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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">A series of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.1em 0.3em 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace in Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Common_grace" title="Common grace"><b>Common grace</b></a></div><br /> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Free_grace_theology" title="Free grace theology"><b>Free grace</b></a></div><br /> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Irresistible grace</b></a></div><br /> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace"><b>Prevenient grace</b></a></div><br /> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia"><i><b>Sola gratia</b></i></a></div><br /> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament"><b>Sacraments</b></a></div> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grace_in_Christianity" title="Template:Grace in Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grace_in_Christianity" title="Template talk:Grace in Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grace_in_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grace in Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Calvinism" title="Category:Calvinism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%"><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg/225px-ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg/338px-ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg/450px-ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Wall" title="Reformation Wall">Reformation Wall</a> in Geneva, featuring prominent Reformed theologians <a href="/wiki/William_Farel" title="William Farel">William Farel</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)">Theology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_John_Calvin" title="Theology of John Calvin">Theology of John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republication_of_the_Covenant_of_Works" title="Republication of the Covenant of Works">Republication of the Covenant of Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Covenant_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Covenant Theology">Baptist Covenant Theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_order_of_God%27s_decrees" title="Logical order of God's decrees">Logical order of God's decrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Supper_in_Reformed_theology" title="Lord's Supper in Reformed theology">Lord's Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulative_principle_of_worship" title="Regulative principle of worship">Regulative principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)">Texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Calvinist_texts" title="Category:Calvinist texts">List of texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Bible" title="Geneva Bible">Geneva Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_confessions_of_faith" title="Reformed confessions of faith">Confessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Confessions" title="Helvetic Confessions">Helvetic Confessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Confession_of_Faith" title="French Confession of Faith">French Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgic_Confession" title="Belgic Confession">Belgic Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Catechism" title="Heidelberg Catechism">Heidelberg Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_of_Dort" title="Canons of Dort">Canons of Dort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_Confession" title="Scots Confession">Scots Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Standards" title="Westminster Standards">Westminster Standards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Shorter_Catechism" title="Westminster Shorter Catechism">Westminster Shorter Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Larger_Catechism" title="Westminster Larger Catechism">Westminster Larger Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmen_Declaration" title="Barmen Declaration">Barmen Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_the_Christian_Religion" title="Institutes of the Christian Religion">Institutes of the Christian Religion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_systematic_theology_bibliography" title="Reformed systematic theology bibliography">Systematic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalter</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)">Theologians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Calvinist_and_Reformed_theologians" title="Category:Calvinist and Reformed theologians">List of theologians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Oecolampadius" title="Johannes Oecolampadius">Johannes Oecolampadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bucer" title="Martin Bucer">Martin Bucer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Martyr_Vermigli" title="Peter Martyr Vermigli">Peter Martyr Vermigli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bullinger" title="Heinrich Bullinger">Heinrich Bullinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Ursinus" title="Zacharias Ursinus">Zacharias Ursinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Perkins_(theologian)" title="William Perkins (theologian)">William Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Gomarus" title="Franciscus Gomarus">Franciscus Gomarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Twisse" title="William Twisse">William Twisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Amyraut" title="Moses Amyraut">Moses Amyraut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rutherford" title="Samuel Rutherford">Samuel Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Owen_(theologian)" title="John Owen (theologian)">John Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Turretin" title="Francis Turretin">Francis Turretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baxter" title="Richard Baxter">Richard Baxter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williamson_Nevin" title="John Williamson Nevin">John Nevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hodge" title="Charles Hodge">Charles Hodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Kuyper" title="Abraham Kuyper">Abraham Kuyper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Bavinck" title="Herman Bavinck">Herman Bavinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._B._Warfield" title="B. B. Warfield">B. B. Warfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Gresham_Machen" title="J. Gresham Machen">John Machen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geerhardus_Vos" title="Geerhardus Vos">Geerhardus Vos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Richard_Niebuhr" title="H. Richard Niebuhr">H. Richard Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Van_Til" title="Cornelius Van Til">Cornelius Van Til</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Torrance" title="Thomas F. Torrance">T. F. Torrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Moltmann" title="Jürgen Moltmann">Jürgen Moltmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._I._Packer" title="J. I. Packer">J. I. Packer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_G._Bloesch" title="Donald G. Bloesch">Donald G. Bloesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Horton_(theologian)" title="Michael Horton (theologian)">Michael Horton</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Reformed_denominations" title="List of Reformed denominations"> Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Continental Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism_in_South_Korea" title="Presbyterianism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism_in_the_United_States" title="Presbyterianism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Baptists" title="Reformed Baptists">Reformed Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Calvinism" title="Afrikaner Calvinism">Afrikaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyraldism" title="Amyraldism">Amyraldians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Vision" title="Federal Vision">Federal Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrow_Brethren" title="Marrow Brethren">Marrow Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercersburg_theology" title="Mercersburg theology">Mercersburg theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonomianism" title="Neonomianism">Neonomians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Calvinism" title="Neo-Calvinism">Neo-Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_theology" title="New England theology">New England theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Calvinism" title="New Calvinism">New Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)" title="Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)">Pilgrims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_theology" title="Princeton theology">Princeton theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:International_bodies_of_Reformed_denominations" title="Category:International bodies of Reformed denominations">Organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Communion_of_Reformed_Churches" title="World Communion of Reformed Churches">World Communion of Reformed Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Reformed_Fellowship" title="World Reformed Fellowship">World Reformed Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Reformed_Churches" title="International Conference of Reformed Churches">International Conference of Reformed Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Presbyterian_and_Reformed_Council" title="North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council">North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kreuz-hugenotten.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/10px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/16px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/21px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="849" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Reformed_Christianity" title="Portal:Reformed Christianity">Reformed Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformed_Christianity" title="Template:Reformed Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reformed_Christianity" title="Template talk:Reformed Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reformed_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reformed Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Irresistible grace</b> (also called <b>effectual grace</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>effectual calling</b>, or <b>efficacious grace</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> particularly associated with <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>, which teaches that the saving <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">grace</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> is effectually applied to those whom he has determined to save (the <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">elect</a>) and, in God's timing, overcomes their resistance to obeying the call of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospel</a>, bringing them to <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christ</a>. It is to be distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">prevenient grace</a>, particularly associated with <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a>, which teaches that the offer of salvation through grace does not act irresistibly in a purely cause-effect, deterministic method, but rather in an influence-and-response fashion that can be both freely accepted and freely denied.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_doctrine">The doctrine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irresistible_grace&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some claim that fourth-century <a href="/wiki/Church_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Father">Church Father</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> taught that God grants those whom he chooses for salvation the gift of persevering grace, and that they could not conceivably fall away.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This doctrine gave rise to the doctrine of irresistible grace (<i>gratia irresistibilis</i>), though the term was not used during Augustine's lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Calvinism, those who obtain <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> do so, not by their own "free" will, but because of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Sovereignty of God in Christianity">sovereign</a> grace of God. That is, men yield to grace, not finally because their <a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">consciences</a> were more tender or their faith more tenacious than that of other men. Rather, the willingness and ability to do God's will are evidence of God's own faithfulness to save men from the power and the penalty of <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a>, and since man is dead in sin and a slave to it, he cannot decide or be wooed to follow after God: God must powerfully intervene by giving him life and irresistibly drawing the sinner to himself. In short, Calvinism argues that <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">regeneration</a> must precede faith. In contrast, Arminianism argues that God’s <a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">grace</a> through Jesus Christ stirs up a willingness to know God and respond to the gospel before regeneration;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is how God intervenes that separates Calvinism from Arminianism. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a> says of this intervention that "it is not violent, so as to compel men by external force; but still it is a powerful impulse of the Holy Spirit, which makes men willing who formerly were unwilling and reluctant."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the denial by Calvin and within the Calvinist confessions<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Gill_(theologian)" title="John Gill (theologian)">John Gill</a> says that "this act of drawing is an act of power, yet not of force; God in drawing of unwilling, makes willing in the day of His power: He enlightens the understanding, bends the will, gives an heart of flesh, sweetly allures by the power of His grace, and engages the soul to come to Christ, and give up itself to Him; he draws with the bands of love. Drawing, though it supposes power and influence, yet not always coaction and force: music draws the ear, love the heart, and pleasure the mind."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objections_to_the_doctrine">Objections to the doctrine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irresistible_grace&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Objections to the doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arminian">Arminian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irresistible_grace&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arminian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist movement</a>, reject this Calvinist doctrine. They believe that as Adam and Eve were free to choose between right and wrong, humanity is able, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">prevenient or preceding grace</a> of God through Jesus Christ, to choose to turn from sin to righteousness and believe on Jesus Christ who draws all of humanity to himself. <i>And I, if I be lifted up from the earth, will draw all men unto me.</i><sup><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#12:32" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 12:32</a></sup> In this view, (1) after God's universal dispensation of grace to mankind, the will of man, which was formerly adverse to God and unable to obey, can now choose to obey through the work of Christ; and (2) although God's grace is a strong initial catalyst to effect salvation, it is not <i>irresistible</i> but may be ultimately resisted and rejected by a human being. </p><p>Both Calvinism and Arminianism agree that the question of the resistibility of grace is inexorably bound up with the theological system's view of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Sovereignty of God in Christianity">sovereignty</a> of God. The fundamental question is whether God can allow individuals to accept or reject his grace and yet remain sovereign. If so, then grace can be resistible. If not, then grace must be irresistible. </p><p>This different understanding of sovereignty is often attributed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2022)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to an improper understanding of <a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">total depravity</a>. However, both Calvin and Arminius taught <a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">total depravity</a>. Total depravity is expressly affirmed in Article III of the <a href="/wiki/Five_articles_of_Remonstrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Five articles of Remonstrance">Five articles of Remonstrance</a>. Nevertheless, Calvinist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hodge" title="Charles Hodge">Charles Hodge</a> says, "The (<a href="/wiki/Arminian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminian">Arminian</a>) and (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>) doctrine is true, if the other parts of their doctrinal system are true; and it is false if that system be erroneous. If the (Calvinistic) doctrine concerning the natural state of man since the fall, and the sovereignty of God in election, be Scriptural, then it is certain that sufficient grace does not become efficacious from the cooperation of the human will."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hodge's argument follows Calvinist teaching which denies that the work of Jesus Christ empowers humanity to respond to the gospel before regeneration. </p><p>Calvinism's rejection of <a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">prevenient grace</a> leaves humanity in a state of <a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total Depravity</a> which requires <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">regeneration</a> of an individual before that individual is capable to believe or repent.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John the Baptist called all to his baptism for the remission of sins<sup><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#1:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">Mark 1:4</a></sup> and multitudes responded without regeneration.<sup><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#1:5" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">Mark 1:5</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> regularly calls individuals to repent and believe with no indication that they had been previously regenerated. The Apostle Peter called the Jews to repent and be converted.<sup><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#3:19" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 3:19</a></sup> Jesus promised that the Holy Spirit would convict the world of sin.<sup><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#16:8" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 16:8</a></sup> Calvinism's response is found in <a href="/wiki/Limited_Atonement" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited Atonement">Limited Atonement</a>. So as a result of the Calvinist understanding of God's <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_of_God_in_Christianity#Calvinist_view" title="Sovereignty of God in Christianity">sovereignty</a>, one must conclude that God's election does not depend upon any human response, necessitating a belief in (1) both <a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total Depravity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_election" title="Unconditional election">Unconditional Election</a>, (2) <a href="/wiki/Irresistible_Grace" class="mw-redirect" title="Irresistible Grace">Irresistible Grace</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Prevenient_Grace" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevenient Grace">Prevenient Grace</a>, and (3) <a href="/wiki/Limited_Atonement" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited Atonement">Limited Atonement</a>; if any of these beliefs are rejected, this logic fails. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lutheran">Lutheran</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irresistible_grace&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lutheran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luther-Predigt-LC-WB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Luther-Predigt-LC-WB.jpg/335px-Luther-Predigt-LC-WB.jpg" decoding="async" width="335" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Luther-Predigt-LC-WB.jpg/503px-Luther-Predigt-LC-WB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Luther-Predigt-LC-WB.jpg/670px-Luther-Predigt-LC-WB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>"The certain mark by which a Christian community can be recognized is the preaching of the gospel in its purity."—<a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Like Calvinists, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> view the work of <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> as <a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">monergistic</a> in which an unconverted or unrepentant person always resists and rejects God and his ways.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even during conversion, the <a href="/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" title="Formula of Concord">Formula of Concord</a> says, humans resist "the Word and will of God, until God awakens him from the death of sin, enlightens and renews him."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, they both see the preaching of the gospel as a <a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">means of grace</a> by which God offers salvation. </p><p>Calvinists distinguish between a resistible, outward call to salvation given to all who hear the <a href="/wiki/Free_offer_of_the_gospel" title="Free offer of the gospel">free offer of the gospel</a>, and an efficacious, inward work by the Holy Spirit. Every person is unwilling to follow the outward call to salvation until, as the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Confession">Westminster Confession</a> puts it, "being quickened and renewed by the Holy Spirit, he is thereby enabled to answer this call, and to embrace the grace offered and conveyed by it."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once inwardly renewed, every person freely follows God and his ways as "not only the obligatory but the preferable good,"<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hence that special renewing grace is always effective. </p><p>Contrary to the Calvinist position, Lutherans hold that whenever the Holy Spirit works outwardly through the Word and sacraments, it always acts inwardly through them as well. Unlike Calvinists, Lutherans believe the Holy Spirit always works <a href="/wiki/Efficacy" title="Efficacy">efficaciously</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WELSFAQ_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WELSFAQ-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Word heard by those that resist it is just as efficacious as the Word preached to those that <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism#Conversion" title="Lutheranism">convert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" title="Formula of Concord">Formula of Concord</a> teaches that when humans reject the calling of the Holy Spirit, it is not a result of the Word being less efficacious. Instead, contempt for the means of grace is the result of "the perverse will of man, which rejects or perverts the means and instrument of the Holy Ghost, which God offers him through the call, and resists the Holy Ghost, who wishes to be efficacious, and works through the Word..."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lutherans are certain that the work of the Holy Spirit does not occur merely alongside the means of grace to regenerate, but instead is an integral part of them, always working through them wherever they are found. Lutherans teach that the Holy Spirit limits itself to working only through the means of grace and nowhere else,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that those who reject the means of grace are simultaneously resisting and rejecting the Holy Spirit and the grace it brings.<sup id="cite_ref-WELSFAQ_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WELSFAQ-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_passages_related_to_the_doctrine">Biblical passages related to the doctrine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irresistible_grace&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biblical passages related to the doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 180px"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">The <a href="/wiki/Five_Points_of_Calvinism" title="Five Points of Calvinism">Five Points</a><br />of <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tulipa_classic_FotoTakkk_Hungary.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A "Page Polka" tulip"><img alt="A "Page Polka" tulip" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tulipa_classic_FotoTakkk_Hungary.jpg/50px-Tulipa_classic_FotoTakkk_Hungary.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tulipa_classic_FotoTakkk_Hungary.jpg/75px-Tulipa_classic_FotoTakkk_Hungary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tulipa_classic_FotoTakkk_Hungary.jpg/100px-Tulipa_classic_FotoTakkk_Hungary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="1904" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> (TULIP)</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_election" title="Unconditional election">Unconditional election</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Limited_atonement" title="Limited atonement">Limited atonement</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irresistible grace</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">Perseverance of the saints</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TULIP" title="Template:TULIP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TULIP" title="Template talk:TULIP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TULIP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TULIP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The statement of <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">St. Paul</a> is said to confirm that those whom God <a href="/wiki/Effectual_calling" title="Effectual calling">effectually calls</a> necessarily come to full salvation: "(T)hose whom (God) predestined He also called, and those whom He called He also justified, and those whom He justified He also glorified" (<a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a> 8:28, 30). Of course, this confirmation depends upon the belief that when God elected certain individuals for salvation, He either did not know or did not consider who would respond and obey, though the Apostle Peter refers to the "Elect according to the foreknowledge of God the Father, through sanctification of the Spirit, unto obedience and sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ".<sup><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Peter#1:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Peter">1 Peter 1:2</a></sup> </p><p>Calvinists also rely upon several verses from the <a href="/wiki/John_6" title="John 6">sixth chapter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>, which contains a record of Jesus' teaching on humanity's abilities and God's activities in salvation, as the central <a href="/wiki/Proof_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Proof text">proof text</a> for the Calvinist doctrine: </p> <ul><li>John 6:37, 39: "All that the Father gives me will come to me.... And this is the will of Him who sent me, that I should lose nothing of all that He has given me, but raise it up on the last day."[ESV]</li> <li>John 6:44–45: "No one can come to me unless the Father who sent me draws him.... Everyone who has heard and learned from the Father comes to me."[ESV]</li> <li>John 6:65: "(N)o one can come to me unless it is granted him by the Father."[ESV]</li></ul> <p>Proponents of Arminianism argue that the word "draw" (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἕλκω</span></span>, <i>helkô</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as used in John 6:44 does not require the sense of "drag", though Calvinists teach this is the word's usual meaning (as in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+18:10,21:6,21:11;Acts+16:19,21:30;James+2:6">Jn. 18:10; 21:6; 21:11; Acts 16:19; 21:30; Jas. 2:6</a>). They point to John 12:32 as an example: "And I, when I am lifted up from the earth, will draw all people to myself." Many Arminians interpret this to mean that Jesus draws all people to Himself, but the draw only enables people to come to Him, since, if the call was truly irresistible, then all must come to Christ and be saved. They may also note that in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> version of Jeremiah 38:13, when Jeremiah is lifted out of the pit where he was left to die, this Greek verb is used for the action which his rescuers performed after he voluntarily secured the ropes under his armpits, and that this rescue was performed in cooperation with Jeremiah's wishes and would have failed if he did not cooperate. Therefore, they may argue, even if the semantics of "draw" are understood in the usual sense, this should only be taken to indicate the source of the power, not the question of whether the person being drawn responds to the drawing, or to indicate that the drawing is done irrespective of their will. </p><p>Calvinists argue that (1) the word "draw" should be understood according to its usual <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> in both John 6:44 and 12:32; (2) the word "all" (translated "all people" in verse 12:32) should be taken in the sense of "all kinds of people" rather than "every individual"; and thus (3) the former verse refers to an irresistible internal call to salvation and the latter to the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentiles</a>, not a universal, resistible internal call. The argument requires acceptance of either the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Limited_Atonement" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited Atonement">Limited Atonement</a> or <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">universalism</a>, since John 12:32 states that "Jesus will draw <b>all</b>". Some have asserted on this basis that the text of John 6:44 can <a href="/wiki/Entailment" class="mw-redirect" title="Entailment">entail</a> either <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">universalism</a> or Calvinism (inclusive of <a href="/wiki/Limited_Atonement" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited Atonement">Limited Atonement</a>), but not Arminianism.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arminian <a href="/wiki/William_Barclay_(theologian)" title="William Barclay (theologian)">William Barclay</a> argues that "man's resistance can defeat the pull of God" mentioned in John 6:44, but <a href="/wiki/Biblical_exegesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical exegesis">commentator</a> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Morris" title="Leon Morris">Leon Morris</a> contends that "(n)ot one of (Barclay's) examples of the verb ('draw') shows the resistance as successful. Indeed we can go further. There is not one example in the New Testament of the use of this verb where the resistance is successful. Always the drawing power is triumphant, as here."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such arguments invite the criticism that Calvinists teach salvation by decree of God rather than justification by <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">faith alone</a>, that they "so zealously sought to guard the free grace of God in salvation that they denied faith any involvement at all in the actual justification of sinners."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But even if the drawing power is always triumphant, the ability to resist does not depend upon the meaning of the word "draw" in John 12:32, but on the question what the "draw" is intended to accomplish. Calvinism assumes that persons who Jesus "draws" will be regenerated. Arminianism states that all are drawn to Jesus to be given an enabling grace. "Jesus does not define what 'His drawing' will accomplish in John 12, only that He will do it."<sup id="cite_ref-Being_Drawn_to_God_-_Calvinism_and_Arminianism_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Being_Drawn_to_God_-_Calvinism_and_Arminianism-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even if the semantics of "draw" are understood in the manner Calvinist's urge, this should only be taken to indicate the sufficiency of the power to draw (they were "not able to draw" as in John 21:6, or they were able to do so as in John 21:11), rather than to define what God does to those He draws. Arminians reject the Calvinist teaching that God draws for the purpose of forced <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">regeneration</a> irrespective of their wishes. Rather Arminians believe God draws all persons to provide all with an ability or enabling to believe, as <a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">prevenient grace</a> teaches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_doctrine">History of the doctrine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irresistible_grace&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History of the doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Calvinist–Arminian debate">History of Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></div> <p>In the Catholic Church, debates concerning the respective role of efficacious grace and <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Congregatio_de_Auxiliis" title="Congregatio de Auxiliis">Congregatio de Auxiliis</a> at the end of the 16th century by the Pope <a href="/wiki/Clement_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement VIII">Clement VIII</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> insisted on the role of the efficacious grace, but the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuits</a> embraced <a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>, which postulated greater liberty in the will. These debates also led to the famous <a href="/wiki/Formulary_controversy" title="Formulary controversy">formulary controversy</a> in France which pitted the <a href="/wiki/Jansenist" class="mw-redirect" title="Jansenist">Jansenists</a> against the Jesuits. </p><p>The doctrine is one of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">Five points of Calvinism</a> that were defined at the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Synod of Dort</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Quinquarticular_Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquarticular Controversy">Quinquarticular Controversy</a> with the Arminian <a href="/wiki/Remonstrants" title="Remonstrants">Remonstrants</a>, who objected to the general predestinarian scheme of Calvinism, rejecting its denial of free will and its condemnation of the "majority of humanity for the sole purpose of torturing them in hell for all of eternity, and that they never had a choice".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Calvinist churches, the doctrine is most often mentioned in comparisons with other salvific schemes and their respective doctrines about the state of mankind after <a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fall of Man">the Fall</a>, and it is not a common topic for <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermons</a> or studies otherwise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irresistible_grace&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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href="/w/index.php?title=Irresistible_grace&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSproul2017" class="citation web cs1">Sproul, R. C. (April 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ligonier.org/learn/articles/tulip-and-reformed-theology-irresistible-grace">"TULIP and Reformed Theology: Irresistible Grace"</a>. <i>Ligonier Ministries</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805035743/https://www.ligonier.org/learn/articles/tulip-and-reformed-theology-irresistible-grace">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2021</span>. <q>I have a little bit of a problem using the term <i>irresistible grace</i>, not because I don't believe this classical doctrine, but because it is misleading to many people. Therefore, I prefer the term <i>effectual grace</i>, because the irresistible grace of God effects what God intends it to effect.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ligonier+Ministries&rft.atitle=TULIP+and+Reformed+Theology%3A+Irresistible+Grace&rft.date=2017-04-15&rft.aulast=Sproul&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ligonier.org%2Flearn%2Farticles%2Ftulip-and-reformed-theology-irresistible-grace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrresistible+grace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForlinesPinsonAshby2001" class="citation book cs1">Forlines, Leroy F.; Pinson, Matthew J.; Ashby, Stephen M. (2001). <i>The Quest for Truth: Answering Life's Inescapable Questions</i>. Nashville: Randall House Publications. pp. 313–321.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+Truth%3A+Answering+Life%27s+Inescapable+Questions&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pages=313-321&rft.pub=Randall+House+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Forlines&rft.aufirst=Leroy+F.&rft.au=Pinson%2C+Matthew+J.&rft.au=Ashby%2C+Stephen+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrresistible+grace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHägglund2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Bengt_H%C3%A4gglund" title="Bengt Hägglund">Hägglund, Bengt</a> (2007) [1968]. <i>Teologins historia</i> [<i>History of Theology</i>] (in German). Translated by Gene J. Lund (4th rev. ed.). St. Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. pp. 139–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0758613486" title="Special:BookSources/978-0758613486"><bdi>978-0758613486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teologins+historia&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=139-140&rft.edition=4th+rev.&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0758613486&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4gglund&rft.aufirst=Bengt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrresistible+grace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/our-wesleyan-heritage">"Our Wesleyan Heritage"</a>. <i>United Methodist Church</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Methodist+Church&rft.atitle=Our+Wesleyan+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umc.org%2Fwhat-we-believe%2Four-wesleyan-heritage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrresistible+grace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvin" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccel.org/ccel/calvin/calcom34.xii.vii.html">"John 6:41–45"</a>. <i>Commentary on John</i>. Vol. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+6%3A41%E2%80%9345&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+John&rft.aulast=Calvin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccel.org%2Fccel%2Fcalvin%2Fcalcom34.xii.vii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrresistible+grace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reformed.org/documents/wcf_with_proofs/ch_X.html">"Reformed Documents, Chapter X"</a>. <i>reformed.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reformed.org&rft.atitle=Reformed+Documents%2C+Chapter+X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freformed.org%2Fdocuments%2Fwcf_with_proofs%2Fch_X.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrresistible+grace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crcna.org/welcome/beliefs/confessions/canons-dort">"The Canons of Dort | Christian Reformed Church"</a>. <i>www.crcna.org</i>. Article 16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.crcna.org&rft.atitle=The+Canons+of+Dort+%7C+Christian+Reformed+Church&rft.pages=Article+16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crcna.org%2Fwelcome%2Fbeliefs%2Fconfessions%2Fcanons-dort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrresistible+grace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Gill" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gill_(theologian)" title="John Gill (theologian)">John Gill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bible.crosswalk.com/Commentaries/GillsExpositionoftheBible/gil.cgi?book=joh&chapter=006&verse=044&next=045&prev=043">"John 6:44"</a>. <i>John Gill's Exposition of the Bible</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+6%3A44&rft.btitle=John+Gill%27s+Exposition+of+the+Bible&rft.au=John+Gill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbible.crosswalk.com%2FCommentaries%2FGillsExpositionoftheBible%2Fgil.cgi%3Fbook%3Djoh%26chapter%3D006%26verse%3D044%26next%3D045%26prev%3D043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrresistible+grace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Hodge" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hodge" title="Charles Hodge">Charles Hodge</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccel.org/ccel/hodge/theology2.iv.xiv.iii.html">"Efficacious Grace"</a>. <i>Systematic Theology</i>. Vol. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Efficacious+Grace&rft.btitle=Systematic+Theology&rft.au=Charles+Hodge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccel.org%2Fccel%2Fhodge%2Ftheology2.iv.xiv.iii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrresistible+grace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvin" class="citation book cs1">Calvin, John. <i>Institutes of Christian Religion</i>. Book 3, Chapter 3, Section 1, p. 509.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Institutes+of+Christian+Religion&rft.pages=Book+3%2C+Chapter+3%2C+Section+1%2C+p.+509&rft.aulast=Calvin&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrresistible+grace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuther2007" class="citation book cs1">Luther, Martin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cHvf_xp6V8IC&dq=%22The+certain+mark+by+which+a+Christian+community+can+be+recognized+is+the+preaching+of+the+gospel+in+its+purity.%22&pg=RA3-PA325"><i>Selected Writings of Martin Luther</i></a>. Fortress Press. p. 325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-6226-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-6226-4"><bdi>978-0-8006-6226-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Writings+of+Martin+Luther&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-6226-4&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcHvf_xp6V8IC%26dq%3D%2522The%2Bcertain%2Bmark%2Bby%2Bwhich%2Ba%2BChristian%2Bcommunity%2Bcan%2Bbe%2Brecognized%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bpreaching%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bgospel%2Bin%2Bits%2Bpurity.%2522%26pg%3DRA3-PA325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrresistible+grace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" title="Formula of Concord">Formula of Concord</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.org/fc-sd/freewill.html">Solid Declaration, art. ii, par. 71</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516222512/http://bookofconcord.org/fc-sd/freewill.html">Archived</a> 2008-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.org/fc-sd/freewill.html">par. 18</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516222512/http://bookofconcord.org/fc-sd/freewill.html">Archived</a> 2008-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516222512/http://bookofconcord.org/fc-sd/freewill.html">"Solid Declaration, art. ii, par. 59"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.org/fc-sd/freewill.html">the original</a> on 2008-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solid+Declaration%2C+art.+ii%2C+par.+59&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookofconcord.org%2Ffc-sd%2Ffreewill.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrresistible+grace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reformed.org/documents/wcf_with_proofs/ch_X.html">Westminster Confession of Faith, X</a>.1,2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoraine_Boettner" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Loraine_Boettner" title="Loraine Boettner">Loraine Boettner</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/boettner/predest.iv.v.html#iv.v-p28.2">"Efficacious Grace"</a>. <i>The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Efficacious+Grace&rft.btitle=The+Reformed+Doctrine+of+Predestination&rft.au=Loraine+Boettner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fboettner%2Fpredest.iv.v.html%23iv.v-p28.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrresistible+grace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WELSFAQ-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WELSFAQ_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WELSFAQ_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090927085441/https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=10&cuItem_itemID=15094">"Calvinism and Lutheranism compared"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=10&cuItem_itemID=15094">the original</a> on 2009-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calvinism+and+Lutheranism+compared&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Evangelical+Lutheran+Synod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsite.pl%3F1518%26cuTopic_topicID%3D10%26cuItem_itemID%3D15094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrresistible+grace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Eyster_Jacobs" title="Henry Eyster Jacobs">Henry Eyster Jacobs</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/jacobs19.txt">A Summary of the Christian Faith</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070102191452/http://showcase.netins.net/web/bilarson/jacobs19.txt">Archived</a> 2007-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Philadelphia: General Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America, 1905, pp. 216-17, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelder1934" class="citation book cs1">Engelder, Theodore E.W. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1"><i>Popular Symbolics: The Doctrines of the Churches of Christendom and Of Other Religious Bodies Examined in the Light of Scripture</i></a>. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1/page/n87">58</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Symbolics%3A+The+Doctrines+of+the+Churches+of+Christendom+and+Of+Other+Religious+Bodies+Examined+in+the+Light+of+Scripture&rft.place=Saint+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Engelder&rft.aufirst=Theodore+E.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMN41551ucmf_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrresistible+grace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719172205/http://bookofconcord.org/sd-election.php">"Solid Declaration, article xi, "Election", par. 41"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.org/sd-election.php">the original</a> on 2017-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solid+Declaration%2C+article+xi%2C+%22Election%22%2C+par.+41&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookofconcord.org%2Fsd-election.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrresistible+grace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Smalcald_Articles" title="Smalcald Articles">Smalcald Articles</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.org/smalcald.php#confession">part 8, "Of Confession"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731111923/http://www.bookofconcord.org/smalcald.php#confession">Archived</a> 2017-07-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "[I]n those things which concern the spoken, outward Word, we must firmly hold that God grants His Spirit or grace to no one, except through or with the preceding outward Word."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_George_Liddell,_Robert_Scott" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_George_Liddell" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry George Liddell">Henry George Liddell</a>, Robert Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2333771&layout.reflookup=e%29lkusw&layout.reflang=greek">"helkô"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek-English_Lexicon" class="mw-redirect" title="A Greek-English Lexicon">A Greek-English Lexicon</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=helk%C3%B4&rft.btitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.au=Henry+George+Liddell%2C+Robert+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253D%252333771%26layout.reflookup%3De%2529lkusw%26layout.reflang%3Dgreek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrresistible+grace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosse2005" class="citation web cs1">Bosse, Brian (2005-10-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071202231421/http://www.geocities.com/elenctictheology/John-644.pdf">"A Logical Analysis – John 6:44"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/elenctictheology/John-644.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Logical+Analysis+%E2%80%93+John+6%3A44&rft.date=2005-10-11&rft.aulast=Bosse&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Felenctictheology%2FJohn-644.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrresistible+grace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeon_Morris1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Morris" title="Leon Morris">Leon Morris</a> (1995). <i>The Gospel According to John</i> (revised ed.). p. 328, n. 116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+According+to+John&rft.pages=328%2C+n.+116&rft.edition=revised&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Leon+Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrresistible+grace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKelvey2011" class="citation book cs1">McKelvey, Robert J. (2011). <i>That Error and Pillar of Antinomianism': Eternal Justification</i>. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 239–240.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That+Error+and+Pillar+of+Antinomianism%27%3A+Eternal+Justification&rft.pages=239-240&rft.pub=G%C3%B6ttingen%3A+Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=McKelvey&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrresistible+grace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Being_Drawn_to_God_-_Calvinism_and_Arminianism-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Being_Drawn_to_God_-_Calvinism_and_Arminianism_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuriy2013" class="citation web cs1">Yuriy, Stasyuk (22 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yuriystasyuk.com/being-drawn-to-god-calvinism-and-arminianism-in-john-644-and-john-1232/">"Being drawn to God? Calvinism and Arminianism in John 6:44 and John 12:32"</a>. <i>The Reluctant Skeptic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Reluctant+Skeptic&rft.atitle=Being+drawn+to+God%3F+Calvinism+and+Arminianism+in+John+6%3A44+and+John+12%3A32&rft.date=2013-04-22&rft.aulast=Yuriy&rft.aufirst=Stasyuk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyuriystasyuk.com%2Fbeing-drawn-to-god-calvinism-and-arminianism-in-john-644-and-john-1232%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrresistible+grace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorey" class="citation web cs1">Corey, Benjamin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patheos.com/blogs/.../why-calvinism-makes-me-want-to-gouge-my-eyes-out/">"Why Calvinism Makes Me Want to Gouge My Eyes Out"</a>. <i>Patheos</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patheos&rft.atitle=Why+Calvinism+Makes+Me+Want+to+Gouge+My+Eyes+Out&rft.aulast=Corey&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patheos.com%2Fblogs%2F...%2Fwhy-calvinism-makes-me-want-to-gouge-my-eyes-out%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrresistible+grace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div><p> In reference nr 3, the book is not in German but in Swedish. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irresistible_grace&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pro">Pro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irresistible_grace&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbministries.org/books/gill/Doctrinal_Divinity/Book_6/book6_12.htm">"Of Effectual Calling"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050624073539/http://www.pbministries.org/books/gill/Doctrinal_Divinity/Book_6/book6_12.htm">Archived</a> 2005-06-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a href="/wiki/John_Gill_(theologian)" title="John Gill (theologian)">John Gill's</a> <i>Body of Doctrinal Divinity</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/edwards/works2.xi.iv.html">"Concerning Efficacious Grace"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/hodge/theology2.iv.xiv.iii.html">"Efficacious Grace"</a>, section 3.14.4 from <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hodge" title="Charles Hodge">Charles Hodge</a>'s <i>Systematic Theology</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050305234933/http://www.founders.org/FJ48/article5_fr.html">"On Regeneration"</a>, a sermon by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Spurgeon" title="Charles Spurgeon">Charles Spurgeon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-highway.com/Irresistible_Murray.html">"Irresistible Grace"</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(theologian)" title="John Murray (theologian)">John Murray</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041210014414/http://www.ccel.org/b/boettner/predest/13.htm">"Efficacious Grace"</a>, chapter 13 from <a href="/wiki/Loraine_Boettner" title="Loraine Boettner">Loraine Boettner</a>'s <i>The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monergism.com/thethreshold/articles/onsite/sproul01.html">"Regeneration Precedes Faith"</a> by <a href="/wiki/R._C._Sproul" title="R. C. Sproul">R. C. Sproul</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monergism.com/thethreshold/articles/piper/irresistable.html">"Irresistible Grace"</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Piper_(theologian)" title="John Piper (theologian)">John Piper</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monergism.com/thethreshold/articles/topic/irresistable.html">Many articles</a> on irresistible grace by various authors</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Con">Con</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irresistible_grace&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Con"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110530000611/http://arkiv.lbk.cc/faq/site.pl%401518cutopic_topicid10cuitem_itemid10787.htm">Irresistible grace</a>, <i>WELS Topical Q&A</i> (<a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional Lutheran">Confessional Lutheran</a> perspective)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001209234900/http://gbgm-umc.org/umhistory/Wesley/sermons/serm-058.stm">Sermon #58: "On Predestination"</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001115075300/http://gbgm-umc.org/UMhistory/Wesley/sermons/serm-128.stm">Sermon #128: "Free Grace"</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblelife.org/calvinism_grace.htm">Irresistible Grace</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629160822/http://www.revneal.org/Writings/on.htm">Prevenient Grace</a> by Gregory Neal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fwponline.cc/v23n1/johnsixPt1_witzki.html">Calvinism and John 6: An Exegetical Response</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416232713/http://www.fwponline.cc/v23n1/johnsixPt1_witzki.html">Archived</a> 2016-04-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Steve Witzki</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050414201859/http://www.fwponline.cc/v19n1switzki.html">Free Grace or Forced Grace?</a> by Steve Witski</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christian_salvation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse 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