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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Existing_theories_before_Scheele"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span>Existing theories before Scheele</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Existing_theories_before_Scheele-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_theory_of_phlogiston" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_theory_of_phlogiston"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span>The theory of phlogiston</div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_theory_of_phlogiston-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_elements_and_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_elements_and_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span>New elements and compounds</div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_elements_and_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span>Notes</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span>References</div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span>External links</div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <header class="mw-body-header 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</div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages"> <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87" title="كارل فلهلم شيله – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Vilhelm_%C5%9Eeyele" title="Karl Vilhelm Şeyele – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87" title="کارل ویلهلم شیله – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87" title="কার্ল ভিলহেল্ম শেলে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Карл Вільгельм Шэеле – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Карл Вилхелм Шееле – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87" title="کارل ویلهلم شیله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%BC_%EB%B9%8C%ED%97%AC%EB%A6%84_%EC%85%B8%EB%A0%88" title="칼 빌헬름 셸레 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AC_%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B4_%D5%87%D5%A5%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A5" title="Կարլ Վիլհելմ Շեելե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87" title="कार्ल विल्हेल्म शीले – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Scheele" title="Carl Scheele – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9C_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%94" title="קרל וילהלם שלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ಕಾರ್ಲ್ ವಿಲ್ಹೆಮ್ ಶೀಲೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94" title="კარლ ვილჰელმ შეელე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Карл Вильгельм Шееле – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Scheele" title="Carolus Scheele – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Vilhelms_%C5%A0%C4%93le" title="Kārlis Vilhelms Šēle – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF" title="കാൾ ഷീലി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="कार्ल विल्हेम शील – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%DA%A4%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%89" title="كارل ڤيلهيلم شيلى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Карл Вильхелм Шееле – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC" title="ကားလ် ဗီဟိမ်း ရှေးလာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC" title="カール・ヴィルヘルム・シェーレ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Scheele" title="Carl Scheele – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Шееле, Карл Вильгельм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Vilhelm_%C5%A0ele" title="Karl Vilhelm Šele – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86" title="காரல் வில்லெம் சீலெ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D2%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Карл Вилһелм Шееле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%87" title="కార్ల్ విల్‌హెల్మ్ షీలే – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD" title="คาร์ล วิลเฮ็ล์ม เชเลอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%94%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Карл Вільгельм Шеєле – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%88%8D%E5%8B%92" title="卡尔·威廉·舍勒 – Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%88%8D%E5%8B%92" title="卡爾·威廉·舍勒 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%88%8D%E5%8B%92" title="卡尔·威廉·舍勒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Swedish German chemist who discovered oxygen (1742–1786)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn" style="display:inline">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carl-Wilhelm-Scheele-Swedish-German-1780.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Carl-Wilhelm-Scheele-Swedish-German-1780.webp/250px-Carl-Wilhelm-Scheele-Swedish-German-1780.webp.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Carl-Wilhelm-Scheele-Swedish-German-1780.webp/375px-Carl-Wilhelm-Scheele-Swedish-German-1780.webp.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Carl-Wilhelm-Scheele-Swedish-German-1780.webp/500px-Carl-Wilhelm-Scheele-Swedish-German-1780.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="1600"/></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">An interpretation of Scheele from the late 19th or early 20th century as no contemporary portraits of him are known (by xylographer Ida Amanda Maria Falander (1842-1927))<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1742-12-09</span>)</span>9 December 1742<br/><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a>, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 May 1786<span style="display:none">(1786-05-21)</span> (aged 43)<br/><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ping,_Sweden" title="Köping, Sweden">Köping</a>, Sweden</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German</a>-<a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish people">Swedish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Discovered <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (independently), <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> and more</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Carl Wilhelm Scheele</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʃeːlə]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Swedish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">[ˈɧêːlɛ]</a></span>; 9 December 1742 – 21 May 1786<sup id="cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castle_1886-2">[2]</a></sup>) was a <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish German</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> pharmaceutical chemist. </p><p>Scheele discovered <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (although <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> published his findings first), and identified <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, and <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>, among others. Scheele discovered organic acids <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartaric_acid" title="Tartaric acid">tartaric</a>, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxalic_acid" title="Oxalic acid">oxalic</a>, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric</a>, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic</a>, and <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">citric</a>, as well as <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">hydrofluoric</a>, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocyanic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocyanic acid">hydrocyanic</a>, and <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_acid" title="Arsenic acid">arsenic</a> acids.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> He preferred speaking German to Swedish his whole life, as German was commonly spoken among Swedish pharmacists.<sup id="cite_ref-Fors,_Hjalmar_2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fors,_Hjalmar_2008-5">[5]</a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Scheele was born in <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castle_1886-2">[2]</a></sup> in western Pomerania, which at the time was a <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominions_of_Sweden" title="Dominions of Sweden">Swedish Dominion</a> inside the Holy Roman Empire. Scheele's father, Joachim (or Johann<sup id="cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castle_1886-2">[2]</a></sup>) Christian Scheele, was a grain dealer and brewer<sup id="cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castle_1886-2">[2]</a></sup> from a respected Pomeranian family.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His mother was Margaretha Eleanore Warnekros.<sup id="cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castle_1886-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>Friends of Scheele's parents taught him the art of reading prescriptions and the meaning of chemical and pharmaceutical signs.<sup id="cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castle_1886-2">[2]</a></sup> Then, in 1757, at the age of fourteen, Carl was sent to <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a> as an apprentice <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacist" title="Pharmacist">pharmacist</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fors,_Hjalmar_2008_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fors,_Hjalmar_2008-5">[5]</a></sup> to another family friend and apothecary, Martin Andreas Bauch. Scheele retained this position for eight years. During this time he ran experiments late into the night and read the works of <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Lemery" title="Nicolas Lemery">Nicolas Lemery</a>, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_Neumann_(chemist)" title="Caspar Neumann (chemist)">Caspar Neumann</a>, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_von_L%C3%B6wenstern-Kunckel" title="Johann von Löwenstern-Kunckel">Johann von Löwenstern-Kunckel</a> and <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Ernst_Stahl" title="Georg Ernst Stahl">Georg Ernst Stahl</a> (the champion of the <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlogiston_theory" title="Phlogiston theory">phlogiston theory</a>). Much of Scheele's later theoretical speculations were based upon Stahl.<sup id="cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castle_1886-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>In 1765 Scheele worked under the progressive and well-informed apothecary C. M. Kjellström in <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a>, and became acquainted with <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Jahan_Retzius" title="Anders Jahan Retzius">Anders Jahan Retzius</a> who was a lecturer at the <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Lund" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Lund">University of Lund</a> and later a professor of chemistry at Stockholm. Scheele arrived in <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> between 1767 and 1769 and worked as a <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacist" title="Pharmacist">pharmacist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castle_1886-2">[2]</a></sup> During this period he discovered <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartaric_acid" title="Tartaric acid">tartaric acid</a> and with his friend, Retzius, studied the relation of <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">quicklime</a> to <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castle_1886-2">[2]</a></sup> While in the capital, he also became acquainted with figures including <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_B%C3%A4ck" title="Abraham Bäck">Abraham Bäck</a>, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jonas_Bergius" title="Peter Jonas Bergius">Peter Jonas Bergius</a>, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengt_Bergius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengt Bergius (page does not exist)">Bengt Bergius</a> and <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedreich_von_Schultzenheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Friedreich von Schultzenheim (page does not exist)">Carl Friedreich von Schultzenheim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castle_1886-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>In the fall of 1770 Scheele became director of the laboratory of the great pharmacy of Locke, at <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a>, about 65 km (40 mi) north of Stockholm. The laboratory supplied chemicals to Professor of Chemistry <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torbern_Bergman" title="Torbern Bergman">Torbern Bergman</a>. A friendship developed between Scheele and Bergman after Scheele analyzed a reaction which Bergman and his assistant, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Gottlieb_Gahn" title="Johan Gottlieb Gahn">Johan Gottlieb Gahn</a>, could not resolve. The reaction was between melted <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltpetre" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltpetre">saltpetre</a> and <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a> that produced a red vapor.<sup id="cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castle_1886-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> Further study of this reaction later led to Scheele's discovery of oxygen (see "The theory of phlogiston" below). Based upon this friendship and respect, Scheele was given free use of Bergman's laboratory. Both men were profiting from their working relationship. In 1774 Scheele was nominated by Peter Jonas Bergius to be a member of the <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a> and was elected 4 February 1775.<sup id="cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castle_1886-2">[2]</a></sup> In 1775 Scheele also managed for a short time a pharmacy in <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ping,_Sweden" title="Köping, Sweden">Köping</a>. Between the end of 1776 and the beginning of 1777 Scheele established his own business there.<sup id="cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castle_1886-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>On 29 October 1777, Scheele took his seat for the first and only time at a meeting of the Academy of Sciences and on 11 November passed the examination as apothecary before the Royal Medical College, doing so with the highest honours. After his return to Köping he devoted himself, outside of his business, to scientific researches which resulted in a long series of important papers.<sup id="cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castle_1886-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> called him "hard-luck Scheele" because he made a number of chemical discoveries that were later credited to others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Existing_theories_before_Scheele">Existing theories before Scheele</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Existing theories before Scheele"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>By the time he was a teenager, Scheele had learned the dominant theory of gases which in the 1770s was the phlogiston theory. Phlogiston, classified as "matter of fire", was supposed to be released from any burning material, and when it was exhausted, combustion would stop. When Scheele discovered <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> he called it "fire air" as it supported combustion. Scheele explained oxygen using phlogistical terms because he did not believe that his discovery disproved the phlogiston theory. </p><p>Before Scheele made his discovery of oxygen, he studied air. <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">Air</a> was thought to be an element that made up the environment in which <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical reactions">chemical reactions</a> took place but did not interfere with the reactions. Scheele's investigation of air enabled him to conclude that air was a mixture of "fire air" and "foul air;" in other words, a mixture of two gases. Scheele performed numerous experiments in which he heated substances such as saltpetre (<a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">potassium nitrate</a>), <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">manganese dioxide</a>, heavy metal nitrates, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_carbonate" title="Silver carbonate">silver carbonate</a> and <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercuric_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercuric oxide">mercuric oxide</a>. In all of these experiments, he isolated the same gas: his "fire air," which he believed combined with phlogiston in materials to be released during heat-releasing reactions. </p><p>However, his first publication, <i>Chemische Abhandlung von der Luft und dem Feuer</i>, was delivered to the printer Swederus in 1775, but not published until 1777, at which time both <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> and <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> had already published their experimental data and conclusions concerning oxygen and the phlogiston theory. Carl was credited for finding oxygen with two other people, Joseph Priestley and Antoine Lavoisier. The first English edition, <i>Chemical Observation and Experiments on Air and Fire</i> was published in 1780, with an introduction "Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="The_theory_of_phlogiston">The theory of phlogiston</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The theory of phlogiston"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ScheeleRoyalSwdAcadChemObservatnsAir%26Fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/ScheeleRoyalSwdAcadChemObservatnsAir%26Fire.jpg/330px-ScheeleRoyalSwdAcadChemObservatnsAir%26Fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/ScheeleRoyalSwdAcadChemObservatnsAir%26Fire.jpg/495px-ScheeleRoyalSwdAcadChemObservatnsAir%26Fire.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/ScheeleRoyalSwdAcadChemObservatnsAir%26Fire.jpg/660px-ScheeleRoyalSwdAcadChemObservatnsAir%26Fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="690"/></a><figcaption>Engraving on the title page of Scheele's <i>Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire</i> (1777) <br/>(<i>d. Königl. Schwed. Acad. d. Wissenschaft Mitgliedes, Chemische Abhandlung von der Luft und dem Feuer</i>)</figcaption></figure><p>Scheele achieved astonishingly prolific and important results without the expensive laboratory equipment to which his Parisian contemporary Antoine Lavoisier was accustomed. Through the studies of Lavoisier, Priestley, Scheele, and others, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> was made a standardized field with consistent procedures. Although Scheele was unable to grasp the significance of his discovery of the substance that Lavoisier later named oxygen, his work was essential for the abandonment of the long-held theory of phlogiston.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> </p><p>Scheele's study of the gas not yet named oxygen was prompted by a complaint by <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torbern_Olof_Bergman" class="mw-redirect" title="Torbern Olof Bergman">Torbern Olof Bergman</a>, a professor at <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a> who would eventually become Scheele's friend. Bergman informed Scheele that the saltpeter he had purchased from Scheele's employer, after long heating, produced red vapors (now known to be nitrogen dioxide) when it came into contact with acetic acid. Scheele's quick explanation was that the saltpeter had absorbed phlogiston with the heat (had been reduced to nitrite, in modern terms) and gave off a new phlogisticated gas as an active principle when combined with an acid (even a weak acid). </p><p>Bergman next suggested that Scheele analyze the properties of <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese(IV)_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese(IV) oxide">manganese(IV) oxide</a>. It was through his studies of manganese(IV) oxide that Scheele developed his concept of "fire air" (his name for oxygen). He ultimately obtained oxygen by heating mercuric oxide, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_carbonate" title="Silver carbonate">silver carbonate</a>, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_nitrate" title="Magnesium nitrate">magnesium nitrate</a>, and other <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> salts. Scheele wrote about his findings to Lavoisier who was able to see the significance of the results. His discovery of oxygen (ca. 1771) was chronologically earlier than the corresponding work of Priestley and Lavoisier, but he did not publish this discovery until 1777, after both of his rivals had published.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> </p><p>Although Scheele would always believe in some form of the phlogiston theory, his work reduced phlogiston to an unusually simple form, complicated only by the fact that chemists of Scheele's day still believed that light and heat were elements and were to be found in combination with them. Thus, Scheele assumed that hydrogen was composed of phlogiston (a reducing principle lost when objects were burned) plus heat. Scheele speculated that his fire air or oxygen (which he found the active part of air, estimating it to compose one quarter of air) combined with the phlogiston in objects to produce either light or heat (light and heat were presumed to be composed of differing proportions of phlogiston and oxygen). </p><p>When other chemists later showed water is produced when burning hydrogen and that rusting of metals added weight to them and that passing water over hot iron gave hydrogen, Scheele modified his theory to suggest that oxygen was the salt (or "saline principle" of water), and that when added to iron, water was reproduced, which added weight to the iron as rust. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyrolusite_radiating.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pyrolusite_radiating.jpg/146px-Pyrolusite_radiating.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pyrolusite_radiating.jpg/219px-Pyrolusite_radiating.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pyrolusite_radiating.jpg/292px-Pyrolusite_radiating.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="325"/></a><figcaption><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolusite" title="Pyrolusite">Pyrolusite</a> or MnO<sub>2</sub>.</figcaption></figure> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="New_elements_and_compounds">New elements and compounds</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New elements and compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>In addition to his joint recognition for the discovery of oxygen, Scheele is argued to have been the first to discover other chemical elements such as <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a> (1772),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> (1774),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> (1778),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> and <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> (1781),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> as well as several chemical compounds, including <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">citric acid</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Scheele_1780_Mjölk_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheele_1780_Mjölk-15">[15]</a></sup> <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Scheele_1783_Fettmor_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheele_1783_Fettmor-16">[16]</a></sup> <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a> (also known, in aqueous solution, as prussic acid),<sup id="cite_ref-Scheele_1782_Berlinerblå_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheele_1782_Berlinerblå-17">[17]</a></sup> <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">hydrogen fluoride</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> and <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> (1777).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> In addition, he discovered a process similar to <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">pasteurization</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> along with a means of mass-producing <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> (1769), leading Sweden to become one of the world's leading producers of <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matches" class="mw-redirect" title="Matches">matches</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chlorine-sample.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Chlorine-sample.jpg/100px-Chlorine-sample.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Chlorine-sample.jpg/150px-Chlorine-sample.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Chlorine-sample.jpg/200px-Chlorine-sample.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1287" data-file-height="1716"/></a><figcaption>Chlorine gas.</figcaption></figure> <p>Scheele made one other very important scientific discovery in 1774, arguably more revolutionary than his isolation of oxygen. He identified <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_(mineral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime (mineral)">lime</a>, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>, and <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> in a specimen of <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolusite" title="Pyrolusite">pyrolusite</a> (impure manganese dioxide) given to him by his friend, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Gahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Gottlieb Gahn">Johann Gottlieb Gahn</a>, but could not identify an additional component (this was the manganese, which Scheele recognized was present as a new element, but could not isolate). When he treated the pyrolusite with <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> over a warm sand bath, a yellow-green gas with a strong odor was produced.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> He found that the gas sank to the bottom of an open bottle and was denser than ordinary air. He also noted that the gas was not soluble in water. It turned corks a yellow color and removed all color from wet, blue litmus paper and some flowers. He called this gas with bleaching abilities, "dephlogisticated muriatic acid" (dephlogisticated hydrochloric acid, or oxidized hydrochloric acid). Eventually, Sir <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> named the gas <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>, with reference to its pale green colour. </p><p>Chlorine's bleaching properties were eventually turned into an industry by <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Berzelius</a>, and became the foundation of a second industry of disinfection and deodorization of putrefied tissue and wounds (including wounds in living humans) in the hands of <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Labarraque" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Labarraque">Labarraque</a>, by 1824. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Death">Death</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_in_K%C3%B6ping.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_in_K%C3%B6ping.JPG/200px-Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_in_K%C3%B6ping.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_in_K%C3%B6ping.JPG/300px-Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_in_K%C3%B6ping.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_in_K%C3%B6ping.JPG/400px-Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_in_K%C3%B6ping.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560"/></a><figcaption>Statue of Scheele in <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ping" title="Köping">Köping</a>, Sweden.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the fall of 1785, Scheele began to suffer from symptoms described as kidney disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castle_1886-2">[2]</a></sup> In early 1786, he also contracted a disease of the skin, which, combined with his kidney problems, so enfeebled him that he could foresee an early death. With that in mind, he married the widow of his predecessor,<sup id="cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castle_1886-2">[2]</a></sup> Pohl, two days before he died, so that he could pass undisputed title to his pharmacy and his possessions to her. </p><p>While Scheele's experiments generated substances which have long since been found to be hazardous, the compounds and elements he used to start his experiments were dangerous to begin with, especially <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>. Like most of his contemporaries, in an age where there were few methods of chemical characterisation, Scheele would smell and taste any new substances he discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-Asimov_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asimov-22">[22]</a></sup> Cumulative exposure to <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, and their <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a> and, perhaps, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">hydrofluoric acid</a>, which he had discovered, as well as other substances, took their toll on Scheele. He died at the early age of 43, on 21 May 1786, at his home in <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ping" title="Köping">Köping</a>. Doctors said that he died of <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">mercury poisoning</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Published_papers">Published papers</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Published papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%A9moires_de_chymie_Scheele_RGNb10364341.02.vol_I.tp_1785.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/M%C3%A9moires_de_chymie_Scheele_RGNb10364341.02.vol_I.tp_1785.tif/lossy-page1-220px-M%C3%A9moires_de_chymie_Scheele_RGNb10364341.02.vol_I.tp_1785.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/M%C3%A9moires_de_chymie_Scheele_RGNb10364341.02.vol_I.tp_1785.tif/lossy-page1-330px-M%C3%A9moires_de_chymie_Scheele_RGNb10364341.02.vol_I.tp_1785.tif.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/M%C3%A9moires_de_chymie_Scheele_RGNb10364341.02.vol_I.tp_1785.tif/lossy-page1-440px-M%C3%A9moires_de_chymie_Scheele_RGNb10364341.02.vol_I.tp_1785.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="2094"/></a><figcaption><i>Mémoires de chymie</i>, 1785, French translation by Mme. <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudine_Picardet" title="Claudine Picardet">Claudine Picardet</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scheele,_Carl_Wilhelm_%E2%80%93_Early_history_of_chlorine,_1944_%E2%80%93_BEIC_7863226.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Scheele%2C_Carl_Wilhelm_%E2%80%93_Early_history_of_chlorine%2C_1944_%E2%80%93_BEIC_7863226.jpg/220px-Scheele%2C_Carl_Wilhelm_%E2%80%93_Early_history_of_chlorine%2C_1944_%E2%80%93_BEIC_7863226.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Scheele%2C_Carl_Wilhelm_%E2%80%93_Early_history_of_chlorine%2C_1944_%E2%80%93_BEIC_7863226.jpg/330px-Scheele%2C_Carl_Wilhelm_%E2%80%93_Early_history_of_chlorine%2C_1944_%E2%80%93_BEIC_7863226.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Scheele%2C_Carl_Wilhelm_%E2%80%93_Early_history_of_chlorine%2C_1944_%E2%80%93_BEIC_7863226.jpg/440px-Scheele%2C_Carl_Wilhelm_%E2%80%93_Early_history_of_chlorine%2C_1944_%E2%80%93_BEIC_7863226.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="3320"/></a><figcaption><i>Early history of chlorine, 1944</i></figcaption></figure> <p>All of the following papers were published by Scheele within a span of fifteen years.<sup id="cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castle_1886-2">[2]</a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol><li>(1771) <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluospar</a> and its Acid</li> <li>(1774) "Braunstein" or Magnesia [ <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> ], two papers</li> <li>(1775) Benzoin Salt [ <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoic_Acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzoic Acid">Benzoic Acid</a> ]</li> <li><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> and its Acid</li> <li><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">Silica</a>, <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">Alumina</a>, and <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">Alum</a></li> <li>Urinary Calculi</li> <li>(1777) Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire</li> <li>(1778) Wet Process for Preparing Mercurius dulcis [ <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury(I)_chloride" title="Mercury(I) chloride">Calomel</a> ]</li> <li>Simple Process for Preparing Pulvis Algarothi [ oxychloride of antimony ]</li> <li><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></li> <li>(1778) Preparation of a New Green Color<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></li> <li>(1779) On the Quantity of Pure Air daily present in the Atmosphere</li> <li>Decomposition of Neutral Salts by Lime or Iron</li> <li><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbago_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Plumbago (disambiguation)">Plumbago</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryte" title="Baryte">Heavy spar</a></li> <li>(1780) Fluospar</li> <li>Milk and its Acid<sup id="cite_ref-Scheele_1780_Mjölk_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheele_1780_Mjölk-15">[15]</a></sup></li> <li>Acid of Milk sugar</li> <li>On the Relationship of Bodies</li> <li>(1781) <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></li> <li>The Combustible Substance in Crude Lime</li> <li>Preparation of <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="White Lead">White Lead</a></li> <li>(1782) <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ether" title="Ether">Ether</a></li> <li>Preservation of <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">Vinegar</a></li> <li>Coloring Matter in Berlin Blue<sup id="cite_ref-Scheele_1782_Berlinerblå_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheele_1782_Berlinerblå-17">[17]</a></sup></li> <li>(1783) Berlin Blue</li> <li>Peculiar Sweet Principle from Oils and Fats [ <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerin" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerin">Glycerin</a> ]<sup id="cite_ref-Scheele_1783_Fettmor_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheele_1783_Fettmor-16">[16]</a></sup></li> <li>(1784) Attempt to Crystallize Lemon juice</li> <li>Constituents of Rhubarb-earth [ <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_Oxalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium Oxalate">Calcium Oxalate</a> ] and Preparation of Acetosella Acid [ <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxalic_Acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxalic Acid">Oxalic Acid</a> ]</li> <li>The Coloring "Middle-salt" of "Blood lye" [Yellow Prussiate of Potassium]</li> <li>Air-acid [ <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonic_Acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonic Acid">Carbonic Acid</a> ]; Benzoic Acid. Lapis infernalis<sup id="cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castle_1886-2">[2]</a></sup> ("Air-acid" is <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a>)</li> <li>Sweet Principle from Oils and Fats. Air-acid</li> <li>(1785) Acid of Fruits, especially of Raspberry</li> <li><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(III)_phosphate" title="Iron(III) phosphate">Phosphate of Iron</a>; and Pearl-salt</li> <li>Occurrence of Rhubarb-earth [see 29] in various Plants</li> <li>Preparation of <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">Magnesia alba</a></li> <li>Fulminating Gold. Corn oil [ <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusel_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusel oil">Fusel oil</a> ]. Calomel</li> <li>Air-acid</li> <li>Lead <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_acetate" title="Ethyl acetate">Vinegar-naphtha</a></li> <li>Lime. <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a> or Volatile Alkali</li> <li><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malic_Acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Malic Acid">Malic Acid</a> and <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">Citric Acid</a></li> <li>Air, Fire, and Water</li> <li>(1786) The Essential Salt of Galls [ <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic Acid">Gallic Acid</a> ]</li> <li><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_Acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitric Acid">Nitric Acid</a></li> <li>Oxide of Lead. <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleum" title="Oleum">Fuming Sulphuric Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrophorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrophorus">Pyrophorus</a></li> <li>Peculiarities of <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluoric_Acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrofluoric Acid">Hydrofluoric Acid</a>.</li></ol></div> <p>Scheele's papers appeared first in the <i>Transactions</i> of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, and in various periodicals such as <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_Florenz_Friedrich_von_Crell" title="Lorenz Florenz Friedrich von Crell">Lorenz Florenz Friedrich von Crell</a>'s <i><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crell%27s_Annalen" title="Crell's Annalen">Chemische Annalen</a></i>. Scheele's work was collected and published in four languages beginning with <i>Mémoires de Chymie</i> by Mme. <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudine_Picardet" title="Claudine Picardet">Claudine Picardet</a> in 1785 and <i>Chemical Essays</i> by <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Beddoes" title="Thomas Beddoes">Thomas Beddoes</a> in 1786, followed by Latin and German.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-24">[24]</a></sup> Another English translation was published by <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Dobbin_(chemist)" title="Leonard Dobbin (chemist)">Dr Leonard Dobbin</a>, in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheelite" title="Scheelite">Scheelite</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheele%27s_Green" title="Scheele's Green">Scheele's Green</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacist" title="Pharmacist">Pharmacist</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_chemistry" title="Pneumatic chemistry">Pneumatic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_independent_discoveries#18th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="List of independent discoveries">List of independent discoveries</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gentz, L. "Hur såg Scheele ut?", Svensk Farmaceutisk Tidskrift 1958 (17) 373-394; erroneously dated 1780 in Wikimedia Commons</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Castle_1886-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castle_1886_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFCastleRice1886" class="citation journal cs1">Castle, Fred'k A.; Rice, Chas, eds. (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://archive.org/details/americandruggis15unkngoog/page/n167/mode/1up">"Carl Wilhelm Scheele"</a>. <i>American Druggist</i>. New York. <b>15</b> (August): 157–158<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Druggist&rft.atitle=Carl+Wilhelm+Scheele&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=August&rft.pages=157-158&rft.date=1886&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericandruggis15unkngoog%2Fpage%2Fn167%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/chemistry-biographies/karl-wilhelm-scheele">"Karl Wilhelm Scheele | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Karl+Wilhelm+Scheele+%26%23124%3B+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fpeople%2Fscience-and-technology%2Fchemistry-biographies%2Fkarl-wilhelm-scheele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Myers, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://books.google.com/books?id=oS50J3-IfZsC"><i>The Basics of Chemistry</i></a> (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fors,_Hjalmar_2008-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fors,_Hjalmar_2008_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fors,_Hjalmar_2008_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fors, Hjalmar 2008. Stepping through Science’s Door: C. W. Scheele, from Pharmacist's Apprentice to Man of Science. Ambix 55: 29–49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheele found that when potassium nitrite (KNO<sub>2</sub>) was reacted with acetic acid, nitrogen dioxide was produced. See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLennartson2020" class="citation book cs1">Lennartson, Anders (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://books.google.com/books?id=cmr6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101"><i>Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Torbern Bergman: The Science, Lives and Friendship of Two Pioneers in Chemistry</i></a>. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG. pp. 101–104. <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030491949" title="Special:BookSources/9783030491949"><bdi>9783030491949</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Wilhelm+Scheele+and+Torbern+Bergman%3A+The+Science%2C+Lives+and+Friendship+of+Two+Pioneers+in+Chemistry&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=101-104&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+Switzerland+AG&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9783030491949&rft.aulast=Lennartson&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcmr6DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p101, A Source Book in Chemistry, 1400–1900, Henry Marshall Leicester, Herbert S. Klickstein – 1969</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJ._R._Partington1962" class="citation book cs1">J. R. Partington (1962). <i>A History of Chemistry, vol. 3</i>. Macmillan. pp. 205–236.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chemistry%2C+vol.+3&rft.pages=205-236&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1962&rft.au=J.+R.+Partington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJ._R._Partington1962" class="citation book cs1">J. R. Partington (1962). <i>A History of Chemistry, vol. 3</i>. Macmillan. pp. 219–220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chemistry%2C+vol.+3&rft.pages=219-220&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1962&rft.au=J.+R.+Partington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheele's laboratory notebooks show that during 1771–1772, he observed a "<i>besondere Erde</i>" (peculiar earth [i.e., metal oxide]) in pyrolusite (an ore that contains mainly manganese dioxide, MnO<sub>2</sub>). See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFScheele1892" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scheele, Carl Wilhelm (1892). Nordenskiöld, A.E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://books.google.com/books?id=vo06AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA45"><i>Carl Wilhelm Scheele: Nachgelassene Briefe und Aufzeichnungen</i></a> [<i>Carl Wilhelm Scheele: Posthumously published letters and notes</i>] (in German and Latin). Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt & Söner. p. 457.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Wilhelm+Scheele%3A+Nachgelassene+Briefe+und+Aufzeichnungen&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=457&rft.pub=P.A.+Norstedt+%26+S%C3%B6ner&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Scheele&rft.aufirst=Carl+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvo06AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span> From p. 457: "<i>In Gewächsen muss die besondere Erde, welche aus </i>magn. nigra et acidis<i> … mit </i>acido vitrioli<i> ein solches Præcipitat.</i>" (In plants, [there] must be present the peculiar earth [i.e., metal oxide], which arises from magnesia nigra [i.e., pyrolusite] and acid via precipitation with oil of vitriol [i.e., concentrated sulfuric acid], for plant ash which is well rinsed so that all potassium sulfate disappears, gives – [when it's] dissolved with nitric acid and salt acid [i.e., hydrochloric acid] – such a precipitate [when it's treated] with sulfuric acid.) See also pp. 455, 456, and 461. <ul><li>In 1774, Scheele further investigated barium in pyrolusite: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFScheele1774" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scheele (1774). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ME4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA90-IA5">"Om brunsten, eller magnesia, och dess egenskaper"</a> [On brown-stone [i.e., pyrolusite] or magnesia, and its properties]. <i>Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar (Proceedings of the Royal Scientific Academy [of Sweden])</i> (in Swedish). <b>35</b>: 89–116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kongliga+Vetenskaps+Academiens+Handlingar+%28Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Scientific+Academy+%5Bof+Sweden%5D%29&rft.atitle=Om+brunsten%2C+eller+magnesia%2C+och+dess+egenskaper&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=89-116&rft.date=1774&rft.au=Scheele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ME4AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA90-IA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span> From p. 102: <i>"4:to Något af en ny Jord-art, hvilken, så mycket jag vet, ännu är obekant."</i> (4th Something of a new type of ore [i.e., mineral], which, as far as I know, is still unknown.) From p. 112: <i>"Den besynnerliga Jord-arten, som visar sig vid alla klara uplösningar af Brunstenen, hvarom något är anfördt i 18. §."</i> (This peculiar type of ore [i.e., mineral] appears in all clear solutions of brown-stone, concerning which something is stated in section 18.)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFScheele1774" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scheele (1774). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ME4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA90-IA5">"Om brunsten, eller magnesia, och dess egenskaper"</a> [On brown-stone [i.e., pyrolusite] or magnesia, and its properties]. <i>Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar (Proceedings of the Royal Scientific Academy [of Sweden])</i> (in Swedish). <b>35</b>: 89–116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kongliga+Vetenskaps+Academiens+Handlingar+%28Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Scientific+Academy+%5Bof+Sweden%5D%29&rft.atitle=Om+brunsten%2C+eller+magnesia%2C+och+dess+egenskaper&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=89-116&rft.date=1774&rft.au=Scheele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ME4AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA90-IA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFScheele1778" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scheele, Carl Wilhelm (1778). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://books.google.com/books?id=58E4AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA247">"Försök med Blyerts, Molybdæna"</a> [Experiment with lead, molybdæna]. <i>Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar</i> (in Swedish). <b>39</b>: 247–255.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kongliga+Vetenskaps+Academiens+Handlingar&rft.atitle=F%C3%B6rs%C3%B6k+med+Blyerts%2C+Molybd%C3%A6na&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=247-255&rft.date=1778&rft.aulast=Scheele&rft.aufirst=Carl+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D58E4AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFScheele1781" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scheele, Carl Wilhelm (1781). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://books.google.com/books?id=enVJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA91">"Tungstens bestånds-delar"</a> [Tungsten's constituent components]. <i>Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar (New Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Sciences [of Sweden])</i> (in Swedish). <b>2</b>: 89–95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kongliga+Vetenskaps+Academiens+Nya+Handlingar+%28New+Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Academy+of+Sciences+%5Bof+Sweden%5D%29&rft.atitle=Tungstens+best%C3%A5nds-delar&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=89-95&rft.date=1781&rft.aulast=Scheele&rft.aufirst=Carl+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DenVJAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFScheele1784" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scheele, Carl Wilhelm (1784). "Anmärkning om Citron-Saft, samt sätt att crystallisera den samma" [Note on lemon juice, as well as ways to crystallize the same]. <i>Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar (New Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Science)</i> (in Swedish). <b>5</b>: 105–109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kongliga+Vetenskaps+Academiens+Nya+Handlingar+%28New+Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Academy+of+Science%29&rft.atitle=Anm%C3%A4rkning+om+Citron-Saft%2C+samt+s%C3%A4tt+att+crystallisera+den+samma&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=105-109&rft.date=1784&rft.aulast=Scheele&rft.aufirst=Carl+Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheele_1780_Mjölk-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scheele_1780_Mjölk_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheele_1780_Mjölk_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFScheele1780" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scheele, Carl Wilhelm (1780). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://books.google.com/books?id=9N84AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA116">"Om Mjölk och dess syra"</a> [About milk and its acid]. <i>Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar (New Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Science)</i> (in Swedish). <b>1</b>: 116–124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kongliga+Vetenskaps+Academiens+Nya+Handlingar+%28New+Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Academy+of+Science%29&rft.atitle=Om+Mj%C3%B6lk+och+dess+syra&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=116-124&rft.date=1780&rft.aulast=Scheele&rft.aufirst=Carl+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9N84AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheele_1783_Fettmor-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scheele_1783_Fettmor_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheele_1783_Fettmor_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFScheele1783" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scheele, Carl Wilhelm (1783). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://books.google.com/books?id=tXVJAAAAcAAJ&q=Scheele&pg=PA324">"Rön beträffande ett särskilt Socker-Ämne uti exprimerade Oljor och Fettmor"</a> [Findings concerning a particular sweet substance in expressed oils and fatty substances]. <i>Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar (New Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Science)</i> (in Swedish). <b>4</b>: 324–329.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kongliga+Vetenskaps+Academiens+Nya+Handlingar+%28New+Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Academy+of+Science%29&rft.atitle=R%C3%B6n+betr%C3%A4ffande+ett+s%C3%A4rskilt+Socker-%C3%84mne+uti+exprimerade+Oljor+och+Fettmor&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=324-329&rft.date=1783&rft.aulast=Scheele&rft.aufirst=Carl+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtXVJAAAAcAAJ%26q%3DScheele%26pg%3DPA324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheele_1782_Berlinerblå-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scheele_1782_Berlinerblå_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheele_1782_Berlinerblå_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFScheele1782" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scheele, Carl W. (1782). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://books.google.com/books?id=mHVJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA264">"Försök, beträffande det färgande ämnet uti Berlinerblå"</a> [Experiment concerning the coloring substance in Berlin blue]. <i>Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar (New Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Science [of Sweden]</i> (in Swedish). <b>3</b>: 264–275.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kongliga+Vetenskaps+Academiens+Nya+Handlingar+%28New+Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Academy+of+Science+%5Bof+Sweden%5D&rft.atitle=F%C3%B6rs%C3%B6k%2C+betr%C3%A4ffande+det+f%C3%A4rgande+%C3%A4mnet+uti+Berlinerbl%C3%A5&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=264-275&rft.date=1782&rft.aulast=Scheele&rft.aufirst=Carl+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmHVJAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Reprinted in Latin as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFScheeleSchäfer1789" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scheele, Carl Wilhelm; Schäfer, Gottfried Heinrich, trans. (1789). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://books.google.com/books?id=BLo5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA148">"De materia tingente caerulei berolinensis"</a>. In Hebenstreit, Ernst Benjamin Gottlieb (ed.). <i>Opuscula Chemica et Physica</i> [<i>Chemical and Physical Works</i>] (in Latin). Vol. 2. Leipzig (Lipsiae), (Germany): Johann Godfried Müller. pp. 148–174.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=De+materia+tingente+caerulei+berolinensis&rft.btitle=Opuscula+Chemica+et+Physica&rft.place=Leipzig+%28Lipsiae%29%2C+%28Germany%29&rft.pages=148-174&rft.pub=Johann+Godfried+M%C3%BCller&rft.date=1789&rft.aulast=Scheele&rft.aufirst=Carl+Wilhelm&rft.au=Sch%C3%A4fer%2C+Gottfried+Heinrich%2C+trans.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBLo5AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheele (1771) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://books.google.com/books?id=d984AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA120">"Undersŏkning om fluss-spat och dess syra"</a> (Investigation of fluorite and its acid), <i>Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar</i> (Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Science [of Sweden]), <b>32</b> : 129–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFScheele1777" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scheele, Carl Wilhelm (1777). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://books.google.com/books?id=beoTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA149"><i>Chemische Abhandlung von der Luft und dem Feuer</i></a> [<i>Chemical treatise on air and fire</i>] (in German). Upsala, Sweden: Magnus Swederus. pp. 149–155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemische+Abhandlung+von+der+Luft+und+dem+Feuer&rft.place=Upsala%2C+Sweden&rft.pages=149-155&rft.pub=Magnus+Swederus&rft.date=1777&rft.aulast=Scheele&rft.aufirst=Carl+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbeoTAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span> See: § 97. <i>Die stinckende Schwefel Luft</i> (The stinking sulfur air [i.e., gas]).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFScheele1782" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scheele, Carl Wilhelm (1782). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://books.google.com/books?id=mHVJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA120">"Anmärkningar om sättet att conserva ättika"</a> [Notes on the way to preserve vinegar]. <i>Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar (New Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Science)</i> (in Swedish). <b>3</b>: 120–122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kongliga+Vetenskaps+Academiens+Nya+Handlingar+%28New+Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Academy+of+Science%29&rft.atitle=Anm%C3%A4rkningar+om+s%C3%A4ttet+att+conserva+%C3%A4ttika&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=120-122&rft.date=1782&rft.aulast=Scheele&rft.aufirst=Carl+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmHVJAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFScheele1774" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scheele (1774). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ME4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA90-IA5">"Om brunsten, eller magnesia, och dess egenskaper"</a> [On pyrolusite or magnesia, and its properties]. <i>Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar (Proceedings of the Royal Scientific Academy [of Sweden]</i> (in Swedish). <b>35</b>: 89–116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kongliga+Vetenskaps+Academiens+Handlingar+%28Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Scientific+Academy+%5Bof+Sweden%5D&rft.atitle=Om+brunsten%2C+eller+magnesia%2C+och+dess+egenskaper&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=89-116&rft.date=1774&rft.au=Scheele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ME4AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA90-IA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span> On pages 93–94 (paragraph 6), "Med den vanliga Salt-syran." ([Reactions of manganese dioxide] with the standard salt-acid [i.e., hydrochloric acid]), Scheele describes a gas (chlorine) that was produced when he reacted manganese dioxide with hydrochloric acid. Further experiments with chlorine appear in paragraphs 23–26, pp. 105–110.</li> <li>An English translation of the relevant passages about chlorine from Scheele's article appears in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLeicester1952" class="citation book cs1">Leicester, Henry M. (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://books.google.com/books?id=zXZKfpRHLCcC&pg=PA109"><i>A Source Book in Chemistry, 1400–1900</i></a>. New York, New York, USA: McGraw-Hill. pp. 109–110. <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674822306" title="Special:BookSources/9780674822306"><bdi>9780674822306</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Source+Book+in+Chemistry%2C+1400%E2%80%931900&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=109-110&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=9780674822306&rft.aulast=Leicester&rft.aufirst=Henry+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzXZKfpRHLCcC%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Asimov-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Asimov_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Asimov, Isaac (1966). <i>The Noble Gases</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465051298" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465051298">978-0465051298</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFScheele1778" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scheele, Carl Wilhelm (1778). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/178460#page/355/mode/1up">"Tilrednings-saettet af en ny groen Faerg"</a> [Method of preparation of a new green color]. <i>Kungliga Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar</i> (in Swedish). <b>39</b>: 327–328.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kungliga+Vetenskaps+Akademiens+Handlingar&rft.atitle=Tilrednings-saettet+af+en+ny+groen+Faerg&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=327-328&rft.date=1778&rft.aulast=Scheele&rft.aufirst=Carl+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F178460%23page%2F355%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson" class="citation web cs1">Ferguson, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/S/SCH/karl-wilhelm-scheele.html">"Karl Wilhelm Scheele"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. 1902<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Karl+Wilhelm+Scheele&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1902encyclopedia.com%2FS%2FSCH%2Fkarl-wilhelm-scheele.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Journal of the Chemical Society: obituaries (L Dobbin), 1952</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott,_David.1983" class="citation book cs1">Abbott, David. (1983). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00abbo"><i>Biographical Dictionary of Scientists: Chemists</i></a></span>. New York: Peter Bedrick Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00abbo/page/126">126</a>–127. <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911745-81-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-911745-81-5"><bdi>0-911745-81-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+Scientists%3A+Chemists&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=126-127&rft.pub=Peter+Bedrick+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-911745-81-5&rft.au=Abbott%2C+David.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiographicaldict00abbo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBell,_Madison_S.2005" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Madison S. (2005). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://archive.org/details/lavoisierinyearo00madi"><i>Lavoisier in the Year One</i></a></span>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05155-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05155-2"><bdi>0-393-05155-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lavoisier+in+the+Year+One&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company%2C+Inc&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-393-05155-2&rft.au=Bell%2C+Madison+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flavoisierinyearo00madi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCardwell,_D.S.L.1971" class="citation book cs1">Cardwell, D.S.L. (1971). <i>From Watt to Clausius: The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age</i>. Heinemann: London. pp. 60–61. <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-435-54150-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-435-54150-1"><bdi>0-435-54150-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Watt+to+Clausius%3A+The+Rise+of+Thermodynamics+in+the+Early+Industrial+Age&rft.place=Heinemann&rft.pages=60-61&rft.pub=London&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-435-54150-1&rft.au=Cardwell%2C+D.S.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDobbin,_L._(trans.)1931" class="citation book cs1">Dobbin, L. (trans.) (1931). <i>Collected Papers of Carl Wilhelm Scheele</i>. G. Bell & Sons, London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Papers+of+Carl+Wilhelm+Scheele&rft.pub=G.+Bell+%26+Sons%2C+London&rft.date=1931&rft.au=Dobbin%2C+L.+%28trans.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFarber1961" class="citation book cs1">Farber, Eduard, ed. (1961). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://archive.org/details/greatchemists00farb"><i>Great Chemists</i></a></span>. New York: Interscience Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://archive.org/details/greatchemists00farb/page/255">255–261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Chemists&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=255-261&rft.pub=Interscience+Publishers&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatchemists00farb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg,_Arthur.2000" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, Arthur. (2000). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://archive.org/details/chemicalhistoryt0000gree"><i>A Chemical History Tour: Picturing Chemistry from Alchemy to Modern Molecular Science</i></a></span>. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://archive.org/details/chemicalhistoryt0000gree/page/135">135–137</a>. <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-35408-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-35408-2"><bdi>0-471-35408-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Chemical+History+Tour%3A+Picturing+Chemistry+from+Alchemy+to+Modern+Molecular+Science&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=135-137&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-471-35408-2&rft.au=Greenberg%2C+Arthur.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemicalhistoryt0000gree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg,_Arthur.2003" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, Arthur. (2003). <i>The Art of Chemistry: Myths, Medicines and Materials</i>. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 161–166. <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-07180-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-07180-3"><bdi>0-471-07180-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Chemistry%3A+Myths%2C+Medicines+and+Materials&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=161-166&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-471-07180-3&rft.au=Greenberg%2C+Arthur.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield,_Robert_E2004" class="citation book cs1">Schofield, Robert E (2004). <i>The Enlightened Joseph Priestley: A Study of His Life and Work from 1773–1804</i>. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-02459-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-02459-3"><bdi>0-271-02459-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enlightened+Joseph+Priestley%3A+A+Study+of+His+Life+and+Work+from+1773%E2%80%931804&rft.place=Pennsylvania&rft.pub=The+Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-271-02459-3&rft.au=Schofield%2C+Robert+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFShectman2003" class="citation book cs1">Shectman (2003). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://archive.org/details/groundbreakingsc0000shec"><i>Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the 18th Century</i></a></span>. Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32015-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32015-2"><bdi>0-313-32015-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Groundbreaking+Scientific+Experiments%2C+Inventions%2C+and+Discoveries+of+the+18th+Century&rft.place=Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-313-32015-2&rft.au=Shectman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgroundbreakingsc0000shec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSootin,_Harry1960" class="citation book cs1">Sootin, Harry (1960). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://archive.org/details/12pioneersofscie00soot"><i>12 Pioneers of Science</i></a></span>. New York: Vanguard Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=12+Pioneers+of+Science&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vanguard+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Sootin%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F12pioneersofscie00soot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1134653256">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" class="extiw" title="commons:Carl Wilhelm Scheele"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1134653256"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20231114155203im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Chemical_Observations_and_Experiments_on_Air_and_Fire" class="extiw" title="q:Chemical Observations and Experiments on Air and Fire">Chemical Observations and Experiments on Air and Fire</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/31878">Works by Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a> at <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Scheele%2C%20Carl%20Wilhelm%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Scheele%2C%20Carl%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Scheele%2C%20C%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Carl%20Wilhelm%20Scheele%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Carl%20W%2E%20Scheele%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22C%2E%20W%2E%20Scheele%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Scheele%2C%20Carl%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Carl%20Scheele%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Carl%20Wilhelm%20Scheele%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Carl%20W%2E%20Scheele%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22C%2E%20W%2E%20Scheele%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22C%2E%20Wilhelm%20Scheele%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Scheele%2C%20Carl%20Wilhelm%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Scheele%2C%20Carl%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Scheele%2C%20C%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Scheele%2C%20C%2E%20Wilhelm%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Carl%20Scheele%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Scheele%2C%20Carl%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Carl%20Wilhelm%20Scheele%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Carl%20W%2E%20Scheele%22%20OR%20title%3A%22C%2E%20W%2E%20Scheele%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Carl%20Scheele%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Carl%20Wilhelm%20Scheele%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Carl%20W%2E%20Scheele%22%20OR%20description%3A%22C%2E%20W%2E%20Scheele%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Scheele%2C%20Carl%20Wilhelm%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Scheele%2C%20Carl%20W%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Carl%20Scheele%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Scheele%2C%20Carl%22%29%20OR%20%28%221742-1786%22%20AND%20Scheele%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a> at <a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>Scheele, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://books.google.com/books?id=4hLOfWGt0jsC"><i>Chemical Observations and Experiments on Air and Fire</i></a> (1780 translation)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/scheele77.html">Excerpts from the Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scheele, Karl Wilhelm"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Scheele,_Karl_Wilhelm">"Scheele, Karl Wilhelm" </a></span>. <i><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scheele%2C+Karl+Wilhelm&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://books.google.com/books?id=zLk5AAAAcAAJ"><i>Carl Wilhelm Scheele's d. Königl. Schwed. Acad. d. Wissenschaft Mitgliedes, Chemische Abhandlung von der Luft und dem Feuer</i></a> in German (source of an above lab equipment image)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Nuttall Encyclopædia/S#Scheele, Carl Wilhelm"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Nuttall_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/S#Scheele,_Carl_Wilhelm">"Scheele, Carl Wilhelm" </a></span>. <i><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nuttall_Encyclop%C3%A6dia" title="The Nuttall Encyclopædia">The Nuttall Encyclopædia</a></i>. 1907.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scheele%2C+Carl+Wilhelm&rft.btitle=The+Nuttall+Encyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Popular Science Monthly/Volume 31/October 1887/Sketch of Karl Wilhelm Scheele"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_31/October_1887/Sketch_of_Karl_Wilhelm_Scheele">"Sketch of Karl Wilhelm Scheele" </a></span>. <i><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Science Monthly">Popular Science Monthly</a></i>. Vol. 31. October 1887. pp. 839–843.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science+Monthly&rft.atitle=Sketch+of+Karl+Wilhelm+Scheele&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=839-843&rft.date=1887-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Popular Science Monthly/Volume 42/March 1893/The Scheele Monument at Stockholm"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_42/March_1893/The_Scheele_Monument_at_Stockholm">"The Scheele Monument at Stockholm" </a></span>. <i><a href="/web/20231114155203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Science Monthly">Popular Science Monthly</a></i>. Vol. 42. March 1893. pp. 685–688.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+Scheele+Monument+at+Stockholm&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=685-688&rft.date=1893-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFScheele,_Carl_Wilhelm1944" class="citation book cs1">Scheele, Carl Wilhelm (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114155203/https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=7863226"><i>Early history of chlorine</i></a>. Edinburgh: Alembic Club.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+history+of+chlorine&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Alembic+Club&rft.date=1944&rft.au=Scheele%2C+Carl+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D7863226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Wilhelm+Scheele" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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