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Schlüter</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Jörg Uwe Schlüter"> <meta name="keywords" content="Jörg Uwe Schlüter"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Jörg Uwe Schlüter"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 12</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Jörg Uwe Schlüter</h1> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Computational Analysis of the Scaling Effects on the Performance of an Axial Compressor </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Junting%20Xiang">Junting Xiang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=J%C3%B6rg%20Uwe%20Schl%C3%BCter"> Jörg Uwe Schlüter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fei%20Duan"> Fei Duan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The miniaturization of gas turbines promises many advantages. Miniature gas turbines can be used for local power generation or the propulsion of small aircraft, such as UAV and MAV. However, experience shows that the miniaturization of conventional gas turbines, which are optimized at their current large size, leads to a substantial loss of efficiency and performance at smaller scales. This may be due to a number of factors, such as the Reynolds-number effect, the increased heat transfer, and manufacturing tolerances. In the present work, we focus on computational investigations of the Reynolds number effect and the wall heat transfer on the performance of axial compressor during its size change. The NASA stage 35 compressor is selected as the configuration in this study and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to carry out the miniaturization process and simulations. We perform parameter studies on the effect of Reynolds number and wall thermal conditions. Our results indicate a decrease of efficiency, if the compressor is miniaturized based on its original geometry due to the increase of viscous effects. The increased heat transfer through wall has only a small effect and will actually benefit compressor performance based on our study.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Axial%20compressor" title="Axial compressor">Axial compressor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=CFD" title=" CFD"> CFD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=heat%20transfer" title=" heat transfer"> heat transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=miniature%20gas%20turbines" title=" miniature gas turbines"> miniature gas turbines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Reynolds%20number." title=" Reynolds number."> Reynolds number.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998141/computational-analysis-of-the-scaling-effects-on-the-performance-of-an-axial-compressor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998141/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998141/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998141/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998141/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998141/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998141/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998141/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998141/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998141/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998141/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998141.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3219</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Interplay of Power Management at Core and Server Level</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=J%C3%B6rg%20Lenhardt">Jörg Lenhardt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Wolfram%20Schiffmann"> Wolfram Schiffmann</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=J%C3%B6rg%20Keller"> Jörg Keller</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> While the feature sizes of recent Complementary Metal Oxid Semiconductor (CMOS) devices decrease the influence of static power prevails their energy consumption. Thus, power savings that benefit from Dynamic Frequency and Voltage Scaling (DVFS) are diminishing and temporal shutdown of cores or other microchip components become more worthwhile. A consequence of powering off unused parts of a chip is that the relative difference between idle and fully loaded power consumption is increased. That means, future chips and whole server systems gain more power saving potential through power-aware load balancing, whereas in former times this power saving approach had only limited effect, and thus, was not widely adopted. While powering off complete servers was used to save energy, it will be superfluous in many cases when cores can be powered down. An important advantage that comes with that is a largely reduced time to respond to increased computational demand. We include the above developments in a server power model and quantify the advantage. Our conclusion is that strategies from datacenters when to power off server systems might be used in the future on core level, while load balancing mechanisms previously used at core level might be used in the future at server level. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Power%20efficiency" title="Power efficiency">Power efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=static%20power%20consumption" title=" static power consumption"> static power consumption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=dynamic%0D%0Apower%20consumption" title=" dynamic power consumption"> dynamic power consumption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=CMOS." title=" CMOS."> CMOS.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003412/interplay-of-power-management-at-core-and-server-level" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003412/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003412/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003412/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003412/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003412/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003412/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003412/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003412/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003412/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003412/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003412.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1694</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Instance-Based Ontology Matching Using Different Kinds of Formalism</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Katrin%20Zai%C3%9F">Katrin Zaiß</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Tim%20Schl%C3%BCter"> Tim Schlüter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Stefan%20Conrad"> Stefan Conrad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Ontology Matching is a task needed in various applica-tions, for example for comparison or merging purposes. In literature,many algorithms solving the matching problem can be found, butmost of them do not consider instances at all. Mappings are deter-mined by calculating the string-similarity of labels, by recognizinglinguistic word relations (synonyms, subsumptions etc.) or by ana-lyzing the (graph) structure. Due to the facts that instances are oftenmodeled within the ontology and that the set of instances describesthe meaning of the concepts better than their meta information,instances should definitely be incorporated into the matching process.In this paper several novel instance-based matching algorithms arepresented which enhance the quality of matching results obtainedwith common concept-based methods. Different kinds of formalismsare use to classify concepts on account of their instances and finallyto compare the concepts directly.KeywordsInstances, Ontology Matching, Semantic Web</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Instances" title="Instances">Instances</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ontology%20Matching" title=" Ontology Matching"> Ontology Matching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Semantic%20Web" title=" Semantic Web"> Semantic Web</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4758/instance-based-ontology-matching-using-different-kinds-of-formalism" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4758/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4758/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4758/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4758/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4758/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4758/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4758/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4758/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4758/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4758/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4758.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1526</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Condensation of Moist Air in Heat Exchanger Using CFD</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jan%20Bar%C3%A1k">Jan Barák</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Karel%20Fra%C5%88a"> Karel Fraňa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=J%C3%B6rg%20Stiller"> Jörg Stiller</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This work presents results of moist air condensation in heat exchanger. It describes theoretical knowledge and definition of moist air. Model with geometry of square canal was created for better understanding and postprocessing of condensation phenomena. Different approaches were examined on this model to find suitable software and model. Obtained knowledge was applied to geometry of real heat exchanger and results from experiment were compared with numerical results. One of the goals is to solve this issue without creating any user defined function in the applied code. It also contains summary of knowledge and outlook for future work.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Condensation" title="Condensation">Condensation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=exchanger" title=" exchanger"> exchanger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=experiment" title=" experiment"> experiment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=validation." title=" validation. "> validation. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997253/condensation-of-moist-air-in-heat-exchanger-using-cfd" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997253/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997253/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997253/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997253/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997253/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997253/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997253/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997253/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997253/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997253/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997253.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">5590</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> An Empirical Dynamic Fuel Cell Model Used for Power System Verification in Aerospace</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Giuliano%20Raimondo">Giuliano Raimondo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=J%C3%B6rg%20Wangemann"> Jörg Wangemann</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Peer%20Drechsel"> Peer Drechsel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In systems development involving Fuel Cells generators, it is important to have from an early stage of the project a dynamic model for the electrical behavior of the stack to be shared between involved development parties. It allows independent and early design and tests of fuel cell related power electronic. This paper presents an empirical Fuel Cell system model derived from characterization tests on a real system. Moreover, it is illustrated how the obtained model is used to build and validate a real-time Fuel Cell system emulator which is used for aerospace electrical integration testing activities.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fuel%20cell%20dynamics" title="Fuel cell dynamics">Fuel cell dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=real%20time%20simulation" title=" real time simulation"> real time simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=fuel%20cell" title=" fuel cell"> fuel cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=modelling" title=" modelling"> modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=testing." title=" testing."> testing.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006889/an-empirical-dynamic-fuel-cell-model-used-for-power-system-verification-in-aerospace" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006889/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006889/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006889/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006889/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006889/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006889/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006889/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006889/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006889/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006889/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006889.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1083</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> An Integrated Framework for the Realtime Investigation of State Space Exploration</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=J%C3%B6rg%20Lassig">Jörg Lassig</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Stefanie%20Thiem"> Stefanie Thiem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this paper is the introduction to a unified optimization framework for research and education. The OPTILIB framework implements different general purpose algorithms for combinatorial optimization and minimum search on standard continuous test functions. The preferences of this library are the straightforward integration of new optimization algorithms and problems as well as the visualization of the optimization process of different methods exploring the search space exclusively or for the real time visualization of different methods in parallel. Further the usage of several implemented methods is presented on the basis of two use cases, where the focus is especially on the algorithm visualization. First it is demonstrated how different methods can be compared conveniently using OPTILIB on the example of different iterative improvement schemes for the TRAVELING SALESMAN PROBLEM. A second study emphasizes how the framework can be used to find global minima in the continuous domain. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Global%20Optimization%20Heuristics" title="Global Optimization Heuristics">Global Optimization Heuristics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Particle%20Swarm%20Optimization" title=" Particle Swarm Optimization"> Particle Swarm Optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ensemble%20Based%20Threshold%20Accepting" title="Ensemble Based Threshold Accepting">Ensemble Based Threshold Accepting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ruin%20and%20Recreate" title=" Ruin and Recreate"> Ruin and Recreate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10778/an-integrated-framework-for-the-realtime-investigation-of-state-space-exploration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10778/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10778/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10778/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10778/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10778/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10778/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10778/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10778/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10778/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10778/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10778.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1383</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> System Security Impact on the Dynamic Characteristics of Measurement Sensors in Smart Grids</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Yiyang%20Su">Yiyang Su</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=J%C3%B6rg%20Neumann"> Jörg Neumann</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jan%20Wetzlich"> Jan Wetzlich</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Florian%20Thiel"> Florian Thiel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Smart grid is a term used to describe the next generation power grid. New challenges such as integration of renewable and decentralized energy sources, the requirement for continuous grid estimation and optimization, as well as the use of two-way flows of energy have been brought to the power gird. In order to achieve efficient, reliable, sustainable, as well as secure delivery of electric power more and more information and communication technologies are used for the monitoring and the control of power grids. Consequently, the need for cybersecurity is dramatically increased and has converged into several standards which will be presented here. These standards for the smart grid must be designed to satisfy both performance and reliability requirements. An in depth investigation of the effect of retrospectively embedded security in existing grids on it’s dynamic behavior is required. Therefore, a retrofitting plan for existing meters is offered, and it’s performance in a test low voltage microgrid is investigated. As a result of this, integration of security measures into measurement architectures of smart grids at the design phase is strongly recommended. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Cyber%20security" title="Cyber security">Cyber security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=performance" title=" performance"> performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=protocols" title=" protocols"> protocols</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=security%0D%0Astandards" title=" security standards"> security standards</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=smart%20grid." title=" smart grid."> smart grid.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008880/system-security-impact-on-the-dynamic-characteristics-of-measurement-sensors-in-smart-grids" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008880/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008880/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008880/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008880/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008880/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008880/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008880/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008880/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008880/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008880/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008880.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">886</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> A Hidden Markov Model-Based Isolated and Meaningful Hand Gesture Recognition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mahmoud%20Elmezain">Mahmoud Elmezain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ayoub%20Al-Hamadi"> Ayoub Al-Hamadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=J%C3%B6rg%20Appenrodt"> Jörg Appenrodt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Bernd%20Michaelis"> Bernd Michaelis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gesture recognition is a challenging task for extracting meaningful gesture from continuous hand motion. In this paper, we propose an automatic system that recognizes isolated gesture, in addition meaningful gesture from continuous hand motion for Arabic numbers from 0 to 9 in real-time based on Hidden Markov Models (HMM). In order to handle isolated gesture, HMM using Ergodic, Left-Right (LR) and Left-Right Banded (LRB) topologies is applied over the discrete vector feature that is extracted from stereo color image sequences. These topologies are considered to different number of states ranging from 3 to 10. A new system is developed to recognize the meaningful gesture based on zero-codeword detection with static velocity motion for continuous gesture. Therefore, the LRB topology in conjunction with Baum-Welch (BW) algorithm for training and forward algorithm with Viterbi path for testing presents the best performance. Experimental results show that the proposed system can successfully recognize isolated and meaningful gesture and achieve average rate recognition 98.6% and 94.29% respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Computer%20Vision%20%26%20Image%20Processing" title="Computer Vision & Image Processing">Computer Vision & Image Processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gesture%20Recognition" title=" Gesture Recognition"> Gesture Recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Pattern%20Recognition" title=" Pattern Recognition"> Pattern Recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Application" title=" Application"> Application</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1497/a-hidden-markov-model-based-isolated-and-meaningful-hand-gesture-recognition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1497/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1497/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1497/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1497/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1497/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1497/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1497/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1497/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1497/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1497/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1497.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2252</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Monitoring the Drying and Grinding Process during Production of Celitement through a NIR-Spectroscopy Based Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Carolin%20Lutz">Carolin Lutz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=J%C3%B6rg%20Matthes"> Jörg Matthes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Patrick%20Waibel"> Patrick Waibel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ulrich%20Precht"> Ulrich Precht</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Krassimir%20Garbev"> Krassimir Garbev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=G%C3%BCnter%20Beuchle"> Günter Beuchle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Uwe%20Schweike"> Uwe Schweike</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Peter%20Stemmermann"> Peter Stemmermann</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hubert%20B.%20Keller"> Hubert B. Keller</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Online measurement of the product quality is a challenging task in cement production, especially in the production of Celitement, a novel environmentally friendly hydraulic binder. The mineralogy and chemical composition of clinker in ordinary Portland cement production is measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF), where only crystalline constituents can be detected. But only a small part of the Celitement components can be measured via XRD, because most constituents have an amorphous structure. This paper describes the development of algorithms suitable for an on-line monitoring of the final processing step of Celitement based on NIR-data. For calibration intermediate products were dried at different temperatures and ground for variable durations. The products were analyzed using XRD and thermogravimetric analyses together with NIR-spectroscopy to investigate the dependency between the drying and the milling processes on one and the NIR-signal on the other side. As a result, different characteristic parameters have been defined. A short overview of the Celitement process and the challenging tasks of the online measurement and evaluation of the product quality will be presented. Subsequently, methods for systematic development of near-infrared calibration models and the determination of the final calibration model will be introduced. The application of the model on experimental data illustrates that NIR-spectroscopy allows for a quick and sufficiently exact determination of crucial process parameters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Calibration%20model" title="Calibration model">Calibration model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=celitement" title=" celitement"> celitement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=cementitious%20material" title=" cementitious material"> cementitious material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=NIR%20spectroscopy." title=" NIR spectroscopy."> NIR spectroscopy.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003194/monitoring-the-drying-and-grinding-process-during-production-of-celitement-through-a-nir-spectroscopy-based-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003194/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003194/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003194/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003194/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003194/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003194/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003194/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003194/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003194/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003194/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003194.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1731</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Full-genomic Network Inference for Non-model organisms: A Case Study for the Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=J%C3%B6rg%20Linde">Jörg Linde</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ekaterina%20Buyko"> Ekaterina Buyko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Robert%20Altwasser"> Robert Altwasser</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Udo%20Hahn"> Udo Hahn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Reinhard%20Guthke"> Reinhard Guthke</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Reverse engineering of full-genomic interaction networks based on compendia of expression data has been successfully applied for a number of model organisms. This study adapts these approaches for an important non-model organism: The major human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. During the infection process, the pathogen can adapt to a wide range of environmental niches and reversibly changes its growth form. Given the importance of these processes, it is important to know how they are regulated. This study presents a reverse engineering strategy able to infer fullgenomic interaction networks for C. albicans based on a linear regression, utilizing the sparseness criterion (LASSO). To overcome the limited amount of expression data and small number of known interactions, we utilize different prior-knowledge sources guiding the network inference to a knowledge driven solution. Since, no database of known interactions for C. albicans exists, we use a textmining system which utilizes full-text research papers to identify known regulatory interactions. By comparing with these known regulatory interactions, we find an optimal value for global modelling parameters weighting the influence of the sparseness criterion and the prior-knowledge. Furthermore, we show that soft integration of prior-knowledge additionally improves the performance. Finally, we compare the performance of our approach to state of the art network inference approaches.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Pathogen" title="Pathogen">Pathogen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=network%20inference" title=" network inference"> network inference</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=text-mining" title=" text-mining"> text-mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Candida%20albicans" title=" Candida albicans"> Candida albicans</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=LASSO" title=" LASSO"> LASSO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=mutual%20information" title=" mutual information"> mutual information</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=reverse%20engineering" title=" reverse engineering"> reverse engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=linear%20regression" title=" linear regression"> linear regression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=modelling." title=" modelling."> modelling.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7979/full-genomic-network-inference-for-non-model-organisms-a-case-study-for-the-fungal-pathogen-candida-albicans" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7979/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7979/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7979/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7979/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7979/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7979/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7979/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7979/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7979/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7979/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7979.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1674</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Data Projects for “Social Good”: Challenges and Opportunities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mikel%20Ni%C3%B1o">Mikel Niño</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Roberto%20V.%20Zicari"> Roberto V. Zicari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Todor%20Ivanov"> Todor Ivanov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Kim%20Hee"> Kim Hee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Naveed%20Mushtaq"> Naveed Mushtaq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Marten%20Rosselli"> Marten Rosselli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Concha%20S%C3%A1nchez-Oca%C3%B1a"> Concha Sánchez-Ocaña</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Karsten%20Tolle"> Karsten Tolle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jos%C3%A9%20Miguel%20Blanco"> José Miguel Blanco</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Arantza%20Illarramendi"> Arantza Illarramendi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=J%C3%B6rg%20Besier"> Jörg Besier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Harry%20Underwood"> Harry Underwood</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the application fields for data analysis techniques and technologies gaining momentum is the area of social good or “common good”, covering cases related to humanitarian crises, global health care, or ecology and environmental issues, among others. The promotion of data-driven projects in this field aims at increasing the efficacy and efficiency of social initiatives, improving the way these actions help humanity in general and people in need in particular. This application field, however, poses its own barriers and challenges when developing data-driven projects, lagging behind in comparison with other scenarios. These challenges derive from aspects such as the scope and scale of the social issue to solve, cultural and political barriers, the skills of main stakeholders and the technological resources available, the motivation to be engaged in such projects, or the ethical and legal issues related to sensitive data. This paper analyzes the application of data projects in the field of social good, reviewing its current state and noteworthy initiatives, and presenting a framework covering the key aspects to analyze in such projects. The goal is to provide guidelines to understand the main challenges and opportunities for this type of data project, as well as identifying the main differential issues compared to “classical” data projects in general. A case study is presented on the initial steps and stakeholder analysis of a data project for the inclusion of refugees in the city of Frankfurt, Germany, in order to empirically confront the framework with a real example. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Data-Driven%20projects" title="Data-Driven projects">Data-Driven projects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=humanitarian%20operations" title=" humanitarian operations"> humanitarian operations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=personal%20and%20sensitive%20data" title=" personal and sensitive data"> personal and sensitive data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=social%20good" title=" social good"> social good</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=stakeholders%20analysis." title=" stakeholders analysis."> stakeholders analysis.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006923/data-projects-for-social-good-challenges-and-opportunities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006923/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006923/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006923/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006923/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006923/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006923/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006923/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006923/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006923/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006923/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006923.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1800</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> High-Frequency Monitoring Results of a Piled Raft Foundation under Wind Loading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Laurent%20Pitteloud">Laurent Pitteloud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=J%C3%B6rg%20Meier"> Jörg Meier</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Piled raft foundations represent an efficient and reliable technique for transferring high vertical and horizontal loads to the subsoil. Piled raft foundations were successfully implemented for several high-rise buildings worldwide over the last decades. For the structural design of this foundation type the stiffnesses of both the piles and the raft have to be determined for the static (e.g. dead load, live load) and the dynamic load cases (e.g. earthquake). In this context the question often arises, to which proportion wind loads are to be considered as dynamic loads. Usually a piled raft foundation has to be monitored in order to verify the design hypotheses. As an additional benefit, the analysis of this monitoring data may lead to a better understanding of the behaviour of this foundation type for future projects in similar subsoil conditions. In case the measurement frequency is high enough, one may also draw conclusions on the effect of wind loading on the piled raft foundation. For a 41-storey office building in Basel, Switzerland, the preliminary design showed that a piled raft foundation was the best solution to satisfy both design requirements, as well as economic aspects. A high-frequency monitoring of the foundation including pile loads, vertical stresses under the raft, as well as pore water pressures was performed over 5 years. In windy situations the analysis of the measurements shows that the pile load increment due to wind consists of a static and a cyclic load term. As piles and raft react with different stiffnesses under static and dynamic loading, these measurements are useful for the correct definition of stiffnesses of future piled raft foundations. This paper outlines the design strategy and the numerical modelling of the aforementioned piled raft foundation. The measurement results are presented and analysed. Based on the findings, comments and conclusions on the definition of pile and raft stiffnesses for vertical and wind loading are proposed.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Dynamic%20loading" title="Dynamic loading">Dynamic loading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=high-frequency%20monitoring" title=" high-frequency monitoring"> high-frequency monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=piled%20raft%20foundations" title=" piled raft foundations"> piled raft foundations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=wind%20loading." title=" wind loading."> wind loading.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010098/high-frequency-monitoring-results-of-a-piled-raft-foundation-under-wind-loading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010098/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a 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