa20-102d-4f0b-8e88-5924757ac46d@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">21.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"21-2-barrier-defenses-and-the-innate-immune-response"},{"id":"9e1ab8e9-3150-4c2a-b466-2c4763df2afe@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">21.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"21-3-the-adaptive-immune-response-t-lymphocytes-and-their-functional-types"},{"id":"018e7fef-252c-44f3-8918-eaa58b977963@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">21.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"21-4-the-adaptive-immune-response-b-lymphocytes-and-antibodies"},{"id":"bcad1027-425a-4419-b0fc-9d445dfe425f@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">21.5\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Immune Response against Pathogens \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"21-5-the-immune-response-against-pathogens"},{"id":"66fe13f2-cc16-4533-ac35-bfd708a57cb4@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">21.6\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"21-6-diseases-associated-with-depressed-or-overactive-immune-responses"},{"id":"a5e05827-2e27-4659-852b-8bb4f7eba36b@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">21.7\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Transplantation and Cancer Immunology \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"21-7-transplantation-and-cancer-immunology"},{"id":"c9ccae4c-2f04-575b-a2ae-4b6d7ebed0f3@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"21-key-terms"},{"id":"da62c854-4640-5f9e-ae52-28331e2b6a02@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"21-chapter-review"},{"id":"b41e05dc-b7d7-5c5c-b521-c9636693c43a@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Interactive Link Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"21-interactive-link-questions"},{"id":"69031abf-a1ed-5136-8d8b-ed07f5d7d66b@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"21-review-questions"},{"id":"20958a76-d7e9-5139-b72f-14031bce4bc7@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"21-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"21-the-lymphatic-and-immune-system"}],"slug":"4-fluids-and-transport"},{"id":"ef00c82e-181f-58c0-a877-01bf95ed4ff5@ccce780","title":"\n \n \u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange\u003c/span>","toc_type":"unit","contents":[{"id":"5dfc6079-aa61-54b0-852e-03652718d6fb@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">22\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">The Respiratory System\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"189aeaaa-c442-44a2-8c8b-dd51b0608917@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"22-introduction"},{"id":"b76b2090-243e-429a-8144-2e45bda6ab75@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">22.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"22-1-organs-and-structures-of-the-respiratory-system"},{"id":"b9d25fb9-1fc4-4e4d-8100-e3604ce9a657@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">22.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Lungs \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"22-2-the-lungs"},{"id":"bbaedbf4-4d78-4b7c-bc94-2a742f0f2f8c@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">22.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Process of Breathing \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"22-3-the-process-of-breathing"},{"id":"98519dc2-a601-4193-a1e9-844a560771a4@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">22.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Gas Exchange \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"22-4-gas-exchange"},{"id":"decfd7ca-eb64-49fc-a319-cf341109fc2e@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">22.5\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Transport of Gases \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"22-5-transport-of-gases"},{"id":"11673dd9-55e6-46d9-8b78-b06df85246bd@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">22.6\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Modifications in Respiratory Functions \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"22-6-modifications-in-respiratory-functions"},{"id":"65bbf29b-b710-49fa-aab3-d89137a61a0f@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">22.7\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"22-7-embryonic-development-of-the-respiratory-system"},{"id":"de125a32-cd7a-53dc-a85c-bbe7a93c0036@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"22-key-terms"},{"id":"a986ecce-d596-58b5-b581-ca473ab8c9e9@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"22-chapter-review"},{"id":"690045ab-1415-531f-88aa-8899fefe63b8@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Interactive Link Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"22-interactive-link-questions"},{"id":"3858c555-c42d-5e49-afb8-ff73454c2a16@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"22-review-questions"},{"id":"03a9019d-6624-5b6b-adc4-b456a4e883a0@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"22-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"22-the-respiratory-system"},{"id":"b136bc2a-899b-51f9-9169-9838574aaead@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">23\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">The Digestive System\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"97b0354a-be81-4553-90a7-e2d908fadaf1@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"23-introduction"},{"id":"94fbc1ca-dcaa-47ad-94be-2cfeb168c347@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">23.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Overview of the Digestive System \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"23-1-overview-of-the-digestive-system"},{"id":"afe83b13-0c1c-4d09-aa0b-4a0590580358@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">23.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Digestive System Processes and Regulation \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"23-2-digestive-system-processes-and-regulation"},{"id":"1d9a6ef2-644a-4268-8c39-176170df2c42@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">23.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"23-3-the-mouth-pharynx-and-esophagus"},{"id":"3bd76f0b-1510-44f7-bf4f-54b7a7fa7452@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">23.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Stomach \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"23-4-the-stomach"},{"id":"430d8e5a-f699-4949-9849-5b4ca1125fa2@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">23.5\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Small and Large Intestines \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"23-5-the-small-and-large-intestines"},{"id":"7ac81fac-f96f-438b-8a3b-a6866fcc4969@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">23.6\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"23-6-accessory-organs-in-digestion-the-liver-pancreas-and-gallbladder"},{"id":"9a926b86-67d0-4dbe-b5fe-d94581825886@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">23.7\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"23-7-chemical-digestion-and-absorption-a-closer-look"},{"id":"11ceeea8-f16a-5023-ae17-f2af3c8e0a6b@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"23-key-terms"},{"id":"644fb144-da74-5db2-b197-d9c42d7e2ad5@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"23-chapter-review"},{"id":"f0884080-4db9-5e5e-a9de-09482f265295@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Interactive Link Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"23-interactive-link-questions"},{"id":"4103c9cf-3a84-5c2b-8615-d54e4f7be269@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"23-review-questions"},{"id":"65f4161a-764c-5d8f-b0ac-7bede5cb064e@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"23-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"23-the-digestive-system"},{"id":"3c6e11dd-ba7c-55f6-a109-08ddb2067e1d@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">24\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">Metabolism and Nutrition\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"392b3550-20c2-462f-b6d1-0c6240c259f7@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"24-introduction"},{"id":"c09b7e1a-3fca-4385-aa21-3431e25ebe47@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">24.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Overview of Metabolic Reactions \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"24-1-overview-of-metabolic-reactions"},{"id":"9d68abf9-4c2e-4ef7-88d1-c963c5c844b9@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">24.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Carbohydrate Metabolism \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"24-2-carbohydrate-metabolism"},{"id":"5e51a5ed-f4ba-45a4-88b7-ab8ec502d5a1@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">24.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Lipid Metabolism \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"24-3-lipid-metabolism"},{"id":"cff35d86-b2aa-42f1-afd5-bcad803a6ade@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">24.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Protein Metabolism \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"24-4-protein-metabolism"},{"id":"b22867da-fb2e-45fa-9282-320155b8304a@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">24.5\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Metabolic States of the Body \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"24-5-metabolic-states-of-the-body"},{"id":"c7dbe5f8-d65c-44c1-8a2b-c0cd06b2ebc5@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">24.6\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Energy and Heat Balance \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"24-6-energy-and-heat-balance"},{"id":"f8d795ab-77e9-45cd-a1bd-c4dddb7e6b8b@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">24.7\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Nutrition and Diet \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"24-7-nutrition-and-diet"},{"id":"3db5d0bf-4d11-59c9-b265-99bbfabfc352@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"24-key-terms"},{"id":"627a412e-2b9f-5929-973c-6d33d8ff7617@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"24-chapter-review"},{"id":"f011449d-c37f-5c36-a49c-0bcbeb109d9a@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"24-review-questions"},{"id":"14fb3c85-d99f-50a1-9843-21dbfbb5649b@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"24-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"24-metabolism-and-nutrition"},{"id":"49335b47-f59b-5892-9f05-7f4ae2c7b8f1@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">25\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">The Urinary System\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"439861ef-145e-44e0-8d4a-9b122897575c@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"25-introduction"},{"id":"f01808b8-5784-470e-a451-f1c96a109bd1@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">25.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Physical Characteristics of Urine \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"25-1-physical-characteristics-of-urine"},{"id":"41e169f3-d147-4074-bf7e-788a2ae28caf@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">25.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"25-2-gross-anatomy-of-urine-transport"},{"id":"ee5f4420-7ba2-44d6-86f1-85ff5a0e4ada@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">25.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Gross Anatomy of the Kidney \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"25-3-gross-anatomy-of-the-kidney"},{"id":"5c9bdf05-dd60-4769-a25a-e2958ff4c7a1@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">25.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"25-4-microscopic-anatomy-of-the-kidney"},{"id":"ec43dac9-2850-402e-9a47-7f0fb16bcfb7@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">25.5\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Physiology of Urine Formation \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"25-5-physiology-of-urine-formation"},{"id":"f8201348-cb61-4874-9c86-074ef0fcb9b4@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">25.6\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Tubular Reabsorption \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"25-6-tubular-reabsorption"},{"id":"b8ebb2e5-7a01-46d3-9c16-f258683cd8ed@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">25.7\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Regulation of Renal Blood Flow \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"25-7-regulation-of-renal-blood-flow"},{"id":"d3100137-9cb1-41a9-b898-426d639a251c@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">25.8\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"25-8-endocrine-regulation-of-kidney-function"},{"id":"73ddacd9-89fe-4c8f-83af-299f1788e294@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">25.9\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"25-9-regulation-of-fluid-volume-and-composition"},{"id":"42de4ee5-b6d3-49e9-8c36-18ba1bbd15bc@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">25.10\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">The Urinary System and Homeostasis \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"25-10-the-urinary-system-and-homeostasis"},{"id":"67d14ea3-c016-588f-9271-3423b3563519@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"25-key-terms"},{"id":"53c5a3e5-703c-5034-94f6-f5bedc369622@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"25-chapter-review"},{"id":"0889d62d-48fa-521a-9c0c-ed1df6cf2934@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"25-review-questions"},{"id":"7171c04b-0e80-533e-95cc-9355e11e0ce9@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"25-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"25-the-urinary-system"},{"id":"ea1f9bc5-aba8-5d7c-a807-3be79b6bead4@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">26\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"60beeac6-fc38-429b-9b11-7470fde750ff@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"26-introduction"},{"id":"75987407-1137-404b-9a3c-00d115b2dff9@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">26.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"26-1-body-fluids-and-fluid-compartments"},{"id":"37f1cefd-4084-4c57-ae7e-fd26708c7acb@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">26.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Water Balance \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"26-2-water-balance"},{"id":"ca0c80ce-7586-419b-a890-6bdad12ec809@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">26.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Electrolyte Balance \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"26-3-electrolyte-balance"},{"id":"3960fe89-f680-46c1-a27d-96c7a84a3c85@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">26.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Acid-Base Balance \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"26-4-acid-base-balance"},{"id":"39570e34-df6e-41e7-875d-3d62f92be3c7@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">26.5\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Disorders of Acid-Base Balance \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"26-5-disorders-of-acid-base-balance"},{"id":"6efe61e7-a737-58fd-a725-11da991de733@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"26-key-terms"},{"id":"0cc67128-e86e-5345-af08-33b798556264@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"26-chapter-review"},{"id":"15714498-a7eb-5709-9ba1-f446f9183af7@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Interactive Link Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"26-interactive-link-questions"},{"id":"16a58ccd-840d-50d1-b9fa-a1e3860e93d5@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"26-review-questions"},{"id":"f48fcc04-39f8-5d20-9998-5681ac1b983c@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"26-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"26-fluid-electrolyte-and-acid-base-balance"}],"slug":"5-energy-maintenance-and-environmental-exchange"},{"id":"7aa4df3b-c212-5e37-a3cd-16da1251f6f8@ccce780","title":"\n \n \u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Human Development and the Continuity of Life\u003c/span>","toc_type":"unit","contents":[{"id":"4d209e57-940c-502d-b59c-130511575988@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">27\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">The Reproductive System\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"d8adccff-ec42-482f-b883-ce631474ed87@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"27-introduction"},{"id":"370d6d11-8e11-4b2b-8fa4-a70c14b0554b@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">27.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"27-1-anatomy-and-physiology-of-the-male-reproductive-system"},{"id":"9cccba49-6490-4e5b-a366-9991b7dbc56c@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">27.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"27-2-anatomy-and-physiology-of-the-female-reproductive-system"},{"id":"eac230d1-6af8-41d5-8b41-a1142f5f98d8@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">27.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"27-3-development-of-the-male-and-female-reproductive-systems"},{"id":"8d9d8c5a-349b-58af-9833-b1f1d113ff27@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"27-key-terms"},{"id":"347577c0-b0a8-58d9-b485-320cf3497a46@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"27-chapter-review"},{"id":"d0e3bcdf-48bc-58fb-84ce-a1b5773caf60@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Interactive Link Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"27-interactive-link-questions"},{"id":"e87c45db-8190-5565-aa4a-9bb7fd484ae9@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"27-review-questions"},{"id":"ed0f870f-daed-50fe-882a-223a6245c27f@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"27-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"27-the-reproductive-system"},{"id":"0245d38a-72a0-5a73-9cf1-323ca3b9b338@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">28\u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\n \u003cspan class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\">Development and Inheritance\u003c/span>","toc_type":"chapter","contents":[{"id":"eef20e12-c803-4736-b1e5-0fb7cb0de7c2@","title":"\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Introduction \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"intro","slug":"28-introduction"},{"id":"9a0f493d-ab54-4ebe-bf1d-5dc77cdc27c9@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">28.1\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Fertilization \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"28-1-fertilization"},{"id":"1704097d-1012-4798-8ef6-1598d73e7b15@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">28.2\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Embryonic Development \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"28-2-embryonic-development"},{"id":"29b65785-b2c5-4bec-9101-944f05f3c6af@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">28.3\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Fetal Development \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"28-3-fetal-development"},{"id":"f068080a-4376-4d88-a150-33e105a4cad8@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">28.4\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"28-4-maternal-changes-during-pregnancy-labor-and-birth"},{"id":"09104b1d-6773-42d4-82fa-872d72242250@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">28.5\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"28-5-adjustments-of-the-infant-at-birth-and-postnatal-stages"},{"id":"5d8588ef-331e-46d8-891e-a8bf32e87730@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">28.6\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Lactation \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"28-6-lactation"},{"id":"ee2dfa4c-b9c6-41ea-8be5-8d8117f4e9d3@","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-number\">28.7\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"os-divider\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan data-type=\"\" itemprop=\"\" class=\"os-text\">Patterns of Inheritance \u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"numbered-section","slug":"28-7-patterns-of-inheritance"},{"id":"71c84bce-72ec-57ca-ad74-1088da192bd7@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Key Terms\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"28-key-terms"},{"id":"041278ac-e321-5dcc-ba21-7d73937cf857@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Chapter Review\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"28-chapter-review"},{"id":"d41a0383-f809-577a-a016-7c08d69f6d82@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Interactive Link Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"28-interactive-link-questions"},{"id":"3f7fd045-5563-5530-add5-38cc68b6845e@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Review Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"28-review-questions"},{"id":"ddeaa0b5-852f-599f-8f6c-9889523d51d9@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Critical Thinking Questions\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"28-critical-thinking-questions"}],"slug":"28-development-and-inheritance"}],"slug":"6-human-development-and-the-continuity-of-life"},{"id":"be8cf726-95fa-5783-a71c-0815bdbf8726@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">References\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"composite-page","slug":"references"},{"id":"808e7285-11d0-51fe-94fb-1747bab95c65@ccce780","title":"\u003cspan class=\"os-text\">Index\u003c/span>","toc_type":"book-content","toc_target_type":"index","slug":"index"}],"slug":"anatomy-and-physiology"},"version":"ccce780","content_warning_text":null,"amazon_link":"https://buyprint.openstax.org/anatomy-and-physiology","polish_site_link":null,"authors":[{"type":"author","value":{"name":"William Blaker","university":"Furman University","country":"","senior_author":false,"display_at_top":false},"id":"1bc45ecb-ded1-4718-a587-e993c11dac67"},{"type":"author","value":{"name":"Julie Bowers","university":"East Tennessee State University","country":"","senior_author":false,"display_at_top":false},"id":"1cd2fac9-fa36-48d3-85e0-d89d4fe70cc1"},{"type":"author","value":{"name":"Matthew Barlow","university":"Eastern New Mexico University","country":"","senior_author":false,"display_at_top":false},"id":"493e9dde-a534-4dec-a978-46289a7cc15f"},{"type":"author","value":{"name":"Michael Hortsch","university":"University of 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Gordon Betts","university":"Tyler Junior College","country":"","senior_author":true,"display_at_top":true},"id":"c9d06fd3-919e-461b-88f6-87f26af91bc6"},{"type":"author","value":{"name":"Kathleen Tallman","university":"Azusa Pacific University","country":"","senior_author":false,"display_at_top":false},"id":"56138dff-901b-4aeb-92a7-1146ebcd3daa"},{"type":"author","value":{"name":"Boyd Campbell","university":"Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine and Health Sciences","country":"","senior_author":false,"display_at_top":false},"id":"69fbddef-6af6-4f5d-8167-a616d52f13e8"},{"type":"author","value":{"name":"Rohinton Tarapore","university":"University of Pennsylvania","country":"","senior_author":false,"display_at_top":false},"id":"acb7d39b-be0d-430e-b913-2860e271c999"},{"type":"author","value":{"name":"Branko Jablanovic","university":"College of Lake County","country":"","senior_author":false,"display_at_top":false},"id":"3e17530c-f9d3-4923-8972-9ad26871dc70"},{"type":"author","value":{"name":"Pamela Dobbins","university":"Shelton State Community College","country":"","senior_author":false,"display_at_top":false},"id":"de7eb1a4-ff71-4848-930a-b3e823ec732f"},{"type":"author","value":{"name":"Brian Shmaefsky","university":"Lone Star College System","country":"","senior_author":false,"display_at_top":false},"id":"10c2a526-e79b-47f6-b49f-c8dae4693723"},{"type":"author","value":{"name":"Barbara Christie-Pope","university":"Cornell College","country":"","senior_author":false,"display_at_top":false},"id":"44f8c5a4-48cf-4906-a3e9-3e9779bcf1cd"},{"type":"author","value":{"name":"Douglas Sizemore","university":"Bevill State Community College","country":"","senior_author":false,"display_at_top":false},"id":"42e584eb-59c2-4905-b744-ae809f14d5f8"},{"type":"author","value":{"name":"Maurice Culver","university":"Florida State College at Jacksonville","country":"","senior_author":false,"display_at_top":false},"id":"bf68d163-699d-4faf-9904-f2a10f857aa4"},{"type":"author","value":{"name":"Debra McLaughlin","university":"University of Maryland University College","country":"","senior_author":false,"display_at_top":false},"id":"e78d605d-49d3-48a7-b5e0-bd3a4339a31a"},{"type":"author","value":{"name":"Bruce Maring","university":"Daytona State College","country":"","senior_author":false,"display_at_top":false},"id":"e38ab819-a6eb-49ae-a2b0-403cda83f800"},{"type":"author","value":{"name":"Peter Dukehart","university":"Three Rivers Community College","country":"","senior_author":false,"display_at_top":false},"id":"68b34fdd-8717-4b41-8e10-a088ae791413"},{"type":"author","value":{"name":"Kelly A. 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