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Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">==Marx's critique== Karl Marx regarded land and labour as the source of all wealth, and distinguished between ''material'' wealth and ''human'' wealth. Human wealth was a wealth in [[social relations]], and the expansion of market trade created ever more of those. However, wealth and economic ''value'' were not the same thing in his view; value was a purely social category, a social attribution. Both in ''[[Das Kapital]]'' and in ''Theories of Surplus-Value'', Marx devoted a considerable amount of attention to the concept of "productive and unproductive labour". He sought to establish what economic and commercial ideas about productive labour would mean for the lives of the [[working class]], and he wanted to criticise apologetic ideas about the "productive" nature of particular activities. This was part of an argument about the source of [[surplus value]] in unpaid [[surplus labour]]. His view can be summarised in the following 10 points. * work is not "naturally productive", both in the sense that it takes work to make work productive, and that productive work depends on tools and techniques to be productive. * generally speaking, a worker is ''economically'' productive and a source of additional wealth to the extent that they can produce more than is required for their own subsistence (i.e., is capable of performing [[surplus-labour]]) and adding to a [[surplus product]]. * the definition of productive and unproductive labour is ''specific'' to each specific type of society (for example, feudal society, capitalist society, socialist society etc.) and depends on the given [[relations of production]]. * there exists no [[Objectivity (philosophy)|neutral]] definition of productive and unproductive labour; what is productive from the point of view of one [[social class]] may not be productive from the point of view of another. * the only [[Objectivity (science)|objective]] definition of productive labour is in terms of what is as a matter of fact productive within the conditions of a given [[mode of production]]. * from the point of view of the [[capitalism|capitalist]] class, labour is productive, if it increases the value of (private) [[Capital (economics)|capital]] or results in (private) [[capital accumulation]]. * ''Capitalistically productive labour'' is therefore labour which adds to the mass of [[surplus value]], primarily through profitably producing goods and services for market sale. * no new value is created through acts of exchange only; therefore, although labour which just facilitates exchange is "productive" from the employer's point of view (because they derive profit from it), it is unproductive from the social point of view because it accomplishes only a transfer of wealth. This "unproductive" labour is accepted however because it reduces the costs of [[capital accumulation]], or facilitates it, or secures it. * the definition of productive and unproductive labour is not static, but evolving; in the course of capitalist development, the [[division of labour]] is increasingly ''modified'', to make more and more labour productive in the capitalistic sense, for example through marketisation and [[privatisation]], value-based management, and [[Taylorism]]. * whether work has been productive can really be known only "after the fact" in capitalist society, because commodity-producing living labour is in most cases definitely valued by the market only ''after'' it has been performed, when its product (a good or service) is exchanged and paid for. Marx accordingly made, explicitly or implicitly, 10 distinctions relevant to defining productive labour in a [[capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)|capitalist mode of production]]: * [[commodity]] production, versus other production * capitalist production versus non-capitalist production * production versus circulation (exchange) * production for [[Profit (economics)|profit]], versus non-profit production * production of [[use value]]s, versus production of [[exchange-value]]s * production of value, versus appropriation of revenue * production of income, versus distribution of income In most cases, using these distinctions, it would be obvious whether the labour was capitalistically productive or not, but in a minority of cases it would be not altogether clear or controversial. In part, that is because the division of labour is not static but constantly evolving. The general criterion which Marx suggests is that: "If we have a function which, although in and for itself unproductive, is nevertheless a necessary moment of [economic] reproduction, then when this is transformed, through a division of labour, from the secondary activity of many into the exclusive activity of a few, into their special business, this does not change the character of the function itself" (Capital Vol. 2, Penguin ed., p.&nbsp;209). Obviously, functions falling outside capitalist production altogether would not be ''capitalistically'' productive. Generally, Marx seems to have regarded labour as mainly unproductive from the point of view of capitalist society as a whole, if it involved functions which have to do purely with: * the maintenance of a class-based social order as such (legal system, police, military, government administration). * the maintenance and securing of private property relations (police, security, legal system, banking, accounting, licensing authorities etc.). * operating financial transactions (in banking, financing, commercial trade, financial administration) * insurance and safety. * criminal activity. Such activities were an inevitable ''cost'' to capitalist society which had to be met from reserves and from current income. This didn't necessarily mean that unproductive functions are ''not socially useful'' or economically useful in some sense; they might well be, but they normally did not directly ''add'' net new value to the total social product, that was the point, they were a (necessary) financial cost to society, paid for by a ''transfer'' of value created by the productive sector. Thus, they represented an appropriation or deduction from the surplus product, and not a net addition to it. Obviously, unproductive activities could stimulate productive activities however (for example, the production of security installations). Many unproductive costs are accepted by business, either because they involve activities which lower total business costs, and thereby indirectly contribute to income, or because they are unavoidable in doing business. In the division of labour of modern advanced societies, unproductive functions in this Marxian sense occupy a very large part of the labour force; the wealthier a society is, the more "unproductive" functions it can afford. In the USA for example, one can calculate from labour force data that facilitating exchange processes and processing financial claims alone is the main activity of more than 20 million workers. Legal staff, police, security personnel and military employees number almost 5 million workers. </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Productive_and_unproductive_labour" title="Productive and unproductive labour">Productive and unproductive labour</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productive_and_unproductive_labour">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productive_and_unproductive_labour</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Productive_and_unproductive_labour&action=edit&section=4&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6d67bf974d-7c72t","wgBackendResponseTime":260,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.059","walltime":"0.083","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 57.411 1 -total"," 99.87% 57.334 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 44.25% 25.407 2 Template:Replace"," 37.58% 21.573 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 34.30% 19.692 1 Template:Hidden"," 14.61% 8.390 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 14.42% 8.280 1 Template:Tlx"," 2.21% 1.267 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 1.99% 1.142 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 1.88% 1.078 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.012","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043371,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6d67bf974d-7c72t","timestamp":"20241127233839","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>