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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Significant immigration waves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_immigration_waves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._states_with_large_Jamaican_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._states_with_large_Jamaican_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>U.S. states with large Jamaican populations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._states_with_large_Jamaican_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_largest_Jamaican_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_largest_Jamaican_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>U.S. metropolitan areas with largest Jamaican populations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_largest_Jamaican_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._communities_with_high_percentages_of_people_of_Jamaican_ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._communities_with_high_percentages_of_people_of_Jamaican_ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>U.S. communities with high percentages of people of Jamaican ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._communities_with_high_percentages_of_people_of_Jamaican_ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._communities_with_the_most_residents_born_in_Jamaica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._communities_with_the_most_residents_born_in_Jamaica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>U.S. communities with the most residents born in Jamaica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._communities_with_the_most_residents_born_in_Jamaica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Online</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers_and_Magazines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers_and_Magazines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Newspapers and Magazines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers_and_Magazines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community-Based_Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community-Based_Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Community-Based Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community-Based_Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socioeconomics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socioeconomics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Socioeconomics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Socioeconomics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Socioeconomics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Socioeconomics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Age_and_English_proficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_and_English_proficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Age and English proficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_and_English_proficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Education and employment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Income</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homeownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homeownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Homeownership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homeownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dances_and_songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dances_and_songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Dances and songs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dances_and_songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Actors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Actors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_costumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_costumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Traditional costumes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_costumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Jamaican_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Jamaican Americans">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jamaican+Americans%22">"Jamaican Americans"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jamaican+Americans%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jamaican+Americans%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jamaican+Americans%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jamaican+Americans%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jamaican+Americans%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Jamaican Americans</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamaican_Creole_USC2000_PHS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Jamaican_Creole_USC2000_PHS.svg/220px-Jamaican_Creole_USC2000_PHS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Jamaican_Creole_USC2000_PHS.svg/330px-Jamaican_Creole_USC2000_PHS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Jamaican_Creole_USC2000_PHS.svg/440px-Jamaican_Creole_USC2000_PHS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>1,234,336</b> (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <b>0.37% of the U.S. population</b> (2022)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Majority in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> <br /> Smaller numbers in other parts of the country, including <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">English (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaican English</a>, <a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a>, <a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Patois" title="Jamaican Patois">Jamaican Patois</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>. Some adherents of <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a>, and other faiths.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Jamaicans" title="British Jamaicans">British Jamaicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Canadians" title="Jamaican Canadians">Jamaican Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Australians">Jamaican Australians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afro-Jamaicans" title="Afro-Jamaicans">Afro-Jamaicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Jamaicans" title="Chinese Jamaicans">Chinese Jamaicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Jamaicans" title="Indo-Jamaicans">Indo-Jamaicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Jamaicans" title="White Jamaicans">European Jamaicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Jamaicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Jamaicans">Lebanese Jamaicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Afro Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Americans" title="Hakka Americans">Hakka Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="West Africans in the United States">West Africans</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jamaican Americans</b> are an ethnic group of <a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">Caribbean Americans</a> who have full or partial <a href="/wiki/Jamaicans" title="Jamaicans">Jamaican</a> ancestry. The largest proportions of Jamaican Americans live in <a href="/wiki/South_Florida" title="South Florida">South Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, both of which have been home to large Jamaican communities since the 1950s and the 1960s. There are also communities of Jamaican Americans residing in <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vast majority of Jamaican Americans are of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people" title="Afro-Caribbean people">Afro-Caribbean</a> descent, although smaller numbers are of full or partial <a href="/wiki/Indo-Jamaicans" title="Indo-Jamaicans">Indian Jamaican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Jamaicans" title="Chinese Jamaicans">Chinese Jamaican</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Jamaicans" title="White Jamaicans">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Jamaicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Jamaicans">Lebanese</a> descent. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_immigration">Historical immigration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1838, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Caribbean">European colonies in the Caribbean</a> with expanding <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> industries imported large numbers of immigrants to meet their acute labor shortage. Large numbers of Jamaicans were recruited to work in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> in the 1850s. After slavery was <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolished</a> in the United States in 1865, American planters imported temporary workers, called "swallow migrants", to harvest crops on an annual basis. These workers, many of them Jamaicans, returned to their countries after harvest. Between 1881 and the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the United States recruited over 250,000 workers from the Caribbean, 90,000 of whom were Jamaicans, to work on the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During both world wars, the United States again recruited Jamaican men for service on various American bases in the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significant_immigration_waves">Significant immigration waves</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Significant immigration waves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamaican_laborers_cutting_sugar_cane_-_Clewiston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Jamaican_laborers_cutting_sugar_cane_-_Clewiston.jpg/280px-Jamaican_laborers_cutting_sugar_cane_-_Clewiston.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Jamaican_laborers_cutting_sugar_cane_-_Clewiston.jpg/420px-Jamaican_laborers_cutting_sugar_cane_-_Clewiston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Jamaican_laborers_cutting_sugar_cane_-_Clewiston.jpg/560px-Jamaican_laborers_cutting_sugar_cane_-_Clewiston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>A Jamaican laborer cutting <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> in <a href="/wiki/Clewiston,_Florida" title="Clewiston, Florida">Clewiston, Florida</a>, December 1947.</figcaption></figure> <p>Jamaican immigration to the U.S. increased during the civil rights era of the 1960s. As with many other sources of Caribbean immigration, the geographical nearness of Jamaica to the U.S. increased the likelihood of migration. The economic attractiveness and general Jamaican perception of the U.S. as a land of opportunity explain continued migration flows despite economic downturn in America. Traditionally, America has experienced increased migration through means of family preference, in which U.S. citizens sponsor their immediate family. Through this category a substantial amount of Jamaican immigrants were able to enter mainly urban cities within the U.S that provided blue-collar work opportunities. Jamaican immigrants utilized employment opportunities despite the discriminatory policies that affected some Caribbean émigrés.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jamaicans comprise the largest nationality of U.S. immigrants from the English-speaking Caribbean. Because so many have assimilated into the <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">black</a> community, it is difficult to estimate their number. The <a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990 U.S. census</a> placed the number of documented Jamaican Americans at 435,025. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An estimated 554,897 Jamaican-born people lived in the U.S. in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This represents 61% of the approximate 911,000 Americans of Jamaican ancestry. Many Jamaicans are second, third and descend from even older generations, as there have been Jamaicans in the U.S. as early as the early twentieth Century. The regional composition is as follows: 59 percent live in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a>, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">State of New York</a>; 4.8 percent in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>; 30.6 percent in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/South_Florida" title="South Florida">South Florida</a>; and 5.6 percent on the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a>. The <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan area</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Florida" title="South Florida">South Florida</a> have the largest number of Jamaican immigrants in the United States. South Florida is home to the highest number of undocumented Jamaicans, whereas most documented immigrants tend to reside in Brooklyn. Jamaicans refer to <a href="/wiki/Miami_metropolitan_area" title="Miami metropolitan area">Miami metropolitan area</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> colloquially as "<a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a> 21" and "Little Jamaica" respectively. Jamaicans in the Miami metropolitan area mostly live in <a href="/wiki/Broward_County,_Florida" title="Broward County, Florida">Broward County</a> and Jamaicans in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> have formed communities in Brooklyn, The Bronx and Queens. Especially Central Brooklyn, particularly <a href="/wiki/East_Flatbush,_Brooklyn" title="East Flatbush, Brooklyn">East Flatbush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Crown Heights, Brooklyn">Crown Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flatbush,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatbush, Brooklyn">Flatbush</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flatlands,_Brooklyn" title="Flatlands, Brooklyn">Flatlands</a>, parts of East Brooklyn like <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Brooklyn" title="Brownsville, Brooklyn">Brownsville</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Canarsie,_Brooklyn" title="Canarsie, Brooklyn">Canarsie</a> and the Northeast Bronx, particularly <a href="/wiki/Wakefield,_Bronx" title="Wakefield, Bronx">Wakefield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Williamsbridge,_Bronx" title="Williamsbridge, Bronx">Williamsbridge</a> neighborhoods holding the largest Jamaican populace.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large communities of Jamaican immigrants have formed in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and the whole <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York Metro Area</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a> and much of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> (centered in and around the <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>/<a href="/wiki/Broward_County,_Florida" title="Broward County, Florida">Broward County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa</a> areas), which has the second largest Jamaican community in the U.S. In recent years, many Jamaicans have left New York City for its suburbs, and large Jamaican communities have also formed in many other major cities like <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> (including Delaware and other parts of eastern Pennsylvania), <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a>/Central Maryland, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Western NY State (<a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>. Smaller numbers are in <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._states_with_large_Jamaican_populations">U.S. states with large Jamaican populations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: U.S. states with large Jamaican populations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the 2020 U.S. Census, there were 1,047,117 Jamaican Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 10 U.S. states with the largest Jamaican populations in 2020 census were: <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> – 284,228</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> – 254,148</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> – 61,949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> – 60,091</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> – 52,815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> – 37,264</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> – 35,953</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> – 33,767</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> – 29,100</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> – 29,099</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_largest_Jamaican_populations">U.S. metropolitan areas with largest Jamaican populations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: U.S. metropolitan areas with largest Jamaican populations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The top 10 U.S. metropolitan areas with the largest populations of Jamaicans (Source: 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA-CT MSA</a> – 332,681</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_metropolitan_area" title="Miami metropolitan area">Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL MSA</a> – 173,277</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta metropolitan area">Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA MSA</a> – 59,097</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Orlando" title="Greater Orlando">Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL MSA</a> – 42,922</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV MSA</a> – 39,253</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD MSA</a> – 32,934</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Hartford" title="Greater Hartford">Hartford-East Hartford-Middletown, CT MSA</a> – 29,530</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH MSA</a> – 21,510</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_area" title="Tampa Bay area">Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL MSA</a> – 18,546</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bridgeport" title="Greater Bridgeport">Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT MSA</a> – 16,822</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._communities_with_high_percentages_of_people_of_Jamaican_ancestry">U.S. communities with high percentages of people of Jamaican ancestry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: U.S. communities with high percentages of people of Jamaican ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The top 25 U.S. communities with the highest percentage of people claiming Jamaican ancestry are (2010):<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Hills,_Connecticut" title="Blue Hills, Connecticut">Blue Hills, Connecticut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neighborhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighborhood">neighborhood</a>) 23.9%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauderdale_Lakes,_Florida" title="Lauderdale Lakes, Florida">Lauderdale Lakes, Florida</a> 18.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauderhill,_Florida" title="Lauderhill, Florida">Lauderhill, Florida</a> 17.6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Floral_Park,_New_York" title="South Floral Park, New York">South Floral Park, New York</a> 15.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miramar,_Florida" title="Miramar, Florida">Miramar, Florida</a> 15.40%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomfield,_Connecticut" title="Bloomfield, Connecticut">Bloomfield, Connecticut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_New_York" title="Mount Vernon, New York">Mount Vernon, New York</a> 12.9%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakeview,_New_York" title="Lakeview, New York">Lakeview, New York</a> 12.7%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lauderdale,_Florida" title="North Lauderdale, Florida">North Lauderdale, Florida</a> 11.1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniondale,_New_York" title="Uniondale, New York">Uniondale, New York</a> 11.0%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Portal,_Florida" title="El Portal, Florida">El Portal, Florida</a> 8.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt,_New_York" title="Roosevelt, New York">Roosevelt, New York</a> 8.2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Park,_Florida" title="Pembroke Park, Florida">Pembroke Park, Florida</a> 8.0%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Valley_Stream,_New_York" title="North Valley Stream, New York">North Valley Stream, New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a> 7.90%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise,_Florida" title="Sunrise, Florida">Sunrise, Florida</a> 7.60%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Gardens,_Florida" title="Miami Gardens, Florida">Miami Gardens, Florida</a> 6.3%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Amityville,_New_York" title="North Amityville, New York">North Amityville, New York</a> 6.1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Miami_Heights,_Florida" title="South Miami Heights, Florida">South Miami Heights, Florida</a> 6.0%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hempstead_(village),_New_York" title="Hempstead (village), New York">Hempstead, New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elmont,_New_York" title="Elmont, New York">Elmont, New York</a> 5.9%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Park,_Florida" title="Lake Park, Florida">Lake Park, Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carol_City,_Florida" title="Carol City, Florida">Carol City, Florida</a> 5.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="East Orange, New Jersey">East Orange, New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Heights,_New_York" title="Gordon Heights, New York">Gordon Heights, New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ives_Estates,_Florida" title="Ives Estates, Florida">Ives Estates, Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Glades,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Glades, Florida">Golden Glades, Florida</a> 5.7%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Miami_Beach,_Florida" title="North Miami Beach, Florida">North Miami Beach, Florida</a> 5.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Cassel,_New_York" title="New Cassel, New York">New Cassel, New York</a> 5.30%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">Bronx, New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chillum,_Maryland" title="Chillum, Maryland">Chillum, Maryland</a> 5.2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Pines,_Florida" title="Pembroke Pines, Florida">Pembroke Pines, Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheatley_Heights,_New_York" title="Wheatley Heights, New York">Wheatley Heights, New York</a> 5.1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport, Connecticut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Connecticut" title="Windsor, Connecticut">Windsor, Connecticut</a> 4.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange,_New_Jersey" title="Orange, New Jersey">Orange, New Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Bay,_Florida" title="South Bay, Florida">South Bay, Florida</a> 4.3%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Valley,_New_York" title="Spring Valley, New York">Spring Valley, New York</a> 4.2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulds,_Florida" title="Goulds, Florida">Goulds, Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamarac,_Florida" title="Tamarac, Florida">Tamarac, Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palm_Beach,_Florida" title="Royal Palm Beach, Florida">Royal Palm Beach, Florida</a> 4.1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Carrollton,_Maryland" title="New Carrollton, Maryland">New Carrollton, Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plantation,_Florida" title="Plantation, Florida">Plantation, Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cottage_City,_Maryland" title="Cottage City, Maryland">Cottage City, Maryland</a> 4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangonia_Park,_Florida" title="Mangonia Park, Florida">Mangonia Park, Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redan,_Georgia" title="Redan, Georgia">Redan, Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somerset,_New_Jersey" title="Somerset, New Jersey">Somerset, New Jersey</a> 3.9%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn, New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naranja,_Florida" title="Naranja, Florida">Naranja, Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stone_Mountain,_Georgia" title="Stone Mountain, Georgia">Stone Mountain, Georgia</a> 3.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier,_Maryland" title="Mount Rainier, Maryland">Mount Rainier, Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adelphi,_Maryland" title="Adelphi, Maryland">Adelphi, Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pine_Hills,_Florida" title="Pine Hills, Florida">Pine Hills, Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baldwin,_Nassau_County,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin, Nassau County, New York">Baldwin, New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poinciana,_Florida" title="Poinciana, Florida">Poinciana, Florida</a> 3.7%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westbury,_New_York" title="Westbury, New York">Westbury, New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inwood,_New_York" title="Inwood, New York">Inwood, New York</a> 3.6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson, New Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Maryland" title="Brentwood, Maryland">Brentwood, Maryland</a> 3.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaneck,_New_Jersey" title="Teaneck, New Jersey">Teaneck, New Jersey</a> 3.4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Miami,_Florida" title="North Miami, Florida">North Miami, Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plainfield,_New_Jersey" title="Plainfield, New Jersey">Plainfield, New Jersey</a> 3.3%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_West,_Florida" title="Richmond West, Florida">Richmond West, Florida</a> 3.2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_Florida" title="Haverhill, Florida">Haverhill, Florida</a> 3.1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opa-locka,_Florida" title="Opa-locka, Florida">Opa-Locka, Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margate,_Florida" title="Margate, Florida">Margate, Florida</a> 3%</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._communities_with_the_most_residents_born_in_Jamaica">U.S. communities with the most residents born in Jamaica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: U.S. communities with the most residents born in Jamaica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Top 50 U.S. communities with the most residents born in Jamaica are (2010):<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise,_Florida" title="Sunrise, Florida">Sunrise, FL</a> 19.6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norland,_Florida" title="Norland, Florida">Norland, FL</a> 18.5%</li> <li>Blue Hills, CT 18.3%</li> <li>Lauderdale Lakes, FL 16.9%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andover,_Florida" title="Andover, Florida">Andover, FL</a> 15.0%</li> <li>Lauderhill, FL 14.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia,_West_Park,_Florida" title="Utopia, West Park, Florida">Utopia, FL</a> 13.1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmetto_Estates,_Florida" title="Palmetto Estates, Florida">Palmetto Estates, FL</a> 12.6%</li> <li>Miramar, FL 12.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Lake,_Florida" title="Scott Lake, Florida">Scott Lake, FL</a> 12.3%</li> <li>South Floral Park, NY 12.1%</li> <li>Mount Vernon, NY 11.2%</li> <li>Bloomfield, CT 11.1%</li> <li>North Lauderdale, FL 9.7%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Devens" title="Fort Devens">Fort Devens, MA</a> 9.3%</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city-data.com/city/Northwest-Dade-Florida.html">Northwest Dade, FL</a> 8.5%</li> <li>Uniondale, NY 8.2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George,_Broward_County,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George, Broward County, Florida">St. George, FL</a> 8.1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Garden_City,_New_York" title="East Garden City, New York">East Garden City, NY</a> 7.7%</li> <li>El Portal, FL 7.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Springs_Shores,_Florida" title="Silver Springs Shores, Florida">Silver Springs Shores, FL</a> 7.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Park,_Florida" title="Washington Park, Florida">Washington Park, FL</a> 7.2%</li> <li>North Valley Stream, NY 6.7%</li> <li>Sunrise, FL 6.6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem,_Florida" title="Harlem, Florida">Harlem, FL</a> 6.4%</li> <li>Lakeview, NY 6.2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opa-locka_North,_Florida" title="Opa-locka North, Florida">Opa-locka North, FL</a> 6.1%</li> <li>Hartford, CT 6.0%</li> <li>Roosevelt, NY 5.9%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westview,_Florida" title="Westview, Florida">Westview, FL</a> 5.7%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangelo_Park,_Florida" title="Tangelo Park, Florida">Tangelo Park, FL</a> 5.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Gardens,_Broward_County,_Florida" title="Miami Gardens, Broward County, Florida">Miami Gardens, Broward County, FL</a> 5.5%</li> <li>Pembroke Park, FL 5.3%</li> <li>Lake Park, FL 5.2%</li> <li>Ives Estates, FL 5.1%</li> <li>North Amityville, NY 5.1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Point,_Florida" title="Canal Point, Florida">Canal Point, FL</a> 5.1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Island_(Fort_Lauderdale)" title="Rock Island (Fort Lauderdale)">Rock Island, FL</a> 5.1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_Gardens,_Florida" title="Boulevard Gardens, Florida">Boulevard Gardens, FL</a> 5.0%</li> <li>North Miami Beach, FL 5.0%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Lucerne,_Florida" title="Lake Lucerne, Florida">Lake Lucerne, FL</a> 4.9%</li> <li>Golden Glades, FL 4.9%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadview-Pompano_Park" title="Broadview-Pompano Park">Broadview-Pompano Park, FL</a> 4.8%</li> <li>Carol City, FL 4.7%</li> <li>East Orange, NJ 4.7%</li> <li>Pembroke Pines, FL 4.4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacy_Street,_Florida" title="Stacy Street, Florida">Stacy Street, FL</a> 4.3%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangonia_Park,_Florida" title="Mangonia Park, Florida">Mangonia Park, FL</a> 4.3%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Lakes,_Florida" title="Three Lakes, Florida">Three Lakes, FL</a> 4.2%</li> <li>Elmont, NY 4.2%</li></ol> <p>Total immigrant population from Jamaica according to <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">ACS</a> 2015-2019 estimates: 741,400; the top counties were:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1) <a href="/wiki/Broward_County,_Florida" title="Broward County, Florida">Broward County, Florida</a> ------------------- 86,600 </p><p>2) <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn Borough, New York</a> ----------- 62,200 </p><p>3) <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">Bronx Borough, New York</a> ---------------- 49,400 </p><p>4) <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens Borough, New York</a> ------------- 49,000 </p><p>5) <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach_County,_Florida" title="Palm Beach County, Florida">Palm Beach County, Florida</a> ------------- 26,900 </p><p>6) <a href="/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida" title="Miami-Dade County, Florida">Miami-Dade County, Florida</a> ------------- 23,400 </p><p>7) <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County, New York</a> ------- 18,200 </p><p>8) <a href="/wiki/Hartford_County,_Connecticut" title="Hartford County, Connecticut">Hartford County, Connecticut</a> ---------- 17,100 </p><p>9) <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_Florida" title="Orange County, Florida">Orange County, Florida</a> -------------------- 16,900 </p><p>10) <a href="/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau County, New York</a> -------------- 16,600 </p><p>11) <a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Essex County, New Jersey">Essex County, New Jersey</a> ------------- 12,500 </p><p>12) <a href="/wiki/Fairfield_County,_Connecticut" title="Fairfield County, Connecticut">Fairfield County, Connecticut</a> --------- 12,100 </p><p>13) <a href="/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland" title="Prince George's County, Maryland">Prince George's Co., Maryland</a> ------- 11,100 </p><p>14) <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia County, Penn.</a> ------------ 10,100 </p><p>15) <a href="/wiki/DeKalb_County,_Georgia" title="DeKalb County, Georgia">Dekalb County, Georgia</a> ------------------- 9,900 </p><p>16) <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Suffolk County, Massachusetts">Suffolk County, Massachusetts</a> ------- 8,200 </p><p>17) <a href="/wiki/Gwinnett_County,_Georgia" title="Gwinnett County, Georgia">Gwinnett County, Georgia</a> ---------------- 7,500 </p><p>18) <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_County,_Florida" title="Hillsborough County, Florida">Hillsborough County, Florida</a> ------------ 7,300 </p><p>19) <a href="/wiki/St._Lucie_County,_Florida" title="St. Lucie County, Florida">Saint Lucie County, Florida</a> -------------- 7,000 </p><p>20) <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York" title="Suffolk County, New York">Suffolk County, New York</a> ---------------- 6,800 </p><p>21) <a href="/wiki/New_Haven_County,_Connecticut" title="New Haven County, Connecticut">New Haven County, Connecticut</a> ------ 6,400 </p><p>22) <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles County, California</a> ------- 5,900 </p><p>23) <a href="/wiki/Cook_County,_Illinois" title="Cook County, Illinois">Cook County, Illinois</a> ------------------------ 5,700 </p><p>24) <a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas" title="Harris County, Texas">Harris County, Texas</a> ----------------------- 5,300 </p><p>25) <a href="/wiki/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey" title="Bergen County, New Jersey">Bergen County, New Jersey</a> ------------- 5,200 </p><p>26) <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan Borough, New York</a> -------- 5,100 </p><p>27) <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Maryland" title="Montgomery County, Maryland">Montgomery County, Maryland</a> -------- 5,100 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The media landscape for Jamaican Americans is limited in terms of dedicated platforms, with coverage concentrated in regions with a high density of Caribbean immigrants, such as New York, New Jersey, Hartford, Atlanta, Central Florida, and South Florida. These outlets serve as essential sources of news, culture, and community connection for the diaspora. However, the lack of tailored media options has led to increased reliance on platforms like WhatsApp, which can sometimes contribute to the spread of misinformation. </p><p>Several Jamaican-based media entities, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gleaner" title="The Gleaner">The Gleaner</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Observer" title="Jamaica Observer">Jamaica Observer</a></i>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamaica.loopnews.com">Loop News</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/RJR_94_FM" title="RJR 94 FM">RJR News</a></i>, often cover diaspora-related news and updates. However, their primary focus remains on events and issues within Jamaica and the broader Caribbean region. </p><p>Below is a selected list of Caribbean media platforms in the diaspora tailored to Jamaican-American audiences, featuring news, music, and cultural content. These platforms often focus on cultural preservation, community building, and political engagement, addressing the unique needs of Jamaican Americans and their descendants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>WNTF (1580 AM)</b>: A Caribbean music station based in Bithlo, Florida, serving the Orlando area.</li> <li><b>The Voice of the Caribbean</b>: A non-commercial station in South Florida broadcasting on 102.1 FM and 94.3 FM.<sup id="cite_ref-VoiceCaribbean_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VoiceCaribbean-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The Caribbean Radio</b>: An online Caribbean radio station streaming reggae, soca, and cultural news worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-CaribbeanRadio_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaribbeanRadio-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Caribbean Affair Connection</b>: Hosted by Lady D on WOKB 1680 AM in Central Florida, providing Caribbean music, news, and views.<sup id="cite_ref-CaribbeanAffair_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaribbeanAffair-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The Wayne Hall Show</b>: Based in Atlanta, offering Jamaican and Caribbean music, news, and community-focused programming.<sup id="cite_ref-WayneHall_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WayneHall-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Reggae Runnins on HOT 105 FM</b>: Broadcast on <i><a href="/wiki/WHQT" title="WHQT">WHQT</a></i>, featuring the best of reggae and Caribbean culture.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online">Online</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Online"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Jamaicans.com</b>: A platform connecting the diaspora with cultural content, events, and news.<sup id="cite_ref-JamaicansCom_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JamaicansCom-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>South Florida Caribbean News</b>: An online Caribbean news publication covering diaspora stories in South Florida and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-SFLCaribbean_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFLCaribbean-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers_and_Magazines">Newspapers and Magazines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Newspapers and Magazines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Caribbean Today</b>: Florida's oldest Caribbean media house, providing diverse coverage of diaspora news and entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-CaribbeanToday_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaribbeanToday-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Caribbean American Passport</b>: A magazine based in Central Florida, celebrating the vibrancy of Caribbean-American culture.<sup id="cite_ref-CaribbeanPassport_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaribbeanPassport-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Caribbean Life</b>: A publication owned and published by <i><a href="/wiki/Schneps_Media" title="Schneps Media">Schneps Media</a></i>, offering diaspora news, features, and events.<sup id="cite_ref-CaribbeanLife_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaribbeanLife-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Island Origins</b>: A lifestyle magazine that showcases Caribbean culture, food, and people while celebrating its influence in the diaspora, particularly in South Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-IslandOrigins_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IslandOrigins-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community-Based_Media">Community-Based Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Community-Based Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Caribbean Affair Connection</b>: A vibrant radio show hosted by Lady D on WOKB 1680 AM, Central Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-CaribbeanAffair_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaribbeanAffair-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The Wayne Hall Show</b>: Offers a mix of Caribbean music, news, and community updates in Atlanta.<sup id="cite_ref-WayneHall_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WayneHall-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Socioeconomics">Socioeconomics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Socioeconomics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_and_English_proficiency">Age and English proficiency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Age and English proficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, the median age of Caribbean immigrants was 48 years, compared to 44 years for the general immigrant average. The median age of Jamaican immigrants was 49 years old. According to the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Policy_Institute" title="Migration Policy Institute">Migration Policy Institute</a>'s tabulation of census data, 6% of Caribbean immigrants were under the age of 18, 76% between the ages of 18 and 64, and 19% were 65 and older.<sup id="cite_ref-MPI_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPI-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, the median age of Jamaican Americans was 37 years old (U.S. Census Bureau 2019). </p><p>Caribbean immigrants are more likely to be proficient in English compared to the general immigrant population. In 2017, only 2% of Jamaicans were <a href="/wiki/Limited_English_proficiency" title="Limited English proficiency">Limited English Proficient</a> (LEP).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2019, the figure had reduced to just 0.9% of Jamaicans who were LEP (U.S. Census Bureau 2019). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_employment">Education and employment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Education and employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caribbean immigrants perform better than the general immigrant population in terms of high school graduation rates.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, 24% of Jamaican immigrants had a bachelor's degree. This was higher than the Caribbean average of 21% (compared to 31% in the general immigrant population).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, 30% of Jamaican Americans had a bachelor's degree. This is higher than the American average of 24.3% (U.S. Census Bureau 2019). </p><p>76% of Jamaican immigrants are working age (18 to 64). An estimated 30% of Caribbean immigrants are in the service occupations, 21% are in sales and office positions, and 25% are in management, business, science, and arts occupations and only 9% of Jamaican immigrants are in construction and maintenance jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-MPI_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPI-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jamaicans specifically, 32-37% seek management, business, science, and arts positions. According to the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Policy_Institute" title="Migration Policy Institute">Migration Policy Institute</a>, Jamaican immigrants to the United States consistently compose of a high share of skilled professionals. Caribbean immigrants tend to have a higher employment participation rate than the American average.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Income">Income</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Income"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, the median Jamaican immigrant yearly income was $51,000 with a 13% poverty rate. The median Jamaican immigrant income is higher than the average Caribbean immigrant income, which was about $41,000 with a 20% poverty rate. According to World Bank data, in 2014, the Caribbean as a whole was sent $9.7 billion, 8% of the US GDP as remittances, not including Cuba, which is estimated to send $1.8 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, Jamaican Americans had a median household income of $62,044, higher than the American average of $57,761. Jamaican Americans had a poverty rate of 11.2%, lower than the American average of 12% (U.S. Census Bureau 2019). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homeownership">Homeownership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Homeownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jamaican Americans have one of the highest rates of homeownership among Latin American and Caribbean immigrants in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pete_Rock_@_The_Brookyln_Bowl_in_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pete_Rock_%40_The_Brookyln_Bowl_in_2016.jpg/220px-Pete_Rock_%40_The_Brookyln_Bowl_in_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pete_Rock_%40_The_Brookyln_Bowl_in_2016.jpg/330px-Pete_Rock_%40_The_Brookyln_Bowl_in_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pete_Rock_%40_The_Brookyln_Bowl_in_2016.jpg/440px-Pete_Rock_%40_The_Brookyln_Bowl_in_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pete_Rock" title="Pete Rock">Pete Rock</a> performing at Rahzel and Friends - Brooklyn Bowl, 2016.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_Belafonte_singing_1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Harry_Belafonte_singing_1954.jpg/200px-Harry_Belafonte_singing_1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Harry_Belafonte_singing_1954.jpg/300px-Harry_Belafonte_singing_1954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Harry_Belafonte_singing_1954.jpg/400px-Harry_Belafonte_singing_1954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2575" data-file-height="3751" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a> in John Murray Anderson's <i>Almanac</i> on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a>, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Van_Vechten" title="Carl Van Vechten">Carl Van Vechten</a>, 1954</figcaption></figure> <p>Many cultural events in Jamaica are also observed by Jamaican Americans in local public celebrations or in the privacy of their homes. </p><p>Many Jamaican Americans have also been very influential and successful in <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop music</a>. <a href="/wiki/DJ_Kool_Herc" title="DJ Kool Herc">DJ kool Herc</a> is credited as being a pioneer in rap/hip hop music.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other famous rappers and DJ's such as <a href="/wiki/Busta_Rhymes" title="Busta Rhymes">Busta Rhymes</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G." title="The Notorious B.I.G.">The Notorious B.I.G.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Ed_(rapper)" title="Special Ed (rapper)">Special Ed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pete_Rock" title="Pete Rock">Pete Rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canibus" title="Canibus">Canibus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_D" title="Heavy D">Heavy D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joey_Bada$$" class="mw-redirect" title="Joey Bada$$">Joey Bada$$</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slick_Rick" title="Slick Rick">Slick Rick</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bushwick_Bill" title="Bushwick Bill">Bushwick Bill</a> are all of Jamaican heritage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dances_and_songs">Dances and songs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dances and songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jamaica's most popular musical forms are <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">dancehall</a>. There are also others such as "dub poetry" or chanted verses, <a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">Ska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">Rocksteady</a>, with its emotionally charged, celebrative beat. Jamaican Americans also listen to a great variety of other music such as: <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">soca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">rap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a> and "high-church" choirs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Actors">Actors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Actors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable Jamaican-American actors include <a href="/wiki/Jada_Pinkett_Smith" title="Jada Pinkett Smith">Jada Pinkett Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerry_Washington" title="Kerry Washington">Kerry Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheryl_Lee_Ralph" title="Sheryl Lee Ralph">Sheryl Lee Ralph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerk_chicken_plate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jerk_chicken_plate.jpg/220px-Jerk_chicken_plate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jerk_chicken_plate.jpg/330px-Jerk_chicken_plate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jerk_chicken_plate.jpg/440px-Jerk_chicken_plate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A plate of <a href="/wiki/Jerk_chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerk chicken">Jerk chicken</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Miami and Brooklyn, especially in the neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Flatbush,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatbush, Brooklyn">Flatbush</a> along <a href="/wiki/Flatbush_Avenue" title="Flatbush Avenue">Flatbush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nostrand_Avenue" title="Nostrand Avenue">Nostrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utica_Avenue" title="Utica Avenue">Utica</a> and Church Avenues, one sees groceries filled with a variety of Caribbean cuisines, including sugar cane, <a href="/wiki/Gelatin_dessert" title="Gelatin dessert">jelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_costumes">Traditional costumes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Traditional costumes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In New York City, Jamaican Americans participate in the Caribbean Labor day parade in Brooklyn annually and dress in lavish and colorful costumes during the Brooklyn celebration along Eastern Parkway. </p><p>There is also a Jamaican American flag representing their heritage in the United States. The flag is a blending of the American flag and the Jamaican flag. Many Jamaican Americans tend to fly solely the Jamaican flag. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of Jamaican Americans have excelled in international competition and carried home many trophies. Donald Quarrie won the 200 and the 4 × 100 meters relay Olympic Gold Medal. Merlene Ottey won the 200 and the 4 × 100 meters relay. <a href="/wiki/George_Headley" title="George Headley">George Headley</a>, who was born in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> in 1909, transported to Cuba, grew up in Jamaica. and lived in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sanya_Richards-Ross" title="Sanya Richards-Ross">Sanya Richards-Ross</a> won gold in the 400 metres after finishing third at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Richards-Ross has also won Olympic gold in the 4×400 meters relay at the 2004 Summer Olympics, the 2008 Summer Olympics, and the 2012 Summer Olympics. She was the best 400m runner in the world for a decade, ranking No. 1 in the world from 2005-2009 and again in 2012. </p><p>Several Jamaican-Americans, including <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Cunningham" title="Jeff Cunningham">Jeff Cunningham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Fraser" title="Robin Fraser">Robin Fraser</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Chung" title="Mark Chung">Mark Chung</a> have played for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team" title="United States men's national soccer team">United States national soccer team</a>. </p><p>There have also been many Jamaican-American <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> players including <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Ewing" title="Patrick Ewing">Patrick Ewing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Gordon" title="Ben Gordon">Ben Gordon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andre_Drummond" title="Andre Drummond">Andre Drummond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Hibbert" title="Roy Hibbert">Roy Hibbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Kennedy_(basketball)" title="Andrew Kennedy (basketball)">Andrew Kennedy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Omari_Johnson" title="Omari Johnson">Omari Johnson</a>. </p><p>Notable Jamaican-American <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a> football players includes <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Chung" title="Patrick Chung">Patrick Chung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atari_Bigby" title="Atari Bigby">Atari Bigby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevin_Lawson" title="Nevin Lawson">Nevin Lawson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Franklin" title="Orlando Franklin">Orlando Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenrick_Ellis" title="Kenrick Ellis">Kenrick Ellis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryan_McBean" title="Ryan McBean">Ryan McBean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laken_Tomlinson" title="Laken Tomlinson">Laken Tomlinson</a>. </p><p>There are also several Jamaican-American world-renowned boxers including boxing greats <a href="/wiki/Mike_Tyson" title="Mike Tyson">Mike Tyson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Mayweather_Jr." title="Floyd Mayweather Jr.">Floyd Mayweather Jr.</a> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ColinPowell.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/ColinPowell.JPEG/200px-ColinPowell.JPEG" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/ColinPowell.JPEG/300px-ColinPowell.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/ColinPowell.JPEG/400px-ColinPowell.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Colin Powell, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">first African-American Secretary of State</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamala_Harris_official_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Kamala_Harris_official_photo.jpg/175px-Kamala_Harris_official_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Kamala_Harris_official_photo.jpg/263px-Kamala_Harris_official_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Kamala_Harris_official_photo.jpg/350px-Kamala_Harris_official_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="6048" /></a><figcaption>Kamala Harris, the first female vice president and the highest-ranking female official in U.S. history, as well as the first African-American vice president.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jamaicans have been involved in American political issues since the 1800s. <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Russwurm" title="John Brown Russwurm">John B. Russwurm</a> fought against slavery and co-founded America's first black press, <i>Freedom's Journal,</i> in 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Smith" title="Ferdinand Smith">Ferdinand Smith</a> co-founded the <a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Union" title="National Maritime Union">National Maritime Union</a> and was considered one of the most powerful black labor leaders in U.S. history.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a> became one of the most influential activists during the 1920s and 30s and it was Garvey's ideas that had a profound influence on the views of American civil rights leader, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some academics and experts claim Garvey "helped paved the way" for the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">American civil rights movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Renowned Jamaican-Americans from this group include former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> and four star general <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a>, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a>, former National Security adviser <a href="/wiki/Susan_Rice" title="Susan Rice">Susan Rice</a>, "Mother of the Pell Grant" <a href="/wiki/Lois_Rice" title="Lois Rice">Lois Rice</a>, former Governor of New York <a href="/wiki/David_Paterson" title="David Paterson">David Paterson</a>, and lieutenant governor of Virginia <a href="/wiki/Winsome_Sears" class="mw-redirect" title="Winsome Sears">Winsome Sears</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Science and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Walt_Braithwaite" title="Walt Braithwaite">Walt W. Braithwaite</a> helped transform the field of aerospace design, driving the development of <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">computer-aided design</a>/<a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_manufacturing" title="Computer-aided manufacturing">computer-aided manufacturing</a> (CAD/CAM) systems at <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>. Braithwaite also made a significant contribution to the development of the <a href="/wiki/IGES" title="IGES">Initial Graphics Exchange Specification</a> (IGES). Braithwaite's common data format and translators from Boeing were subsequently used as the basis for developing the IGES protocol.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yvette_Francis-McBarnette" title="Yvette Francis-McBarnette">Yvette Francis-McBarnette</a> was a pioneering paediatrician who was the first to use <a href="/wiki/Prophylactic_antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophylactic antibiotics">prophylactic antibiotics</a> in the treatment of children with sickle cell.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic_Unity_25" title="Virgin Galactic Unity 25">Christopher Huie</a>, Virgin Galactic astronaut and Senior Engineering Manager, Flight Sciences. Successfully completed Unity 25 space mission. He is also co-founder of the Black Leaders in Aerospace Scholarship & Training (BLAST) Program.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karen_E._Nelson" title="Karen E. Nelson">Karen E. Nelson</a> published the first ever comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Human_microbiome" title="Human microbiome">human microbiome</a> study.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul S Ramphal is Adjunct Assistant Professor of Surgery at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina</a> and inventor of the (Ramphal) Cardiac Surgery Simulator.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ramphal Simulator is used in the training of many cardiothoracic surgery residents in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robert Rashford co-invented the world's first portable 3D non-destructive evaluation (NDE) system. The system was used in the maintenance of the United States Government's <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also invented a protective enclosure for use transporting <a href="/wiki/Orbital_replacement_unit" title="Orbital replacement unit">orbital replacement units</a> (orus).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rashford designed and developed unique spacecraft support systems for the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Satellite" title="Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite">Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite</a> (UARS) Airborne Support Equipment (UASE) at the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Sciences_Corporation" title="Orbital Sciences Corporation">Orbital Sciences Corporation</a> (OSC). At <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, he designed and tested a variety of spacecraft for both commercial and military applications. At <a href="/wiki/Bechtel" title="Bechtel">Bechtel Corporation</a>, he designed a nuclear reactor support structure. He has designed numerous highly complex engineering systems that successfully flew on board <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA's</a> Manned Space Flight Programs.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mercedes_Richards" title="Mercedes Richards">Mercedes Richards</a> was a pioneering scientist who was the first <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> to make images of the gravitational flow of gas between the stars in any <a href="/wiki/Interacting_binary_star" title="Interacting binary star">interacting binary</a>; the first to image the <a href="/wiki/Chromosphere" title="Chromosphere">chromospheres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">accretion disks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Algol_binaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Algol binaries">Algol binaries</a>; the first in astronomy to apply the technique of <a href="/wiki/Tomography" title="Tomography">tomography</a>; the first <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysicist</a> to make theoretical hydrodynamic simulations of the Algol binary stars; the first astronomer to discover <a href="/wiki/Starspot" title="Starspot">starspots</a> on the cool star in an Algol binary and the first astrophysicist to apply novel distance correlation statistical methods to large astronomical databases.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Thompson_(inventor)" title="John Thompson (inventor)">John Henry Thompson</a>, who studied and worked in the US, invented the <a href="/wiki/Lingo_(programming_language)" title="Lingo (programming language)">Lingo</a> programming language used in <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Director" title="Adobe Director">Adobe Director</a>. The language is used for animation, web design, graphics, sound and video games.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jamaican_Americans" title="List of Jamaican Americans">List of Jamaican Americans</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2022.B04006?q=ancestry">"Explore Census Data"</a>. <i>data.census.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.census.gov&rft.atitle=Explore+Census+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%2FACSDT1Y2022.B04006%3Fq%3Dancestry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> N. Samuel Murell, "Jamaican Americans." in <i>Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America,</i> edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014), pp. 523-536. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3273300101/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=d68f87d1">Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry2014" class="citation web cs1">Henry, Martin (28 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/focus/20140928/1-2-3-4-colon-man-come">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'1, 2, 3, 4, Colon Man a come'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>jamaica-gleaner.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Famous+Black+Inventors&rft.atitle=John+Henry+Thompson%3A+Computer+Programming+and+Software+Inventions&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.black-inventor.com%2Fjohn-thompson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bishop, Jacqueline. <i>My mother who is me: life stories from Jamaican women in New York</i> (Africa World Press, 2006).</li> <li>Ferguson, Gail M., and Marc H. Bornstein. "Remote acculturation: The 'Americanization' of Jamaican islanders." <i>International Journal of Behavioral Development</i> 36.3 (2012): 167-177. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.969.1111&rep=rep1&type=pdf">Online</a></li> <li>Horst, Heather A., and Andrew Garner. <i>Jamaican Americans</i> (Chelsea House, 2007).</li> <li>Kasinitz, Philip, Juan Battle, and Ines Miyares. "Fade to black." in <i>Ethnicities: Children of immigrant America</i> ed by <a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_G._Rumbaut" title="Rubén G. Rumbaut">Rubén G. Rumbaut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Portes" title="Alejandro Portes">Alejandro Portes</a>. (2001): 267-300.</li> <li>Murell, N. Samuel. "Jamaican Americans." in <i>Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America,</i> edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014), pp. 523-536. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3273300101/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=d68f87d1">Online</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jamaican_diaspora" title="Template:Jamaican diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jamaican_diaspora" title="Template talk:Jamaican diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jamaican_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jamaican diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Jamaican_diaspora246" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_diaspora" title="Jamaican diaspora">Jamaican diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <span class="adr"><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Canadians" title="Jamaican Canadians">Canada</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaicano-brasileiro" class="extiw" title="pt:Jamaicano-brasileiro">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_jamaiquina_en_Ecuador" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración jamaiquina en Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <span class="adr"><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/Jamaicans_in_Ethiopia" title="Jamaicans in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <span class="adr"><span class="country-name"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaicanen_in_Nederland" class="extiw" title="nl:Jamaicanen in Nederland">Netherlands</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <span class="adr"><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/British_Jamaicans" title="British Jamaicans">United Kingdom</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <span class="adr"><span class="country-name"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/16px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/24px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/32px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jamaica" title="Portal:Jamaica">Jamaica portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Caribbean_Americans214" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Indian_Americans" title="Template:West Indian Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Indian_Americans" title="Template talk:West Indian Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Indian_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Indian Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Caribbean_Americans214" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">Caribbean Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Caribbean" title="Commonwealth Caribbean">Anglo-Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Americans" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Americans">Antiguan and Barbudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_Americans" title="Bahamian Americans">Bahamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Americans" title="Barbadian Americans">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Americans" title="Belizean Americans">Belizean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna_Americans" title="Garifuna Americans">Garifuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_Americans" title="Bermudian Americans">Bermudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans_(Dominica)" title="Dominican Americans (Dominica)">Dominican (Dominica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Americans" title="Grenadian Americans">Grenadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Americans" title="Guyanese Americans">Guyanese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittian_and_Nevisian_Americans" title="Kittian and Nevisian Americans">Kittian and Nevisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Americans" title="Saint Lucian Americans">Saint Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Americans" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincentian_Americans" title="Vincentian Americans">Vincentian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americo-Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Puerto_Ricans" title="Stateside Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Islands Americans">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="French Caribbean">Franco-Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martiniquan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Hispano-Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican (Dominican Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Americans" title="Panamanian Americans">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Puerto_Ricans" title="Stateside Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_Indian_Americans" title="Dutch West Indian Americans">Dutch West Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Americans" title="Surinamese Americans">Surinamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_Americans" title="Indo-Caribbean Americans">Indo-Caribbean Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_the_United_States253" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_the_United_States253" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic history</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By economic<br />and social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Gender inequality in the United States">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_United_States" title="Emigration from the United States">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Housing segregation in the United States">Housing segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Spoken_at_Home_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_demographics_of_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ demographics of the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Racial inequality in the United States">Racial inequality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_pay_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial pay gap in the United States">Racial wage gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by unemployment rate">Unemployment by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural politics in the United States">Ethnocultural politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_the_United_States" title="Baháʼí Faith in the United States">Baha'is</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_States" title="Hinduism in the United States">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_the_United_States" title="Ahmadiyya in the United States">Ahmadiyyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five Percenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nation_of_Islam" title="United Nation of Islam">Value Creators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in the United States">Neopagans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">Non-religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Rastafari movement in the United States">Rastafaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_United_States" title="Scientology in the United States">Scientologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">Zoroastrians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">By continent and<br />ethnic ancestry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">African diaspora in the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">Afro-Caribbean/West Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Americans" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Americans">Antiguan and Barbudan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_Americans" title="Bahamian Americans">Bahamian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Americans" title="Barbadian Americans">Barbadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_Americans" title="Bermudian Americans">Bermudian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans_(Dominica)" title="Dominican Americans (Dominica)">Dominican Americans (Dominica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_Indian_Americans" title="Dutch West Indian Americans">Dutch West Indian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Americans" title="Grenadian Americans">Grenadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haitian Americans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jamaican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittian_and_Nevisian_Americans" title="Kittian and Nevisian Americans">Kittian and Nevisian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Americans" title="Saint Lucian Americans">Saint Lucian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Virgin_Islands_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateside Virgin Islands Americans">Stateside Virgin Islands Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Americans" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans">Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincentian_Americans" title="Vincentian Americans">Vincentian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigrants to the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Central Africans in the United States">Central Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Americans" title="Cameroonian Americans">Cameroonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Americans" title="Congolese Americans">Congolese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Americans" title="Equatoguinean Americans">Equatoguinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_Americans" title="Gabonese Americans">Gabonese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="East Africans in the United States">East Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Americans" title="Eritrean Americans">Eritrean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans" title="Ethiopian Americans">Ethiopian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Americans" title="Kenyan Americans">Kenyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Americans" title="Somali Americans">Somali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Americans" title="South Sudanese Americans">South Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Americans" title="Sudanese Americans">Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_Americans" title="Tanzanian Americans">Tanzanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Americans" title="Ugandan Americans">Ugandan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Southern Africans in the United States">Southern Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Americans" title="Angolan Americans">Angolan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_Americans" title="Malawian Americans">Malawian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Americans" title="South African Americans">South African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Americans" title="Zimbabwean Americans">Zimbabwean Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="West Africans in the United States">West Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_Americans" title="Beninese Americans">Beninese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau-Guinean_Americans" title="Bissau-Guinean Americans">Bissau-Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Americans" title="Cape Verdean Americans">Cape Verdean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Americans" title="Gambian Americans">Gambian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Americans" title="Ghanaian Americans">Ghanaian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Americans" title="Guinean Americans">Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_Americans" title="Ivorian Americans">Ivorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_Americans" title="Liberian Americans">Liberian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_Americans" title="Malian Americans">Malian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Americans" title="Nigerian Americans">Nigerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Americans" title="Senegalese Americans">Senegalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_Americans" title="Sierra Leonean Americans">Sierra Leonean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_Americans" title="Togolese Americans">Togolese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="North Africans in the United States">North Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Americans" title="Berber Americans">Berber Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Americans" title="Algerian Americans">Algerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Americans" title="Libyan Americans">Libyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan American">Moroccan American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Americans" title="Tunisian Americans">Tunisian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptic Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Americans" title="Egyptian Americans">Egyptian Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asians_in_the_United_States" title="Central Asians in the United States">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Americans" title="Afghan Americans">Afghan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Americans" title="Pashtun Americans">Pashtun Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Americans" title="Baloch Americans">Baloch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Americans" title="Kazakh Americans">Kazakh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Americans" title="Kyrgyz Americans">Kyrgyz Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Americans" title="Tajik Americans">Tajik Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Americans">Turkmen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Americans" title="Uyghur Americans">Uyghur Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Americans" title="Uzbek Americans">Uzbek Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Americans" title="East Asian Americans">East Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese_Americans" title="Fuzhounese Americans">Fuzhounese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Americans" title="Hakka Americans">Hakka Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Americans" title="Hoklo Americans">Hoklo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">Hong Kong Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Korean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Americans" title="Mongolian Americans">Mongolian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryukyuan Americans">Ryukyuan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">Taiwanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Americans" title="Tibetan Americans">Tibetan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Americans" title="South Asian Americans">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Americans" title="Bangladeshi Americans">Bangladeshi Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Americans" title="Bhutanese Americans">Bhutanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_Americans" title="Indo-Caribbean Americans">Indo-Caribbean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Americans" title="Telugu Americans">Telugu Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_Americans" title="Maldivian Americans">Maldivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Americans" title="Nepalese Americans">Nepalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Americans" title="Sri Lankan Americans">Sri Lankan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Americans" title="Southeast Asian Americans">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Americans" title="Burmese Americans">Burmese Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Americans" title="Karen Americans">Karen Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Cambodian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Americans" title="Hmong Americans">Hmong Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Americans" title="Indonesian Americans">Indonesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_Americans" title="Iu Mien Americans">Iu Mien Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Americans" title="Laotian Americans">Laotian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Americans" title="Malaysian Americans">Malaysian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Americans" title="Singaporean Americans">Singaporean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Americans" title="Thai Americans">Thai Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">Romani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovak_Gypsies_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Slovak Gypsies in the United States">Hungarian Slovak Gypsies</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Americans" title="Middle Eastern Americans">West Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini Americans">Bahraini Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Americans" title="Emirati Americans">Emirati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Americans" title="Iraqi Americans">Iraqi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Americans" title="Jordanian Americans">Jordanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Americans" title="Kuwaiti Americans">Kuwaiti Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Americans" title="Lebanese Americans">Lebanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Omani Americans">Omani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Americans" title="Palestinian Americans">Palestinian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatari Americans">Qatari Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Americans" title="Saudi Americans">Saudi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Americans" title="Syrian Americans">Syrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Americans" title="Yemeni Americans">Yemeni Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Americans" title="Assyrian Americans">Assyrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Americans" title="Azerbaijani Americans">Azerbaijani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Americans" title="Circassian Americans">Circassian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Americans" title="Chechen Americans">Chechen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Americans" title="Georgian Americans">Georgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Americans" title="Iranian Americans">Iranian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Americans" title="Israeli Americans">Israeli Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_Americans" title="Lezgin Americans">Lezgin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Americans" title="Kurdish Americans">Kurdish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">Turkish Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Americans" title="Austrian Americans">Austrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Americans" title="Belarusian Americans">Belarusian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Americans" title="Belgian Americans">Belgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Americans" title="Bosnian Americans">Bosnian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">British Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_Americans" title="Manx Americans">Manx Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Americans" title="Bulgarian Americans">Bulgarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croatian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Americans" title="Cypriot Americans">Cypriot Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czech Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Americans" title="Estonian Americans">Estonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">Hungarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880" title="Italians in the United States before 1880">before 1880</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Americans" title="Latvian Americans">Latvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_Americans" title="Liechtensteiner Americans">Liechtensteiner Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Americans" title="Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Americans" title="Luxembourgish Americans">Luxembourgish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Americans" title="Macedonian Americans">Macedonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Americans" title="Maltese Americans">Maltese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Americans" title="Moldovan Americans">Moldovan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Americans" title="Montenegrin Americans">Montenegrin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Americans" title="Romanian Americans">Romanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Americans" title="Sammarinese Americans">Sammarinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Americans" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Americans">Nordic and Scandinavian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Americans" title="Danish Americans">Danish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Americans" title="Icelandic Americans">Icelandic Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Americans" title="Slovak Americans">Slovak Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Americans">Slovenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Americans" title="Swiss Americans">Swiss Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet" title="Piegan Blackfeet">Blackfeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colville_people" title="Colville people">Colville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_people" title="Cayuga people">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_people" title="Onondaga people">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Tuscarora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Diegueño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Esselen people">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Juaneño">Juaneño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk" 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title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebloans">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zia_people_(New_Mexico)" title="Zia people (New Mexico)">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_peoples" title="Salish peoples">Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakama_Indian_Reservation" title="Yakama Indian Reservation">Yakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Natives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Athabaskans" title="Alaskan Athabaskans">Alaskan Athabaskans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq" title="Alutiiq">Alutiiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Iñupiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian" title="Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Americans" title="Canadian Americans">Canadian Americans</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a> <ul><li>Central America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Americans" title="Belizean Americans">Belizean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Americans" title="Costa Rican Americans">Costa Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans" title="Guatemalan Americans">Guatemalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Americans" title="Nicaraguan Americans">Nicaraguan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Americans" title="Panamanian Americans">Panamanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Americans">Puerto Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Mexican_Americans" title="Indigenous Mexican Americans">Indigenous Mexican Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_Americans" title="Oceanian Americans">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_Americans" title="Fijian Americans">Fijian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesian_Americans" title="French Polynesian Americans">French Polynesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_Americans" title="Marshallese Americans">Marshallese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_Americans" title="Micronesian Americans">Micronesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_Americans" title="Palauan Americans">Palauan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Americans" title="Samoan Americans">Samoan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Americans" title="Tongan Americans">Tongan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Americans of Euro Oceanic origin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Americans" title="Australian Americans">Australian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Americans" title="New Zealand Americans">New Zealand Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Americans" title="Argentine Americans">Argentine Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Americans" title="Bolivian Americans">Bolivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Americans" title="Chilean Americans">Chilean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Americans" title="Colombian Americans">Colombian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans" title="Ecuadorian Americans">Ecuadorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Americans" title="Guyanese Americans">Guyanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Americans" title="Paraguayan Americans">Paraguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Americans" title="Peruvian Americans">Peruvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Americans" title="Surinamese Americans">Surinamese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Americans" title="Uruguayan Americans">Uruguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians#United_States" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto#United_States" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People of the United States / Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American ancestry">Native American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_American_ancestries" class="mw-redirect" title="Maps of American ancestries">Maps of American ancestries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race and ethnicity in the census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_(EEO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity (EEO)">Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&oldid=1276675387">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Americans&oldid=1276675387</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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