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<li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Leo Panitch</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%86" title="لئو پینیچ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لئو پینیچ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Panitch" title="Leo Panitch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leo Panitch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Panitch" title="Leo Panitch – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leo Panitch" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%86" title="لئو پانیچ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لئو پانیچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A5%27" title="ליאו פאניץ' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליאו פאניץ'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="ليو پانيتش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليو پانيتش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Panitch" title="Leo Panitch – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leo Panitch" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Panitch" title="Leo Panitch – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leo Panitch" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Panitch" title="Leo Panitch – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leo Panitch" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE" title="Панич, Лео – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Панич, Лео" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Panitch" title="Leo Panitch – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leo Panitch" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1818693#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Leo Panitch</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Canada" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada">FRSC</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo_Panitch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Leo_Panitch.jpg/220px-Leo_Panitch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Leo_Panitch.jpg/330px-Leo_Panitch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Leo_Panitch.jpg/440px-Leo_Panitch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3020" data-file-height="3073" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Panitch in 2012</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Leo Victor Panitch</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1945-05-03</span>)</span>3 May 1945<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 December 2020<span style="display:none">(2020-12-19)</span> (aged 75)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Socialist_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="The Socialist Register">The Socialist Register</a></i> (co-editor)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Melanie Panitch</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1967)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">University of Manitoba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>The Labour Party and the Trade Unions</i> (1973)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral advisor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Ralph Miliband</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurlChristensen2016183_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurlChristensen2016183-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Ralph Miliband</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicos_Poulantzas" title="Nicos Poulantzas">Nicos Poulantzas</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sub-discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Political theory">political theory</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or tradition</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interests</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li>British and Canadian <a href="/wiki/Labour_history_(discipline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour history (discipline)">labour history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Global_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Global capitalism">global capitalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>The Making of Global Capitalism</i> (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer2017326_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer2017326-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influenced</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bhaskar_Sunkara" title="Bhaskar Sunkara">Bhaskar Sunkara</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Leo Victor Panitch</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Canada" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada">FRSC</a></span></span> (3 May 1945 – 19 December 2020) was a Canadian research professor of <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Canada_Research_Chair" title="Canada Research Chair">Canada Research Chair</a> in comparative <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> at <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a>. From 1985 until the 2021 edition, he served as co-editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Register" title="Socialist Register">Socialist Register</a></i>, which describes itself as "an annual survey of movements and ideas from the standpoint of the independent new left". Panitch himself saw the <i>Register</i> as playing a major role in developing <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>'s conceptual framework for advancing a democratic, co-operative and egalitarian <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> alternative to <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> competition, exploitation, and insecurity.<sup id="cite_ref-Chair_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chair-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Register_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Register-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitch2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitch2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Who_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since his appointment as a Canada Research Chair in 2002, Panitch focused his academic research and writing on the spread of global capitalism. He argued that this process of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> is being led by the American state through agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_the_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of the Treasury">US Department of the Treasury</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a>. Panitch saw globalization as a form of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> but argued that the American Empire is an informal one in which the US sets rules for trade and investment in partnership with other sovereign but less powerful capitalist states. His book <i>The Making of Global Capitalism: The Political Economy of American Empire</i> (2012), written with his close friend and university colleague <a href="/wiki/Sam_Gindin" title="Sam Gindin">Sam Gindin</a>, traces the development of American-led globalization over more than a century.<sup id="cite_ref-Chair_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chair-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the book was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Memorial_Prize" title="Deutscher Memorial Prize">Deutscher Memorial Prize</a> in the United Kingdom for best and most creative work in or about the Marxist tradition and in 2014 it won the Rik Davidson/SPE Book Prize for the best book in political economy by a Canadian.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Panitch was the author of more than 100 scholarly articles and nine books including <i>Working-Class Politics in Crisis: Essays on Labour and the State</i> (1986), <i>The End of Parliamentary Socialism: From New Left to New Labour</i> (2001), and <i>Renewing Socialism: Transforming Democracy, Strategy and Imagination</i> (2008) in which he argued that capitalism is inherently unjust and undemocratic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitch2008PanitchGindin2012_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitch2008PanitchGindin2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Panitch&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Panitch was born on 3 May 1945, in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, Canada. He grew up in <a href="/wiki/North_End,_Winnipeg" title="North End, Winnipeg">Winnipeg's North End</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working-class</a> neighbourhood that, as he observed decades later, produced "many people of a radical <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a> political disposition".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents were Ukrainian Jewish immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, Max Panitch, was born in the southern <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> town of Uscihtsa, but remained behind in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, with a fervently religious uncle when his family emigrated to Winnipeg in 1912. He was reunited with them in 1922 and by that time was well on his way to becoming a socialist and a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor Zionism</a>. As a sewer and cutter of fur coats (an 'aristocrat of the needle trade'), he was active in the Winnipeg labour movement and the <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation_(Manitoba)" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (Manitoba)">Manitoba CCF</a> and its successor, the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_of_Manitoba" title="New Democratic Party of Manitoba">New Democratic Party of Manitoba</a> (NDP).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Panitch's mother, Sarah, was an orphan from Rivne in central Ukraine who had come to Winnipeg in 1921 at the age of 13 accompanied only by her older sister, Rose. Max and Sarah married in 1930. Panitch's older brother Hersh was born in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitch2003_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitch2003-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Panitch attended a secular Jewish school named after the radical <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a>-<a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> writer <a href="/wiki/I._L._Peretz" title="I. L. Peretz">I. L. Peretz</a>. During a conference on Jewish radicalism in Winnipeg held in 2001, Panitch said the school grew out of the socialist fraternal <a href="/wiki/Benefit_society" title="Benefit society">mutual aid societies</a> that Jewish immigrants had established. These included the Arbeiter Ring also known as the <a href="/wiki/Workmen%27s_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Workmen's Circle">Workmen's Circle</a>. Panitch told the conference that its first declaration of principles, adopted in 1901, began with the words: "The spirit of the Workmen's Circle is freedom of thought and endeavour towards solidarity of the workers, faithfulness to the interests of its class in the struggle against oppression and exploitation." He added: "As such institutions multiplied and spread through the Jewish community, for a great many people and for a considerable number of decades to come, to be Jewish, especially in a city like Winnipeg, came to mean to be radical."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitch2003_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitch2003-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Panitch received a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> in 1967 from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">University of Manitoba</a>. During his undergraduate years, he realized how much the writings of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a> helped him understand capitalism and its relation to the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin2012_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One of his teachers, <a href="/wiki/Cy_Gonick" title="Cy Gonick">Cy Gonick</a>, introduced him to ideas about <a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">industrial democracy</a> in which workers would control and manage their own workplaces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitch2003_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitch2003-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The 1960s generation of the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>, Panitch writes, was impelled towards socialism by "our experience with and observation of the inequalities, irrationalities, intolerances and hierarchies of our own capitalist societies."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitch2008_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitch2008-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At age 22, Panitch left Winnipeg and moved to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England, where he earned a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a> degree in 1968 at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> (LSE) and a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> degree from LSE in 1974. His doctoral thesis was entitled <i>The <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade Union">Trade Unions</a></i>. It was published as <i>Social Democracy and Industrial Militancy</i> in 1976 by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitch2003_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitch2003-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fonds_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fonds-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British sociologist <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Ralph Miliband</a> was his <a href="/wiki/Thesis_advisor" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesis advisor">Thesis advisor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chair_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chair-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_work,_writing_and_activism"><span id="Academic_work.2C_writing_and_activism"></span>Academic work, writing and activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Panitch&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Academic work, writing and activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Panitch taught at <a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton University</a> between 1972 and 1984, was a Professor of Political Science at York University from 1984, and served as Carleton Chair of the Department of Political Science from 1988 to 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, he was appointed Canada Research Chair in Comparative Political Economy at York. The appointment was renewed in 2009. His research involved examining the role of the American state and <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporations</a> in the evolution of global capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Chair_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chair-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his text <i>The Canadian State: Political Economy and Political Power</i> was published in 1977 by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>, Panitch became the General Co-editor of its <i>State and Economic Life</i> book series in 1979, serving in that role until 1995. He also co-founded the Canadian academic journal <i><a href="/wiki/Studies_in_Political_Economy" title="Studies in Political Economy">Studies in Political Economy</a></i> in 1979 and played a role in establishing Carleton's Institute for Political Economy in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitch1977_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitch1977-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was politically active in the Movement for an Independent Socialist Canada and the Ottawa Committee for Labour Action, the two main organizational successors to <a href="/wiki/The_Waffle" title="The Waffle">The Waffle</a> after it was expelled from the NDP in the early 1970s. In the 1980s, he was a regular columnist ("Panitch on Politics") for the independent socialist magazine, <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Dimension" title="Canadian Dimension">Canadian Dimension</a></i>, and remained active in socialist political circles, in particular the <i>Socialist Project</i> in Toronto. He was inducted as an Academic Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Canada" title="Royal Society of Canada">Royal Society of Canada</a> in 1995, and was also a member of the Marxist Institute and the Committee on Socialist Studies as well as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Political_Science_Association" title="Canadian Political Science Association">Canadian Political Science Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the 33 annual volumes of the <i>Socialist Register</i> he edited from 1985, he was the author of over 100 scholarly articles and nine books, including <i>From Consent to Coercion: The Assault on Trade Union Freedoms;</i> <i>A Different Kind of State: Popular Power and Democratic Administration</i>; <i>The End of Parliamentary Socialism: From New Left to New Labour</i>; <i>American Empire and the Political Economy of Global Finance</i>; and <i>In and Out of Crisis: The Global Financial Meltdown and Left Alternatives</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fonds_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fonds-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panitch saw the <i>Register</i> as a crucial link between the politics of the New Left and those of Ralph Miliband, his mentor and the 1964 founder of the journal. As editor, Panitch strove to produce works that were at once easily readable in prose and difficult to digest in content.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobin-obit_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobin-obit-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the "Globalization, Justice and Democracy" symposium at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Delhi">Delhi University</a> on 11 November 2010), Panitch drew on his book <i>In and Out of Crisis</i> (with Greg Albo and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Gindin" title="Sam Gindin">Sam Gindin</a>). The book and symposium argued that the left's lack of ambition during the global economic crisis was more debilitating than its lack of capacity. He outlined immediate reforms that could lead to fundamental changes in class relations, including nationalizing banks to turn them into public utilities; demanding universal public pensions to replace private, employer-sponsored ones; and free health care, education and public transit to escape capitalism's drive to turn public needs into marketable, profit-generating commodities.<sup id="cite_ref-Globalization_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Globalization-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Making_of_global_capitalism">Making of global capitalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Panitch&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Making of global capitalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_Gindin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sam_Gindin.jpg/220px-Sam_Gindin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sam_Gindin.jpg/330px-Sam_Gindin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sam_Gindin.jpg/440px-Sam_Gindin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="3020" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sam_Gindin" title="Sam Gindin">Sam Gindin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2012, Panitch, with his friend and colleague Sam Gindin, published <i>The Making of Global Capitalism: The Political Economy of American Empire</i> (2012). As its title suggests, the 456-page book is a comprehensive study of the growth of a global capitalist system over more than a century. Panitch and Gindin argue that the process known as <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> was not an inevitable outcome of expansionary capitalism but was consciously planned and managed by the US, the world's most powerful state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin20121–21_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin20121–21-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They dispute the idea that globalization was driven by <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporations</a> that have become more powerful than nation states. For them, this claim ignores the intricate relationships between states and capitalism; for example, states maintain <a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">property rights</a>, oversee <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contracts</a>, and sign <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> agreements, while deriving tax revenues and popular legitimacy from the success of capitalist enterprises within their borders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin20121–21_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin20121–21-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Panitch and Gindin dismiss claims that the American Empire is in decline as shown, for example, by US <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade">trade deficits</a>, industrial shutdowns, and layoffs. They argue that in fact the opposite is true. In recent decades, American firms "restructured key production processes, outsourced others to cheaper and more specialized suppliers and relocated to the US south – all as part of an accelerated general reallocation of capital within the American economy." They write that although it is always highly volatile, the robust and globally dominant US financial system facilitated this economic restructuring while making pools of venture capital available for investment in new, <a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high-tech</a> firms. As a result, the US share of global production remained stable at around one quarter of the total right into the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin20121–21_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin20121–21-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American-led_global_capitalism">American-led global capitalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Panitch&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: American-led global capitalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Panitch and Gindin, the institutional foundations for American-led global capitalism were laid during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> of the 1930s when the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt administration</a> strengthened the US Federal Reserve and the US Treasury while establishing a wide range of economic and financial regulatory agencies. Moreover, US entry into the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> led to the growth of a permanent American <a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">military–industrial complex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin201259-63_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin201259-63-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors argue that these state financial and military institutions made the US into a <a href="/wiki/Great_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Power">Great Power</a> capable of superintending the spread of its own brand of capitalism. The US also dominated post-war global institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">American dollar</a>, backed by <a href="/wiki/US_Treasury_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="US Treasury bonds">US Treasury bonds</a>, became the anchor for international finance. Panitch and Gindin write that the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>, the American-financed post-war rebuilding of Europe and Japan, "through low-interest loans, direct grants, technological assistance, and favourable trading relations", created the conditions for investment by US multinational corporations and eventually for substantial foreign investment in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin201267-87_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin201267-87-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="America's_informal_empire"><span id="America.27s_informal_empire"></span>America's informal empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Panitch&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: America's informal empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As they trace the history of global capitalism, Panitch and Gindin write that in the years after the Second World War, the US succeeded in building an "informal empire" integrating other capitalist states into a co-ordinated, global capitalist system: </p> <blockquote><p>The US informal empire constituted a distinctly new form of political rule. Instead of aiming for territorial expansion along the lines of the <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">old empires</a>, US military interventions were primarily aimed at preventing the closure of particular places or whole regions of the globe to <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">capital accumulation</a>. This was part of a larger remit of creating openings for or removing barriers to capital in general, not just US capital. The maintenance and indeed steady growth of <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">US military installations</a> around the globe after World War II, mostly on the territory of independent states, needs to be seen in this light rather than in terms of securing territorial space for the exclusive US use of natural resources and accumulation by its corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin201211–12_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin201211–12-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Although the US dominates in this informal, imperial system, Panitch and Gindin argue that other advanced capitalist states maintain their sovereignty, but must defer to American wishes when it comes to military interventions abroad. They write: "The American state arrogated to itself the sole right to intervene against other sovereign states (which it repeatedly did around the world), and largely reserved to its own discretion the interpretation of international rules and norms."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin201212_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin201212-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_golden_age_to_crisis">From golden age to crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Panitch&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: From golden age to crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The book chronicles the "<a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">golden age</a>" of capitalism during the 1950s and 1960s when capitalists enjoyed high profits in a booming, <a href="/wiki/Full_employment" title="Full employment">full-employment</a> American economy. Workers benefited too from improved social programs and the higher wages that labour unions fought for and won. As the authors point out, capitalism is prone to crisis, and the 1970s produced "<a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">stagflation</a>", simultaneously high rates of <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a>, stagnant economies, and declining profits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin20129-17_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin20129-17-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Volcker" title="Paul Volcker">Paul Volcker</a>, the then <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Federal_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Federal Reserve">Chairman of the Federal Reserve</a>, found a way out of the crisis by administering the "Volcker shock", double-digit <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">interest rates</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession_in_the_United_States" title="Early 1980s recession in the United States">deep recession</a> that followed brought high unemployment and a decline over time of labour militancy. The adoption of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> policies during the 1980s that restricted workers' rights to organize and to strike made it possible for capitalists to "discipline" workers by demanding greater "flexibility" in hours and working conditions and by holding down wages. Neoliberalism also led to an array of free trade agreements that promoted worldwide corporate investment and production.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin2012163-172_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin2012163-172-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Panitch and Gindin, the neoliberal era ushered in a second, highly-profitable "golden age" but this time only for the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">capitalist class</a>, not for <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">workers</a> whose wages stagnated while union membership declined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin201216,_183-193_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin201216,_183-193-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_financial_meltdown">Global financial meltdown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Panitch&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Global financial meltdown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The final chapter in <i>The Making of Global Capitalism</i> is devoted to a detailed examination of the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a>, bringing an end to high corporate profits as millions lost their homes and <a href="/wiki/Consumer_spending" title="Consumer spending">consumer spending</a> fell. Panitch and Gindin write that the crisis was preceded by decades of growth in volatile <a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">financial markets</a> that had become crucial to underwriting capitalist expansion. They argue that the US encouraged the growth in financial markets with its accompanying risk-taking even though it was periodically required "to put out financial conflagrations" such as the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a> was not regional but global. As they write: </p> <blockquote><p>The roots of the crisis, in fact, lay in the growing global importance of US mortgage finance – a development which could not be understood apart from the expanded state support for home ownership, a long-standing element in the integration of workers into US capitalism. Since the 1980s, wages had stagnated and social programs had been eroded, reinforcing workers' dependence on the rising value of their homes as a source of economic security. The decisive role of American state agencies in encouraging the development of <a href="/wiki/Mortgage-backed_security" title="Mortgage-backed security">mortgage-backed securities</a> figured prominently in their spread throughout global financial markets. The close linkages between these markets and the American state were thus crucial both to the making of the US <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate bubble">housing bubble</a> and to its profound global impact when it burst, as mortgage-backed securities became difficult to value and to sell, thus freezing the world's financial markets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin201220–21_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin201220–21-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Panitch and Gindin add that the collapse of housing prices led to a sharp decline in US consumer spending because housing represented a main source of workers' wealth. They wrote: "The bursting of the housing bubble thus had much greater effects than had the earlier bursting of the <a href="/wiki/Dot.com_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Dot.com bubble">stock-market bubble</a> at the turn of the century, and much greater implications for global capitalism in terms of the role the US played as 'consumer of last resort'." As manager-in-chief of the global capitalist system, the authors note that the U.S. once again came to the rescue with billions of dollars in <a href="/wiki/Bailout" title="Bailout">bail-out money</a> for domestic and foreign banks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin201221,_310-318_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin201221,_310-318-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reviews">Reviews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Panitch&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Making of Global Capitalism</i> has been the subject of a wide range of commentary. In Panitch's newspaper obituary, his friend and journalist Robert Collison was quoted as saying: "<i>Global Capitalism</i> will be Leo's seminal achievement because it really does address directly the major issue facing Western democracies: the relative impoverishment of the working and lower-middle classes because of globalization and neoliberal and corporatist policies that have been embraced, ironically, by much of the social democratic left-leaning parties in the West."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing in the Marxist journal <i><a href="/wiki/Science_%26_Society" title="Science & Society">Science & Society</a></i>, Canadian sociologist J. Z. Garrod questions the validity of Panitch and Gindin's theory of informal American Empire. While he acknowledges the "American state's role in constructing global capitalism", Garrod argues that Panitch and Gindin neglect wider transformations in the nature of global capital and labour, and "that such changes will also affect and redefine the role of the nation-state". For example, he cites a column by journalist <a href="/wiki/George_Monbiot" title="George Monbiot">George Monbiot</a>, who writes that dispute resolution tribunals established under <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">international trade treaties</a> give <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">transnational corporations</a> the right to challenge restrictions imposed by legislatures and courts at secret hearings where corporate lawyers serve as judges. Garrod argues that such treaties transform, reframe, and alter conceptual categories such as national political spaces, modes of production, and property relations. He writes: "Given that these [trade] agreements fundamentally alter the material foundations of the American state as well, I am not convinced that it is possible to consider them evidence of an informal American empire — indeed, I find them evidence of a much greater terror: the consolidation of the global market, the rise of private forms of public authority, and the total <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a> of social life."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Martijn Konings, professor of political economy and social theory at the University of Sydney, points to what he terms the "key conceptual contribution" of Panitch's work in <i>The Making of Global Capitalism</i>, namely "the understanding of the role of money, finance, and credit in capitalist life and how this relates to questions of social transformation". At the same time, Konings notes that Panitch rejected much of "<a href="/wiki/Value_theory" title="Value theory">value theory</a>, a label that refers to Marxist debates about what determines the value of commodities and other objects traded on markets, and in particular, what the role of labour is in this process." Although he acknowledges that for him value theory "never stopped nagging at me", Konings also felt "there was something uniquely compelling about Leo's more political perspective on globalization and empire." His essay in honour of Panitch describes the evolution of his own thinking on the development of a capitalist economy in which increasingly indebted households generate income from precarious employment constantly choosing from a menu of least-bad options, yet nonetheless becoming emotionally invested "in the provocative logic of capital". Konings suggests that in emphasizing the vitality of money, finance, and credit in capitalism, Panitch points the way for labour to organize resistance against "our receptiveness to the promises of capital".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a memorial tribute, Panitch's York University colleague Reg Whitaker writes that the <i>Making of Global Capitalism</i> represented the "capstone" of his "academic achievements" written in collaboration with his "intellectual comrade" Sam Gindin. Whitaker notes that the book "involved a rethinking of American history, showing how, for instance, the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> represented a crucial development of state capacity that by the late 1930s permitted a 'Grand Truce' with capital, which in turn led through war and postwar to an 'internationalization of the New Deal' in a new global order of 'informal' American Empire." As the book points out, that new global order was shaken by the financial crisis of 2007–2008 requiring emergency action by the <a href="/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a> to rescue the system. Whitaker notes that Panitch and Gindin contrast the 21st century capitalist crisis with the Great Depression of the 1930s, which led to competition and rivalry between nation states, the spread of fascism, and another world war. Instead of conflict between states, the latest economic crisis led to internal conflicts within them, as evidenced for example by an <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">anti-globalization movement</a> that began with the <a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">conflict in Chiapas</a> and continued with such protests as <a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a>. Whitaker writes that Panitch and Gindin end their book with a look at the renewed opportunities this movement brings for democratic socialism: "That fault lines of global capitalism now run within states rather than between states holds considerable political significance for the renewed possibilities for radical politics."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Panitch&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Panitch married Melanie Pollock of Winnipeg in 1967. She is a longtime activist and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> advocate who teaches in the School of Disability Studies at <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Metropolitan_University" title="Toronto Metropolitan University">Toronto Metropolitan University</a>. In 2006, she earned a doctorate in social welfare from the <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a>. Her thesis, on the history of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_for_Community_Living" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Association for Community Living">Canadian Association for Community Living</a>, focused on mothers' campaigns to close institutions and gain human rights for <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabled</a> Canadians. In 2007, it was published as <i>Disability, Mothers and Organization: Accidental Activists</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Panitches had two children. Maxim is a photographer, writer, and <a href="/wiki/Scrabble" title="Scrabble">Scrabble</a> champion, while Vida is a philosophy professor at <a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Ontario.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panitch spoke three languages: English, French, and <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>. He and his wife lived in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Ontario.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panitch died on 19 December 2020, of <a href="/wiki/Viral_pneumonia" title="Viral pneumonia">viral pneumonia</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> amid the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario">COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario</a>, which he contracted in hospital while receiving treatment for <a href="/wiki/Multiple_myeloma" title="Multiple myeloma">multiple myeloma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobin-obit2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobin-obit2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-starobit_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starobit-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Panitch&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Panitch&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Searching for Socialism: The Project of the Labour New Left from Benn to Corbyn</i> (co-authored with Colin Leys), Verso: 2020<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobin-obit_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobin-obit-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Socialist Challenge Today</i> (new expanded edition) (co-authored with Sam Gindin and Steve Maher), Merlin Press: 2020<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobin-obit_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobin-obit-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Making of Global Capitalism: The Political Economy of American Empire</i> (co-authored with Sam Gindin), Verso: 2012<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobin-obit_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobin-obit-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>In and Out of Crisis: The Global Financial Meltdown and Left Alternatives</i> (co-authored with Greg Albo and Sam Gindin), PM Press: 2010<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlboGindinPanitch2010_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlboGindinPanitch2010-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Renewing Socialism: Transforming Democracy, Strategy and Imagination</i>, Merlin Press: 2008<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobin-obit2_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobin-obit2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>From Consent to Coercion: The Assault on Trade Union Freedoms</i> (co-authored with Donald Swartz), University of Toronto Press: 2003<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The End of Parliamentary Socialism: From New Left to New Labour</i> (2nd edition) (co-authored with Colin Leys), Verso: 2001<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobin-obit2_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobin-obit2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Working Class Politics in Crisis: Essays on Labour and the State</i>, Verso: 1986<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Canadian State: Political Economy and Political Power</i> (editor), University of Toronto Press: 1977<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobin-obit_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobin-obit-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Panitch&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Superintending Global Capital (co-authored with Sam Gindin), <i>New Left Review</i> 35, 2005<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Global Capitalism and American Empire (co-authored with Sam Gindin), <i>Socialist Register</i> 40, 2004 <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The New Imperial State, <i>New Left Review</i> 2, 2000<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Impoverishment of State Theory, <i>Socialism and Democracy</i> 13, no. 2, 1999<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Globalisation and the State, <i>Socialist Register</i> 30, 1994<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Trade Unions and the Capitalist State, <i>New Left Review</i> 125, 1981<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dependency and Class in Canadian Political Economy, <i>Studies in Political Economy</i> 6, no. 1, 1981<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Recent Theorizations of Corporatism: Reflections on a Growth Industry, <i>The British Journal of Sociology</i> 31, no. 2, 1980<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Development of Corporatism in Liberal Democracies, <i>Comparative Political Studies</i> 10, no. 1, 1977<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Various articles and videos<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Panitch&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Panitch&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurlChristensen2016183-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurlChristensen2016183_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurlChristensen2016">Hurl & Christensen 2016</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPanitch2014" class="citation web cs1">Panitch, Leo (7 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-ir.info/2014/08/07/interview-leo-panitch/">"Interview – Leo Panitch"</a>. <i>E-International Relations</i>. Interviewed by Fletcher, Louis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201222015235/https://www.e-ir.info/2014/08/07/interview-leo-panitch/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=E-International+Relations&rft.atitle=Interview+%E2%80%93+Leo+Panitch&rft.date=2014-08-07&rft.aulast=Panitch&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-ir.info%2F2014%2F08%2F07%2Finterview-leo-panitch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer2017326-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer2017326_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2017">Palmer 2017</a>, p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-march-8-2019-1.5048220/friday-march-8-2019-full-transcript-1.5049439">"Friday March 8, 2019 Full Transcript"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Current_(radio_program)" title="The Current (radio program)">The Current</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio" title="CBC Radio">CBC Radio</a>. 8 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190718214406/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-march-8-2019-1.5048220/friday-march-8-2019-full-transcript-1.5049439">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Current&rft.atitle=Friday+March+8%2C+2019+Full+Transcript&rft.date=2019-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fradio%2Fthecurrent%2Fthe-current-for-march-8-2019-1.5048220%2Ffriday-march-8-2019-full-transcript-1.5049439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chair-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chair_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chair_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chair_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chair_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chairs-chaires.gc.ca/chairholders-titulaires/profile-eng.aspx?profileId=782">"Canada Research Chairs: Leo V. Panitch"</a>. Government of Canada. 29 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150123191245/http://www.chairs-chaires.gc.ca/chairholders-titulaires/profile-eng.aspx?profileId=782">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada+Research+Chairs%3A+Leo+V.+Panitch&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chairs-chaires.gc.ca%2Fchairholders-titulaires%2Fprofile-eng.aspx%3FprofileId%3D782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Register-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Register_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv#.VNqs6UI-Ci4">"Socialist Register"</a>. Socialist Register. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150209075103/http://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv#.VNqs6UI-Ci4">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Socialist+Register&rft.pub=Socialist+Register&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocialistregister.com%2Findex.php%2Fsrv%23.VNqs6UI-Ci4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitch2013-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitch2013_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanitch2013">Panitch 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Who-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Who_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharters2015" class="citation book cs1">Charters, Susan, ed. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadianwhoswho0048unse"><i>Canadian Who's Who</i></a>. Vol. XLVIII. Third Sector Publishing; <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. <a href="//archive.org/details/canadianwhoswho0048unse/page/936/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:canadianwhoswho0048unse/page/936/mode/1up">936</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-928170-01-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-928170-01-3"><bdi>978-1-928170-01-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0068-9963">0068-9963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Who%27s+Who&rft.pages=iarchive%3Acanadianwhoswho0048unse%2Fpage%2F936%2Fmode%2F1up%7C936&rft.pub=Third+Sector+Publishing%3B+University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=0068-9963&rft.isbn=978-1-928170-01-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanadianwhoswho0048unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin2012-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin2012_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin2012_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanitchGindin2012">Panitch & Gindin 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutscherprize.org.uk/wp/past-recipients/">"Past Recipients"</a>. Deutscher Memorial Prize. 10 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227103652/http://www.deutscherprize.org.uk/wp/past-recipients/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Past+Recipients&rft.pub=Deutscher+Memorial+Prize&rft.date=2014-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutscherprize.org.uk%2Fwp%2Fpast-recipients%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spe.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/spe/announcement/view/323">"Book Prize in Political Economy"</a>. Studies in Political Economy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150331015342/http://spe.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/spe/announcement/view/323">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+Prize+in+Political+Economy&rft.pub=Studies+in+Political+Economy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspe.library.utoronto.ca%2Findex.php%2Fspe%2Fannouncement%2Fview%2F323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitch2008PanitchGindin2012-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitch2008PanitchGindin2012_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanitch2008">Panitch 2008</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPanitchGindin2012">Panitch & Gindin 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanitch1997" class="citation news cs1">Panitch, Leo (28 June 1997). "Why Was Winnipeg a Hotbed for Radicals?". <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. Toronto. p. D12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Why+Was+Winnipeg+a+Hotbed+for+Radicals%3F&rft.pages=D12&rft.date=1997-06-28&rft.aulast=Panitch&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2020/12/20/beloved-teacher-and-public-thinker-leo-panitch-has-died-of-covid-19.html">"Beloved teacher and public thinker Leo Panitch has died of COVID-19"</a>. <i>thestar.com</i>. 21 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thestar.com&rft.atitle=Beloved+teacher+and+public+thinker+Leo+Panitch+has+died+of+COVID-19&rft.date=2020-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fgta%2F2020%2F12%2F20%2Fbeloved-teacher-and-public-thinker-leo-panitch-has-died-of-covid-19.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/61/jewishcommunity.shtml">"Manitoba History: The Jewish Community of Winnipeg and the Federal Election of 1935 in Winnipeg North"</a>. <i>www.mhs.mb.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mhs.mb.ca&rft.atitle=Manitoba+History%3A+The+Jewish+Community+of+Winnipeg+and+the+Federal+Election+of+1935+in+Winnipeg+North&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhs.mb.ca%2Fdocs%2Fmb_history%2F61%2Fjewishcommunity.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobinmag.com/2020/12/leo-panitch-obituary">"Leo Panitch (1945–2020)"</a>. <i>jacobinmag.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jacobinmag.com&rft.atitle=Leo+Panitch+%281945%E2%80%932020%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobinmag.com%2F2020%2F12%2Fleo-panitch-obituary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitch2003-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitch2003_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitch2003_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitch2003_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitch2003_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanitch2003">Panitch 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitch2008-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitch2008_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanitch2008">Panitch 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fonds-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fonds_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fonds_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archivesfa.library.yorku.ca/fonds/ON00370-f0000164.htm">"Inventory of the Leo Panitch fonds"</a>. York University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919235556/http://archivesfa.library.yorku.ca/fonds/ON00370-f0000164.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inventory+of+the+Leo+Panitch+fonds&rft.pub=York+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchivesfa.library.yorku.ca%2Ffonds%2FON00370-f0000164.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150406193121/http://parklandinstitute.ca/people/profile/panitch_leo">"Leo Panitch (Bio and Stories)"</a>. Parkland Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parklandinstitute.ca/people/profile/panitch_leo">the original</a> on 6 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leo+Panitch+%28Bio+and+Stories%29&rft.pub=Parkland+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparklandinstitute.ca%2Fpeople%2Fprofile%2Fpanitch_leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitch1977-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitch1977_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanitch1977">Panitch 1977</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canadiandimension.com/articles/view/socialist-savant-leo-panitch-1945-2020">"Socialist savant: Leo Panitch (1945-2020)"</a>. <i>canadiandimension.com</i>. 18 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=canadiandimension.com&rft.atitle=Socialist+savant%3A+Leo+Panitch+%281945-2020%29&rft.date=2021-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcanadiandimension.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2Fsocialist-savant-leo-panitch-1945-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fernwoodpublishing.ca/authors/view/leo-panitch">"Leo Panitch"</a>. Fernwood Publishing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402172953/http://fernwoodpublishing.ca/authors/view/leo-panitch">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leo+Panitch&rft.pub=Fernwood+Publishing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffernwoodpublishing.ca%2Fauthors%2Fview%2Fleo-panitch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canadiandimension.com/about">"Canadian Dimension, about us"</a>. Canadian Dimension. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320132146/https://canadiandimension.com/about">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadian+Dimension%2C+about+us&rft.pub=Canadian+Dimension&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcanadiandimension.com%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobin-obit-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobin-obit_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobin-obit_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobin-obit_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobin-obit_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobin-obit_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaher2020" class="citation news cs1">Maher, Stephen (23 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobinmag.com/2020/12/leo-panitch-obituary-democratic-socialism">"Leo Panitch and the Socialist Project"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin Magazine">Jacobin Magazine</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jacobin+Magazine&rft.atitle=Leo+Panitch+and+the+Socialist+Project&rft.date=2020-12-23&rft.aulast=Maher&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobinmag.com%2F2020%2F12%2Fleo-panitch-obituary-democratic-socialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Globalization-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Globalization_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeo_Panitch" class="citation web cs1">Leo Panitch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialistproject.ca/leftstreamed/Panitch_Delhi_Nov_2010.pdf">"Web Transcript"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. socialistproject.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924103239/http://www.socialistproject.ca/leftstreamed/Panitch_Delhi_Nov_2010.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Web+Transcript&rft.pub=socialistproject.ca&rft.au=Leo+Panitch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialistproject.ca%2Fleftstreamed%2FPanitch_Delhi_Nov_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin20121–21-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin20121–21_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin20121–21_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanitchGindin20121–21_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanitchGindin2012">Panitch & Gindin 2012</a>, pp. 1–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBocking2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bocking, Paul (14 November 2013). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jacobin+Magazine&rft.atitle=Leo+Panitch+%281945%E2%80%932020%29&rft.date=2010-12-22&rft.aulast=Chibber&rft.aufirst=Vivek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobinmag.com%2F2020%2F12%2Fleo-panitch-obituary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-starobit-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-starobit_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJiang2020" class="citation news cs1">Jiang, Kevin (21 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2020/12/20/beloved-teacher-and-public-thinker-leo-panitch-has-died-of-covid-19.html">"Beloved teacher and public thinker Leo Panitch has died of COVID-19"</a>. <i>Toronto Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221144400/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2020/12/20/beloved-teacher-and-public-thinker-leo-panitch-has-died-of-covid-19.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Beloved+teacher+and+public+thinker+Leo+Panitch+has+died+of+COVID-19&rft.date=2020-12-21&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fgta%2F2020%2F12%2F20%2Fbeloved-teacher-and-public-thinker-leo-panitch-has-died-of-covid-19.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSolty2020" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ingar_Solty" title="Ingar Solty">Solty, Ingar</a> (24 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobinmag.com/2020/12/leo-panitch-obituary-york-marxis">"Leo Panitch Was a Mentor for a New Generation of Socialists"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin magazine">Jacobin magazine</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jacobin+magazine&rft.atitle=Leo+Panitch+Was+a+Mentor+for+a+New+Generation+of+Socialists&rft.date=2020-12-24&rft.aulast=Solty&rft.aufirst=Ingar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobinmag.com%2F2020%2F12%2Fleo-panitch-obituary-york-marxis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlboGindinPanitch2010-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlboGindinPanitch2010_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlboGindinPanitch2010">Albo, Gindin & Panitch 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanitchSwartz2008" class="citation book cs1">Panitch, Leo; Swartz, Donald (23 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518184531/https://utorontopress.com/us/from-consent-to-coercion-1"><i>From Consent to Coercion</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0096-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0096-6"><bdi>978-1-4426-0096-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utorontopress.com/us/from-consent-to-coercion-1">the original</a> on 18 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Consent+to+Coercion&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2008-08-23&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-0096-6&rft.aulast=Panitch&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft.au=Swartz%2C+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Futorontopress.com%2Fus%2Ffrom-consent-to-coercion-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanitch1986" class="citation book cs1">Panitch, Leo (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HXeIAAAAMAAJ&q=Working+Class+Politics+in+Crisis:+Essays+on+Labour+and+the+State,+Verso:+1986"><i>Working-class Politics in Crisis: Essays on Labour and the State</i></a>. Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-142-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-142-5"><bdi>978-0-86091-142-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working-class+Politics+in+Crisis%3A+Essays+on+Labour+and+the+State&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-86091-142-5&rft.aulast=Panitch&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHXeIAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DWorking%2BClass%2BPolitics%2Bin%2BCrisis%3A%2BEssays%2Bon%2BLabour%2Band%2Bthe%2BState%2C%2BVerso%3A%2B1986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanitchGindin2004" class="citation journal cs1">Panitch, Leo; Gindin, Sam (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/5809">"Superintending Global Capital"</a>. <i>Socialist Register</i>. <b>40</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Socialist+Register&rft.atitle=Superintending+Global+Capital&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Panitch&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft.au=Gindin%2C+Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialistregister.com%2Findex.php%2Fsrv%2Farticle%2Fview%2F5809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanitchGindin2004" class="citation journal cs1">Panitch, Leo; Gindin, Sam (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii35/articles/leo-panitch-sam-gindin-superintending-global-capital">"Global Capitalism and American Empire"</a>. <i>New Left Review</i>. <b>35</b>: <span class="nowrap">101–</span>123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=Global+Capitalism+and+American+Empire&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Panitch&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft.au=Gindin%2C+Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2Fissues%2Fii35%2Farticles%2Fleo-panitch-sam-gindin-superintending-global-capital&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanitch2000" class="citation journal cs1">Panitch, Leo (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii2/articles/leo-panitch-the-new-imperial-state">"The new imperial state"</a>. <i>New Left Review</i>. <b>2</b>: <span class="nowrap">5–</span>20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=The+new+imperial+state&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Panitch&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2Fissues%2Fii2%2Farticles%2Fleo-panitch-the-new-imperial-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanitch1999" class="citation journal cs1">Panitch, Leo (1999). "The impoverishment of state theory". <i>Socialism and Democracy</i>. <b>13</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">19–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08854309908428242">10.1080/08854309908428242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Socialism+and+Democracy&rft.atitle=The+impoverishment+of+state+theory&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08854309908428242&rft.aulast=Panitch&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanitch1994" class="citation journal cs1">Panitch, Leo (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/5637">"Globalisation and the state"</a>. <i>Socialist Register</i>. <b>30</b>: <span class="nowrap">60–</span>93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Socialist+Register&rft.atitle=Globalisation+and+the+state&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Panitch&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialistregister.com%2Findex.php%2Fsrv%2Farticle%2Fview%2F5637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanitch1981" class="citation journal cs1">Panitch, Leo (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newleftreview.org/issues/i125/articles/leo-panitch-trade-unions-and-the-capitalist-state">"Trade unions and the capitalist state"</a>. <i>New Left Review</i>. <b>125</b>: <span class="nowrap">21–</span>43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=Trade+unions+and+the+capitalist+state&rft.volume=125&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Panitch&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2Fissues%2Fi125%2Farticles%2Fleo-panitch-trade-unions-and-the-capitalist-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanitch1981" class="citation journal cs1">Panitch, Leo (1981). "Dependency and class in Canadian political economy". <i>Studies in Political Economy</i>. <b>6</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">7–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19187033.1981.11675699">10.1080/19187033.1981.11675699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Dependency+and+class+in+Canadian+political+economy&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19187033.1981.11675699&rft.aulast=Panitch&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanitch1980" class="citation journal cs1">Panitch, Leo (1980). "Recent theorizations of corporatism: reflections on a growth industry". <i>The British Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>31</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">159–</span>187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F589686">10.2307/589686</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/589686">589686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Recent+theorizations+of+corporatism%3A+reflections+on+a+growth+industry&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E187&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F589686&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F589686%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Panitch&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Panitch, Leo (1977). "The development of corporatism in liberal democracies". <i>Comparative Political Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">61–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001041407701000104">10.1177/001041407701000104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153297919">153297919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=The+development+of+corporatism+in+liberal+democracies&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001041407701000104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153297919%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Panitch&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialistproject.ca/author/leo-panitch/">"Author Leo Panitch"</a>. Socialist Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Author+Leo+Panitch&rft.pub=Socialist+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialistproject.ca%2Fauthor%2Fleo-panitch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Panitch&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlboGindinPanitch2010" class="citation book cs1">Albo, Greg; <a href="/wiki/Sam_Gindin" title="Sam Gindin">Gindin, Sam</a>; Panitch, Leo (2010). <i>In and Out of Crisis: The Global Financial Meltdown and Left Alternatives</i>. Oakland, California: PM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60486-212-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60486-212-6"><bdi>978-1-60486-212-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+and+Out+of+Crisis%3A+The+Global+Financial+Meltdown+and+Left+Alternatives&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pub=PM+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60486-212-6&rft.aulast=Albo&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Gindin%2C+Sam&rft.au=Panitch%2C+Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHurlChristensen2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hurl, Chris; Christensen, Benjamin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dro.dur.ac.uk/18995/1/18995.pdf">"Building the New Canadian Political Economy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Studies in Political Economy</i>. <b>96</b>: <span class="nowrap">167–</span>193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19187033.2015.11674942">10.1080/19187033.2015.11674942</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1918-7033">1918-7033</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155950833">155950833</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722060500/http://dro.dur.ac.uk/18995/1/18995.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Building+the+New+Canadian+Political+Economy&rft.volume=96&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E193&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155950833%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1918-7033&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19187033.2015.11674942&rft.aulast=Hurl&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Christensen%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdro.dur.ac.uk%2F18995%2F1%2F18995.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2017" class="citation journal cs1">Palmer, Bryan D. (2017). "Leo Panitch: Political Passions and Socialist Sobriety". <i>Studies in Political Economy</i>. <b>98</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">324–</span>332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07078552.2017.1393914">10.1080/07078552.2017.1393914</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1918-7033">1918-7033</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158261792">158261792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Leo+Panitch%3A+Political+Passions+and+Socialist+Sobriety&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E324-%3C%2Fspan%3E332&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158261792%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1918-7033&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07078552.2017.1393914&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Bryan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanitch1977" class="citation book cs1">Panitch, Leo (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadianstatepol2001unse"><i>The Canadian State: Political Economy and Political Power</i></a></span>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2285-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2285-1"><bdi>978-0-8020-2285-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+State%3A+Political+Economy+and+Political+Power&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-2285-1&rft.aulast=Panitch&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanadianstatepol2001unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanitch2003" class="citation book cs1"> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  (2003). "Back to the Future: Contextualizing the Legacy". In Stone, Daniel (ed.). <i>Jewish Radicalism in Winnipeg, 1905–1960</i>. Jewish Heritage Centre of Western Canada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Back+to+the+Future%3A+Contextualizing+the+Legacy&rft.btitle=Jewish+Radicalism+in+Winnipeg%2C+1905%E2%80%931960&rft.pub=Jewish+Heritage+Centre+of+Western+Canada&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Panitch&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanitch2008" class="citation book cs1"> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  (2008). <i>Renewing Socialism: Transforming Democracy, Strategy and Imagination</i>. Pontypool, Wales: Merlin Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renewing+Socialism%3A+Transforming+Democracy%2C+Strategy+and+Imagination&rft.place=Pontypool%2C+Wales&rft.pub=Merlin+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Panitch&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanitch2013" class="citation book cs1"> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/20203">"Registering Class and Politics: Fifty Years of the <i>Socialist Register</i>"</a>. In Panitch, Leo; Labo, Greg; <a href="/wiki/Vivek_Chibber" title="Vivek Chibber">Chibber, Vivek</a> (eds.). <i>Socialist Register 2014: Registering Class</i>. London: Merlin Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">305–</span>335. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715184836/https://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/20203">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Registering+Class+and+Politics%3A+Fifty+Years+of+the+Socialist+Register&rft.btitle=Socialist+Register+2014%3A+Registering+Class&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E335&rft.pub=Merlin+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Panitch&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialistregister.com%2Findex.php%2Fsrv%2Farticle%2Fview%2F20203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanitchGindin2012" class="citation book cs1">Panitch, Leo; <a href="/wiki/Sam_Gindin" title="Sam Gindin">Gindin, Sam</a> (2012). <i>The Making of Global Capitalism: The Political Economy of American Empire</i>. London: Verso (published 2013). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-136-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-136-7"><bdi>978-1-78168-136-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Global+Capitalism%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+American+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-136-7&rft.aulast=Panitch&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft.au=Gindin%2C+Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Panitch" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Panitch&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1818693?uselang=en#P485" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:33%;">Identifiers</th><td class="infobox-data">F0164 <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1818693?uselang=en#P485" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:33%;">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atom.library.yorku.ca/index.php/leo-panitch-fonds">digital description</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.4em; padding-bottom:0.4em; border-top:1px solid #E0E0E0;"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Archival_material" title="Help:Archival material">How to use archival material</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Leo_Panitch" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Leo Panitch">Leo Panitch</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_McNally_(academic)" title="David McNally (academic)">David McNally</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Memorial_Prize" title="Deutscher Memorial Prize">Deutscher Memorial Prize</a></span> </b><br />2013 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Gindin" title="Sam Gindin">Sam Gindin</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Boer" title="Roland Boer">Roland Boer</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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Template:Sidebar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.878","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10886637,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlboGindinPanitch2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBocking2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharters2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChibber2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrieden2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrod2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurlChristensen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiang2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKonings2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeo_Panitch\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeys2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaher2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonbiot2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanitch1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanitch1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanitch1981\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPanitch1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanitch1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanitch1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanitch1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanitch2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanitch2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanitch2008\"] = 1,\n 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[\"Sfn\"] = 24,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.eqiad.main-79868dc866-vgrrm","timestamp":"20250322001051","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Leo Panitch","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leo_Panitch","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1818693","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1818693","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-01-16T19:49:10Z","dateModified":"2024-10-31T18:25:06Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ed\/Leo_Panitch.jpg","headline":"Canadian writer (1945-2020)"}</script> </body> </html>