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Some of the best-known historical renditions of these events have focused mainly on the Nazi machinery of persecution and death, paying but scant attention to the wider society, to the wider European and world scene or\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=UhOOAwAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PP9\u0026vq=major\u0026dq=subject:%22History+/+Wars+%26+Conflicts+/+World+War+II+/+General%22"},{"page_id":"PP10","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e importance. Indeed, their voices are essential if we are to attain an understanding of this past.3 For it is their voices that reveal what was known and what could be known; theirs were the only voices that conveyed both the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=UhOOAwAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PP10\u0026vq=major\u0026dq=subject:%22History+/+Wars+%26+Conflicts+/+World+War+II+/+General%22"},{"page_id":"PP11","snippet_text":"1933-1939 Saul Friedlander. its \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e decisions the regime depended on Hitler . Especially with regard to the Jews , Hitler was driven by ideological obsessions that were anything but the calculated devices of a demagogue ; that is , he\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=UhOOAwAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PP11\u0026vq=major\u0026dq=subject:%22History+/+Wars+%26+Conflicts+/+World+War+II+/+General%22"},{"page_id":"PP12","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e changes; it also makes it possible to shift the narration within a stable chronological span. Such shifts result from the changes in perspective my approach demands, but they also stem from another choice: to juxtapose entirely\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=UhOOAwAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PP12\u0026vq=major\u0026dq=subject:%22History+/+Wars+%26+Conflicts+/+World+War+II+/+General%22"},{"page_id":"PP18","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e anti - Jewish measures the Nazis would take from then on in the various domains were not only acts of terror but also symbolic statements . This dual function expressed the pervasive presence of ideology within the system : Its\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=UhOOAwAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PP18\u0026vq=major\u0026dq=subject:%22History+/+Wars+%26+Conflicts+/+World+War+II+/+General%22"},{"page_id":"PP19","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e change ; all the other speakers kept to their announced subjects . Tramer\u0026#39;s speech “ made no impression . The entire audience considered it panic - mongering . There was no response . e . \u0026quot; 27 The board of the Central Association\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=UhOOAwAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PP19\u0026vq=major\u0026dq=subject:%22History+/+Wars+%26+Conflicts+/+World+War+II+/+General%22"},{"page_id":"PP24","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e stage of anti-Jewish policy up to and including the Kristallnacht pogrom of November 1938. In April 1933 they can be identified as members of the party\u0026#39;s various economic interest groups, but also among them were jurists like Hans\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=UhOOAwAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PP24\u0026vq=major\u0026dq=subject:%22History+/+Wars+%26+Conflicts+/+World+War+II+/+General%22"},{"page_id":"PP28","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e German banks and corporations toward anti - Jewish measures . First there were remnants of the past . Thus , in March 1933 , when Hans Luther was replaced by Schacht as president of the Reichsbank , three Jewish bankers still\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP29","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e corporations even retained the services of Jewish executives for years . But some precautions were taken . Thus , although most Jewish board members of the chemical industry giant I. G. Farben stayed on for a while , the closest\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP41","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e national-racial imperative? Economic thinking added its own logic: The social cost of maintaining mentally and physically handicapped individuals whose reproduction would only increase the burden was considered prohibitive. 149\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP42","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e test on a national scale of the attitude of the Christian churches toward the situation of the Jews under the new government. In historian Klaus Scholder\u0026#39;s words, “during the decisive days Two: Consenting Elites, Threatened Elites."},{"page_id":"PP44","snippet_text":"... is , as some sort of Führer\u0026#39;s coordinator for all \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e issues pertaining to the Protestant churches . But precisely this election and a growing controversy regarding pastors and church members of Jewish origin caused."},{"page_id":"PR2-IA3","page_number":"ii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e medical personalities come from its midst . Precisely as physicians we feel the duty , keeping in mind the requirements of people and state , to represent the viewpoint of true humanity and to express our worries , as the danger\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR2-IA7","page_number":"ii","snippet_text":"... books were burned in Berlin, and from two to three thousand in every other \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e German city. In Berlin a huge bonfire was lit in front of the Kroll Opera House, and 76 Goebbels was one of the speakers . After the speeches."},{"page_id":"PR2-IA15","page_number":"ii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e German cities, was remarkable. More than 180,000 Jews from all parts of Germany became active members of the association. In its first year the Kulturbund staged 69 opera performances and 117 concerts, and, from mid-1934 to mid\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR2-IA17","page_number":"ii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e public utterances during 1933, but its lurking presence can be perceived in his remarks about the Concordat, in the last part of the letter to Hindenburg, in the discussion with Bishop Berning, as well as in outbursts such as\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR2-IA18","page_number":"ii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e interference with Jewish business would be allowed.121 In general terms Hitler backed Schacht\u0026#39;s position until the new transition period of 1936-37 . Finally , on some matters such as the issue of Jewish physicians , Hitler\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR2-IA26","page_number":"ii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e cultural or political commentary . Rudolf Mosse\u0026#39;s publishing empire included the Berliner Tageblatt , the Morgenzeitung , the Volkszeitung , and the Börsenblatt . The Ullstein family owned the Neues Berliner Tageblatt , the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR2-IA27","page_number":"ii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e banks in the Austrian part of the empire , and occupied nearly 80 percent of the key positions in the banking world.42 In the Hungarian part , the Jewish economic presence , which benefited from the full support of the Hungarian\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR2-IA30","page_number":"ii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e aspects of modern anti - Semitism . And , its threatening and occult dimension became the recurrent theme of the main conspiracy theories of the Western world . The Christian phantasm of a Jewish plot against the Christian\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR2-IA32","page_number":"ii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e Western or Central European countries. Second, in Germany a full-blown anti-Semitic ideology was systematically elaborated; it allowed more or less diffuse anti-Jewish resentment to adopt ready-made intellectual frameworks and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR9","page_number":"ix","snippet_text":"... detailed presentation of Hitler\u0026#39;s anti - Jewish credo . A \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e attempt at this was made for the first time on August 13 , 1920 , in a three - hour speech in the Hofbräuhaus , a Munich beer hall . The announced title."},{"page_id":"PR11","page_number":"xi","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e theme only insofar as the Jews from whom it derives are the \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e theme . In other words , the revolutionary period of 1919 is not at center stage in Hitler\u0026#39;s propaganda . Thus , to consider Nazism primarily a panic reaction to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR13","page_number":"xiii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e written expression of Hitler\u0026#39;s anti - Jewish obsession was the second volume of Mein Kampf , published in 1927. Another book by Hitler , completed in. 1928. ,. remained. in. manuscript. form. : 113. It. was. politically. safer. not."},{"page_id":"PR21","page_number":"xxi","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e source of rising anti - Semitism and that the Germans would not tolerate for long the continuation of this state of things . National Jews and national Germans , Fechter suggested , should act in common to oppose such anti\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR27","page_number":"xxvii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e Olympic sites as Garmisch - Partenkirchen . The Olympic Games will be dealt with later on , but with regard to the anti - Jewish notices , Hitler refused at first to act against the initiatives of the regional party chiefs ; only\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR31","page_number":"xxxi","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e element in public consciousness , that is , from January 30 ( Hitler\u0026#39;s accession ) or even April 7 , 1933 ( the Civil Service Law\u0026#39;s promulgation ) .35 As an increasing number of courts started basing their decisions on the new\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR36","page_number":"xxxvi","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e region Rhine \u0026quot; to SS - Gruppenführer August Heissmeyer in Koblenz . A \u0026quot; quiet boycott \u0026quot; against the Jews is described as having been mainly initiated by the party and its organizations repeatedly asking members in “ closed\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR39","page_number":"xxxix","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e public scandal : Strauss had made an agreement that the libretto of his opera Die schweigsame Frau ( The silent woman ) would be written by \u0026quot; the Jew Stefan Zweig , \u0026quot; who , Rosenberg added , “ was also the artistic collaborator of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR42","page_number":"xlii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e encyclopedias of Jewry and Jews in music , Judentum in der Musik A - B - C and Lexikon der Juden in der Musik , were to ensure that no mistakes would ever be made in the future . But even encyclopedias did not always suffice\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR44","page_number":"xliv","snippet_text":"... capital.99 A second \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e outbreak, one more usually referred to, occurred in mid-July in Berlin, mainly on the Kurfürstendamm, where elegant stores owned by Jews were still relatively active . Jochen Klepper , a deeply religious."},{"page_id":"PR50","page_number":"l","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e step in line with his ideological goals, Hitler aimed at defusing its most extreme consequences on a tactical level. In the meeting with Gross, he warned the party not to rush ahead either in extending the scope of the new laws or\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR52","page_number":"lii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e foreign policy statement about the situation in Abyssinia , but that he was dissuaded at the last moment by Foreign Minister Neurath . This hypothesis is not supported by any proof , except for dubious testimony at the Nuremberg\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR53","page_number":"liii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e declaration was to be on foreign policy , on the German flag , or on the Jewish issue . The preliminary work on the Jewish legislation had been completed , and Hitler could easily switch to preparation of the final decrees at the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR54","page_number":"liv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e crisis was to be avoided. Had the anti- Jewish legislation been submitted to him weeks before the congress, technical objections from the state bureaucracy could have hampered the process. Surprise was of the essence. During the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"RA1-PR4","page_number":"iv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e German cities: In Dortmund such children were considered Aryan and given all the usual assistance, whereas in Königsberg, Breslau, and Nuremberg, the welfare departments considered them “Semitized.” The director of the Breslau\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"RA1-PR6","page_number":"vi","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e hurdles encountered by the legal experts in the interpretation of the Nuremberg Laws was the definition of “intercourse.” The basic forms of sexual intercourse were but a starting point, and Stuckart and Globke, for instance\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"RA1-PR16","page_number":"xvi","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e commitment on the part of the Zionist leadership to encourage Jewish emigration from Germany created a growing tension with some Jewish leaders in the Diaspora. 90 When a group of Jewish bankers met in London in November 1935 to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"RA1-PR2-IA14","page_number":"ii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e anti-Jewish speeches. He started his first speech and ended his closing address with Hitler\u0026#39;s famous dictum from Mein Kampf. “In defending myself against the Jew ... I am doing the work of the Lord.” 51 In the concrete resolutions\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"RA1-PR2-IA18","page_number":"ii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e reorganization in January 1936.70 Three bureaus were established. Amt I, Administration, was headed by Wilhelm Albert, and Amt III, Foreign Intelligence, was under Heinz Jost. Amt II, Internal Intelligence, under Hermann Behrends\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR2-IA33","page_number":"ii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e political force.” 7 * The leaders of the East Central European countries (Miklós Horthy in Hungary, Jósef Beck in Poland after Jósef Pilsudski\u0026#39;s death, Ion Antonescu in Romania) were already close to fascism or at least to extreme\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR2-IA38","page_number":"ii","snippet_text":"... of shady financial deals in which the central role was played by a Russian Jew named Serge- Alexandre Stavisky and in whose mysterious ramifications \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e French political figures were implicated , came to a head . In."},{"page_id":"PR2-IA40","page_number":"ii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e staple of a host of right- wing periodicals that carried the message to hundreds of thousands of French homes: L\u0026#39;Action Française, Je suis partout, and Gringoire were merely the most widely read among them. On April 15, 1938, Je\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR2-IA42","page_number":"ii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e initiatives stemmed from Hitler , yet , when other initiatives were submitted to him by cabinet ministers or high party leaders , his approval was far from being automatic . On April 1 , 1933 , some 8,000 to 9,000 Jewish\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR2-IA43","page_number":"ii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e problem: safety measures to be taken regarding the presence of Jews in health resorts and related establishments. Jews were to be housed only in Jewish-owned hotels and guesthouses, on condition that no German female employees\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR2-IA51","page_number":"ii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e military confrontation, the fate of the conservatives was sealed. At the end of 1937, Schacht would be on his way out, replaced by the Nazi Walther Funk. At the beginning of 1938, other conservative ministers, including Foreign\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR2-IA60","page_number":"ii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e international issue. By convening a conference of thirty-two countries in the French resort town of Evian from July 6 to 14, 1938, President Roosevelt publicly demonstrated his hope of finding a solution to it. Roosevelt\u0026#39;s\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR2-IA70","page_number":"ii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e corporations had adhered to until then . The new economic incentives , the pressure from the party , the absence of any conservative ministerial countervailing forces ( such as Schacht had represented ) put an end to the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR2-IA71","page_number":"ii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e Aryanization initiatives kept them on tenterhooks for months and even years, without Berlin being able to claim full victory.95 The most notorious cases involved complex negotiations with the Rothschilds for control of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR2-IA79","page_number":"ii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e turning point . The publication in 1992 of Goebbels\u0026#39;s hitherto missing diary accounts of the event added important insights about interactions among Hitler , his closest chieftains , the party organizations , and the wider reaches\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR2-IA83","page_number":"ii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e cities of the Reich, the men reassembled in civilian clothes around 2:30 in the morning, under the command of SS-Oberführer Hanns von Feil. Within minutes a special SS murder commando, divided into three groups, was on its way to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR2-IA88","page_number":"ii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e policy interpretations : the first on November 12 , at the top - echelon conference convened by Göring ; the second on December 6 , in Göring\u0026#39;s address to the Gauleiters ; the third on December 28 , in a set of new rules also\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR2-IA90","page_number":"ii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e cities . For Heydrich ghettos would become \u0026quot; hiding places for criminal activities \u0026quot; uncontrollable by the police , whereas a badge would allow surveillance by \u0026quot; the vigilant eye of the population . \u0026quot; The debate on the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR2-IA92","page_number":"ii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e monuments and cultural institutions were located : \u0026quot; the Wilhelmstrasse from the Leipzigerstrasse to Unter den Linden , including the Wilhelmsplatz , the Vossstrasse from the Hermann Göring - Strasse to the Wilhelmstrasse , the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"RA2-PR3","page_number":"iii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e explanation of their attitudes during the Third Reich . In an indirect way , however , the pogrom created further tension between the German Catholic Church and the state . On November 10 the National Socialist Association of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"RA2-PR5","page_number":"v","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e democratic country that did not react . Most newspapers expressed their outrage , but neither Prime Minister Édouard Daladier nor Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet did so . On the contrary , Bonnet continued with the planning for\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"RA1-PR34","page_number":"xxxiv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e anti - Jewish steps and intervened in the details of their implementation , later his guidelines left much greater leeway to his subordinates in the implementation of the concrete aspects of the extermination . As for Hitler\u0026#39;s\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"RA1-PR39","page_number":"xxxix","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e German banks . In 1934 the Tietz brothers sold the remainder ; the firm was Aryanized and renamed Hertie AG . 73. National Socialist enterprise cell of Ullstein Verlag to Reich Chancellor , 21.6.1933 , Max Kreuzberger Research\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"RA1-PR50","page_number":"l","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e themes of his book : \u0026quot; Ein nützlicher Feind : Zionismus im nationalsozialistischen Deutschland 1933-1939 , \u0026quot; VfZ 37 , no . 3 ( 1989 ) : 367ff . 96. Nicosia , “ Ein nützlicher Feind , \u0026quot; p . 383 . 97. Tom Segev, The Seventh Million\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"RA1-PR55","page_number":"lv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e cities , with Frankfurt and Berlin first and second in Jewish population . In 1871 36,326 Jews lived in the Greater Berlin area , accounting for 3.9 percent of a population of 931,984 . In 1925 the official census for the same\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"RA1-PR56","page_number":"lvi","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e daily papers, Fritz Engel, Alfred Kehr, Max Osborn, and Oskar Bies. Engelman, ibid. Soon Kurt Tucholsky would become the most visible—and the most hated—journalist-author of Jewish origin of the Weimar years. Siegfried Breslauer\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR94","page_number":"xciv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003emajor\u003c/b\u003e use of film until the beginning of the war . Thus , during the second half of the thirties , the only anti- Semitic productions shown in German theaters were an adaptation of a Swedish comedy , Peterson und Bandel ( 1935 ) , a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR99","page_number":"xcix","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eMajor\u003c/b\u003e War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal [ hereafter IMT ] , vol . 28 , pp . 499ff . 41. Walk , Das Sonderrecht , pp . 254–55 . 42. Ibid . , p . 254 . 43. IMT , 28 , pp . 508–9 . 44. Ibid . , pp . 509–10 . 45. Ibid\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR113","page_number":"cxiii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eMajor\u003c/b\u003e War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal . 42 vols . Nuremberg , 1948 . in der Ursachen und Folgen , Vom deutschen Zusammenbruch 1918 und 1945 bis zur staatlichen Neuordnung Deutschlands Gegenwart : Eine Urkunden\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=UhOOAwAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PR113\u0026vq=major\u0026dq=subject:%22History+/+Wars+%26+Conflicts+/+World+War+II+/+General%22"}],"search_query_escaped":"major"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>