CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>叙利亚内战 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"a206a60c-5294-4ffe-9e5e-f440d8585183","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"叙利亚内战","wgTitle":"叙利亚内战","wgCurRevisionId":85946290,"wgRevisionId":85946290,"wgArticleId":1555386,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["有参考文献错误的页面","CS1含有外文文本","CS1德语来源 (de)","CS1英国英语来源 (en-gb)","CS1英语来源 (en)","Webarchive模板archiveis链接","CS1美国英语来源 (en-us)","引文格式1维护：未识别语文类型","自2025年2月带有失效链接的条目","自2017年12月带有失效链接的条目","条目有永久失效的外部链接","引文格式1错误：日期","使用ISBN魔术链接的页面","自2019年1月包含過多連結的條目", "拒绝当选首页新条目推荐栏目的条目","所有包含過多連結的條目","扩充中的条目","所有扩充中的条目","使用小型訊息框的頁面","自2016年9月有非常模棱两可或者十分空泛语句的条目","维基共享资源分类链接使用了维基数据上的匹配项","叙利亚内战","阿拉伯之春","俄羅斯—美國關係","2011年叙利亚","2012年叙利亚","2013年叙利亚","2014年叙利亚","2015年敘利亞","2016年敘利亞","2017年叙利亚","2018年叙利亚","2019年叙利亚","2020年叙利亚","2021年叙利亚","2022年叙利亚","2023年敘利亞","2024年敘利亞","约旦战争","混合战争"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"叙利亚内战","wgRelevantArticleId":1555386,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"敘利亞內戰", "wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q178810","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink", "ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.ilhpp","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28ISW-CTP%29.svg/1200px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28ISW-CTP%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="992"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28ISW-CTP%29.svg/800px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28ISW-CTP%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="661"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28ISW-CTP%29.svg/640px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28ISW-CTP%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="529"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="叙利亚内战 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-叙利亚内战 rootpage-叙利亚内战 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="主菜单" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 主菜单 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z">首页</a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科">分类索引</a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容">特色内容</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料">新闻动态</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r">最近更改</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x">随机条目</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2">特殊页面</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助">帮助</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做">维基社群</a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引">方针与指引</a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论">互助客栈</a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方">知识问答</a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求">字词转换</a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93">IRC即时聊天</a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科">联络我们</a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介">关于维基百科</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"> 搜索 </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 外观 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh" class="">资助维基百科</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class="">创建账号</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class="">登录</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 个人工具 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh">资助维基百科</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"> 创建账号</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"> 登录</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息">了解详情</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y">贡献</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-背景" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#背景"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 背景 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-背景-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关背景子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-背景-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-叙利亚概况" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#叙利亚概况"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 叙利亚概况 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-叙利亚概况-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人权状况" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人权状况"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 人权状况 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人权状况-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-沙比哈" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#沙比哈"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 沙比哈 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-沙比哈-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-经济及金融制裁" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#经济及金融制裁"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 经济及金融制裁 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-经济及金融制裁-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011年事件" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011年事件"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 2011年事件 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011年事件-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-气候原因" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#气候原因"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 气候原因 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-气候原因-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-进展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#进展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 进展 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-进展-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关进展子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-进展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-示威與鎮壓（2011年1月－7月）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#示威與鎮壓（2011年1月－7月）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 示威與鎮壓（2011年1月－7月） </div> </a> <ul id="toc-示威與鎮壓（2011年1月－7月）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-起事（2011年7月－10月）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#起事（2011年7月－10月）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 起事（2011年7月－10月） </div> </a> <ul id="toc-起事（2011年7月－10月）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-衝突升級（2011年11月－2012年3月）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#衝突升級（2011年11月－2012年3月）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 衝突升級（2011年11月－2012年3月） </div> </a> <ul id="toc-衝突升級（2011年11月－2012年3月）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012年主要进展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012年主要进展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 2012年主要进展 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012年主要进展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1月至4月" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1月至4月"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 1月至4月 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1月至4月-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-5月至8月" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5月至8月"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 5月至8月 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5月至8月-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-9月至12月" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#9月至12月"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 9月至12月 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-9月至12月-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2013年主要进展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013年主要进展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 2013年主要进展 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2013年主要进展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1月至6月" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1月至6月"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 1月至6月 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1月至6月-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-7月至12月" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#7月至12月"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 7月至12月 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-7月至12月-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014年主要进展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014年主要进展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 2014年主要进展 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014年主要进展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015年主要进展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015年主要进展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 2015年主要进展 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015年主要进展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016年主要进展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016年主要进展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 2016年主要进展 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016年主要进展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017年主要进展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017年主要进展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 2017年主要进展 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017年主要进展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018年主要进展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018年主要进展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 2018年主要进展 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018年主要进展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019年主要进展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019年主要进展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 2019年主要进展 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019年主要进展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020年主要进展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020年主要进展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 2020年主要进展 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020年主要进展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021年主要进展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021年主要进展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13 2021年主要进展 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021年主要进展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022年主要进展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022年主要进展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14 2022年主要进展 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022年主要进展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023年主要进展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023年主要进展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.15 2023年主要进展 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023年主要进展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024年主要进展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024年主要进展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.16 2024年主要进展 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024年主要进展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-交戰方" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#交戰方"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 交戰方 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-交戰方-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关交戰方子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-交戰方-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-反对派" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#反对派"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 反对派 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-反对派-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-自由敘利亞軍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自由敘利亞軍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 自由敘利亞軍 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自由敘利亞軍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-敘利亞全國委員會" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#敘利亞全國委員會"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 敘利亞全國委員會 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-敘利亞全國委員會-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-敘利亞全國聯盟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#敘利亞全國聯盟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 敘利亞全國聯盟 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-敘利亞全國聯盟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-争取民主变革全国协调委员会" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#争取民主变革全国协调委员会"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 争取民主变革全国协调委员会 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-争取民主变革全国协调委员会-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-革命委员会" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#革命委员会"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 革命委员会 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-革命委员会-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地方协调委员会" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地方协调委员会"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.6 地方协调委员会 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地方协调委员会-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-伊斯蘭陣線" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#伊斯蘭陣線"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.7 伊斯蘭陣線 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-伊斯蘭陣線-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-薩拉菲派" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#薩拉菲派"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 薩拉菲派 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-薩拉菲派-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-征服沙姆陣線" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#征服沙姆陣線"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 征服沙姆陣線 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-征服沙姆陣線-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-外籍圣战者" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外籍圣战者"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1.1 外籍圣战者 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外籍圣战者-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-叙利亚库尔德人" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#叙利亚库尔德人"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 叙利亚库尔德人 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-叙利亚库尔德人-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-伊斯蘭國" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#伊斯蘭國"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 伊斯蘭國 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-伊斯蘭國-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-以色列" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#以色列"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 以色列 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-以色列-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-國際介入" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#國際介入"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 國際介入 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-國際介入-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关國際介入子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-國際介入-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-支持敘利亞政府的国家" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#支持敘利亞政府的国家"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 支持敘利亞政府的国家 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-支持敘利亞政府的国家-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-支持反对派的国家与组织" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#支持反对派的国家与组织"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 支持反对派的国家与组织 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-支持反对派的国家与组织-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-国际调停" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#国际调停"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 国际调停 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-国际调停-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关国际调停子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-国际调停-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-阿盟观察团" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#阿盟观察团"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 阿盟观察团 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-阿盟观察团-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-联合国监督团" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#联合国监督团"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 联合国监督团 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-联合国监督团-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人道援助" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人道援助"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 人道援助 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人道援助-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-国内反应" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#国内反应"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 国内反应 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-国内反应-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关国内反应子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-国内反应-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-逮捕与定罪" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#逮捕与定罪"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 逮捕与定罪 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-逮捕与定罪-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-审查" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#审查"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 审查 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-审查-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-妥协让步" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#妥协让步"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 妥协让步 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-妥协让步-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-组织支持政府的示威活动" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#组织支持政府的示威活动"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 组织支持政府的示威活动 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-组织支持政府的示威活动-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-国际反应" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#国际反应"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 国际反应 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-国际反应-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关国际反应子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-国际反应-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-国际组织" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#国际组织"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 国际组织 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-国际组织-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外国政府" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外国政府"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 外国政府 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外国政府-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-非政府性国际组织" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#非政府性国际组织"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 非政府性国际组织 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-非政府性国际组织-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-个人表态" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#个人表态"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 个人表态 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-个人表态-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-媒体反應" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#媒体反應"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 媒体反應 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-媒体反應-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 影響 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-死亡人数" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#死亡人数"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 死亡人数 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-死亡人数-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 参见 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 註釋 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 参考文献 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 外部链接 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">叙利亚内战</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。94种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" > 94种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siriese_Burgeroorlog" title="Siriese Burgeroorlog – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Siriese Burgeroorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرب الأهلية السورية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الأهلية السورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%81_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لحرب ف سوريا – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لحرب ف سوريا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="حرب اهليه سوريا – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حرب اهليه سوريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil_siria" title="Guerra civil siria – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra civil siria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriyada_v%C9%99t%C9%99nda%C5%9F_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Suriyada vətəndaş müharibəsi – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Suriyada vətəndaş müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="سوریه ایچ ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوریه ایچ ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B8%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Сүриәлә граждандар һуғышы – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сүриәлә граждандар һуғышы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biagakriag_in_Syrien" title="Biagakriag in Syrien – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Biagakriag in Syrien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%9E_%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Грамадзянская вайна ў Сірыі – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грамадзянская вайна ў Сірыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%9E_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Грамадзянская вайна ў Сырыі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грамадзянская вайна ў Сырыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гражданска война в Сирия – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гражданска война в Сирия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="সিরীয় গৃহযুদ্ধ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিরীয় গৃহযুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_diabarzh_Siria" title="Brezel diabarzh Siria – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel diabarzh Siria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C4%91anski_rat_u_Siriji" title="Građanski rat u Siriji – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Građanski rat u Siriji" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Civil_siriana" title="Guerra Civil siriana – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra Civil siriana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AE%DB%86%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="شەڕی ناوخۆییی سووریا – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی ناوخۆییی سووریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C4%8Dansk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka_v_S%C3%BDrii" title="Občanská válka v Sýrii – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Občanská válka v Sýrii" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfel_Cartref_Syria" title="Rhyfel Cartref Syria – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfel Cartref Syria" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgerkrigen_i_Syrien" title="Borgerkrigen i Syrien – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Borgerkrigen i Syrien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerkrieg_in_Syrien_seit_2011" title="Bürgerkrieg in Syrien seit 2011 – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bürgerkrieg in Syrien seit 2011" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%95%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Συριακός Εμφύλιος Πόλεμος – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συριακός Εμφύλιος Πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Syrian civil war" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siria_enlanda_milito" title="Siria enlanda milito – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Siria enlanda milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil_siria" title="Guerra civil siria – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra civil siria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCria_kodus%C3%B5da" title="Süüria kodusõda – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Süüria kodusõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siriako_Gerra_Zibila" title="Siriako Gerra Zibila – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Siriako Gerra Zibila" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="جنگ داخلی سوریه – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ داخلی سوریه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syyrian_sis%C3%A4llissota" title="Syyrian sisällissota – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syyrian sisällissota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgarakr%C3%ADggi%C3%B0_%C3%AD_S%C3%BDria" title="Borgarakríggið í Sýria – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Borgarakríggið í Sýria" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_civile_syrienne" title="Guerre civile syrienne – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre civile syrienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_Cathartha_na_Siria" title="Cogadh Cathartha na Siria – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogadh Cathartha na Siria" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil_siria" title="Guerra civil siria – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra civil siria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="מלחמת האזרחים בסוריה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת האזרחים בסוריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="सीरियाई गृहयुद्ध – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सीरियाई गृहयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C4%91anski_rat_u_Siriji" title="Građanski rat u Siriji – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Građanski rat u Siriji" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%ADriai_polg%C3%A1rh%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Szíriai polgárháború – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szíriai polgárháború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Սիրիական ճգնաժամ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիրիական ճգնաժամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Saudara_Suriah" title="Perang Saudara Suriah – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Saudara Suriah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BDrlenska_borgarastyrj%C3%B6ldin" title="Sýrlenska borgarastyrjöldin – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sýrlenska borgarastyrjöldin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civile_siriana" title="Guerra civile siriana – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra civile siriana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E5%86%85%E6%88%A6" title="シリア内戦 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シリア内戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სირიის სამოქალაქო ომი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სირიის სამოქალაქო ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Сирия азаматтық соғысы – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сирия азаматтық соғысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7" title="ಸಿರಿಯನ್ ಅಂತರ್ಯುದ್ಧ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಿರಿಯನ್ ಅಂತರ್ಯುದ್ಧ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EB%82%B4%EC%A0%84" title="시리아 내전 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시리아 내전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81%D9%95_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="شامی خانہٕ جنٛگی – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="شامی خانہٕ جنٛگی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_navxwey%C3%AE_y%C3%AA_S%C3%BBriy%C3%AA" title="Şerê navxweyî yê Sûriyê – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şerê navxweyî yê Sûriyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%A7%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сирияын гражданскӧй война – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сирияын гражданскӧй война" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrische_B%C3%B6rgeroorlog" title="Syrische Börgeroorlog – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Syrische Börgeroorlog" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirijos_pilietinis_karas" title="Sirijos pilietinis karas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sirijos pilietinis karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%ABrijas_pilso%C5%86u_kar%C5%A1" title="Sīrijas pilsoņu karš – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sīrijas pilsoņu karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Граѓанска војна во Сирија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Граѓанска војна во Сирија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="സിറിയൻ ആഭ്യന്തരയുദ്ധം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിറിയൻ ആഭ്യന്തരയുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Saudara_Syria" title="Perang Saudara Syria – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Saudara Syria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwerra_%C4%8Bivili_Sirjana" title="Gwerra ċivili Sirjana – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Gwerra ċivili Sirjana" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="سوریه جنگ – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سوریه جنگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="सिरियाली गृहयुद्ध – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सिरियाली गृहयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrische_Burgeroorlog" title="Syrische Burgeroorlog – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Syrische Burgeroorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_syriske_borgarkrigen" title="Den syriske borgarkrigen – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den syriske borgarkrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgerkrigen_i_Syria" title="Borgerkrigen i Syria – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Borgerkrigen i Syria" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_Civila_Siriana" title="Guèrra Civila Siriana – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra Civila Siriana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਸੀਰੀਆਈ ਘਰੇਲੂ ਜੰਗ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੀਰੀਆਈ ਘਰੇਲੂ ਜੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guera_Sivil_Sirio" title="Guera Sivil Sirio – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Guera Sivil Sirio" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_domowa_w_Syrii" title="Wojna domowa w Syrii – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna domowa w Syrii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%84%DA%91%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="شامی دیسی لڑائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شامی دیسی لڑائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%90_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8D_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="سوریې کورنۍ جګړه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سوریې کورنۍ جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Civil_S%C3%ADria" title="Guerra Civil Síria – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Civil Síria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_Civil_Sirian" title="Războiul Civil Sirian – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul Civil Sirian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Гражданская война в Сирии – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гражданская война в Сирии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Сирия гражданскай сэриитэ – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сирия гражданскай сэриитэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civili_siriana" title="Guerra civili siriana – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Guerra civili siriana" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrien_civil_war" title="Syrien civil war – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Syrien civil war" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C4%91anski_rat_u_Siriji" title="Građanski rat u Siriji – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Građanski rat u Siriji" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Syrian civil war" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C4%8Dianska_vojna_v_S%C3%BDrii" title="Občianska vojna v Sýrii – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Občianska vojna v Sýrii" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirska_dr%C5%BEavljanska_vojna" title="Sirska državljanska vojna – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sirska državljanska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalki_Suuriya" title="Dagaalki Suuriya – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dagaalki Suuriya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_civile_n%C3%AB_Siri" title="Lufta civile në Siri – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta civile në Siri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Грађански рат у Сирији – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грађански рат у Сирији" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriska_inb%C3%B6rdeskriget" title="Syriska inbördeskriget – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Syriska inbördeskriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சிரிய உள்நாட்டுப் போர் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிரிய உள்நாட்டுப் போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="สงครามกลางเมืองซีเรีย – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามกลางเมืองซีเรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriye_%C4%B0%C3%A7_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Suriye İç Savaşı – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Suriye İç Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCri%C3%A4_watanda%C5%9Flar_su%C4%9F%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Süriä watandaşlar suğışı – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Süriä watandaşlar suğışı" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Громадянська війна в Сирії – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Громадянська війна в Сирії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="سوری خانہ جنگی – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سوری خانہ جنگی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriya_fuqarolar_urushi" title="Suriya fuqarolar urushi – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Suriya fuqarolar urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BB%99i_chi%E1%BA%BFn_Syria" title="Nội chiến Syria – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nội chiến Syria" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guere_civile_siryinne" title="Guere civile siryinne – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Guere civile siryinne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="叙利亚内战 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="叙利亚内战" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrische_Burhero%C3%B4rlog" title="Syrische Burheroôrlog – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Syrische Burheroôrlog" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-l%C4%AB-a_L%C5%8De-chi%C3%A0n" title="Su-lī-a Lōe-chiàn – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Su-lī-a Lōe-chiàn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="敘利亞內戰 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="敘利亞內戰" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178810#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c">条目</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >不转换 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">不转换</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans">简体</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant">繁體</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN">大陆简体</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK">香港繁體</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO">澳門繁體</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY">大马简体</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG">新加坡简体</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW">臺灣正體</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98">阅读</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e">编辑</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h">查看历史</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >工具 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98">阅读</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e">编辑</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=history">查看历史</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j">链入页面</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k">相关更改</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project:上传" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u">上传文件</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&oldid=85946290" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接">固定链接</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息">页面信息</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&id=85946290&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息">引用此页</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%258F%2599%25E5%2588%25A9%25E4%25BA%259A%25E5%2586%2585%25E6%2588%2598">获取短链接</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%258F%2599%25E5%2588%25A9%25E4%25BA%259A%25E5%2586%2585%25E6%2588%2598">下载二维码</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=show-download-screen">下载为PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p">打印页面</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Syrian_Civil_War" hreflang="en">维基共享资源</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178810" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g">维基数据项目</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-c800dcf6" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="敘利亞內戰">敘利亞內戰</a>）</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Overlinked plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目含有<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LINKSTYLE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LINKSTYLE">過多、重複或不必要的</a>内部链接。 (2019年1月21日) 請根据<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LINK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LINK">格式指引</a>，移除重复、標題链接以及任何与内容无关的链接。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="noteTA-c800dcf6" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="地名"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:库尔德;zh-hk:庫爾德;zh-tw:庫德;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:阿勒颇;zh-hant:阿勒頗;zh-tw:阿勒坡;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:基地组织;zh-hk:基地組織;zh-tw:蓋達組織;zh-sg:卡伊达组织;"></div><div data-noteta-code="庫德=>zh-hans:库尔德;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hk:阿薩德; zh-cn:阿萨德; zh-tw:阿塞德;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:巴沙尔; zh-hant:巴沙爾; zh-tw:巴夏爾;"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r70578162">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:315px;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="4" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;font-size:100%">叙利亚内战</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:85%;">遭<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="伊拉克内战">伊拉克内战</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E2%80%94%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E4%BA%BA%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="伊朗—沙特阿拉伯代理人冲突">伊朗—沙特阿拉伯代理人冲突</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[6]</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="第二次冷战">第二次冷战</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[7]</a>波及，是<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B9%8B%E6%98%A5" title="阿拉伯之春">阿拉伯之春</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B9%8B%E5%86%AC" title="阿拉伯之冬">阿拉伯之冬</a>的一部分</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_Civil_War_map_(ISW-CTP).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28ISW-CTP%29.svg/320px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28ISW-CTP%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28ISW-CTP%29.svg/480px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28ISW-CTP%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28ISW-CTP%29.svg/640px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28ISW-CTP%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="762" /></a> 局勢圖： <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%81%8E%E6%B8%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="敘利亞過渡政府">敘利亞過渡政府</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84565780">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-color-styled{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="敘利亞武裝部隊">敘利亞武裝部隊</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  從<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F" title="敘利亞民主力量">敘利亞民主力量</a>叛逃的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A3%E7%88%BE%E7%A5%96%E7%88%BE%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="代爾祖爾軍事委員會（页面不存在）">阿拉伯民兵</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Military_Council" class="extiw" title="en:Deir ez-Zor Military Council">Deir ez-Zor Military Council</a>）</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%98%E5%AE%A4" title="南方作战室">南方作战室</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[9]</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%86%9B" title="叙利亚国民军">敘利亞國民軍</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[10]</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>佔領<a href="#cite_note-18">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[12]</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%86%9B" title="叙利亚自由军">叙利亚自由军</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[13]</a></div> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%9C%E9%83%A8%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="北部和东部叙利亚民主自治行政区">北部和東部敘利亞民主自治行政區</a>（羅賈瓦） <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F" title="敘利亞民主力量">敘利亞民主力量</a></div> <hr /> 其他： <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  俄羅斯佔領</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  美国佔領</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/2024%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="2024年以色列入侵叙利亚">以色列占領</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  未確定/混合佔領</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><table style="text-align:left; font-size:small; line-height:1.5em;;width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em;white-space:nowrap">日期</th><td>2011年3月15日至今 （13年11个月）</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em;white-space:nowrap">地点</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚">叙利亚</a>（曾擴散至鄰國）</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em;white-space:nowrap">结果</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="進行中武裝衝突列表">進行中</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F" title="阿萨德家族">阿薩德家族</a>統治的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="敘利亞阿拉伯共和國">敘利亞政權</a>已<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%96%A9%E5%BE%B7%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A%E5%9E%AE%E5%8F%B0" title="阿薩德政權垮台">垮台</a>，目前呈<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E6%B4%BE#領土控制" title="叙利亚反对派">多方割據</a>態勢。</li> <li>反對派佔領敘利亞大部分地區並建立<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%81%8E%E6%B8%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="敘利亞過渡政府">敘利亞過渡政府</a>，該政府將執政直至<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="臨時政府">臨時政府</a>成立</li> <li>以色列<a href="/wiki/2024%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="2024年以色列入侵叙利亚">入侵</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E8%98%AD%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0" title="戈蘭高地">戈蘭高地</a>緩衝區</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E6%89%93%E6%93%8A" title="對伊斯蘭國的軍事打擊">對伊斯蘭國的軍事打擊</a>仍在持續</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;">参战方</th></tr><tr><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;font-size:90%"> <div style="width:100px;vertical-align:sup;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E5%85%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83" title="叙利亚复兴党政权">敘利亞復興黨政權</a>（–<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%96%A9%E5%BE%B7%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A%E5%9E%AE%E5%8F%B0" title="阿薩德政權垮台">2024年</a>） </div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/33px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/44px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a>（–2024年） <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄羅斯</a> （2015年–2024年) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/22px-InfoboxHez.PNG" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/33px-InfoboxHez.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/44px-InfoboxHez.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A" title="真主党">真主党</a>（–2024年）</td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> <div style="width:100px;vertical-align:sup;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%81%8E%E6%B8%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="敘利亞過渡政府">敘利亞過渡政府</a>（2024年成立）<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>（2016年–）<a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a></div> <hr /> <div style="vertical-align:sup;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Salvation_Government.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Salvation_Government.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Salvation_Government.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Salvation_Government.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Salvation_Government.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Salvation_Government.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%95%91%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="叙利亚救国政府">叙利亚救国政府</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="沙姆解放組織">沙姆解放組織</a>，2017年–2025年解散）<a href="#cite_note-3">[c]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E4%B8%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="叙利亚临时政府">叙利亚临时政府</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%86%9B" title="叙利亚国民军">叙利亚国民军</a>，2017年–2025年解散）<a href="#cite_note-4">[d]</a></div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%86%9B" title="叙利亚自由军">敘利亞自由軍</a>（2015年–）</td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> <div style="width:103px;vertical-align:sup;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/22px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/33px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/44px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%9C%E9%83%A8%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="北部和东部叙利亚民主自治行政区">北部和東部敘利亞民主自治行政區</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F" title="敘利亞民主力量">敘利亞民主力量</a>）（2012年–）</div> <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Seal_of_Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve.svg/22px-Seal_of_Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Seal_of_Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve.svg/33px-Seal_of_Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Seal_of_Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve.svg/44px-Seal_of_Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="415" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E7%89%B9%E9%81%A3%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A%E2%80%94%E5%A0%85%E6%B1%BA%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95" title="聯合特遣部隊—堅決行動">聯合特遣部隊—堅決行動</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[e]</a> （2014年–）</td><td style="width:25%;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> <div style="width:120px;vertical-align:sup;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/22px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/33px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/44px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%93%8B%E9%81%94%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾蓋達組織">阿爾蓋達組織</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[2]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Al-Nusra_Front.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="173" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A" title="征服沙姆陣線">努斯拉陣線</a><a href="#cite_note-fn5-8">[f]</a> （2012年–2016年） <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="688" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A" title="征服沙姆陣線">征服沙姆陣線</a>（2016年–2017年） <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Tanzim_Hurras_al-Din.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzim_Hurras_al-Din.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Tanzim_Hurras_al-Din.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzim_Hurras_al-Din.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Tanzim_Hurras_al-Din.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tanzim_Hurras_al-Din.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2211" data-file-height="1396" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AE%88%E8%AD%B7%E8%80%85%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教守護者組織（页面不存在）">宗教守護者組織</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" class="extiw" title="en:Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Din</a>）<a href="#cite_note-9">[g]</a> （2018年–2025年）<a href="#cite_note-10">[3]</a></div> <hr /> <div style="vertical-align:sup;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%8E%E5%87%A1%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯蘭國"><img alt="伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯蘭國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/22px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/33px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/44px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="伊斯兰国">伊斯兰国</a><a href="#cite_note-fn5-8">[f]</a> （2013年–）</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;">指挥官与领导者</th></tr><tr><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;font-size:90%"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" title="巴沙尔·阿萨德">巴沙尔·阿萨德</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="叙利亚总统">敘利亞復興黨政權總統</a>）</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%B5%AB%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B4%BE%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E6%9D%B0" title="法赫德·贾西姆·弗拉杰">法赫德·贾西姆·弗拉杰</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8_(%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国防部 (叙利亚)（页面不存在）">国防部长</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Syria)" class="extiw" title="en:Ministry of Defense (Syria)">Ministry of Defense (Syria)</a>））</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%A4%E5%8D%9C" title="阿里·阿卜杜拉·艾尤卜">阿里·阿卜杜拉·艾尤卜</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="叙利亚军队">陆军</a>参谋长）</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%90%A8%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊萨姆·哈拉克">伊萨姆·哈拉克</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D" title="敘利亞阿拉伯空軍">空军</a>参谋长）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:InfoboxHez.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/23px-InfoboxHez.PNG" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/35px-InfoboxHez.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/46px-InfoboxHez.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%A1%91%C2%B7%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF%E9%B2%81%E6%8B%89" title="哈桑·纳斯鲁拉">哈桑·纳斯鲁拉</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A" title="真主党">真主党</a>总书记）</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/33px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/44px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E8%8E%B1%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="卡西姆·索莱马尼">卡西姆·索莱马尼</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%9F%8E%E8%BB%8D" title="聖城軍">圣城军</a>指挥官）</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E7%BD%97%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="弗拉基米尔·弗拉基米罗维奇·普京">弗拉基米尔·普京</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="俄罗斯总统">俄罗斯总统</a>）</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E9%82%81%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E6%8B%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="艾哈邁德·沙拿">艾哈邁德·沙拿</a> （<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="叙利亚总统">敘利亞總統</a>）</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E8%BF%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E6%A2%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾哈迈德·托梅（页面不存在）">艾哈迈德·托梅</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Tu%27mah" class="extiw" title="en:Ahmad Tu'mah">Ahmad Tu'mah</a>）（叙利亚总理）</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%82%91%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E4%BC%8A%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%9A%E5%AE%89" class="mw-redirect" title="雷傑普·塔伊普·埃爾多安">雷傑普·塔伊普·埃尔多安</a> （<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="土耳其总统">土耳其总统</a>）</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%8D%A2%E8%A5%BF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94" title="胡卢西·阿卡尔">胡卢西·阿卡爾</a> （<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土耳其國防部長（页面不存在）">土耳其國防部長</a>）</li></ul> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>阵亡：</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">* <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Logo_of_the_Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29.svg/17px-Logo_of_the_Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Logo_of_the_Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29.svg/26px-Logo_of_the_Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Logo_of_the_Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29.svg/34px-Logo_of_the_Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="1122" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8E%E5%93%88%E8%98%AD%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%AD%AF%E4%BB%80" title="扎哈蘭·阿魯什">扎赫兰·阿卢什</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[14]</a> （<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A_(%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E)" title="伊斯蘭陣線 (敘利亞)">伊斯蘭陣線</a>最高军事统帅）<a href="#cite_note-BBC22Nov-22">[15]</a></li></ul> </div> </div> <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><div class="plainlist"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>阵亡：</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Jabhat_al-Nusra.jpg/23px-Flag_of_Jabhat_al-Nusra.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Jabhat_al-Nusra.jpg/35px-Flag_of_Jabhat_al-Nusra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Jabhat_al-Nusra.jpg/45px-Flag_of_Jabhat_al-Nusra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3340" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E9%A9%AC%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E7%B1%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿布·胡马姆·沙米（页面不存在）">阿布·胡马姆·沙米</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Humam_al-Shami" class="extiw" title="en:Abu Humam al-Shami">Abu Humam al-Shami</a>） （努斯拉阵线前最高军事统帅）<a href="#cite_note-23">[16]</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Jabhat_al-Nusra.jpg/23px-Flag_of_Jabhat_al-Nusra.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Jabhat_al-Nusra.jpg/35px-Flag_of_Jabhat_al-Nusra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Jabhat_al-Nusra.jpg/45px-Flag_of_Jabhat_al-Nusra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3340" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8B%8F%E7%91%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿布·菲拉斯·苏瑞（页面不存在）">阿布·菲拉斯·苏瑞</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Firas_al-Suri" class="extiw" title="en:Abu Firas al-Suri">Abu Firas al-Suri</a>）（努斯拉阵线前发言人）<a href="#cite_note-24">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[18]</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E8%B3%88%E7%93%A6" title="羅賈瓦"><img alt="羅賈瓦" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/22px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/33px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/44px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%88%A9%E8%B5%AB%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="薩利赫·穆斯林·穆罕默德">薩利赫·穆罕默德</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E5%85%9A_(%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A)" title="民主联盟党 (叙利亚)">民主联盟党</a>共同主席）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E8%B3%88%E7%93%A6" title="羅賈瓦"><img alt="羅賈瓦" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/22px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/33px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/44px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%8C%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E6%8B%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿希亚·阿卜杜拉（页面不存在）">阿希亚·阿卜杜拉</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asya_Abdullah" class="extiw" title="en:Asya Abdullah">Asya Abdullah</a>）（民主联盟党共同主席）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E8%B3%88%E7%93%A6" title="羅賈瓦"><img alt="羅賈瓦" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/22px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/33px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/44px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 塞潘·赫莫（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" title="人民保護部隊">人民保护部队</a>司令）<a href="#cite_note-26">[19]</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B" title="美国陆军"><img alt="美国陆军" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%96%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肖恩·麦克法兰（页面不存在）">肖恩·麦克法兰</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_MacFarland" class="extiw" title="en:Sean MacFarland">Sean MacFarland</a>）<a href="#cite_note-27">[20]</a> （联合特遣队司令）</td><td style="width:25%;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/22px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/33px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/44px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E8%BE%BE%E8%BF%AA" title="阿布·贝克尔·巴格达迪">阿布·贝克尔·巴格达迪</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A3%E4%BA%A1" title="陣亡">†</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[21]</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="伊斯兰国">伊斯兰国</a>哈里发）</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/22px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/33px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/44px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E5%90%89%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈吉·伯克尔（页面不存在）">哈吉·伯克尔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haji_Bakr" class="extiw" title="en:Haji Bakr">Haji Bakr</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A3%E4%BA%A1" title="陣亡">†</a> （前伊斯兰国副首领与军事委员会首领）<a href="#cite_note-29">[22]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/22px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/33px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/44px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%90%89" title="阿布·阿伊曼·伊拉吉">阿布·阿伊曼·伊拉吉</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A3%E4%BA%A1" title="陣亡">†</a>（军事委员会前首领）<a href="#cite_note-who_is_next-30">[23]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/22px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/33px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/44px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C" title="阿布·阿里·安巴里">阿布·阿里·安巴里</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A3%E4%BA%A1" title="陣亡">†</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[24]</a>（叙利亚分支代表）</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/22px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/33px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/44px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%88%92%E6%96%AF%E5%93%88%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="阿布·奥马尔·舒斯哈尼">阿布·奥马尔·舒斯哈尼</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A3%E4%BA%A1" title="陣亡">†</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[25]</a> （战争部部长）<a href="#cite_note-33">[26]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;">兵力</th></tr><tr><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;font-size:90%"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="叙利亚武装力量">叙利亚武装力量</a>：212,000（2019年）<a href="#cite_note-34">[27]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E6%80%BB%E9%83%A8_(%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安全总部 (叙利亚)（页面不存在）">安全总部</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Security_Directorate_(Syria)" class="extiw" title="en:General Security Directorate (Syria)">General Security Directorate (Syria)</a>）：8,000<a href="#cite_note-35">[28]</a> 国民警衛隊：100,000+<a href="#cite_note-36">[29]</a> 真主党：6,000－8,000<a href="#cite_note-legion-37">[30]</a> 复兴旅：7,000<a href="#cite_note-38">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[32]</a> 俄罗斯：4,000名士兵<a href="#cite_note-Russia-40">[33]</a>与1,000名承包商人员<a href="#cite_note-wsjmercenaries-41">[34]</a> 伊朗：3,000－5,000<a href="#cite_note-legion-37">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-legion2-42">[35]</a> 法蒂瑪旅：10,000－20,000（2018年）<a href="#cite_note-43">[36]</a> 其他盟友：30,000<a href="#cite_note-legion-37">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-alAbbasGuardian-44">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-AydinAlbayrak-45">[38]</a></td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> 自由叙利亚军：40,000－50,000<a href="#cite_note-46">[39]</a> 伊斯兰阵线：60,000<a href="#cite_note-47">[40]</a> 其他盟友：80,000+<a href="#cite_note-Guardian70K-48">[41]</a> <hr /> 沙姆解放組織：約30,000－40,000人（2017年）<a href="#cite_note-49">[42]</a> 其他盟友：8,500+</td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> 人民保护部队和妇女保护部队：57,000－60,000<a href="#cite_note-50">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[44]</a> 叙利亚阿拉伯联盟：4,000（宣称） 叙利亚人军事委员会：2,000<a href="#cite_note-52">[45]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E8%80%85%E5%86%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="革命者军（页面不存在）">革命者军</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" class="extiw" title="en:Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a>）：3,000<a href="#cite_note-53">[46]</a></td><td style="width:25%;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> 200,000（庫德人宣稱，2014年）<a href="#cite_note-54">[47]</a> 31,000（2014年12月）<a href="#cite_note-france24_20160706-55">[48]</a> 10,000（2022年）</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;">伤亡与损失</th></tr><tr><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;font-size:90%"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> 叙利亚政府： 91,267－103,670名士兵阵亡<a href="#cite_note-SOHR-56">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-SOHR1-57">[50]</a> 52,568－67,242名民兵阵亡<a href="#cite_note-SOHR-56">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-SOHR1-57">[50]</a> 4,700名士兵和民兵及2,000名拥护者被俘<a href="#cite_note-SOHR-56">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/File:InfoboxHez.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/23px-InfoboxHez.PNG" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/35px-InfoboxHez.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/46px-InfoboxHez.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> 真主党： 1,712－2,000人阵亡<a href="#cite_note-SOHR-56">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯"><img alt="俄罗斯" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 俄罗斯： 約137人阵亡（截至2019年5月的官方數字）<a href="#cite_note-59">[52]</a>，另有至少266名承包商人员喪生<a href="#cite_note-60">[53]</a> 其他非叙利亚籍战士： 8,628人阵亡<a href="#cite_note-SOHR-56">[49]</a>（包括伊朗指揮的部隊）</td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> 122,539－163,543名战士阵亡<a href="#endnote_casualties2">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-SOHR-56">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-SOHR1-57">[50]</a> 979名示威者喪生<a href="#cite_note-almost11,500-61">[54]</a></td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E8%B3%88%E7%93%A6" title="羅賈瓦"><img alt="羅賈瓦" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/22px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/33px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/44px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 罗贾瓦： 14,114人阵亡<a href="#cite_note-62">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[57]</a> <hr /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Seal_of_Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve.svg/15px-Seal_of_Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Seal_of_Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve.svg/23px-Seal_of_Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Seal_of_Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve.svg/30px-Seal_of_Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="415" /><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E7%89%B9%E9%81%A3%E9%9A%8A%EF%BC%8D%E5%A0%85%E6%B1%BA%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合特遣隊－堅決行動">聯合特遣隊－堅決行動</a>： 13人阵亡<a href="#cite_note-65">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[61]</a></td><td style="width:25%;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/22px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/33px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/44px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> 伊斯兰国： 45,000+人阵亡（數字包括在伊拉克被殺者，據2016年8月美軍宣稱）<a href="#cite_note-69">[62]</a> 16,089+人阵亡（据叙利亚武装力量与人民保卫军）<a href="#cite_note-ISCasualtiesDiclehaber-70">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-ISCasualtiesYPGRojava-71">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-ISCasualtiesSputnik-72">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[66]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;font-size:85%;"> <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> 306,887名由聯合國记录的平民死亡（包括3,284名外籍人士；多为巴勒斯坦人） 100名其他外籍士兵阵亡 （<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="黎巴嫩"><img alt="黎巴嫩" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/22px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/33px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/44px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></a> 60，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克"><img alt="伊拉克" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/33px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/44px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 16，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其"><img alt="土耳其" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> 17，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%A6" title="约旦"><img alt="约旦" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 7） <hr /> 总计死亡人数： 499,657－610,000（<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="敘利亞人權觀察組織">叙利亚人权观察组织</a>估计于2022年3月）<a href="#cite_note-74">[67]</a> 580,000（叙利亚政治研究中心估计于2022年1月）<a href="#cite_note-75">[68]</a> <hr /> 逾7,600,000人<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E6%B5%81%E7%A6%BB%E5%A4%B1%E6%89%80%E8%80%85" title="国内流离失所者">流离失所</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%BE%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%B2" title="联合国难民署">联合国难民署</a>估计于2015年7月） 逾6,600,000人<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0%E9%9B%A3%E6%B0%91" title="敘利亞內戰難民">沦为难民</a>（联合国难民署估计于2021年3月）<a href="#cite_note-76">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[71]</a></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist">本模板：<ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%86%85%E6%88%B0%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E6%A1%86" title="Template:敘利亞内戰資訊框">查看</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%86%85%E6%88%B0%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E6%A1%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:敘利亞内戰資訊框（页面不存在）">讨论</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%86%85%E6%88%B0%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E6%A1%86" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:敘利亞内戰資訊框">编辑</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> 叙利亚内战是叙利亚持续的多边冲突，涉及各种国家赞助和非国家行为者。2011年3月，民众对<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" title="巴沙尔·阿萨德">巴沙尔·阿萨德</a>统治的不满引发了叙利亚各地的大规模抗议活动和民主集会，作为该地区更广泛的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B9%8B%E6%98%A5" title="阿拉伯之春">阿拉伯之春</a>抗议活动的一部分。经过政府安全机构数月的镇压，<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B" title="自由叙利亚军">自由叙利亚军</a>等各种武装反叛团体开始在全国各地形成，标志着叙利亚叛乱的开始。直至2012年年中，叛乱已经升级为一场全面的内战。 受<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B9%8B%E6%98%A5" title="阿拉伯之春">阿拉伯之春</a>示威潮及对专制政府长期不满的影响，2011年3月15日起叙利亚开始爆发要求总统<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" title="巴沙尔·阿萨德">阿萨德</a>辞职的反政府抗议活动。随后抗议活动遭到严厉镇压，演变成武装冲突。<a href="#cite_note-79">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[74]</a>叙利亚国内外多股势力卷入进了武装冲突，主要有以叙利亚武装部队及其盟友为代表的叙利亚政府（阿萨德政权）及与之相对的主要由政治光谱各异的亲民主、民族主义反对派组成的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E4%B8%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="叙利亚临时政府">叙利亚临时政府</a>。另外还有以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="沙姆解放组织">沙姆解放组织</a>为首的逊尼派<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="伊斯兰主义">伊斯兰</a>叛乱组织组建的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%95%91%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="叙利亚救国政府">叙利亚救国政府</a>及主要由库尔德人组成、事实上自治的地方性<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="民主邦联主义">民联</a>势力<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E8%B4%BE%E7%93%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="罗贾瓦">罗贾瓦</a>。除此之外还有一些伊斯兰极端宗教组织，如和基地组织有关联的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A" title="征服沙姆陣線">征服沙姆阵线</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="伊斯兰国">伊斯兰国</a>等。 叙利亚反对派的代表性政治组织为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E6%B4%BE%E5%92%8C%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="叙利亚反对派和革命力量全国联盟">叙利亚反对派和革命力量全国联盟</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E4%B8%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="叙利亚临时政府">叙利亚临时政府</a>，主要武装组织为<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B" title="自由叙利亚军">自由叙利亚军</a>。阿拉伯聯盟和海湾组织与57国伊斯兰世界组织相继开除阿萨德政权成员资格，并承认叙利亚反对派为合法代表。另一方面，宗教色彩強烈的伊斯蘭主義武裝組織、包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="伊斯兰国">伊斯兰国</a>在內的伊斯蘭<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="恐怖組織">恐怖組織</a>以及尋求擺脫外族統治的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%BA" title="库尔德人">库尔德人</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F" title="敘利亞民主力量">武裝組織</a>也趁機在敘利亞崛起。據2013年12月報道，相信有多達1,000個敘利亞反政府武裝團體存在。<a href="#cite_note-bbc2013-82">[75]</a>部分反政府武裝团体之间不时发生武装冲突，让敘利亚局势更加混乱。叛军于2013年占领了拉卡地区首府，并于2015年占领了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C" title="伊德利卜">伊德利卜</a>。因此，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a>分别在2014年和2015年发起了单独的军事干预，以支持叙利亚政府，改变了冲突的平衡。到2018年底，除伊德利卜地区部分地区外，所有叛军据点都落入<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="政府軍">政府军</a>手中。至2024年12月，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E6%B4%BE%E5%92%8C%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="叙利亚反对派和革命力量全国联盟">反对派武装</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A6%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0_(2024%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="大馬士革之戰 (2024年)">攻入</a>首都<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9" title="大马士革">大马士革</a>，总统<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" title="巴沙尔·阿萨德">巴沙尔·阿萨德</a>及其家族成员流亡莫斯科，复兴党政权<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%96%A9%E5%BE%B7%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A%E5%9E%AE%E5%8F%B0" title="阿薩德政權垮台">正式垮台</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[76]</a>。 在这场内战中，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯">俄羅斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A" title="真主党">真主党</a>大力支援敘利亞政府<a href="#cite_note-Russia-40">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-legion-37">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-legion2-42">[35]</a>，其中俄罗斯更是自2015年9月起开展空袭和地面行动。而2014年成立的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E7%89%B9%E9%81%A3%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A%EF%BC%8D%E5%A0%85%E6%B1%BA%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合特遣部隊－堅決行動">以美国为首的国际联盟</a>宣布以打击伊斯兰国为目的开展了主要是针对政府、亲政府目标及伊斯兰国的空袭活动，并部署了特种部队和炮兵部队在陆地上与伊斯兰国交战。自2015年以来，美国在物质、财政和后勤方面支持<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E8%B4%BE%E7%93%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="罗贾瓦">北部和东部叙利亚自治行政区</a>政府及其武装<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F" title="敘利亞民主力量">叙利亚民主力量</a>。而<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>自2016年以来则派出部队与叙利亚民主力量、伊斯兰国和政府军作战，但同时也积极支持叙利亚反对派，占领了叙利亚西北部的大片地区，并涉入了许多陆地作战行动。内战在2012－2017年时达到高峰，其后暴力冲突有所降低，但整体情况仍然不容乐观。<a href="#cite_note-84">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[78]</a> 叙利亚内战已持续十余年，导致超过至少50万—61万人死亡，已成为<a href="/wiki/21%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="21世纪">21世纪</a>继<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第二次刚果战争">第二次刚果战争</a>之后死亡人数最多的一场战争<a href="#cite_note-86">[79]</a>。聯合國報告稱，敘利亞政府軍及敘利亞反對派均犯下了包括謀殺、法外處決、酷刑等侵權行為在内的戰爭罪行。<a href="#cite_note-87">[80]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="背景">背景</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：背景">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Syria_protests.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/2011_Syria_protests.svg/220px-2011_Syria_protests.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/2011_Syria_protests.svg/330px-2011_Syria_protests.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/2011_Syria_protests.svg/440px-2011_Syria_protests.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>叙利亚示威地图，2011年3月20日</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="叙利亚概况">叙利亚概况</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：叙利亚概况">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rifaathafezassad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Rifaathafezassad.jpg/220px-Rifaathafezassad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Rifaathafezassad.jpg/330px-Rifaathafezassad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Rifaathafezassad.jpg/440px-Rifaathafezassad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>前总统<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%8F%B2%E5%85%B9%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" title="哈菲兹·阿萨德">哈菲兹·阿萨德</a>（右）与他的弟弟<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%B3%95%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" title="里法特·阿萨德">里法特·阿萨德</a>（左）在一起，两人是<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%A9%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80" title="哈马大屠杀">哈马大屠杀</a>事件的主谋。</figcaption></figure> 1963年<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯复兴社会党">阿拉伯复兴社会党</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a>成功夺权后，同年3月8日<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A%EF%BC%8D%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯复兴社会党－叙利亚地区">复兴党</a>也很快通过军事政变掌握了叙利亚的政权。尽管国内的权力发生了改变，但是复兴党通过“<a href="/wiki/1966%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="1966年叙利亚政变">1966年行动</a>” 和“<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A0%E6%AD%A3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="纠正运动">1970年叙利亚校正革命</a>”，使该党成为叙利亚唯一的执政党，在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A_(%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A)" class="mw-redirect" title="人民议会 (叙利亚)">叙利亚人民议会</a>里不存在多党选举。<a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a> 1970年时任国防部长的哈菲兹·阿萨德通过军事政变上台，此后直到2000年去世他统治的这30年里，他一直禁止任何反对党（后来有许多新建的党派被当局宣布是非法组织）或非执政党候选人参与任何选举活动。哈菲兹死后，由於他的遺願，其未到法定總統年龄的儿子<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" title="巴沙尔·阿萨德">巴沙尔·阿萨德</a>通过修改宪法继任为总统，巴沙尔本身是個醫師，会讲<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a>，并有一位<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>出生的妻子（<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%9B%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" title="阿斯玛·阿萨德">阿斯玛·阿萨德</a>），2000年1月有过一次关于政治和社会方面重要改革内容的“<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E6%98%A5" title="大马士革之春">大马士革之春</a>”的辩论，他被人认为具有迫切的改革愿望。 叙利亚自从1962年就一直处于紧急状态法的管理之下，这项法令禁止群众集会和组织运动；当局也有权盘问任何人，并监督私人通讯和审查媒体。因此该法导致叙利亚公民大部分的宪法权利事实上的缺失。叙利亚政府以与<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列">以色列</a>交战来为紧急状态法的实施进行辩护。 1976年开始的伊斯兰势力叛乱持续了六年，1982年2月发生在西部城市<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%A6%AC_(%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E)" class="mw-redirect" title="哈馬 (敘利亞)">哈马</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%A9%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80" title="哈马大屠杀">哈马大屠杀</a>成为这些事件的一个高潮：哈菲兹·阿萨德将叛乱归因于是哈马的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="穆斯林兄弟会">穆斯林兄弟会</a>发动的，对哈马的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8A%E5%B0%BC%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="逊尼派">逊尼派</a>穆斯林实施了<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E5%9C%9F%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="焦土政策">焦土政策</a>，派出军事力量进行了镇压，导致一万多人到3.8万人被杀。<a href="#cite_note-89">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Sturdy_House_That_Assad_Built-90">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-GlobalSecurity-93">[86]</a> 2004年东北城市<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%B1%B3%E4%BB%80%E5%88%A9" title="卡米什利">卡米什利</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%BA" title="库尔德人">库尔德人</a>发动了反政府的暴乱。暴乱开始于一场混乱的足球赛，当时一些人挥舞着<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E5%BE%B7%E6%97%8F%E6%97%97%E5%B9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="庫德族旗幟">库尔德旗帜</a>，后来比赛演变为一场政治冲突。此后数月，叙利亚警察与当地的库尔德人和阿拉伯部落之间爆发了激烈的对峙和冲突，造成至少30人死亡，<a href="#cite_note-94">[87]</a>有人宣称死亡数字是100人。<a href="#cite_note-95">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria.BasharAlAssad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Syria.BasharAlAssad.jpg/220px-Syria.BasharAlAssad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Syria.BasharAlAssad.jpg/330px-Syria.BasharAlAssad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Syria.BasharAlAssad.jpg/440px-Syria.BasharAlAssad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>前总统<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" title="巴沙尔·阿萨德">巴沙尔·阿萨德</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="巴沙尔·阿萨德家族">巴沙尔·阿萨德家族</a>属于<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E6%B4%BE" title="阿拉维派">阿拉维派</a>教徒（伊斯兰教<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE" title="什叶派">什叶派</a>的支派）。阿拉维派仅占叙利亚总人口約6%<a href="#cite_note-96">[89]</a>至12%<a href="#cite_note-97">[90]</a>。不过阿拉维派人士控制着该国的安全部队，叙利亚政府也一直完全依靠着阿拉维派控制的军队来打击<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E6%B4%BE" title="叙利亚反对派">反政府</a>的人：巴沙尔的弟弟<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="马赫尔·阿萨德">马赫尔·阿萨德</a>领导着该国精锐部队——<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%AB%E9%98%9F" title="叙利亚共和国卫队">共和国卫队</a>和第四装甲部队，巴沙尔的姐夫<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E4%B9%8C%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="阿瑟夫·沙乌卡特">阿瑟夫·沙乌卡特</a>（巴沙尔的姐姐<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%88%92%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="布舒拉·阿萨德">布舒拉·阿萨德</a>的丈夫）是军队的副总参谋长。这使得逊尼派民众对此产生了深深的怨恨。<a href="#cite_note-98">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Jerusalem_Post-99">[92]</a>作为该国少数种族的库尔德人也对此产生了许多抱怨和抗议事件。<a href="#cite_note-The_Jerusalem_Post-99">[92]</a> 此外，严重的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%AA%E8%85%90" class="mw-redirect" title="贪腐">贪腐</a>现象和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E4%B8%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="失业">失业</a>问题，也是叙利亚民众不满政府的主要原因。<a href="#cite_note-100">[93]</a>有关研究数据显示：2002年叙利亚15到24岁之间的年青人的失业占全国总失业人口的77%，2005年年青人占本国人口的25.4%，年青人的失业率（25%）是成人失业率（4%）的6倍，虽然中东国家年青人的失业率普遍比较高，不过中东国家年青人的失业率平均只是成人失业率的3.3倍，全球平均数字是3.5倍<a href="#cite_note-101">[94]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人权状况">人权状况</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：人权状况">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A" title="敘利亞人權">敘利亞人權</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A" title="敘利亞人權">叙利亚的人权状况</a>一直都广泛被一些世界性组织所批评。<a href="#cite_note-w.r.p555-102">[95]</a>紧急状态法赋予该国安全部队以极大的逮捕和监禁的权力<a href="#cite_note-AmInt2009-103">[96]</a>；由于该国实行<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6" title="一党制">一党制</a>，所以不存在自由选举；<a href="#cite_note-AmInt2009-103">[96]</a>当局也曾经骚扰和关押着一些批评政府的人士；<a href="#cite_note-HRW-104">[97]</a>言论表达、集会和结社等公民宪法权利的活动一直被政府所严格控制；<a href="#cite_note-AmInt2009-103">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW-104">[97]</a>妇女和少数种族可能也面临歧视性待遇。<a href="#cite_note-AmInt2009-103">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW-104">[97]</a>根据2010年<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F" title="人权观察">人权观察</a>发布的报告，总统阿萨德自上任以来在过去十年所做的改善本国人权状况的做法是失败的，<a href="#cite_note-GUARD-105">[98]</a>同时该组织声称叙利亚的人权状况是世界上非常恶劣的其中一个。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="沙比哈">沙比哈</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：沙比哈">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%AF%94%E5%93%88" title="沙比哈">沙比哈</a></div> 沙比哈（意思是魔鬼）被认为是巴沙尔的一个堂兄弟Numeer Al Asadis所成立的帮派犯罪组织，他们身穿平民服装但是却经常携带大量武器装备。成员据说超过3,000人，主要由来自于<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E6%B4%BE" title="阿拉维派">阿拉维派</a>的年轻人组成，据说其中也有一些安全部队士兵（身着平民服装）。但是该组织并不受叙利亚官方承认。<a href="#cite_note-106">[99]</a>一名叙裔美籍活跃人士称该组织的成员为「巴沙尔·阿萨德的民间雇佣兵」。<a href="#cite_note-107">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="经济及金融制裁">经济及金融制裁</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：经济及金融制裁">编辑</a>]</div> 自2004年起，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>通过《叙利亚责任法案》对叙利亚采取<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%88%B6%E8%A3%81" title="經濟制裁">经济制裁</a>措施，大部分含超过10%<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>制造的产品被禁止出口至叙利亚。此外，叙利亚多个个人和实体也遭美国金融制裁，包括叙利亚商业银行（叙利亚最大的<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="银行">银行</a>）。制裁的理由包括資助<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="恐怖组织">恐怖组织</a>、扩充<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A7%84%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%80%E4%BC%A4%E6%80%A7%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8" title="大规模杀伤性武器">大规模杀伤性武器</a>、在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a>扮演捣乱角色、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%97%E9%BB%91%E9%8C%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="洗黑錢">洗黑钱</a>等等。<a href="#cite_note-108">[101]</a>不过，根据<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%A7%A3%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="维基解密">维基解密</a>所公布的美国外交机密文件显示，叙利亚在该区域内的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%81%90" title="反恐">反恐</a>努力方面比美国效率更高。<a href="#cite_note-109">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011年事件">2011年事件</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：2011年事件">编辑</a>]</div> 政府允许该国广播电台播放西方流行音乐，但是如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="维基百科">维基百科</a>、<a href="/wiki/Youtube" class="mw-redirect" title="Youtube">Youtube</a>、<a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%A9%AC%E9%80%8A%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="亚马逊公司">亚马逊</a>等一些网站一直被该国政府所封锁。到了2011年1月1日，该国公民也被允许到这些网站浏览并注册。<a href="#cite_note-110">[103]</a>不过须注意的是，2007年该国通过了一项法案要求登记所有在论坛上发言的用户的真实个人信息。<a href="#cite_note-111">[104]</a> 2011年1月31日，《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E5%B0%94%E8%A1%97%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5" title="华尔街日报">华尔街日报</a>》采访了总统巴沙尔·阿萨德，他表示现在是时候开始改革了；对于发生在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%89%E8%8E%89%E8%8A%B1%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="茉莉花革命">突尼斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/2011%E5%B9%B4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="2011年埃及革命">埃及</a>和<a href="/wiki/2011%E5%B9%B4%E8%91%89%E9%96%80%E5%8F%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81" title="2011年葉門反政府示威">也门</a>等国的运动的看法时，他说<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C" title="中东">中东</a>已经到了一个新时代，阿拉伯统治者需要做更多改变以适应民众不断崛起的政治诉求和经济需要。<a href="#cite_note-112">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[106]</a> 巴沙尔曾表态叙利亚不会受到埃及示威运动的影响。<a href="#cite_note-114">[107]</a>巴沙尔的顧問沙班指责逊尼派教士们煽动了逊尼派民众的叛乱。<a href="#cite_note-115">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="气候原因">气候原因</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：气候原因">编辑</a>]</div> 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E9%99%A2%E5%88%8A" title="美国国家科学院院刊">美国国家科学院院刊</a>》2015年3月2日刊发的一篇论文认为，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8F%98%E6%9A%96" title="全球变暖">全球变暖</a>影响下，“<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%88%E6%B2%83%E5%9C%9F" title="新月沃土">新月沃地</a>”自1900年以来气温升高1—1.2℃，降水量减少10%。2007年—2010年，叙利亚发生该国历史上最严重的一次旱灾，摧毁了该国的粮食生产，畜牧业遭受重创，谷物价格上涨一倍，占叙利亚<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC" title="国内生产总值">国内生产总值</a>四分之一左右的农业生产急剧下降约三分之一。同时，叙利亚人口大爆发，从上世纪50年代的400万人猛增至2200万人。 到2011年3月，约150万人被迫从农村地区逃离到城市郊区，而这场社会动荡最终演变为一场内战。<a href="#cite_note-116">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="进展">进展</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：进展">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="叙利亚内战年表">叙利亚内战年表</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章节需要<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit">扩充</a>。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SyrianWarAnimation2011-2019.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/SyrianWarAnimation2011-2019.gif/220px-SyrianWarAnimation2011-2019.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/SyrianWarAnimation2011-2019.gif/330px-SyrianWarAnimation2011-2019.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/SyrianWarAnimation2011-2019.gif/440px-SyrianWarAnimation2011-2019.gif 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>2011－2019年间叙利亚局势及外国军事设施</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_Civil_War-zh-cn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Syrian_Civil_War-zh-cn.svg/300px-Syrian_Civil_War-zh-cn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Syrian_Civil_War-zh-cn.svg/450px-Syrian_Civil_War-zh-cn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Syrian_Civil_War-zh-cn.svg/600px-Syrian_Civil_War-zh-cn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption>2011年－2013年期間叙利亚内战对峙局势图。（圆圈大小与城镇人口大小成正比） • <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚"><img alt="叙利亚" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 阿拉伯叙利亚共和国“叙利亚政府”控制的城镇 （拥护<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" title="巴沙尔·阿萨德">巴沙尔·阿萨德</a>总统的政府军） •<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚"><img alt="叙利亚" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 自由叙利亚共和国“叙利亚反对派”控制的城镇 （反对<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" title="巴沙尔·阿萨德">巴沙尔·阿萨德</a>总统的反政府军） •<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="伊拉克库尔德斯坦"><img alt="伊拉克库尔德斯坦" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 库尔德最高委员会控制的城镇 （<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="伊拉克库尔德斯坦"><img alt="伊拉克库尔德斯坦" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 库尔德独立军） • 控制情况不明或双军正在交战的城镇</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="示威與鎮壓（2011年1月－7月）">示威與鎮壓（2011年1月－7月）</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：示威與鎮壓（2011年1月－7月）">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8_(2011%E5%B9%B41%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%8D2011%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%88)" class="mw-redirect" title="叙利亚内战年表 (2011年1月－2011年4月)">叙利亚内战年表 (2011年1月－2011年4月)</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8_(2011%E5%B9%B45%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%8D2011%E5%B9%B48%E6%9C%88)" class="mw-redirect" title="叙利亚内战年表 (2011年5月－2011年8月)">叙利亚内战年表 (2011年5月－2011年8月)</a></div> 2011年3月15日在首都<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A6%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="大馬士革">大馬士革</a>發生了大型的示威活動，抗議者要求民主改革和釋放政治犯。政府對抗議者開火<a href="#cite_note-SCW-118">[111]</a>，並且有多人被羈押。<a href="#cite_note-119">[112]</a>此次抗議活動是由一群孩童在月初被政府逮捕所引起，他們在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89" title="德拉">德拉</a>的牆上留下“人民希望政權倒台”塗鴉。<a href="#cite_note-SCW-118">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-DR-120">[113]</a>在鎮壓之後，3月18日的星期五（「尊嚴星期五」）全國各地爆發更大規模的示威活動。20日，示威者燒毀了一棟建築物。隨後的衝突造成7名警察<a href="#cite_note-121">[114]</a>和15名抗議者喪生。<a href="#cite_note-122">[115]</a>十天後的一次講話中，總統<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B2%99%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%96%A9%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="巴沙爾·阿薩德">巴沙爾·阿薩德</a>譴責“外國陰謀”，指控<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列">以色列</a>為抗議活動宣傳。<a href="#cite_note-123">[116]</a> 示威活動在全國蔓延，4月1日的星期五（「烈士星期五」）有超過25萬人參加，4月8日的星期五（「反抗星期五」）抗議活動同時出現在十大城市，4月22日的星期五（「偉大星期五」）有二十座城市發生抗議活動。在4月7日前，抗議者的訴求主要是民主改革，釋放政治犯，更多的自由，廢除緊急狀態法，終結貪腐。但4月8日之後，示威口號的重點逐漸轉成推翻阿薩德政府。4月25日，敘利亞軍隊開始在相關城市進行大規模的鎮壓，使用了坦克、步兵戰鬥車和砲兵，導致數百名平民死亡。至5月底，共有1,000名平民<a href="#cite_note-bbc24M11-124">[117]</a>、150名士兵和警察<a href="#cite_note-Kh.31-5-11-125">[118]</a>被打死，數千人被拘留<a href="#cite_note-bbc5511,17.19GMT-126">[119]</a>；被捕者當中有很多學生、自由派人士和人權倡導者。<a href="#cite_note-127">[120]</a> 明顯對抗政府的武裝起事開始於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C%E7%9C%81" title="伊德利卜省">伊德利卜省</a>，靠近土耳其的邊境城市<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E8%88%92%E5%8F%A4%E7%88%BE" title="吉斯爾舒古爾">吉斯爾舒古爾</a>，6月4日安全部隊對葬禮遊行隊伍開槍後，哀悼者放火焚燒建築物，造成8名安全人員死亡，並且佔領一間警察局，奪取武器。隨後的日子，暴力持續升級。有未經證實的報導稱<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E8%88%92%E5%8F%A4%E7%88%BE" title="吉斯爾舒古爾">吉斯爾舒古爾</a>的安全部隊有一部分叛變，之後秘密警察和情報人員處決拒絕對平民開槍的士兵。<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-128">[121]</a>後來，更多的敘利亞示威者拿起武器，也有更多的士兵投靠保護示威者。 衝突中，政府和民眾雙方都以宣傳來鞏固他們的論述，並詆毀對方。至2011年7月底，約有1,600名平民和500名安全部隊被殺害，13,000人遭逮捕。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="起事（2011年7月－10月）">起事（2011年7月－10月）</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：起事（2011年7月－10月）">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8_(2011%E5%B9%B45%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%8D2011%E5%B9%B48%E6%9C%88)" class="mw-redirect" title="叙利亚内战年表 (2011年5月－2011年8月)">叙利亚内战年表 (2011年5月－2011年8月)</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8_(2011%E5%B9%B49%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%8D2011%E5%B9%B412%E6%9C%88)" class="mw-redirect" title="叙利亚内战年表 (2011年9月－2011年12月)">叙利亚内战年表 (2011年9月－2011年12月)</a></div> 2011年7月29日，7名起事的敘利亞軍官成立<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%86%9B" title="叙利亚自由军">敘利亞自由軍</a>，成員包括前敘利亞武裝部隊的軍官和士兵，目標為聯合反對力量“推翻政權（阿薩德政府）”。<a href="#cite_note-Landis29-7-11-129">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-wtarc-130">[123]</a>7月31日，被稱為“齋月大屠殺（Ramadan Massacre）”的全國性鎮壓造成至少142人死亡及數百人受傷。<a href="#cite_note-131">[124]</a>8月23日，反政府的組織聯合組成<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="叙利亚全国委员会">敘利亞全國委員會</a>。總部設在土耳其，試圖組織反對運動。然而，這個包括自由軍等各個政治團體的聯盟並不是很穩定，流亡人士、草根組織者和武裝分子因為意識形態、種族和宗派線分隔成許多派別。<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Topic:_Syria-132">[125]</a>整個8月，敘利亞部隊突襲各大主要城市和邊境，並繼續鎮壓抗議活動。8月底的<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E9%BD%8B%E7%AF%80" title="開齋節">開齋節</a>慶典被禁止後，安全部隊對示威者聚集的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF_(%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E)" title="霍姆斯 (敘利亞)">霍姆斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89" title="德拉">德拉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A6%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="大馬士革">大馬士革</a>郊區發動攻擊。<a href="#cite_note-133">[126]</a> 2011年9月，敘利亞反政府武裝組織在各地積極開展叛亂活動。<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B" title="自由叙利亚军">自由敘利亞軍</a>和政府軍之間主要的衝突發生在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="拉斯坦">拉斯坦</a>。從9月27日至10月1日，政府軍在坦克和直升機的支援下，對<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%9C%81" title="霍姆斯省">霍姆斯省</a>的拉斯坦發動大規模攻勢，以驅除叛軍。<a href="#cite_note-134">[127]</a>2011年的拉斯坦戰役是那時政府軍與自由軍最激烈與最長的戰鬥。一個星期後，自由軍被迫從拉斯坦撤退。<a href="#cite_note-135">[128]</a>為了躲避政府圍剿，自由軍的領導人上校<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" title="里亚德·阿萨德">里亞德·阿薩德</a>撤退到土耳其。<a href="#cite_note-136">[129]</a>許多武裝分子逃到了附近的城市<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF_(%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E)" title="霍姆斯 (敘利亞)">霍姆斯</a>。 到10月，雙方交戰一直持續。自由軍則開始受到<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>的積極援助，可以在土國南部<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%A1%94%E4%BC%8A%E7%9C%81" title="哈塔伊省">哈塔伊省</a>靠近邊境的地區指揮和組織司令部。<a href="#cite_note-Rebel_groups-137">[130]</a>自由軍利用土敘邊境為安全區和補給線，對敘利亞北部發動攻擊。有叛逃者指出，2011年敘利亞政府有意地釋放關押的伊斯蘭武裝分子，並為他們提供武器，“為了使自己在國際社會中是沒那麼壞的選擇。”<a href="#cite_note-138">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weiss-139">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="衝突升級（2011年11月－2012年3月）">衝突升級（2011年11月－2012年3月）</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：衝突升級（2011年11月－2012年3月）">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8_(2011%E5%B9%B49%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%8D2011%E5%B9%B412%E6%9C%88)" class="mw-redirect" title="叙利亚内战年表 (2011年9月－2011年12月)">叙利亚内战年表 (2011年9月－2011年12月)</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8_(2012%E5%B9%B41%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%8D2012%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%88)" class="mw-redirect" title="叙利亚内战年表 (2012年1月－2012年4月)">叙利亚内战年表 (2012年1月－2012年4月)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012年主要进展">2012年主要进展</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：2012年主要进展">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1月至4月">1月至4月</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：1月至4月">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8_(2012%E5%B9%B41%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%8D2012%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%88)" class="mw-redirect" title="叙利亚内战年表 (2012年1月－2012年4月)">叙利亚内战年表 (2012年1月－2012年4月)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="5月至8月">5月至8月</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：5月至8月">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8_(2012%E5%B9%B45%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%8D2012%E5%B9%B48%E6%9C%88)" class="mw-redirect" title="叙利亚内战年表 (2012年5月－2012年8月)">叙利亚内战年表 (2012年5月－2012年8月)</a></div> 2012年5月發生<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80" title="胡拉大屠杀">胡拉大屠杀</a>後，停火破裂，自由敘利亞軍開始在全國攻擊政府軍。2012年6月12日，聯合國首次正式表示敘利亞已陷入內戰。<a href="#cite_note-bbc12-6-12-140">[133]</a>敘利亞最大兩個城市大馬士革和阿勒頗也被捲入武裝衝突中。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="9月至12月">9月至12月</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：9月至12月">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8_(2012%E5%B9%B49%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%8D2012%E5%B9%B412%E6%9C%88)" class="mw-redirect" title="叙利亚内战年表 (2012年9月－2012年12月)">叙利亚内战年表 (2012年9月－2012年12月)</a></div> 2012年10月的停火失敗後，反政府軍在各條戰線繼續進攻。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013年主要进展">2013年主要进展</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：2013年主要进展">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1月至6月">1月至6月</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：1月至6月">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guerre_civile_syrienne_Mars_2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Guerre_civile_syrienne_Mars_2013.png/220px-Guerre_civile_syrienne_Mars_2013.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Guerre_civile_syrienne_Mars_2013.png/330px-Guerre_civile_syrienne_Mars_2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Guerre_civile_syrienne_Mars_2013.png/440px-Guerre_civile_syrienne_Mars_2013.png 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>2013年3月敘利亞形勢圖</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_(8556475365).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288556475365%29.jpg/220px-Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288556475365%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288556475365%29.jpg/330px-Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288556475365%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288556475365%29.jpg/440px-Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288556475365%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2435" data-file-height="1624" /></a><figcaption>被炸為廢墟的阿勒坡</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_(8557586198).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288557586198%29.jpg/220px-Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288557586198%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288557586198%29.jpg/330px-Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288557586198%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288557586198%29.jpg/440px-Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288557586198%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>被炸為廢墟的阿勒坡</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8_(2013%E5%B9%B41%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%8D2013%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%88)" class="mw-redirect" title="叙利亚内战年表 (2013年1月－2013年6月)">叙利亚内战年表 (2013年1月－2013年6月)</a></div> 2013年1月11日，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="努斯拉陣線">努斯拉陣線</a>在內的伊斯蘭主義團體攻佔在伊德利卜省的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%E5%A1%94%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塔夫塔纳兹（页面不存在）">塔夫塔纳兹</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taftanaz" class="extiw" title="en:Taftanaz">Taftanaz</a>）空軍基地。 2013年3月，<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E7%9C%81" title="拉卡省">拉卡省</a>首府<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1" title="拉卡">拉卡</a>被反對派部隊<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E6%88%B0%E9%AC%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="拉卡戰鬥">攻佔</a>，成為第一個落入反對派控制的省會。同月反對派發起「<a href="/wiki/2013%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%9C%81%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="2013年德拉省战役">2013年德拉省战役</a>」。 2013年4月，敘政府軍和真主黨部隊發起<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%B3%BD%E7%88%BE%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="古賽爾戰役">古賽爾戰役</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="7月至12月">7月至12月</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：7月至12月">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_rebel_sniper.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Syrian_rebel_sniper.JPG/220px-Syrian_rebel_sniper.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Syrian_rebel_sniper.JPG/330px-Syrian_rebel_sniper.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Syrian_rebel_sniper.JPG/440px-Syrian_rebel_sniper.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>敘利亞叛軍</figcaption></figure> 2013年8月4日，反對派在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%94%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9A%E7%9C%81" title="拉塔基亚省">拉塔基亞省</a>發起<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%94%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9A%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9_(2013%E5%B9%B4)" title="拉塔基亚战役 (2013年)">攻勢</a>，最終被政府軍擊退。8月6日，反對派經過長期圍攻後終於<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E7%BA%B3%E6%88%88%E7%A9%BA%E5%86%9B%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%B4%E5%9B%B0%E6%88%98" title="梅纳戈空军基地围困战">攻佔</a>在阿勒頗省的梅納戈空軍基地。 2013年8月21日，大馬士革市郊的反對派控制區遭到<a href="/wiki/2013%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E8%A2%AD%E5%87%BB%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="2013年叙利亚化学武器袭击事件">化學武器侵襲</a>，造成大量死傷。敘反對派與巴沙爾政府互指事件是對方所為。美國總統<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%B7%B4%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="奧巴馬">奧巴馬</a>曾經考慮向敘利亞政府發起軍事攻擊，在俄羅斯政府及美國民意反對動武<a href="#cite_note-141">[134]</a>的形勢下，美國政府接受俄羅斯提出的銷毀敘政府所有化學武器的方案。 2013年9月18日，恐怖組織<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%92%8C%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="伊拉克和沙姆伊斯蘭國">伊拉克和沙姆伊斯蘭國</a>從自由軍手上奪取鄰近北部邊境的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%89%8E%E8%8C%B2" title="阿扎茲">阿扎茲</a>鎮，此後<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E6%B4%BE-%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%8E%E5%87%A1%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" class="mw-redirect" title="叙利亚反对派-伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯兰国冲突">伊斯蘭國與溫和反對派武裝之間的關係</a>日趨緊張。<a href="#cite_note-142">[135]</a>10月初，雙方在阿扎茲再次爆發衝突。<a href="#cite_note-143">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014年主要进展">2014年主要进展</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：2014年主要进展">编辑</a>]</div> 2014年2月，反對派佔領<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="敘利亞">敘利亞</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%A6%AC%E7%9C%81" title="哈馬省">哈馬省</a>莫克鎮，雙方開始進行<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E5%85%8B%E9%95%87%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="莫克镇战役">交戰</a>。不久，反對派亦於<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%9C%81" title="德拉省">德拉省</a>展開<a href="/wiki/2014%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%9C%81%E6%94%BB%E5%8A%BF" title="2014年德拉省攻势">攻勢</a>，即使政府軍攻佔<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%A5%88%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E7%9C%81" title="库奈特拉省">库奈特拉省</a>南部二個地區，不過反對派武裝仍是佔領了Gharaz地區之監獄以及糧倉。<a href="#cite_note-advancegolan-144">[137]</a>同月9日，反對派武裝<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E6%81%A9%E6%9D%91%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80" title="玛恩村屠杀">襲擊並佔領</a>哈馬省的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E6%B4%BE" title="阿拉维派">阿拉维派</a>村莊瑪恩，造成21至62人遭殺害。2月26日，政府軍與真主黨部隊在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%AA%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%8F%E5%87%BB%E6%88%98" title="奥太巴伏击战">奧太巴伏擊戰</a>打死超過170名反對派武裝分子。<a href="#cite_note-xh20140304-145">[138]</a> 2014年2月27日，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%92%8C%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="伊拉克和沙姆伊斯蘭國">伊拉克和沙姆伊斯蘭國</a>宣佈，在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E7%9C%81" title="拉卡省">拉卡省</a>的所有基督教徒必需向其繳納<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E8%8C%B2%E4%BA%9E" title="吉茲亞">吉茲亞</a>稅或改信<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭教">伊斯蘭教</a>，違命者處死。<a href="#cite_note-xh20140304-145">[138]</a> 2014年3月20日，政府軍發動<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E6%A3%AE%E6%9D%91%E6%88%98%E6%96%97" title="霍森村战斗">霍森村战斗</a>，目标是切断反对派武装与<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="黎巴嫩">黎巴嫩</a>之间的人员和武器补给线。<a href="#cite_note-93rebels-146">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-crusader-147">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a>在当天下午，政府军攻占了城堡。<a href="#cite_note-93rebels-146">[139]</a>之后，政府军宣称完全控制了<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%9C%81" title="霍姆斯省">霍姆斯省</a>西部。<a href="#cite_note-149">[142]</a>3月29日，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭國">伊斯蘭國</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%8D%A1%E8%BE%BE%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="马卡达战役">攻佔</a>原由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="努斯拉陣線">努斯拉陣線</a>控制的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E7%9C%81" title="哈塞克省">哈塞克省</a>小鎮马卡达。<a href="#cite_note-seizes-150">[143]</a> 2014年5月，政府軍<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E4%B9%8B%E5%9C%8D" title="霍姆斯之圍">收復</a>霍姆斯市內被反對派控制的城區，<a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a>不過市郊的瓦爾社區仍被反對派控制。 2014年8月，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭國">伊斯蘭國</a>攻佔政府軍位於<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E7%9C%81" title="拉卡省">拉卡省</a>的塔布卡空軍基地，徹底控制拉卡省，雙方合計有數以百計的士兵在戰鬥中陣亡。<a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[146]</a> 2014年9月，以美國為首的多國聯軍開始<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E6%89%93%E6%93%8A" title="對伊斯蘭國的軍事打擊">空袭</a>敘利亞境內的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="伊斯兰国">伊斯兰国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="努斯拉陣線">努斯拉陣線</a>目標。 2014年11月7日，德拉的叙利亚政府军发现了约旦当局移交给努斯拉阵线的武器仓库。因为许多运送轻武器的箱子上面有约旦的字样，还有一些由沙特购买并运送的苯丙氨乙茶碱（兴奋剂）。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015年主要进展">2015年主要进展</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：2015年主要进展">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_civil_war_01_02_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Syrian_civil_war_01_02_2015.png/220px-Syrian_civil_war_01_02_2015.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Syrian_civil_war_01_02_2015.png/330px-Syrian_civil_war_01_02_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Syrian_civil_war_01_02_2015.png/440px-Syrian_civil_war_01_02_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="2504" data-file-height="2107" /></a><figcaption>2015年1月1日敘利亞形勢圖</figcaption></figure> 2015年1月，自由敘利亞軍與庫德族聯軍宣佈<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="科巴尼之戰">收復</a>重鎮<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="科巴尼">科巴尼</a>。同月24日，反對派發動<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E6%AC%A1%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%9C%81%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="第四次德拉省戰役">第四次德拉省戰役</a>，成功奪取政府軍於<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%9C%81" title="德拉省">德拉省</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E5%A4%8F%E8%B5%AB%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%E9%87%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾夏赫瑪斯金（页面不存在）">艾夏赫瑪斯金</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Maskin" class="extiw" title="en:Al-Shaykh Maskin">Al-Shaykh Maskin</a>）的營地，意圖藉此確保德拉省至<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A6%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="大馬士革">大馬士革</a>高速公路的控制權<a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a>，以及自身在德拉省的各個據點。<a href="#cite_note-battles-155">[148]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_civil_war_04_09_15.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Syrian_civil_war_04_09_15.png/220px-Syrian_civil_war_04_09_15.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Syrian_civil_war_04_09_15.png/330px-Syrian_civil_war_04_09_15.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Syrian_civil_war_04_09_15.png/440px-Syrian_civil_war_04_09_15.png 2x" data-file-width="4932" data-file-height="4048" /></a><figcaption>2015年9月1日敘利亞形勢圖</figcaption></figure> 隨着<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="沙特阿拉伯">沙特阿拉伯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="卡塔爾">卡塔爾</a>加強援助敘利亞反政府武裝後，敘政府軍在多條戰線節節敗退。<a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a>2015年3月28日，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="努斯拉陣線">努斯拉阵线</a>占领了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C" title="伊德利卜">伊德利卜</a>。5月21日，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="伊斯兰国">伊斯兰国</a>攻佔<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%B1%B3%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="巴尔米拉">巴尔米拉</a>。<a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a> 7月，敘利亞總統巴沙爾承認政府軍兵力不足，被迫棄守部分地區以集中兵力保衛更重要的地區。<a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a>8月5日，伊斯蘭國攻佔<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%96%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%9A%E5%BB%B7" title="盖尔亚廷">盖尔亚廷</a>。<a href="#cite_note-159">[152]</a> 2015年9月30日，在獲得俄羅斯國會上議院授權後，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E7%A9%BA%E5%86%9B" title="俄罗斯空军">俄羅斯空軍</a>開始<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%A8%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0%E7%9A%84%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%8B%E5%85%A5" title="俄羅斯在敘利亞內戰的軍事介入">空襲</a>包括伊斯蘭國在內的敘利亞反政府武裝。 2015年11月24日，一架從敘利亞起飛的俄羅斯空軍蘇-24M戰鬥轟炸機在土耳其敘利亞邊境被土耳其空軍F-16戰鬥機<a href="/wiki/2015%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%87%BB%E8%90%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%88%98%E6%96%97%E6%9C%BA%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="2015年土耳其击落俄罗斯战斗机事件">擊落</a>，兩名機師一死一獲救。此次事件導致俄羅斯與土耳其雙方關係大幅惡化，直至2016年中才開始改善。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016年主要进展">2016年主要进展</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：2016年主要进展">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_civil_war_01_01_2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Syrian_civil_war_01_01_2016.png/220px-Syrian_civil_war_01_01_2016.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Syrian_civil_war_01_01_2016.png/330px-Syrian_civil_war_01_01_2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Syrian_civil_war_01_01_2016.png/440px-Syrian_civil_war_01_01_2016.png 2x" data-file-width="2502" data-file-height="2107" /></a><figcaption>2016年1月1日敘利亞形勢圖</figcaption></figure> 至2016年2月，敘政府軍在俄軍空襲支援下對佔據<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A0%97" class="mw-redirect" title="阿勒頗">阿勒頗</a>的反政府軍逐漸形成包圍；與此同時，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="沙特阿拉伯">沙特阿拉伯</a>表示有意向敘利亞派出地面部隊打擊<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭國">伊斯蘭國</a>，只待以美國為首的多國聯盟同意。<a href="#cite_note-160">[153]</a>2016年2月，在其它反對派武裝被俄敘聯軍重創之際，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="庫爾德族">庫爾德族</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%9D%E8%A1%9B%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-disambig" title="人民保衛軍">人民保衛軍</a>乘機佔領一些被其它反對派放棄的據點，土耳其要求人民保衛軍停止在敘西北部擴展地盤，並多次炮轟人民保衛軍在敘利亞境內的據點。<a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a>俄羅斯反對土耳其與其盟友出動地面部隊進入敘利亞，俄羅斯總理<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E5%BE%B7%E9%9F%A6%E6%9D%B0%E5%A4%AB" title="德米特里·梅德韦杰夫">梅德韦杰夫</a>警告此舉有可能觸發新的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" title="世界大戰">世界大戰</a>。<a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a> 2016年初，<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%89%E7%90%86%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國安理會">聯合國安理會</a>一致通過一項由美國和俄羅斯草擬的臨時停火決議案，停火對象不包括被多國定為恐怖組織的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭國">伊斯蘭國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="努斯拉陣線">努斯拉陣線</a>。敘利亞政府與大約100個反政府武裝團體同意遵守該項停火決議，停火於大馬士革時間2016年2月27日0時開始生效。<a href="#cite_note-bbc20160227-163">[156]</a> 2016年3月，敘政府軍在俄空軍支援下從伊斯蘭國手上<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E7%B1%B3%E6%8B%89%E6%94%BB%E5%8B%A2_(2016%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%88)" title="巴爾米拉攻勢 (2016年3月)">收復</a>古城巴爾米拉。脆弱的停火至2016年中已逐漸瓦解。2016年7月，敘政府軍成功<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A0%97%E6%94%BB%E5%8B%A2_(2016%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%8D9%E6%9C%88)" class="mw-redirect" title="阿勒頗攻勢 (2016年6月－9月)">包圍</a>反對派控制的阿勒頗市東部。同月恐怖組織努斯拉陣線為了改善外界印象，宣佈脫離<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="基地組織">基地組織</a>並改名「<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A" title="征服沙姆陣線">征服沙姆陣線</a>」。8月初反對派勉強打破政府軍對阿勒頗市東部的包圍，不過到9月初政府軍再次成功合圍。<a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a> 2016年8月，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="庫爾德族">庫爾德族</a>主導的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F" title="敘利亞民主力量">敘利亞民主力量</a>從伊斯蘭國手上<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E6%AF%94%E5%AD%A3%E6%94%BB%E5%8B%A2" title="曼比季攻勢">奪取</a>北部城鎮<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E6%AF%94%E5%AD%A3" title="曼比季">曼比季</a>後，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>為了阻止庫族把敘利亞東北部的控制區與西北部<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A4%AB%E6%9E%97%E5%B7%9E" title="阿夫林州">阿夫林州</a>飛地連成一片，發起「<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E7%99%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E4%B9%8B%E7%9B%BE%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95" title="幼發拉底之盾行動">幼發拉底之盾行動</a>」，出兵協助<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B" title="自由叙利亚军">自由叙利亚军</a>奪取伊斯蘭國在土敘邊境以南的控制區<a href="#cite_note-sputnik20160825-165">[158]</a>，阻止庫爾德人勢力繼續壯大。 9月12日，美俄兩國達成的新臨時停火協議開始生效。9月17日，美國領導的聯軍<a href="/wiki/2016%E5%B9%B4%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E8%BB%8D%E7%A9%BA%E8%A5%B2%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="2016年美國聯軍空襲敘利亞政府軍事件">空襲</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%B0%94%E7%A5%96%E5%B0%94" title="代尔祖尔">代尔祖尔</a>對抗伊斯蘭國的叙政府军，造成至少83名叙政府军人员丧生，另有120人受伤。<a href="#cite_note-166">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a>美國在事後表示是誤炸，但俄敘兩國則懷疑聯軍是蓄意攻擊。 9月19日停火屆滿後，敘政府軍在阿勒頗發起<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A0%97%E6%94%BB%E5%8B%A2_(2016%E5%B9%B49%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%8D12%E6%9C%88)" class="mw-redirect" title="阿勒頗攻勢 (2016年9月－12月)">新一輪攻勢</a>。由於阿勒頗的反對派部隊在俄敘聯軍的空襲下傷亡慘重，美國政府要求俄羅斯停止空襲，並以考慮讓反對派部隊擁有防空導彈向俄羅斯施壓。<a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a>另外美國國務院發言人稱如果敘利亞內戰持續，俄羅斯的城市等目標將有可能遭到敘利亞極端分子攻擊，其言論被俄方批評為威嚇俄羅斯和鼓動恐怖分子攻擊俄羅斯。<a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a> 2016年10月，俄羅斯副國防部長阿納托利·安東諾夫宣稱從2016年2月27日至9月1日期間，敘利亞境內約有35,000名恐怖分子被消滅。<a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a>10月14日克里姆林宮宣布，俄羅斯總統普京批准了一項關於俄羅斯空軍無限期使用敘利亞<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%A2%85%E7%B1%B3%E5%A7%86%E7%A9%BA%E5%86%9B%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0" title="赫梅米姆空军基地">赫梅米姆空军基地</a>的協議。俄敘兩國於2015年8月26日簽署了該項協議。<a href="#cite_note-171">[164]</a> 2016年11月，包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B" title="自由叙利亚军">自由叙利亚军</a>屬下團體在內的敘利亞反對派與土耳其軍隊聯合發起<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8D%9C%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="巴卜之戰">巴卜之戰</a>。 12月份是戰局大量變化的一個月，在俄羅斯空中力量和<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="航母">航母</a>及若干親俄國家幕後資源支持之下，敘利亞總統阿薩德的政府軍獲得大量戰果，且先解決歐美支持的反對派武裝再攻擊IS的戰略意圖明顯，該月敘政府軍<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A2%87%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-disambig" title="阿勒颇战役">收復</a>阿勒頗市東部反對派控制區的大部分，迫使反對派接受外交斡旋，同意完全撤出阿勒頗市。<a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a>至此基本上政府軍收復了所有大城市，總統阿薩德並在電視訪問指出歐美在攻城決戰過程中一直拋出的停火建議和人道主義原則，本質是一種干擾來包庇恐怖份子，沒有所謂反對派和IS的差別，他們都是<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E4%BB%BD%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="恐怖份子">恐怖份子</a>必須全部消滅。同月伊斯蘭國<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E7%B1%B3%E6%8B%89%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0_(2016%E5%B9%B412%E6%9C%88)" title="巴爾米拉之戰 (2016年12月)">再次攻佔</a>巴爾米拉。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017年主要进展">2017年主要进展</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：2017年主要进展">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_civil_war_01_01_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Syrian_civil_war_01_01_2017.svg/220px-Syrian_civil_war_01_01_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Syrian_civil_war_01_01_2017.svg/330px-Syrian_civil_war_01_01_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Syrian_civil_war_01_01_2017.svg/440px-Syrian_civil_war_01_01_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>2017年1月1日敘利亞形勢圖</figcaption></figure> 2017年1月，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="伊斯兰国">伊斯兰国</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%B0%94%E7%A5%96%E5%B0%94%E7%9C%81" title="代尔祖尔省">代尔祖尔省</a>首府<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%B0%94%E7%A5%96%E5%B0%94" title="代尔祖尔">代尔祖尔</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E7%88%BE%E7%A5%96%E7%88%BE%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0_(2017%E5%B9%B4)" title="代爾祖爾之戰 (2017年)">戰事</a>取得突破，倚賴空運補給的政府軍控制區被分割成不相連的兩部分。<a href="#cite_note-173">[166]</a>同月敘政府軍發動<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A0%97%E6%94%BB%E5%8B%A2_(2017%E5%B9%B4)" title="東阿勒頗攻勢 (2017年)">東阿勒頗攻勢</a>，成功從伊斯蘭國手上收復<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E5%8F%91%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E6%B2%B3" title="幼发拉底河">幼发拉底河</a>以西大量領土。 2017年1月28日，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A" title="征服沙姆陣線">征服沙姆陣線</a>與其它一些反政府武裝團體合併成為「<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="沙姆解放組織">沙姆解放組織</a>」。 2017年3月2日，敘政府軍再度<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E7%B1%B3%E6%8B%89%E6%94%BB%E5%8B%A2_(2017%E5%B9%B4)" title="巴爾米拉攻勢 (2017年)">收復巴爾米拉</a>。 2017年3月29日，土耳其宣佈「<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E7%99%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E4%B9%8B%E7%9B%BE%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95" title="幼發拉底之盾行動">幼發拉底之盾行動</a>」成功完結。<a href="#cite_note-174">[167]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_civil_war_01_09_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Syrian_civil_war_01_09_2017.svg/220px-Syrian_civil_war_01_09_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Syrian_civil_war_01_09_2017.svg/330px-Syrian_civil_war_01_09_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Syrian_civil_war_01_09_2017.svg/440px-Syrian_civil_war_01_09_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption>2017年9月1日敘利亞形勢圖</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/2017%E5%B9%B4%E6%B1%97%E8%B0%A2%E6%B4%AA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E8%A2%AD%E5%87%BB%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="2017年汗谢洪化学武器袭击事件">2017年汗谢洪化学武器袭击事件</a></div> 2017年4月4日，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚">叙利亚</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C%E7%9C%81" title="伊德利卜省">伊德利卜省</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="沙姆解放組織">沙姆解放組織</a>控制城镇<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%97%E8%B0%A2%E6%B4%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汗谢洪（页面不存在）">汗谢洪</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun" class="extiw" title="en:Khan Shaykhun">Khan Shaykhun</a>）<a href="#cite_note-defect_to_ISIS-175">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-leaves_for_Raqqa-176">[169]</a>遭受猛烈的空袭后，大量平民化学中毒<a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a>。伊德利卜省卫生局表示，被释放的毒气疑似<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%9E%97" title="沙林">沙林</a>，至少造成58人死亡，逾300人受伤。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/2017%E5%B9%B4%E6%B2%99%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E6%89%93%E5%87%BB%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" title="2017年沙伊拉特打击行动">2017年沙伊拉特打擊行動</a></div> 2017年4月6日，美军向叙利亚霍姆斯附近机场发射了59枚<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E6%96%A7%E5%B7%A1%E8%88%AA%E5%AF%BC%E5%BC%B9" title="战斧巡航导弹">战斧巡航导弹</a>，美国总统<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E7%B4%8D%C2%B7%E5%B7%9D%E6%99%AE" title="唐納·川普">川普</a>在记者会上表示，此次攻击的机场正是<a href="/wiki/2017%E5%B9%B4%E6%B1%97%E8%B0%A2%E6%B4%AA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E8%A2%AD%E5%87%BB%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="2017年汗谢洪化学武器袭击事件">汗谢洪化武袭击</a>中战机起飞的机场，并号召其他国家一起抵制<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" title="巴沙尔·阿萨德">巴沙尔</a>的政权。<a href="#cite_note-178">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a> 2017年5月，敘政府軍發動<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%B2%99%E6%BC%A0%E6%94%BB%E5%8B%A2" title="敘利亞沙漠攻勢">敘利亞沙漠攻勢</a>，並於6月重新控制小部分與伊拉克接壤邊境。<a href="#cite_note-180">[173]</a>5月9日，美國宣佈加強援助<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F" title="敘利亞民主力量">敘利亞民主力量</a>中的庫爾德族武裝，引起土耳其不滿。<a href="#cite_note-181">[174]</a> 2017年6月，<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F" title="敘利亞民主力量">敘利亞民主力量</a>發起<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E6%94%BB%E5%8B%A2" title="拉卡攻勢">拉卡攻勢</a>的最後階段行動，<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0_(2017%E5%B9%B4)" title="拉卡之戰 (2017年)">攻入</a>伊斯蘭國「首都」<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1" title="拉卡">拉卡</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%BE%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%B2" title="联合国难民署">联合国难民署</a>於2017年6月30日表示2017年上半年有44萬多國內流離失所者重返家園，此外自2015年以來已有約26萬難民從國外自願返回敘利亞。難民自願返回的地區主要是阿勒颇、哈马、霍姆斯和大马士革等由敘利亞政府控制的地區。<a href="#cite_note-182">[175]</a> 2017年7月，敘政府軍發起<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="敘利亞中部戰役">敘利亞中部戰役</a>。2017年9月，敘政府軍解除歷時超過3年的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E7%88%BE%E7%A5%96%E7%88%BE%E4%B9%8B%E5%9C%8D" title="代爾祖爾之圍">代爾祖爾之圍</a>。 2017年10月17日，敘利亞民主力量完全攻佔拉卡。同月<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="敘利亞西北部戰役">敘利亞西北部戰役</a>開始。 2017年11月，土耳其支持的反对派在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C%E7%9C%81" title="伊德利卜省">伊德利卜省</a>成立<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%95%91%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="叙利亚救国政府">叙利亚救国政府</a>。 2017年12月7日，俄羅斯國防部宣稱俄敘聯軍在5日內消滅550名武裝分子，成功解放伊斯蘭國在敘利亞最後剩下的居民點。<a href="#cite_note-183">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018年主要进展">2018年主要进展</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：2018年主要进展">编辑</a>]</div> 2018年1月20日，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>宣佈<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%84%E6%AC%96%E6%9E%9D%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95" title="橄欖枝行動">進攻</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A4%AB%E6%9E%97%E5%B7%9E" title="阿夫林州">阿夫林州</a>的敘利亞庫爾德族<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" title="人民保護部隊">人民保護部隊</a>。<a href="#cite_note-184">[177]</a>同日敘利亞政府軍從反對派手上收復位於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C%E7%9C%81" title="伊德利卜省">伊德利卜省</a>東部的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E6%9D%9C%E8%83%A1%E5%B0%94" title="阿布杜胡尔">阿布杜胡尔</a>空軍基地。<a href="#cite_note-185">[178]</a> 2018年2月，<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="敘利亞西北部戰役">敘利亞西北部戰役</a>結束。 2月18日起，俄敘聯軍開始<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8F%A4%E5%A1%94%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0_(2018%E5%B9%B4)" title="東古塔之戰 (2018年)">猛烈轟擊</a>反對派控制的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="乌塔大马士革">東古塔</a>。 3月18日，土耳其軍與親土耳其武裝分子攻佔<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A4%AB%E6%9E%97" title="阿夫林">阿夫林</a>市中心。<a href="#cite_note-xh20180318-186">[179]</a> 4月7日，大马士革东部的杜马<a href="/wiki/2018%E5%B9%B4%E6%9D%9C%E9%A9%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E8%A2%AD%E5%87%BB%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="2018年杜马化学袭击事件">发生化武袭击事件</a>； 4月14日，美國<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B7%9D%E6%99%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="唐納德·川普">特朗普</a>政府确信叙利亚政府使用化学武器，美国、英国、法国出于惩罚阿萨德政府使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8" title="化学武器">化学武器</a>攻击平民，开始对叙利亚三座化学武器设施<a href="/wiki/2018%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9%E5%92%8C%E9%9C%8D%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E8%BD%B0%E7%82%B8" title="2018年大马士革和霍姆斯轰炸">实施攻击</a>。<a href="#cite_note-attack-187">[180]</a>俄羅斯與敘利亞则声称化武襲擊是歐美自導自演的事件。<a href="#cite_note-188">[181]</a> 4月15日，叙利亚政府军<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8F%A4%E5%A1%94%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0_(2018%E5%B9%B4)" title="東古塔之戰 (2018年)">控制</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="乌塔大马士革">東古塔</a>地区<a href="#cite_note-189">[182]</a>。 <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_civil_war_01_11_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Syrian_civil_war_01_11_2018.png/220px-Syrian_civil_war_01_11_2018.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Syrian_civil_war_01_11_2018.png/330px-Syrian_civil_war_01_11_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Syrian_civil_war_01_11_2018.png/440px-Syrian_civil_war_01_11_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>2018年11月1日敘利亞形勢圖</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/2018%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9%E5%92%8C%E9%9C%8D%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E8%BD%B0%E7%82%B8" title="2018年大马士革和霍姆斯轰炸">2018年大马士革和霍姆斯轰炸</a></div> 4月16日，美國對敘利亞進行<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E6%96%A7%E5%B7%A1%E8%88%AA%E5%AF%BC%E5%BC%B9" title="战斧巡航导弹">戰斧飛彈</a>襲擊，事後美國宣稱擊毀所有想打的目標，俄方則稱供應給敘利亞的雷達與<a href="/wiki/S-200" class="mw-redirect" title="S-200">S-200</a>防空系統擊落數十枚來襲飛彈，各自宣稱勝利。敘方則公布<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" title="總統">總統</a>正常上班街頭反美遊行照常舉行畫面，<a href="#cite_note-190">[183]</a>並表示美國空襲不痛不癢「沒死半個人，只有六平民受傷」。不過美國在攻擊前大量喊話讓敘方有所準備，襲擊前一天還經由法國媒體將攻擊目標間接透露出來，導致所炸機庫沒有飛機、彈藥庫沒有彈藥，都已經先撤走。<a href="#cite_note-191">[184]</a>俄羅斯與伊朗消息面都有軍事將領表示，若再有西方攻擊將提供最先進武器支援敘利亞，同時將美國在中東的軍事基地全部作為反擊目標，同日俄羅斯在聯合國發言表示西方未獲安理會授權的動武，違反國際法等同於侵略行動。 5月21日，叙利亚政府军完成了对反对派在大马士革南郊最后据点哈杰尔艾斯沃德镇的清剿行动。这也意味着叙利亚首都大马士革及周边地区自2011年叙利亚内战爆发以来首次完全被叙利亚政府军控制<a href="#cite_note-192">[185]</a>。 7月12日，敘政府軍<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9_(2018%E5%B9%B4)" title="叙利亚南部战役 (2018年)">收复</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%9C%81" title="德拉省">德拉省</a>首府<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89" title="德拉">德拉</a>的反對派控制區。<a href="#cite_note-193">[186]</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E6%B4%BE" title="叙利亚反对派">叙利亚反对派</a>主要据点仅剩<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C%E7%9C%81" title="伊德利卜省">伊德利卜省</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[187]</a>。美国国防部长詹姆斯·马蒂斯11 月21日说，美军将在毗邻土耳其的叙利亚北部边境设立观察哨，与同为北大西洋公约组织成员国的土耳其分享反恐情报，助力打击极端组织“伊斯兰国”恐怖分子。 美国在叙利亚留有大约2000名士兵，他们中的大部分驻扎在该国北部的库尔德地区。美国总统<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B7%9D%E6%99%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="唐納德·川普">特朗普</a>认为，伊斯兰国已经被击败<a href="#cite_note-195">[188]</a>，且不再寻求推翻叙利亚总统<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="阿萨德">阿萨德</a>政权<a href="#cite_note-196">[189]</a>，加上之前特朗普曾对在叙利亚的军事行动表示“耗费巨大”<a href="#cite_note-197">[190]</a>，12月19日，特朗普宣布从叙利亚撤出所有美国军队<a href="#cite_note-198">[191]</a>。 敘利亞庫族武裝在美國宣佈撤軍後，面對土耳其再次入侵的威脅，只好向敘利亞政府求援。12月28日，敘政府軍進駐<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E6%AF%94%E5%AD%A3" title="曼比季">曼比季</a>外圍地區。<a href="#cite_note-199">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019年主要进展">2019年主要进展</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：2019年主要进展">编辑</a>]</div> 2019年2月9日，敘利亞民主力量開始進攻伊斯蘭國在敘最後據點<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B7%B4%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF" title="上巴古斯">巴古茲</a>鎮。<a href="#cite_note-201">[194]</a>美国主导的国际联盟战机配合叙利亚民主力量对巴古茲鎮进行轰炸，但却遭到叙利亚媒体指责使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%A3%B7%E5%BC%B9" title="白磷弹">白磷弹</a>，美国矢口否认<a href="#cite_note-202">[195]</a>。 2月，美国总统特朗普同意美軍繼續於叙利亚和土耳其交界处及叙南部和伊拉克、约旦交界的坦夫地区各保留一支约200人總數達400人的小规模维和部队。特朗普表示，这并不代表他改变了撤军决定，留下的美军只占美在叙驻军很小一部分<a href="#cite_note-203">[196]</a>；不過，於2月2日時，路透社報導:敘利亞當地媒體傳出美國所率領的盟軍於2日轟炸了敘利亞政府軍在東部<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%B0%94%E7%A5%96%E5%B0%94%E7%9C%81" title="代尔祖尔省">代爾祖爾省</a>對抗「伊斯蘭國」的前線陣地；消息來源指出，這起攻擊造成兩名敘利亞士兵死亡，並摧毀了1個砲陣地，美軍發言人萊恩上校（Col. Sean Ryan）說，美方的盟軍在當地遭遇對方開火，所以行使自衛權還擊，並且說這起事件還在調查中(暗指阿拉伯敘利亞阿賽德政府意圖趁美軍撤退之際、搶回領土，然而卻不幸被餵了一堆美軍炸彈)。 3月21日，叙利亚民主力量完全控制<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B7%B4%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF" title="上巴古斯">巴古茲</a>鎮<a href="#cite_note-204">[197]</a>。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9%EF%BC%882019%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="敘利亞西北部戰役（2019年4月）（页面不存在）">敘利亞西北部戰役（2019年4月）</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April_2019%E2%80%93present)" class="extiw" title="en:Northwestern Syria offensive (April 2019–present)">Northwestern Syria offensive (April 2019–present)</a>）</div> 2019年4月30日，叙利亚和俄罗斯向位于敘利亞反對派控制的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C%E7%9C%81" title="伊德利卜省">伊德利卜省</a>南部发动空襲。而同时，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="沙姆解放組織">沙姆解放組織</a>以及其盟友<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%85%9A" title="突厥斯坦伊斯兰党">突厥斯坦伊斯兰党</a>則在毗鄰伊德利卜省的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%A6%AC%E7%9C%81" title="哈馬省">哈馬省</a>北部與親敘利亞政府武裝交戰。截至5月7日，一系列衝突造成至少55人死亡<a href="#cite_note-205">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[199]</a>。 6月15日，敘利亞政府軍5次企圖收復<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%A9%AC_(%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A)" title="哈马 (叙利亚)">哈馬</a>兩條村落，以及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C" title="伊德利卜">伊德利卜</a>部分區域，但遭到極端組織及反對派伏擊，造成45人死亡，死者大部分是政府軍武裝<a href="#cite_note-207">[200]</a>。 6月27日深夜，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F" title="土耳其军队">土耳其军队</a>驻叙利亚<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C%E7%9C%81" title="伊德利卜省">伊德利卜省</a>的「缓冲区」哨站，突遭<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="敘利亞武裝部隊">叙利亚政府军</a>猛烈炮击，土军3人重伤、1人阵亡<a href="#cite_note-208">[201]</a>。 7月22日，敘利亞和俄羅斯對敘利亞西北部持續多日的空襲造成當地至少50人傷亡。截至7月23日，<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%81%E9%98%BF%E8%B3%B4%E5%8A%AA%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="邁阿賴努阿曼">邁阿賴努阿曼</a>有39名平民被殺。再截至26日，近10天內已造成103平民死亡，其中包括26名孩童<a href="#cite_note-209">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[204]</a>。從4月30日至8月初，俄敘聯軍的攻勢已造成雙方合計超過2,000人喪生<a href="#cite_note-212">[205]</a>。 8月下旬，敘利亞政府军再次对<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%A6%AC%E7%9C%81" title="哈馬省">哈马省</a>北部、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C%E7%9C%81" title="伊德利卜省">伊德利卜省</a>南部多地发起密集打击。8月23日，敘利亞政府軍宣布收复<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%97%E8%B0%A2%E6%B4%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汗谢洪（页面不存在）">汗谢洪</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun" class="extiw" title="en:Khan Shaykhun">Khan Shaykhun</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莫雷克（页面不存在）">莫雷克</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murak,_Syria" class="extiw" title="en:Murak, Syria">Murak, Syria</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%94%E7%B1%B3%E5%A5%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉塔米奈（页面不存在）">拉塔米奈</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Lataminah" class="extiw" title="en:Al-Lataminah">Al-Lataminah</a>）等村镇<a href="#cite_note-213">[206]</a>。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/2019%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%9C%A8%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BB%E5%8B%A2" title="2019年土耳其在敘利亞東北部的攻勢">2019年土耳其在敘利亞東北部的攻勢</a></div> 10月，土耳其進攻敘利亞境內的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="库尔德">庫爾德</a>武裝，土當局稱之為<a href="/wiki/2019%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%9C%A8%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BB%E5%8B%A2" title="2019年土耳其在敘利亞東北部的攻勢">「和平之泉」军事行动</a>。 10月22日，叙总统<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" title="巴沙尔·阿萨德">巴沙尔·阿萨德</a>前往叙西北部<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C%E7%9C%81" title="伊德利卜省">伊德利卜省</a>前线接见政府军人员。这是2011年叙利亚危机爆发以来，巴沙尔首次公开前往伊德利卜省<a href="#cite_note-214">[207]</a>。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E6%94%BB%E5%8B%A2_(2019%E5%B9%B412%E6%9C%88-2020%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%88)" title="敘利亞西北部攻勢 (2019年12月-2020年3月)">敘利亞西北部攻勢 (2019年12月-2020年3月)</a></div> 2019年12月1日開始，<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="敘利亞武裝部隊">敘利亞政府軍</a>在俄羅斯支持下，開始聯手對反抗軍掌控的最後一個主要地區<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C%E7%9C%81%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81_(2017%E5%B9%B4)" title="伊德利卜省衝突 (2017年)">伊德利布省</a>多個區域，發動多次空襲和轟炸，經歷輪番炮火新一輪難民出逃湧現，在中南部地區幾乎「空無一人」。<a href="#cite_note-:0-215">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[209]</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="敘利亞武裝部隊">敘利亞政府軍</a>24日表示，進占了當地40幾個村鎮。<a href="#cite_note-217">[210]</a> 此次戰事期間，比利时、科威特和德国起草一項决议案，要求通过土耳其的两个边境口岸和伊拉克的一个边境口岸向叙利亚运送人道救援物资12个月。而俄罗斯只希望通过土耳其的两个边境口岸向叙利亚运送救援物资，並要求将期限缩短为6个月，并为此提出了自己的决议草案。2019年12月19日，敘政府軍發動「<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E6%94%BB%E5%8B%A2_(2019%E5%B9%B412%E6%9C%88-2020%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%88)" title="敘利亞西北部攻勢 (2019年12月-2020年3月)">伊德利卜黎明2號</a>」行動。12月20日，俄罗斯和中国在<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%89%E7%90%86%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="联合国安理会">联合国安理会</a>动用否决权，否决了比利時等國家提出的决议案<a href="#cite_note-218">[211]</a>。 12月20日深夜，敘利亞政府控制的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%9C%81" title="霍姆斯省">霍姆斯省</a>的多处油气设施遭到袭击，造成部分生产设施损毁，多个生产单元停止运营<a href="#cite_note-219">[212]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020年主要进展">2020年主要进展</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：2020年主要进展">编辑</a>]</div> 2020年1月7日，俄罗斯总统普京抵达叙利亚首都大马士革进行访问并与叙总统巴沙尔举行会谈。这是2011年叙利亚戰爭爆发以来普京首次访问大马士革<a href="#cite_note-220">[213]</a>。 1月10日，敘利亞東部的车辆和军火库遭到空襲，造成8名<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%8B%95%E5%93%A1" title="人民動員">人民動員</a>成員死亡<a href="#cite_note-221">[214]</a>。 1月12日，叙反对派武装炮击<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A2%87" title="阿勒颇">阿勒颇</a>，造成3名平民死亡，另有3人受伤<a href="#cite_note-222">[215]</a>。 1月19日，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C" title="伊德利卜">伊德利卜</a>东南部发生了冲突，至少28名叙利亚政府军和19名反政府武装人员丧生<a href="#cite_note-223">[216]</a>。 2月3日，8名土耳其军民在伊德利卜遭叙方炮击死亡。 2月10日，土方称有101名叙利亚军人阵亡。 2月11日，叙利亚政府軍一架直升機在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C%E7%9C%81" title="伊德利卜省">伊德利卜省</a>被擊落，機上2人身亡<a href="#cite_note-224">[217]</a>。同日，土方宣称消灭了51名叙利亚士兵。次日又稱55名敘利亞軍人遭到消滅<a href="#cite_note-225">[218]</a>。 2月25日，叙利亚政府军在伊德利卜省<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纳伊拉布（页面不存在）">纳伊拉布</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayrab,_Idlib" class="extiw" title="en:Nayrab, Idlib">Nayrab, Idlib</a>）击退了武装分子的进攻。<a href="#cite_note-226">[219]</a> 2月27日，土耳其軍隊在位於敘利亞北部<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C%E7%9C%81" title="伊德利卜省">伊德利卜省</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89_(%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E)" title="巴拉 (敘利亞)">巴拉</a>一帶遭到敘利亞聯軍空襲，造成土軍至少33人身亡，32人受傷<a href="#cite_note-227">[220]</a>。隨後土耳其對敘利亞政府軍發動「春之盾行動」，並宣稱殺死2,212名巴沙爾政權士兵。為了迫使<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="歐盟">歐盟</a>介入，土耳其於2月28日不再攔阻境內難民前往歐盟國家<a href="#cite_note-228">[221]</a>。同日希腊政府宣布暂时关闭希土之间的陆路边境口岸<a href="#cite_note-229">[222]</a>。3月1日晚上，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="希腊总理">希臘總理</a>宣佈，將暫停接受任何新的難民庇護申請<a href="#cite_note-230">[223]</a>。3月2日，一艘载有48名难民和非法移民的船只在<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E7%90%B4%E6%B5%B7" title="爱琴海">爱琴海</a>上倾覆，造成一名儿童死亡<a href="#cite_note-231">[224]</a>。 5月11日，國際特赦組織的報告顯示，敘利亞政府在2019年5月至2020年2月的西北戰役中，針對學校、難民機構及醫療院所進行至少18次的蓄意攻擊<a href="#cite_note-232">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[227]</a>。 10月5日，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC" title="阿曼">阿曼</a>成為第一個恢復在敘利亞派駐大使的波斯灣國家<a href="#cite_note-235">[228]</a>。 12月2日，<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F" title="敘利亞民主力量">敘利亞民主力量</a>宣稱他們在敘利亞西北邊境擊斃了30名的土耳其部隊<a href="#cite_note-236">[229]</a>。 12月31日，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭國">伊斯蘭國</a>的民兵組織突襲了敘利亞政府軍的車隊，並造成精銳部隊至少37人死亡，敘利亞官方認為這是繼2019年3月伊斯蘭國滅亡後，最有威脅性的一次突襲，並宣稱伊斯蘭國同時殺害了至少25位平民。伊斯蘭國隨後宣稱犯案<a href="#cite_note-237">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[231]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021年主要进展">2021年主要进展</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：2021年主要进展">编辑</a>]</div> 1月11日，敘利亞政府軍在Al-Ghab平原地區針對敘反對派營地進行突襲，至少殺死11名反對派士兵<a href="#cite_note-239">[232]</a>。 1月13日、15日和22日，以色列據信在美國支持下，對敘利亞東部和伊拉克的邊境地區發動空襲與飛彈襲擊，這次目的旨在消滅伊朗支持的派系和民兵武裝，以及對<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%92%82%E7%91%AA%E6%97%85" title="法蒂瑪旅">法蒂瑪旅</a>的軍火庫造成打擊，這次的空襲和導彈襲擊造成至少57人死亡，其中有14名敘利亞政府軍、16名伊拉克民兵和11名伊朗支持的民兵被殺、4名平民遇害<a href="#cite_note-240">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[237]</a>。 由於駐伊拉克美軍遭受火箭砲攻擊，2月24日，美軍空襲位於敘利亞境據稱屬於伊朗民兵的建築，22名民兵喪生<a href="#cite_note-245">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[239]</a>。此次空襲也是美國總統<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%C2%B7%E6%8B%9C%E7%99%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="喬·拜登">喬·拜登</a>上任以來首次軍事行動<a href="#cite_note-247">[240]</a>。 2月28日晚，以色列对大马士革周边地区发动导弹袭击，部分导弹被叙防空系统击落<a href="#cite_note-248">[241]</a>。 6月12日，叙利亚反對派掌控的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A4%AB%E6%9E%97" title="阿夫林">阿夫林</a>遭到炮击，造成至少18人死亡，23人受伤<a href="#cite_note-249">[242]</a>。 6月27日，美军用无人机对叙利亚边境地区多个亲伊朗民兵组织的军事设施发动空袭<a href="#cite_note-250">[243]</a>。 7月29日，敘利亞政府軍進攻並掃蕩西南邊的德拉省，爆發該地近五年來最激烈的衝突，一個多月後，最終政府軍在市區獲勝，但叛軍也趁機在德拉省的鄉村攻佔政府軍設置的18個檢查哨<a href="#cite_note-251">[244]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022年主要进展">2022年主要进展</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：2022年主要进展">编辑</a>]</div> 2月3日，美軍在敘利亞東北由土耳其控制的區域中執行特別任務，擊殺了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭國">伊斯蘭國</a>的第二任哈里發<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E6%98%93%E5%8D%9C%E6%8B%89%E6%AC%A3%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%B8%8C%E7%B1%B3%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E9%9B%B7%E5%B8%8C" title="阿布·易卜拉欣·哈希米·库雷希">阿布·易卜拉欣·哈希米·庫雷希</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-252">[245]</a>。 6月18日，敘利亞指責美国使用40辆卡车將叙利亚的小麦運往伊拉克。<a href="#cite_note-253">[246]</a> 8月11日、13日、16日和21日，敘利亞當局指責美军四度转运一批在叙东北部開採的石油至伊拉克境内。<a href="#cite_note-254">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[249]</a> 8月15日，美国驻叙利亚军事基地附近遭到无人机袭击。8月20日左右，美國發動報復性轟炸，炸死了一名在叙利亚执行任务的伊朗将领。<a href="#cite_note-257">[250]</a> 8月23日，美军空襲伊朗支持的團體位於叙利亚代尔祖尔的一個基础设施。<a href="#cite_note-258">[251]</a>24日19时20分左右，叙利亚东北部的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E8%8F%B2%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="康菲公司">康菲公司</a>駐點和格林村遭到袭击。袭击导致3名美军受伤。美方的阿帕奇攻击直升机隨後攻擊3辆汽车，并打死了2至3名参与袭击的人员。<a href="#cite_note-259">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023年主要进展">2023年主要进展</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：2023年主要进展">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_Civil_War_map_(November_24,_2023).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28November_24%2C_2023%29.svg/220px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28November_24%2C_2023%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28November_24%2C_2023%29.svg/330px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28November_24%2C_2023%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28November_24%2C_2023%29.svg/440px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28November_24%2C_2023%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>2023年11月軍事情勢</figcaption></figure> 1月9日，安理会一致同意将叙利亚跨境人道救援授权延长半年。<a href="#cite_note-联合国新闻_2023-260">[253]</a> 3月23日，驻叙利亚美军基地遭一架自杀式无人机袭击，隨即美军空袭了叙利亚境内与伊朗伊斯兰革命卫队有关联的组织<a href="#cite_note-新华网_让新闻离你更近_2023_i108-261">[254]</a>。 10月5日，叙利亚霍姆斯军事学院遭无人机袭击，造成89人死亡。<a href="#cite_note-nbd.com.cn_2023_l607-262">[255]</a>當天晚上，土耳其国防部表示，土耳其军队当天对叙利亚北部的“恐怖分子”进行了空袭，摧毁数十个目标。<a href="#cite_note-国际--人民网_2023_v201-263">[256]</a>而在叙利亚的美军击落了一架接近美军的土耳其无人机。10月6日，土耳其国防部表示，土耳其武装部队已对叙利亚北部库尔德武装控制区内的目标发动新一轮空袭。<a href="#cite_note-新闻频道_央视网(cctv.com)_2023_n844-264">[257]</a>10月7日，土耳其国防部表示土耳其军队前一晚对叙利亚北部的库尔德武装发起军事行动，打死58名武装人员。<a href="#cite_note-h5.ifeng.com_2023_j503-265">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024年主要进展">2024年主要进展</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：2024年主要进展">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_civil_war_dec_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Syrian_civil_war_dec_2024.jpg/220px-Syrian_civil_war_dec_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Syrian_civil_war_dec_2024.jpg/330px-Syrian_civil_war_dec_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Syrian_civil_war_dec_2024.jpg/440px-Syrian_civil_war_dec_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2339" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>阿薩德政權倒台後2024年12月的軍事局勢</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/2024%E5%B9%B4%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%8D%E6%B4%BE%E6%94%BB%E5%8B%A2" title="2024年敘利亞反對派攻勢">2024年敘利亞反對派攻勢</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%96%A9%E5%BE%B7%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A%E5%9E%AE%E5%8F%B0" title="阿薩德政權垮台">阿薩德政權垮台</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/2024%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="2024年以色列入侵叙利亚">2024年以色列入侵敘利亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%BB%8E%E6%98%8E%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" title="自由黎明行动">自由黎明行動</a>和<a href="/wiki/2024%E5%B9%B4%E6%9B%BC%E6%AF%94%E5%AD%A3%E6%94%BB%E5%8B%A2" title="2024年曼比季攻勢">2024年曼比季攻勢</a></div> 11月27日，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="沙姆解放組織">沙姆解放組織</a>開始對<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E5%9D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="阿勒坡">阿勒坡</a>發動軍事猛攻，沿途攻占數座城鎮及村莊。11月29日，沙姆解放組織攻入<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E5%9D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="阿勒坡">阿勒坡</a>，這是自敘利亞政府軍2016年奪下該城以來，反政府武裝首次攻入這座城市。12月5日，在政府軍宣稱撤出後，沙姆解放組織攻下<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%A6%AC_(%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E)" class="mw-redirect" title="哈馬 (敘利亞)">哈馬市</a>，為2011年內戰爆發以來首次被佔領。<a href="#cite_note-f007-266">[259]</a> 12月6日，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%86%9B" title="叙利亚国民军">敘利亞國民軍</a><a href="/wiki/2024%E5%B9%B4%E6%9B%BC%E6%AF%94%E5%AD%A3%E6%94%BB%E5%8B%A2" title="2024年曼比季攻勢">開始進攻</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F" title="敘利亞民主力量">敘利亞民主力量</a>控制的城市<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E6%AF%94%E5%AD%A3" title="曼比季">曼比季</a><a href="#cite_note-Manbij-267">[260]</a>。 12月8日，敍利亞反對派武裝<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A6%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9%E9%99%B7%E8%90%BD_(2024%E5%B9%B4)" title="大馬士革陷落 (2024年)">攻陷首都大馬士革</a>。阿薩德搭機逃離大馬士革，举家逃亡俄羅斯<a href="#cite_note-268">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[264]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F" title="阿萨德家族">阿薩德家族</a>對敘利亞長達53年的統治<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%96%A9%E5%BE%B7%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A%E5%9E%AE%E5%8F%B0" title="阿薩德政權垮台">宣告終結</a>。 在大马士革被反對派武裝攻佔后，以色列总理<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E9%9B%85%E6%98%8E%C2%B7%E5%86%85%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%83%A1" title="本雅明·内塔尼亚胡">本雅明·内塔尼亚胡</a>表示，由于签约方仅代表叙利亚政府军，1974年与叙利亚的边界协议已不再有效，并下令以色列国防军重新占领1974年撤出的“<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E7%BA%BF_(%E5%81%9C%E7%81%AB%E7%BA%BF)" title="紫线 (停火线)">紫线</a>”<a href="#cite_note-272">[265]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>開始透過對敘利亞民主力量陣地進行無人機攻擊來支持敘利亞國民軍的攻勢<a href="#cite_note-turkey-273">[266]</a>。 12月24日，敘利亞領導人<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="朱拉尼">朱拉尼</a>與前反對派各派武裝領導人達成協議，各派武裝領導人同意解散所有武裝團體並整合到國防部之下。<a href="#cite_note-e109-274">[267]</a>不過库尔德人武装未出席会议<a href="#cite_note-t351-275">[268]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="交戰方">交戰方</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：交戰方">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0%E5%90%84%E5%8F%83%E6%88%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="敘利亞內戰各參戰方列表">敘利亞內戰各參戰方列表</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="反对派">反对派</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：反对派">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E6%B4%BE" title="叙利亚反对派">叙利亚反对派</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria_(1930%E2%80%931958,_1961%E2%80%931963).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>复兴党于1963年上台以前的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97" title="叙利亚国旗">叙利亚国旗</a>（於1932年－1958年、1961年－1963年使用），是许多抗议者（包括自由军）使用的旗帜和反抗当局的标志<a href="#cite_note-276">[269]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_Military_Opposition_Structure_(June_2012).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Political_Military_Opposition_Structure_%28June_2012%29.jpg/220px-Political_Military_Opposition_Structure_%28June_2012%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Political_Military_Opposition_Structure_%28June_2012%29.jpg/330px-Political_Military_Opposition_Structure_%28June_2012%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Political_Military_Opposition_Structure_%28June_2012%29.jpg/440px-Political_Military_Opposition_Structure_%28June_2012%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>反对派政治军事组织架构图，2012年6月</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="叙利亚全国委员会">叙利亚全国委员会</a>曾是最大的反对派组织，后来其地位被<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E6%B4%BE%E5%92%8C%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="叙利亚反对派和革命力量全国联盟">叙利亚反对派和革命力量全国联盟</a>取代。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="自由敘利亞軍">自由敘利亞軍</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：自由敘利亞軍">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B" title="自由叙利亚军">自由叙利亚军</a></div> 自由敘利亞軍，也译作“叙利亚自由军”，2011年7月29日通过一个发布在<a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>上的影片宣告成立，由脱离政府军的变节官兵组成。原叙利亚空军上校<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" title="里亚德·阿萨德">里亚德·阿萨德</a>担任自由军总司令，最初只有1,000多名成员<a href="#cite_note-277">[270]</a>，截止2012年3月已有70,000名成员，2013年6月有120,000成员（不含后来分出去的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E8%BB%8D" title="伊斯蘭軍">伊斯兰军</a>），是主要的反对派军事武装之一。 有意見認為自由敘利亞軍到2014年已名存實亡，<a href="#cite_note-xh20160629-278">[271]</a>它無法約束屬下各大小武裝團體，只不過其「溫和反對派武裝」形象仍有宣傳價值，所以仍有不少武裝分子打着自由敘利亞軍旗號以提高自身的「正當性」和方便取得西方國家支援。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="敘利亞全國委員會">敘利亞全國委員會</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节：敘利亞全國委員會">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="叙利亚全国委员会">叙利亚全国委员会</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="叙利亚全国委员会">叙利亚全国委员会</a>是一個敘利亞反對派團體組成的聯盟，於2011年9月15日在土耳其<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯坦布尔">伊斯坦布尔</a>正式成立，初期共有235名反对派代表。该组织对媒体表示：委员会将代表叙利亚全体人民；他们将坚持既定的政治路线，适时成立代表叙利亚人民的临时政府。委员会认为叙利亚革命将分成政权更迭、过渡时期和未来政治道路3个阶段进行，每个阶段大约需要6个月的时间。SNC與<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B" title="自由叙利亚军">自由敘利亞軍</a>之間有聯繫。 2012年10月31日，美國國務卿<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E9%A1%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="希拉里·罗德姆·克林顿">希拉里·克林頓</a>批評敘利亞全國委員會不是由正在戰場上的人組成，無法代表敘利亞反對派。<a href="#cite_note-xh20121111-279">[272]</a>2012年11月委員會同意與其他幾個反對派團體組成<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="叙利亚全国联盟">敘利亞全國聯盟</a>。SNC在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="叙利亚全国联盟">敘利亞全國聯盟</a>的60席代表中佔有22席<a href="#cite_note-280">[273]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="敘利亞全國聯盟">敘利亞全國聯盟</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节：敘利亞全國聯盟">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E6%B4%BE%E5%92%8C%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="叙利亚反对派和革命力量全国联盟">敘利亞反對派和革命力量全國聯盟</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E4%B8%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="叙利亚临时政府">敘利亞臨時政府</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E6%B4%BE%E5%92%8C%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="叙利亚反对派和革命力量全国联盟">敘利亞反對派和革命力量全國聯盟</a>於2012年11月11日在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="卡達">卡達</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%93%88" title="多哈">多哈</a>成立，是內戰中所有反对派組建的聯盟，包括「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E8%AE%8A%E9%9D%A9%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自由全國變革運動（页面不存在）">自由全國變革運動</a>」、「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E7%A5%96%E5%9C%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭祖國運動（页面不存在）">伊斯蘭祖國運動</a>」、「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%92%8C%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="解放和發展集團（页面不存在）">解放和發展集團</a>」、「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%AB%E6%9B%BC%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土庫曼全國集團（页面不存在）">土庫曼全國集團</a>」和「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%AB%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%B0%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="庫德新生活運動（页面不存在）">庫德新生活運動</a>」等。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B9%BE%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="海湾阿拉伯国家合作委员会">海灣阿拉伯國家合作委員會</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯國家聯盟">阿拉伯國家聯盟</a>多數國家（除了<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾及利亞">阿爾及利亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="黎巴嫩">黎巴嫩</a>等國）以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="北約">北約</a>國家<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a>均承認全國聯盟是敘利亞人民唯一合法代表，並向其提供援助和支持。 2013年3月18日全國聯盟成立了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E4%B8%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="叙利亚临时政府">敘利亞臨時政府</a>，總部位於<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1" title="伊斯坦堡">伊斯坦堡</a>。現任總理是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E9%82%81%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%9C%96%E9%A6%AC%E8%B5%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾哈邁德·圖馬赫（页面不存在）">艾哈邁德·圖馬赫</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="争取民主变革全国协调委员会">争取民主变革全国协调委员会</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=35" title="编辑章节：争取民主变革全国协调委员会">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%89%E5%8F%96%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%8F%98%E9%9D%A9%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%8F%E8%B0%83%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="争取民主变革全国协调委员会">争取民主变革全国协调委员会</a></div> 争取民主变革全国协调委员会是由13个<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="左翼">左翼</a>政党（都被叙政府宣布为非法组织，其中有3个<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="库尔德">库尔德</a>政党）和独立政治活动家于2011年组成的政治组织，总部设于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9" title="大马士革">大马士革</a>，领导人是Hussein Abdel Azim。全國協調委員會（NCC）與敘利亞全國委員會（SNC）是敘利亞內戰中兩個最主要的反阿薩德政權組織，全國協調委員會的立場較為溫和，主張透過與叙利亚当局的对话使叙利亚「安全与和平地<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主</a>化」<a href="#cite_note-281">[274]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="革命委员会">革命委员会</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=36" title="编辑章节：革命委员会">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="叙利亚革命委员会">叙利亚革命委员会</a></div> 叙利亚革命委员会於於2011年8月19日在伊斯坦布尔宣告成立，是由40个叙利亚反对派组织组成，目的是团结广大示威民众，以致力于在未来建立「一个在所有国民享有自由、平等、尊严和人权的基础上构成的民主的公民国家」。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="地方协调委员会">地方协调委员会</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=37" title="编辑章节：地方协调委员会">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%8D%8F%E8%B0%83%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="地方协调委员会">地方协调委员会</a></div> 地方协调委员会主要是由年轻的抗议者组成的组织，作用是记录事件的进展和在叙全国传播相关抗议的訊息。虽然他们只有几百名成员组成，不过在示威运动上却是一支主要的力量<a href="#cite_note-282">[275]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="伊斯蘭陣線">伊斯蘭陣線</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=38" title="编辑章节：伊斯蘭陣線">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A_(%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E)" title="伊斯蘭陣線 (敘利亞)">伊斯蘭陣線 (敘利亞)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A_(%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E)" title="伊斯蘭陣線 (敘利亞)">伊斯蘭陣線 (敘利亞)</a>是敘利亞內戰中7個武裝組織的合併，於2013年11月22日正式成立<a href="#cite_note-Reuters22Nov-283">[276]</a>。該集團約有戰士40,000人<a href="#cite_note-284">[277]</a>到60,000人。一位不願具名的發言人表示，它不會與<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="叙利亚全国联盟">敘利亞全國聯盟</a>有關係<a href="#cite_note-AP22Nov-285">[278]</a>，雖然該集團的政治局成員艾哈邁德·穆薩曾提出，他希望<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="叙利亚全国委员会">敘利亞全國委員會</a>可以合作並認可他提出的建議：「敘利亞人民希望的是一場革命，而不是政治和外交議程」<a href="#cite_note-AJE22Nov-286">[279]</a>。該集團普遍被認為是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%83%8F%E5%9C%B0%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="沙烏地阿拉伯">沙烏地阿拉伯</a>所支持<a href="#cite_note-287">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[282]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="薩拉菲派">薩拉菲派</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=39" title="编辑章节：薩拉菲派">编辑</a>]</div> 2013年9月有13個強大的反政府武裝拒絕<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="叙利亚全国联盟">敘利亞全國聯盟</a>的領導，並呼籲以<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95" title="伊斯蘭教法">伊斯蘭教法</a>為“立法的唯一來源”。他們在一份聲明中宣布，“Ahmad Tu'mah所領導的聯盟與政府並不代表或承認我們”。簽字的團體包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="努斯拉陣線">努斯拉陣線</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86%E4%BA%BA%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="自由沙姆人伊斯蘭運動">自由沙姆人伊斯蘭運動</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E6%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="統一旅（页面不存在）">統一旅</a>（Liwa al-Tawhid）等<a href="#cite_note-290">[283]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="征服沙姆陣線">征服沙姆陣線</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=40" title="编辑章节：征服沙姆陣線">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A" title="征服沙姆陣線">征服沙姆陣線</a></div> 征服沙姆陣線原名「努斯拉陣線」，原是<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%8B%E9%81%94%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="蓋達組織">蓋達組織</a>在敘利亞的分支，2016年7月宣佈改名及脫離蓋達組織。雖然努斯拉陣線（包括改名後）是美軍空襲對象之一，但是美國被懷疑在後來非正式地向努斯拉陣線提供實質援助，協助其對抗敘利亞政府。<a href="#cite_note-sputnik20160928-291">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-xh20160629-278">[271]</a>征服沙姆陣線效忠2017年11月由土耳其支持的部分反對派成立的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%95%91%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="叙利亚救国政府">敘利亞救國政府</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="外籍圣战者">外籍圣战者</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=41" title="编辑章节：外籍圣战者">编辑</a>]</div> 2014年叙利亚已有7,000名世界各地<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%88%B0%E8%80%85" title="聖戰者">圣战者</a>加入<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="努斯拉陣線">努斯拉阵线</a>和其它伊斯兰组织，另有6,000多人死亡。據2015年8月報道，已有34,375名外籍聖戰分子死於敘利亞。<a href="#cite_note-292">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="叙利亚库尔德人">叙利亚库尔德人</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=42" title="编辑章节：叙利亚库尔德人">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E8%B4%BE%E7%93%A6%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="罗贾瓦冲突">罗贾瓦冲突</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%BA" title="库尔德人">库尔德人</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E5%BE%B7%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="庫德族">庫德族</a>主要是<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%9C%E5%B0%BC%E6%B4%BE" title="遜尼派">遜尼派</a>穆斯林，另有少數<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B9%E8%BF%AA" title="雅兹迪">雅兹迪</a>教派。2011年起事開始時總共佔敘利亞總人口的10％。他們數十年來受到歧視和忽略，被剝奪基本的公民、文化、經濟和社會權<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR_Sep11-293">[286]</a>。在抗爭運動開始後<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="阿萨德">阿薩德</a>政府最終給予約200,000無國籍的庫德族公民身分，嘗試安撫潛在的庫德族反對派<a href="#cite_note-HRW_Kurds-294">[287]</a>。這個讓步加上許多反對派是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>所支持，以及庫德族在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="叙利亚全国委员会">敘利亞全國委員會</a>的代表不足，導致庫德族與敘利亞遜尼派一同參與內戰的人數並不多<a href="#cite_note-HRW_Kurds-294">[287]</a>，因此庫德地區的暴力衝突已經降低<a href="#cite_note-HRW_Kurds-294">[287]</a>。在後阿薩德時代，庫德族希望能有一個分離的州可以享有高度自治<a href="#cite_note-295">[288]</a>。 內戰剛開始時，大多數庫德政黨組織起來進入<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%89%E5%8F%96%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%8F%98%E9%9D%A9%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%8F%E8%B0%83%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="争取民主变革力量全国协调委员会">爭取民主變革力量全國協調委員會</a>，對於阿薩德政府的立場相對比較溫和。然而在2011年10月，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E5%85%9A_(%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A)" title="民主联盟党 (叙利亚)">民主聯盟黨</a>離開争取民主变革力量全国协调委员会，另外成立<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="庫德全國委員會">庫德全國委員會</a>。 敘利亞庫德族的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" title="人民保護部隊">人民保护部队</a>自2012年7月加入內戰，驅逐了駐守<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="科巴尼">科巴尼</a>的敘利亞政府軍。庫德族驅逐<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%9B%A0%E8%A7%92" title="艾因角">艾因角</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="阿拉伯人">阿拉伯人</a>之後，YPG也與一些伊斯蘭武裝，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="努斯拉陣線">努斯拉陣線</a>之間有衝突<a href="#cite_note-296">[289]</a>。2014年<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭國">伊斯蘭國</a>興起後入侵<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E8%B3%88%E7%93%A6" title="羅賈瓦">羅賈瓦</a>，攻佔了350個庫德村莊和城鎮<a href="#cite_note-297">[290]</a>，約有300,000庫德族人逃往<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>。其中連<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="科巴尼之戰">科巴尼</a>也一度危急，一直到以<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>為首的聯軍空襲支援以及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%BA%AB%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="伊拉克庫德斯坦">伊拉克庫德人</a>借道土耳其增援抵達後才擊退伊斯蘭國。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="伊斯蘭國">伊斯蘭國</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=43" title="编辑章节：伊斯蘭國">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="伊斯兰国">伊斯蘭国</a></div> “伊斯蘭國”（前稱“伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯兰国”）是一个源自<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="基地组织">基地组织</a>的极端组织，这一组织打算消除在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战">第一次世界大战</a>结束后由協約國勾畫的现代中东的国家边界，并在这一地区创立一个<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%95%99%E5%90%88%E4%B8%80" title="政教合一">政教合一</a>的伊斯兰<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8B%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%BD" title="酋长国">酋长国</a>。“伊斯蘭國”的<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="恐怖分子">恐怖分子</a>们在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚">叙利亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a>实施了造成大量死伤的多重暴力活动。 2013年前该组织称为“伊拉克伊斯兰国”；2013年4月9日宣布与基地组织分支“<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="努斯拉陣線">努斯拉阵线</a>”合併，称为“伊拉克和沙姆伊斯兰国”。努斯拉阵线拒絕合并，与伊斯蘭國分道扬镳，基地组织于2014年2月宣布与伊拉克和沙姆伊斯兰国决裂。後者於2014年6月攻陷伊拉克北部大城<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%98%87%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="摩蘇爾">摩蘇爾</a>後，改名「伊斯蘭國」。 除了来自<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚">叙利亚</a>的成员以外，这个组织也吸引了来自全球81个国家的超过12,000名<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%88%B0%E8%80%85" title="聖戰者">圣战者</a>加入。他们主要经由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>边境进入叙利亚和伊拉克<a href="#cite_note-298">[291]</a>。 在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>境内位于<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BE%BE%E7%BA%B3%E7%9C%81" title="阿达纳省">阿达纳省</a>因斯里克空军基地附近，有个专门为<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%88%B0%E8%80%85" title="聖戰者">圣战者</a>提供训练的训练营。数千名圣战者已完成训练并进入<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚">叙利亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a>协助伊斯兰国建立<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD_(%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F)" title="伊斯兰国 (政权形式)">伊斯蘭國</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[292]</a>。 2014年10月2日<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%C2%B7%E6%8B%9C%E7%99%BB" title="乔·拜登">美国副总统乔·拜登</a>指责<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>资助伊斯兰国。土耳其否认了这个指责并要求乔·拜登道歉。其实土耳其想借助伊斯蘭國对付<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E5%BE%B7%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="庫德族">库尔德族武装</a>和阿薩德政府并不是什么秘密。2012年年初或更早，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%AD%E6%83%85%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="美國中情局">美国中情局</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%A6" title="约旦">约旦</a>设立训练营为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E6%B4%BE" title="叙利亚反对派">叙利亚反对派</a>提供军事训练，多名完成训练的叙反对派成员因受伊斯蘭國理念所吸引，结果加入了该组织<a href="#cite_note-USAinJordan_FSA2ISIS-300">[293]</a>。2014年6月<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>向在伊斯蘭國<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚">叙利亚</a>占领区内的难民提供<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9" title="人道援助">人道援助</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[294]</a>。 2023年4月16日，伊斯兰国武装分子在<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%A6%AC%E7%9C%81" title="哈馬省">哈马省</a>发动袭击，造成32名平民死亡。<a href="#cite_note-302">[295]</a> 2024年12月16日，美军对叙利亚境内的伊斯兰国进行了空袭，打死该组织的12名武装分子。<a href="#cite_note-g058-303">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="以色列">以色列</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=44" title="编辑章节：以色列">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列">以色列</a>在叙利亚战争中一直和叙利亚政府军敌对。自敘利亞內戰爆發以來，以色列数百次轰炸和空袭叙利亚的军事目标，主要打击伊朗支持的部队和黎巴嫩真主党战斗人员以及叙利亚政府军阵地<a href="#cite_note-美国之音_2023-304">[297]</a>。以色列还为数个反对派和征服軍武装组织提供创伤治疗和军事培训。<a href="#cite_note-rt360690-305">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-israeltreatqaeda-306">[299]</a>此外，联合国报告指以色列和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭國">伊斯蘭國</a>之间也有定期联系。<a href="#cite_note-ibtUNisraelisis-307">[300]</a>以色列单方面划了红线，禁止內戰期間把先進武器移交<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="黎巴嫩">黎巴嫩</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="真主黨">真主黨</a>，因为这将使以军失去绝对优势。<a href="#cite_note-308">[301]</a>随着伊朗介入叙利亚，以色列又多次轰炸伊朗在叙军事目标<a href="#cite_note-309">[302]</a>。 2013年1月30日，約10架以色列戰機轟炸了前往黎巴嫩的車隊，美国官员称该車隊載有俄國造的<a href="/wiki/SA-17" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-17">SA-17</a>防空導彈。敘利亞沒有進行還擊，但写信给联合国声明有自卫的權利并谴责以色列的轰炸行动。<a href="#cite_note-310">[303]</a>根據西方情報來源，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a>少將<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E5%B1%B1%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈山·沙特尔（页面不存在）">哈山·沙特尔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Shateri" class="extiw" title="en:Hassan Shateri">Hassan Shateri</a>）在空襲當中喪生。伊朗確認了他遭以色列襲擊遇害的消息，并称国家将展开复仇。<a href="#cite_note-311">[304]</a> 多個新聞組織報導，在2013年5月2至3日的晚上，以色列再次襲擊了敘利亞。以色列拒絕回應，但一位不願意透露姓名的美國官員表示目標有可能是一處武器庫。美國政府人員稱，以色列的戰機是從黎巴嫩上空射進敘利亞的，戰機未有進入敘利亞的空域。敘利亞沒有還擊。黎巴嫩總統<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%AD%87%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E8%98%87%E8%90%8A%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="米歇爾·蘇萊曼">米歇爾·蘇萊曼</a>譴責以色列使用黎巴嫩空域，並指責以方違反國際法。<a href="#cite_note-312">[305]</a>5月4日，某匿名來源稱受襲的目標為運往真主黨的長程<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%B0%8D%E5%9C%B0%E5%B0%8E%E5%BD%88" class="mw-redirect" title="地對地導彈">地對地導彈</a>。<a href="#cite_note-313">[306]</a> 有新聞報導在5月4日晚上，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A6%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="大馬士革">大馬士革</a>發生一連串的大規模爆炸。敘利亞官方媒體稱這次襲擊為來自以色列的火箭襲擊，受襲目標包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%B9%E6%8B%89%E4%BA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="詹拉亞（页面不存在）">詹拉亞</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamraya" class="extiw" title="en:Jamraya">Jamraya</a>）的一所軍方研究中心。<a href="#cite_note-314">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[308]</a>《每日電訊報》引述以色列來源，確認了這次的空袭行动。另外根据某匿名來源，空袭目标是送往真主黨的伊朗造導彈。<a href="#cite_note-316">[309]</a>位於<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>的親反對派觀察組織<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="敘利亞人權觀察組織">敘利亞人權觀察組織</a>稱，空襲中至少有42名敘利亞軍人喪生，另有100人失蹤。另一反對派來源稱死亡人數有300人，大部分都屬於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%AB%E9%98%9F" title="叙利亚共和国卫队">敘利亞共和國衛隊</a>。<a href="#cite_note-317">[310]</a> 美國總統<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%B7%B4%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="奧巴馬">奧巴馬</a>拒絕對此次空襲回應，但重申以色列有權防止先进武器落入真主黨的手中；<a href="#cite_note-318">[311]</a>英國外交大臣<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%81%89%E6%9E%97" title="夏偉林">夏偉林</a>持相同立場。<a href="#cite_note-319">[312]</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a>總統<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%B0%94%E8%A5%BF" title="穆罕默德·穆尔西">穆罕默德·穆爾西</a>譴責這次空襲，並稱這會「使叙利亚内战更加複雜」。<a href="#cite_note-320">[313]</a> 2017年1月13日，以色列在提比利亚地区对大马士革以西的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E6%B3%BD%E8%B5%AB" title="梅泽赫">梅泽赫</a>军事机场发射几枚导弹，导致机场被轰炸后发生大型火灾和一个重要军事设施损毁。<a href="#cite_note-321">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[315]</a>以色列官方拒绝对事件回应。<a href="#cite_note-323">[316]</a>根据叙利亚官方，以色列这次袭击是为恐怖组织提振士气，<a href="#cite_note-324">[317]</a>因为以色列每次袭击都恰好是恐怖组织打败仗之后。叙国外交部重申，国际社会和联合国必须立即采取行动惩罚以色列侵略者，只有这样才能有效阻止以色列支持恐怖组织和不断袭击叙利亚。<a href="#cite_note-325">[318]</a> 2018年12月25日夜间，以军控制下的<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E5%85%B0%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="戈兰高地">戈兰高地</a>遭到数枚导弹袭击，以色列<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E7%A9%B9%E9%98%B2%E7%A6%A6%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵穹防禦系統">铁穹防空导弹系统</a>随即展开拦截，成功拦下了从叙利亚境内发射的数枚导弹，因此并未造成任何人员以及财产损失。与此同时，在遭遇袭击的后第一时间以色列空军紧急出动，再次针对叙利亚首都大马士革西部地区发动空袭。叙利亚防空导弹部队在以色列空袭过程中动用了导弹防御系统，成功拦截了以色列军机绝大多数导弹。但是此次空袭行动依旧造成3名叙军受伤，以及大马士革西部地区一所弹药库受损<a href="#cite_note-326">[319]</a>。 2019年6月1日，以色列北部<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%97%A8%E5%B1%B1" title="黑门山">黑门山</a>遭到两枚来自叙利亚的炮弹袭击。6月2日凌晨，以色列向叙西南部<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%A5%88%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E7%9C%81" title="库奈特拉省">库奈特拉省</a>东部地区发射多枚导弹，造成3名敘利亞士兵死亡和7名士兵受伤<a href="#cite_note-327">[320]</a>。 2019年6月30日，以色列空袭<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF_(%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E)" title="霍姆斯 (敘利亞)">霍姆斯</a>两座有<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A" title="真主党">真主党</a>和伊朗人员驻扎的设施。<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%80%9A%E8%AE%AF%E7%A4%BE" title="阿拉伯叙利亚通讯社">阿拉伯敘利亞通訊社</a>报道称，空袭造成4人死亡，另有21人受伤。<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="敘利亞人權觀察組織">敘利亞人權觀察組織</a>則稱空襲造成15人死亡<a href="#cite_note-328">[321]</a>。一枚俄罗斯制造的<a href="/wiki/S-200" class="mw-redirect" title="S-200">S-200</a>防空导弹疑似在拦截以色列导弹时偏离航道坠入<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A1%9E%E6%B5%A6%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国">北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国</a>境内，不过未造成人员伤亡<a href="#cite_note-329">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[324]</a>。 2019年8月24日，以色列以<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%9F%8E%E6%97%85" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="圣城旅">圣城旅</a>和其他什叶派武装试图使用无人机向以色列发动袭击為由从<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E5%85%B0%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="戈兰高地">戈兰高地</a>朝<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9" title="大马士革">大马士革</a>周边地区發射多枚導彈，不過大部分導彈被敘利亞防空系統攔截，且無人員傷亡報告<a href="#cite_note-332">[325]</a>。 2019年11月20日，以色列战机对叙利亚境内的几十个军事目标发动了空袭。以色列军方辯解稱此次空袭是对早些时候叙利亚军队向以色列领土发射火箭弹的回应<a href="#cite_note-333">[326]</a>。 2019年12月22日晚11时左右，敘利亞防空系统拦截了多枚发射自以色列的导弹。其中一枚导弹在被拦截后落在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9" title="大马士革">大马士革</a>郊区<a href="#cite_note-334">[327]</a>。 2020年7月24日，以色列派军用直升机攻击叙利亚南部军事目标，報復稍早前叙利亚朝以色列发射弹药<a href="#cite_note-335">[328]</a>。 2020年8月2日，<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E5%85%B0%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="戈兰高地">戈兰高地</a>发生攻击未遂事件，次日晚間，以军出动数架战斗机、攻击直升机和其他军机，空袭叙利亚南部的若干军事阵地<a href="#cite_note-336">[329]</a>。 2021年5月4日，以色列空襲<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%94%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9A%E7%9C%81" title="拉塔基亚省">拉塔基亞省</a>，造成1死6伤<a href="#cite_note-337">[330]</a>。同年12月28日，以色列再次襲擊拉塔基亞港<a href="#cite_note-338">[331]</a>。 2022年2月24日，以色列空袭大马士革周边地区，3名叙政府军士兵被炸死。3月7日，以色列又朝大马士革周边部分地点發射导弹，造成两名平民死亡。<a href="#cite_note-339">[332]</a>另說當天以色列的空襲造成2名伊朗<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E8%A1%9B%E9%9A%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭革命衛隊">伊斯蘭革命衛隊</a>成員身亡。<a href="#cite_note-340">[333]</a> 2022年6月6日23时18分左右，以色列从戈兰高地方向向大马士革南部地区的一些目标发射导弹。叙利亚防空系统拦截大部分导弹，不過此次袭击依舊造成敘利亞部分物质损失。<a href="#cite_note-341">[334]</a> 2022年8月25日，以色列空袭叙中部哈马省、西北部塔尔图斯省，造成两名平民受伤。<a href="#cite_note-342">[335]</a> 2022年8月31日21时18分左右，以色列对大马士革东南部部分地点以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A2%87%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA" title="阿勒颇国际机场">阿勒颇国际机场</a>发动导弹袭击。<a href="#cite_note-未命名-20230318190010-343">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-未命名-20230318190010-343">[336]</a> 2023年2月19日凌晨0时22分，以色列自戈兰高地方向发射导弹，空袭叙利亚大马士革城市及周边地区，袭击导致5人死亡，另有15名民众受伤<a href="#cite_note-344">[337]</a>。叙利亚人权观察组织说死亡人数达15人。<a href="#cite_note-345">[338]</a> 2023年3月7日，以色列对阿勒頗机场发动攻击，造成3人死亡，且空中交通停顿。3月22日，以色列又對阿勒颇机场發動导弹攻击，並摧毁了一个伊朗支持的民兵使用的一个军火库，結果机场无法使用<a href="#cite_note-美国之音_2023-304">[297]</a>。 2023年3月30日，以色列对位于大马士革的部分目标发动了空袭，造成两名士兵受伤。<a href="#cite_note-来自Aljazeera的国际新闻与深度评析_2023-346">[339]</a> 2023年4月4日凌晨，以色列对大马士革郊区和叙南部实施导弹袭击，造成2名平民死亡。<a href="#cite_note-新华网_让新闻离你更近_2023-347">[340]</a>4月9日，以色列又对叙利亚发动炮击。<a href="#cite_note-来自Aljazeera的国际新闻与深度评析_2023-346">[339]</a> 2023年5月2日，以色列对阿勒颇省发动攻击，打死4名叙利亚军人和三名伊朗支持的战斗人员，阿勒頗機場再次无法使用。<a href="#cite_note-美国之音_2023-304">[297]</a> 2024年7月14日，以色列袭击大马士革，造成一名叙利亚士兵死亡，三人受伤。<a href="#cite_note-348">[341]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88#維基百科不是不經篩選的資訊收集處" title="Wikipedia:维基百科不是什么">重要吗？</a>] <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E5%85%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83" title="叙利亚复兴党政权">敘利亞復興黨政權</a>滅亡後<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B" title="以色列海军">以色列海军</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E7%A9%BA%E5%86%9B" title="以色列空军">以色列空军</a>分別發動襲擊，几近消灭了整個<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" title="敘利亞阿拉伯海軍">敘利亞阿拉伯海軍</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D" title="敘利亞阿拉伯空軍">敘利亞阿拉伯空軍</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[342]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="國際介入">國際介入</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=45" title="编辑章节：國際介入">编辑</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_military_involvement.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Syria_military_involvement.svg/300px-Syria_military_involvement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Syria_military_involvement.svg/450px-Syria_military_involvement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Syria_military_involvement.svg/600px-Syria_military_involvement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>各國介入敘利亞（黑色）內戰示意圖<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  敘利亞</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  支持敘利亞政府的國家</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  支持敘利亞反對派的國家</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  對支持哪一方分歧的國家</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_military_aircraft_at_Latakia,_Syria_(10).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Russian_military_aircraft_at_Latakia%2C_Syria_%2810%29.jpg/220px-Russian_military_aircraft_at_Latakia%2C_Syria_%2810%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Russian_military_aircraft_at_Latakia%2C_Syria_%2810%29.jpg/330px-Russian_military_aircraft_at_Latakia%2C_Syria_%2810%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Russian_military_aircraft_at_Latakia%2C_Syria_%2810%29.jpg/440px-Russian_military_aircraft_at_Latakia%2C_Syria_%2810%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>俄羅斯介入敘利亞後派出的SU-24</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%9A%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_(10).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%9A%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%2810%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%9A%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%2810%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%9A%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%2810%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%9A%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%2810%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%9A%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%2810%29.jpg/440px-%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%9A%D0%A1_%D0%A0%D0%A4_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%2810%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>SU-34和雌鹿直升機在敘境內作戰</figcaption></figure> 敘利亞政府和反對派均獲得外國勢力軍事和外交上的援助，因此這場衝突往往被描述為是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E4%BA%BA%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="代理人戰爭">代理人戰爭</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="支持敘利亞政府的国家">支持敘利亞政府的国家</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=46" title="编辑章节：支持敘利亞政府的国家">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98%E6%9C%9F%E9%97%B4%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E5%AF%B9%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%9A%84%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9" title="叙利亚内战期间伊朗对叙利亚的援助">敘利亞內戰期間伊朗對敘利亞的援助</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%A8%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0%E7%9A%84%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%8B%E5%85%A5" title="俄羅斯在敘利亞內戰的軍事介入">俄羅斯在敘利亞內戰的軍事介入</a></div> 支持敘利亞政府的勢力最主要是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a>和黎巴嫩<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="真主黨">真主黨</a>。兩者都提供軍事裝備、訓練和作戰部隊等，在政治和後勤方面參與這場戰爭。此外，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯">俄羅斯</a>也提供顯著的政治支持<a href="#cite_note-350">[343]</a>敘利亞政府也從<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯">俄羅斯</a>得到武器，直接接受<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF%E7%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="格魯烏">格魯烏</a>的情報<a href="#cite_note-351">[344]</a>。2015年9月30日起，俄羅斯空軍開始<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%A8%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0%E7%9A%84%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%8B%E5%85%A5" title="俄羅斯在敘利亞內戰的軍事介入">空襲</a>敘利亞的反政府部隊。 作为叙利亚政府的盟友，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a>官方起初把示威运动称为“外国势力制造的阴谋”<a href="#cite_note-352">[345]</a>，后来总统<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E9%82%81%E8%BF%AA-%E5%85%A7%E8%B3%88%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="艾哈邁迪-內賈德">內賈德</a>于2011年10月23日表态强烈批评叙政府针对本国民众的“杀戮和屠杀”<a href="#cite_note-353">[346]</a>，有报道显示，伊朗政府提供军事和情报援助暗中协助叙利亚政府以加强对反对派的镇压<a href="#cite_note-354">[347]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中国</a>坚决反对外国干预叙利亚内部事务<a href="#cite_note-355">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[349]</a>，中俄两国还分别于2011年10月4日、2012年2月4日和2012年7月19日的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%90%86%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="安理会">安理会</a>上三次否决了向叙政府施压的决议草案<a href="#cite_note-357">[350]</a>。有情报认为，自2017年起，中国已派遣特种部队进入叙利亚境内与俄军协同作战<a href="#cite_note-358">[351]</a>。 叙利亚內戰起源於<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B9%8B%E6%98%A5" title="阿拉伯之春">阿拉伯之春</a>和伊拉克戰爭的後續效應，敘利亞總統是親俄派，當地也有俄羅斯在中東唯一軍事基地，普京在2011年至今的過程中巧妙運用實力引導局勢，並結合伊朗與敘利亞總統天然的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E8%91%89%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="什葉派">什葉派</a>同盟關係，瓦解了美國<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%B7%B4%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="歐巴馬">歐巴馬</a>總統原本預定對敘政府實施武力推翻的圖謀，之後事件走向國際聯合打擊IS組織，以相對美國少得多的空軍實力卻對IS造成關鍵重創大幅擴增中東影響力，之後促成一股混合軍隊，也就是什葉派民兵與敘政府軍為主體，伊朗軍隊派出少量精銳以志願軍名義潛入擔任骨幹，混合軍隊擔任地面推進戰鬥任務。 其中兩大關鍵事件是<a href="/wiki/2016%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="2016年土耳其政變">土耳其未遂政變</a>和庫德族獨立問題，這是美國自身的戰略失誤被普京反向利用，<a href="#cite_note-359">[352]</a>目前<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="北約">北約</a>的土耳其已經走向親俄，俄國獲取了重大戰略利益。<a href="#cite_note-360">[353]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="支持反对派的国家与组织">支持反对派的国家与组织</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=47" title="编辑章节：支持反对派的国家与组织">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯联盟">阿拉伯联盟</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="欧盟">欧盟</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯兰会议组织">伊斯兰会议组织</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B9%BE%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="海湾合作委员会">海湾合作委员会</a>等国际组织，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="沙特阿拉伯">沙特阿拉伯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>等伊斯兰国家，以及美国、英国等西方国家都谴责叙政府的暴力行径并敦促叙当局进行符合民意的改革。 <a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="欧盟">欧盟</a>于2011年5月份开始对叙采取经济制裁。2011年8月18日美国、英国、法国、德国、加拿大以及欧盟等西方多国领导人发表声明一致要求巴沙尔下台。阿盟自2011年11月16日开始中止了叙利亚的代表资格；11月27日阿盟开始经济制裁叙利亚政府。2011年11月28日<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BC%9A" title="联合国人权理事会">联合国人权理事会</a>调查委员会根据所收集的证据得出的报告称：「叙安全部队在全国各地持续严重有系统地镇压和平示威者的行为已构成<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B1%E5%AE%B3%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E7%BD%AA" title="危害人类罪">危害人类罪</a>」。2011年12月19日<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="联合国大会">联合国大会</a>以133个国家投票赞成，中国、俄罗斯、朝鲜和古巴等11个国家投票反对，43个国家弃权的结果通过了谴责叙利亚政府持续使用武力镇压示威民众的决议。2012年7月23日阿盟宣布断绝与叙利亚当局的一切外交联系，并呼吁叙境内外反对派、自由军及各有影响力政治派别立即组建过渡政府。 2012年2月12日<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="基地组织">基地组织</a>首领<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%89%8E%E7%93%A6%E5%B8%8C%E9%87%8C" title="艾曼·扎瓦希里">艾曼·扎瓦希里</a>发布錄影影像表示：他谴责阿萨德政府迫害人民，他声援叙反对派，支持他们推翻阿萨德政权，并且所有的穆斯林都应该支持叙反对派，他呼吁叙利亚人要靠自己而不是借助西方或阿拉伯国家政府的力量来实现他们的目标。约旦的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="穆斯林兄弟会">穆斯林兄弟会</a>呼吁所有穆斯林支持反抗阿萨德政权的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E6%88%98" class="mw-disambig" title="圣战">圣战</a>。2月24日<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF" title="哈马斯">哈马斯</a>领导人表示他们不再继续支持叙利亚政府，他们支持武装反抗叙当局。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="叙利亚全国委员会">叙利亚全国委员会</a>在多次举行的“叙利亚之友”国际会议上被部分欧美国家与部分阿拉伯国家承认为叙利亚人民的合法代表。<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A/%E4%B8%8D%E8%A6%81%E6%A8%A1%E7%A8%9C%E5%85%A9%E5%8F%AF" title="Wikipedia:格式手冊/不要模稜兩可">[何时？]</a> 反对派获得<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="沙特阿拉伯">沙特阿拉伯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="利比亚">利比亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94" title="卡塔尔">卡塔尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%A8%81%E7%89%B9" title="科威特">科威特</a>等多个穆斯林国家，以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a>等国的支持。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="国际调停">国际调停</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=48" title="编辑章节：国际调停">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="阿盟观察团">阿盟观察团</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=49" title="编辑章节：阿盟观察团">编辑</a>]</div> 2011年11月2日，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="阿拉伯国家联盟">阿盟</a>宣布已与叙政府就解决叙利亚局势达成一致协议，叙政府无条件同意阿盟提出的“阿拉伯倡议”：立即停止暴力、释放动乱后被逮捕的反对派成员，以及与反对派开展全国对话<a href="#cite_note-释放示威者-361">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[355]</a>。在大量伤亡事件不断发生后，11月12日，阿盟在召开紧急外长会议后决定：自11月16日起中止叙利亚在阿盟的成员资格，直到叙政府全面执行阿盟就化解该国危机的倡议为止；阿盟还敦促其成员国召回各自驻大马士革的大使<a href="#cite_note-阿盟中止-363">[356]</a>。 12月26日，来自<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9" title="苏丹">苏丹</a>的将军穆罕默德·艾哈迈德·穆斯塔法·达比（Mohammed Ahmed Mustafa al-Dabi）领导的观察团开始进入叙利亚执行监督任务<a href="#cite_note-364">[357]</a>。觀察團在敘利亞執行任務期間，敘利亞政府部隊與反政府示威者之間的衝突仍然持續<a href="#cite_note-365">[358]</a>。 2012年1月22日，阿盟起草了一个倡议：仿效解决<a href="/wiki/2011%E5%B9%B4%E8%91%89%E9%96%80%E5%8F%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81" title="2011年葉門反政府示威">也门局势</a>的方法，呼吁巴沙尔·阿萨德交权给副总统<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E9%9B%B7" title="法鲁克·沙雷">法鲁克·沙雷</a>，并组建一个包括反对派领袖在内的国家联合政府；组建一个独立调查委员会以负责调查自示威以来所发生的各种暴力和镇压事件；在国际社会的帮助下改编安全部队；为未来三个月内举行的自由与公正的议会选举做好准备<a href="#cite_note-366">[359]</a>。这个倡议被叙政府断然拒绝<a href="#cite_note-367">[360]</a>。 最终阿盟于2月份宣布任务失败。阿盟于是寻求<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="联合国">联合国</a>出面解决叙问题<a href="#cite_note-368">[361]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="联合国监督团">联合国监督团</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=50" title="编辑章节：联合国监督团">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%9B%91%E7%9D%A3%E5%9B%A2" title="联合国叙利亚监督团">联合国叙利亚监督团</a></div> 由于阿盟未能阻止叙利亚的暴力冲突，因此<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="联合国">联合国</a>为解决叙利亚危机采取了一次维和行动。前<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%98%E4%B9%A6%E9%95%BF" title="联合国秘书长">联合国秘书长</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%8F%B2%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%97" title="科菲·安南">科菲·安南</a>于2012年2月23日开始出任联合国与阿盟联合特使<a href="#cite_note-369">[362]</a>，他于3月开始到叙利亚等国展开斡旋行动<a href="#cite_note-370">[363]</a>，使得当局与反对派于4月中旬达成初步停火计划<a href="#cite_note-371">[364]</a>。2012年4月21日，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%90%86%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="安理会">安理会</a>通过的2043号决议设立了由300名来自多国的监督员组成的监督团，以监督停火协议的执行<a href="#cite_note-372">[365]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威">挪威</a>将军<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%BE%B7" title="罗伯特·穆德">罗伯特·穆德</a>担任监督团队负责人。由于冲突一直在持续着并且扩大成全面内战的缘故，2012年6月16日，监督团暂停监督任务。监督使命第一阶段为期3个月，安理会于7月20日通过了延长监督团一个月任期的第2059号决议，人数规模减半为150人<a href="#cite_note-373">[366]</a>，来自<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%86%85%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94" title="塞内加尔">塞内加尔</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=Babacar_Gaye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babacar Gaye（页面不存在）">Babacar Gaye</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="中将">中将</a>接替罗伯特·穆德担任最后一个月的监督团负责人<a href="#cite_note-374">[367]</a>。8月16日，安理会决定在大马士革设立联合国联络办公室，以便在监督团期满后联合国能在叙利亚继续开展相关工作，并继续为叙利亚民众提供援助和支持。8月20日，监督团任期正式结束。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="人道援助">人道援助</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=51" title="编辑章节：人道援助">编辑</a>]</div> 自从<a href="/wiki/2011%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%88" title="2011年4月">2011年4月</a>开始，为了躲避政府军对<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%9C%81" title="霍姆斯省">霍姆斯省</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92%E5%87%B1%E8%90%8A%E8%B5%AB" title="泰勒凱萊赫">泰勒凯莱赫</a>地区与<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C%E7%9C%81" title="伊德利卜省">伊德利卜省</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E8%88%92%E5%8F%A4%E7%88%BE" title="吉斯爾舒古爾">吉斯尔舒古尔</a>地区的围攻，一些叙利亚人越过边境逃往鄰国<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="黎巴嫩">黎巴嫩</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>。到了2011年夏季，越过邊境进入黎巴嫩境内的叙利亚人已有数千人。自<a href="/wiki/2012%E5%B9%B41%E6%9C%88" title="2012年1月">2012年1月</a>下旬以来，由于当局部队加大了对霍姆斯等地的袭击力度，因此有更多的人逃离家园以寻求避难。 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VOA_Arrott_-_A_View_of_Syria,_Under_Government_Crackdown_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/VOA_Arrott_-_A_View_of_Syria%2C_Under_Government_Crackdown_07.jpg/220px-VOA_Arrott_-_A_View_of_Syria%2C_Under_Government_Crackdown_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/VOA_Arrott_-_A_View_of_Syria%2C_Under_Government_Crackdown_07.jpg/330px-VOA_Arrott_-_A_View_of_Syria%2C_Under_Government_Crackdown_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/VOA_Arrott_-_A_View_of_Syria%2C_Under_Government_Crackdown_07.jpg/440px-VOA_Arrott_-_A_View_of_Syria%2C_Under_Government_Crackdown_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>首都戒嚴警力</figcaption></figure> 2012年3月4日，当天大约有2000个难民进入黎巴嫩<a href="#cite_note-375">[368]</a>。 2012年3月7日，<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%BE%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%B2" title="联合国难民署">联合国难民署</a>宣布有近2000叙利亚人在过去的两天里逃到了<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="黎巴嫩">黎巴嫩</a>北部。黎巴嫩官员表示在最近几天里，有至少3000名叙利亚<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%BE%E6%B0%91" title="难民">难民</a>进入黎巴嫩，其中大部分为<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%87%E5%A5%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="妇女">妇女</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5" title="儿童">儿童</a>。一些难民对记者表示，叙政府军展开的猛烈轰炸行动使得人们不得不设法逃离家园以躲避战乱。 <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="联合国">联合国</a>方面于2012年3月上旬估计，因冲突而逃离家园的叙利亚人有12万5000人至22万5000人。这些难民大多进入到了叙利亚临国<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="黎巴嫩">黎巴嫩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%A6" title="约旦">约旦</a>境内。其中在土耳其有超过1万1000名叙利亚难民，约旦有至少8万名叙利亚难民<a href="#cite_note-难民-376">[369]</a>。 联合国也于2012年3月上旬表示，约有150万叙利亚人需要粮食援助<a href="#cite_note-377">[370]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%B2%AE%E9%A3%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E7%BD%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="联合国世界粮食计划署">联合国世界粮食计划署</a>表示，该机构自2012年2月份以来通过叙利亚阿拉伯红新月会每月向大约1.7万个叙利亚家庭提供粮食援助<a href="#cite_note-援助-378">[371]</a>。 2012年3月15日，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2" title="美国国务院">美国国务院</a>发表声明表示，美国政府正通过联合国机构和非政府组织（向联合国难民事务高级专员公署提供550万美元，向联合国世界粮食计划署和红十字国际委员会分别提供300万美元，向一些非政府组织提供100万美元）向叙平民提供1200多万美元的人道主义援助，以救济那些因战乱而生活困难的叙利亚平民。美国也在开展外交活动以确保国际人道主义救援机构人员能安全进入叙利亚<a href="#cite_note-援助-378">[371]</a>。截止9月，美国已向难民提供了超过1亿美元的人道援助<a href="#cite_note-379">[372]</a>。此外，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>也向反对派控制的地区提供了食品、医疗、基础设施建设等人道支援。<a href="#cite_note-380">[373]</a> 2012年4月6日，有数千人从<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A2%87%E7%9C%81" title="阿勒颇省">阿勒颇省</a>逃到土耳其。 2012年5月25日，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%9C%81" title="霍姆斯省">霍姆斯省</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%8B%89%E9%95%87" title="胡拉镇">胡拉镇</a>发生了针对平民的<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80" title="胡拉大屠杀">胡拉大屠杀</a>，导致108人遇难，其中大多为儿童和妇女。2012年6月6日，<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%A6%AC%E7%9C%81" title="哈馬省">哈马省</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%BA%93%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94" title="艾库贝尔">艾库贝尔</a>又发生了<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%BA%93%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80" title="艾库贝尔大屠杀">艾库贝尔大屠杀</a>。 2012年6月28日，联合国人道主义机构决定，将援助叙利亚难民所需的资金总额上调至1.93亿美元（2012年3月份的募捐呼吁为8410万美元）。过去三个月平均每天增加500名叙利亚难民，目前难民已超过9万6000人。<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%BE%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%B2" title="联合国难民署">联合国难民署</a>表示，募集的资金将为在伊拉克、约旦、黎巴嫩和土耳其避难的叙难民提供住所、安全保护、食物、水、医疗保健、教育和环卫服务，以及支持收留这些难民的当地家庭。难民署说这些难民中75%以上是妇女和儿童，大部分完全依赖人道援助而维生<a href="#cite_note-381">[374]</a>。 7月8日，联合国难民署发布报告称，目前在黎巴嫩受到救助的叙难民人数已超过3万人，其中1.7万多人被安置在黎北部地区，8000多人被安置在黎东部的贝卡谷地。目前每周约有300名叙难民进入黎北部的哈利德地区，200到400人进入贝卡谷地<a href="#cite_note-382">[375]</a>。 7月17日，当天有近1300名叙利亚难民逃到土耳其，其中包括一名将军和大批现役军人。目前，土耳其已在与叙利亚接壤的边界开设了9个难民营，共接纳了4.3万名难民。土政府将再开设一处能接纳1万名难民的新难民营<a href="#cite_note-383">[376]</a>。 7月20日，联合国难民署发表通报称，在过去48个小时里，有近3万名叙利亚人跨越边境、进入邻国<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="黎巴嫩">黎巴嫩</a>避难。而在叙利亚境内还有超过8.8万名<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a>难民（主要聚集在大马士革周边地区）的处境极为困难<a href="#cite_note-384">[377]</a>。 7月底，有20万人为躲避<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A2%87%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="阿勒颇之战">战火</a>而逃离了<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A2%87" title="阿勒颇">阿勒颇</a>；至今也有14.2万叙难民进入了<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%A6" title="约旦">约旦</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[378]</a>。 8月16日，负责人道主义事务的联合国副秘书长阿莫斯向媒体表示，在叙利亚境内有250万身处险境的平民迫切需要国际社会的援助，而在2012年3月，这一数字为100万<a href="#cite_note-386">[379]</a>。 截至8月29日，全球登记的叙难民总数为22万8976人，其中约旦有7万2400人，黎巴嫩有5万7480人，伊拉克有1万8600人，土耳其有8万零410人。而<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a>在當時是接纳叙难民最多的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a>国家，自2012年1月以来共接纳了2911名叙难民。<a href="#cite_note-387">[380]</a> 9月7日，联合国人道机构将援助叙利亚难民的资金需求增至3.47亿美元，人道行动包括在叙开展的57个援助项目，包括粮食、医疗、水和环卫服务、教育等10个领域<a href="#cite_note-388">[381]</a>。 2013年3月6日，联合国难民署表示，至今逃到邻国寻求庇护的叙利亚人已达100万人，其中一半为孩童。<a href="#cite_note-389">[382]</a> 2015年，根據<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%A3%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國難民署">聯合國難民署</a>7月的數字，叙利亚難民的已經高達4,013,000人。其中土耳其收容了約一百八十萬人；黎巴嫩約有一百一十七萬人；约旦約有六十三萬人；伊拉克約有二十五萬人；埃及約有十三萬人。<a href="#cite_note-390">[383]</a>外湧的叙利亚難民亦加劇了<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="歐洲移民危機">歐洲移民危機</a>，據<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F%E9%82%8A%E9%98%B2%E5%B1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐盟邊防局（页面不存在）">歐盟邊防局</a>（Frontex）報告顯示，非法移民中有超過28%來自敘利亞。至2014年年底為止，已有79169名叙利亚難民湧入歐盟境內。<a href="#cite_note-391">[384]</a> 2020年1月16日，<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國">聯合國</a>表示自從<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="敘利亞武裝部隊">敘利亞政府軍</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯">俄羅斯</a>聯手，於2019年12月開始再次輪番攻擊<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C%E7%9C%81%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81_(2017%E5%B9%B4)" title="伊德利卜省衝突 (2017年)">伊德利布省</a>以來，已迫使當地有大約35萬敘利亞人（大部份是婦女和兒童）逃到鄰國<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>邊境，尋求庇護。<a href="#cite_note-392">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-215">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="国内反应">国内反应</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=52" title="编辑章节：国内反应">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="逮捕与定罪">逮捕与定罪</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=53" title="编辑章节：逮捕与定罪">编辑</a>]</div> 截至2011年9月15日，有12,743人被逮捕关押<a href="#cite_note-393">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-394">[387]</a>。到了2011年10月底，已有超过3万人被关押<a href="#cite_note-MSN_Arabia-395">[388]</a>。 截至2011年底，据报道共有10万人被关押，被关押者不仅面临恶劣的生存条件，一些人被<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B7%E5%88%91" title="酷刑">酷刑</a>折磨身亡<a href="#cite_note-396">[389]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="审查">审查</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=54" title="编辑章节：审查">编辑</a>]</div> 2011年2月5日，网络服务受到一些限制，虽然<a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>和<a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>据报道已经于2月8日恢复<a href="#cite_note-JENNIFER_PRESTON-397">[390]</a>，但是有关活动家的言论容易受到追踪和禁止<a href="#cite_note-398">[391]</a>。 6月3日，叙利亚政府从当天开始关闭了大部分国内的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91" title="互联网">互联网</a>通信服务，因此导致网络活动报道减少了三分之二。 截止7月29日，<a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>、<a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>和<a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>在叙利亚都遭到不同程度的屏蔽：叙利亚人登陆不上Facebook，看不到YouTube里的影片，Twitter受到流量限制只有一些人才能使用。 2011年8月25日，叙利亚<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%B6" title="漫画家">漫画家</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E6%89%8E%E7%89%B9" title="阿里·法扎特">阿里·法扎特</a>因发表讽刺阿萨德的漫画而受到几名士兵殴打，导致双手严重受伤<a href="#cite_note-399">[392]</a>。 2012年2月15日，叙政府开始全面阻止与干扰<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E5%8F%B0" title="阿拉伯卫星电视台">阿拉伯卫星电视台</a>在叙境内的广播。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="妥协让步">妥协让步</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=55" title="编辑章节：妥协让步">编辑</a>]</div> 2011年8月4日，总统阿萨德签署法令，允许各派别建立合法的政党组织，叙利亚开始实行<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="多党制">多党制</a>，不过专业分析人士称这也只是“复兴党领导下的多党制”<a href="#cite_note-400">[393]</a>。 2012年2月26日，叙政府号召民众参加新<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="宪法">宪法</a>的公民投票，新宪法限定<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="叙利亚总统">总统</a>最多只能担任两届，一届任期七年，并且由公民从多个候选人中<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="直接选举">直接选举</a>产生。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="组织支持政府的示威活动">组织支持政府的示威活动</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=56" title="编辑章节：组织支持政府的示威活动">编辑</a>]</div> 6月21日，叙利亚政府鼓动所有复兴党成员举行支持总统的集会，以支持阿萨德于6月20日发表的关于改革的言论。这些集会遍布数个城市，其中以大马士革的数量最多，高达上万人聚集在广场<a href="#cite_note-401">[394]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="国际反应">国际反应</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=57" title="编辑章节：国际反应">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98%E5%90%84%E6%96%B9%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="叙利亚内战各方反应">叙利亚内战各方反应</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="国际组织">国际组织</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=58" title="编辑章节：国际组织">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="联合国">联合国</a>：</li></ul> <dl><dd>詳見<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98%E5%90%84%E6%96%B9%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94#超国家机构" title="叙利亚内战各方反应">叙利亚内战各方反应#超国家机构</a>。</dd></dl> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/22px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/33px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/44px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">欧盟</a>：</li></ul> <dl><dd>詳見<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98%E5%90%84%E6%96%B9%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94#超国家机构" title="叙利亚内战各方反应">叙利亚内战各方反应#超国家机构</a>。</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="阿拉伯国家联盟">阿拉伯国家联盟</a>：</li></ul> <dl><dd>詳見<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98%E5%90%84%E6%96%B9%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94#超国家机构" title="叙利亚内战各方反应">叙利亚内战各方反应#超国家机构</a>。</dd></dl> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯兰会议组织">伊斯兰会议组织</a>： <ul><li>2011年 <ul><li>8月13日，拥有57个成员国的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯兰会议组织">伊斯兰会议组织</a>要求叙利亚政府立即停止镇压抗议者<a href="#cite_note-402">[395]</a>。</li></ul></li> <li>2012年 <ul><li>8月16日，该组织在沙特阿拉伯圣城<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%8A%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="麦加">麦加</a>举行的成员国外长会议上，通过了暂停叙利亚成员国资格的方案，除<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a>反对外，大多数与会国代表支持“除名”叙利亚<a href="#cite_note-403">[396]</a>，秘书长伊赫桑奥卢对记者说，终止叙利亚成员国资格的决定是伊斯兰世界向叙政府发出的“强有力信息”，“世界各国已无法忍受，使用战机、坦克和火炮来屠杀自己人民的政府。”<a href="#cite_note-404">[397]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="海合会"><img alt="海合会" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="216" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%90%88%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="海合會">海合会</a>： <ul><li>2011年 <ul><li>8月6日，该组织发表声明表示“过度使用暴力和武力的行为导致了大量的死亡和伤者”，“对于持续的死伤事件感到悲伤”。该组织支持叙利亚在“安全，稳定，团结”方面的重要性。12月20日，海合会敦促叙政府“立即停止血腥杀戮终止流血事件，释放所有被捕者，以此来作为贯彻阿盟协议的第一步”。<a href="#cite_note-405">[398]</a></li></ul></li> <li>2012年 <ul><li>3月15日，该组织宣布关闭所有成员国设于大马士革的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%BF%E9%A6%86" class="mw-redirect" title="大使馆">大使馆</a>。</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="外国政府">外国政府</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=59" title="编辑章节：外国政府">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(2)_Montreal_Syrian_solidarity_demonstration_March_27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%282%29_Montreal_Syrian_solidarity_demonstration_March_27.jpg/220px-%282%29_Montreal_Syrian_solidarity_demonstration_March_27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%282%29_Montreal_Syrian_solidarity_demonstration_March_27.jpg/330px-%282%29_Montreal_Syrian_solidarity_demonstration_March_27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%282%29_Montreal_Syrian_solidarity_demonstration_March_27.jpg/440px-%282%29_Montreal_Syrian_solidarity_demonstration_March_27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>2011年3月27日位于加拿大<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%94" title="蒙特利尔">蒙特利尔</a>的叙利亚人举行的反政府示威活动</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(4)_Montreal_Syrian_solidarity_demonstration_March_27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%284%29_Montreal_Syrian_solidarity_demonstration_March_27.jpg/220px-%284%29_Montreal_Syrian_solidarity_demonstration_March_27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%284%29_Montreal_Syrian_solidarity_demonstration_March_27.jpg/330px-%284%29_Montreal_Syrian_solidarity_demonstration_March_27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%284%29_Montreal_Syrian_solidarity_demonstration_March_27.jpg/440px-%284%29_Montreal_Syrian_solidarity_demonstration_March_27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption>示威人群高举要求<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" title="巴沙尔·阿萨德">巴沙尔·阿萨德</a>下台的标语</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22The_Friday_of_One_Demand%22_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%22The_Friday_of_One_Demand%22_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_%282%29.jpg/220px-%22The_Friday_of_One_Demand%22_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%22The_Friday_of_One_Demand%22_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_%282%29.jpg/330px-%22The_Friday_of_One_Demand%22_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%22The_Friday_of_One_Demand%22_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_%282%29.jpg/440px-%22The_Friday_of_One_Demand%22_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2758" data-file-height="4161" /></a><figcaption>位于<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E7%BD%97" title="开罗">开罗</a>的埃及人拉着一幅大的1932版叙利亚国旗以表达他们对叙利亚示威者的支持，2011年11月18日</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protest-Montreal-Syria-Flag-2012-05-27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Protest-Montreal-Syria-Flag-2012-05-27.jpg/220px-Protest-Montreal-Syria-Flag-2012-05-27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Protest-Montreal-Syria-Flag-2012-05-27.jpg/330px-Protest-Montreal-Syria-Flag-2012-05-27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Protest-Montreal-Syria-Flag-2012-05-27.jpg/440px-Protest-Montreal-Syria-Flag-2012-05-27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>2012年5月27日，位于加拿大蒙特利尔的叙利亚人社区举行的反巴沙尔·阿萨德示威，所用旗帜已变为1932年版，即<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E6%B4%BE" title="叙利亚反对派">叙利亚反对派</a>旗帜</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>：詳見<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98%E5%90%84%E6%96%B9%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94#国家" title="叙利亚内战各方反应">叙利亚内战各方反应#国家</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>：詳見<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98%E5%90%84%E6%96%B9%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94#国家" title="叙利亚内战各方反应">叙利亚内战各方反应#国家</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a>：2011年3月24日，德国外长<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%A8%81%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="基多·威斯特威勒">基多·威斯特威勒</a>说：「暴力必须立即停止，叙利亚政府须确保民众享有的基本人权和民权，就如法律里明文规定的一样」<a href="#cite_note-406">[399]</a>。8月8日，联邦政府委员会外交委员会主席发生声明：为向叙当局施加压力，全球应该抵制叙利亚的石油和天然气出口，以实现叙停止暴力镇压抗议者<a href="#cite_note-407">[400]</a>。同日，联邦政府发言人宣布，如果阿萨德继续拒绝对话和使用武力，叙当局将失去执政的合法性<a href="#cite_note-408">[401]</a>。</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a>：2011年<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E9%83%A8" title="法國外交部">法国外交部</a>谴责针对示威者的暴力措施，并呼吁释放政治犯<a href="#cite_note-409">[402]</a>。3月23日外长Bernard Valero呼吁叙利亚应立即进行政治改革<a href="#cite_note-410">[403]</a>。2012年8月27日，法国总统<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%9C%97%E5%BE%B7" title="弗朗索瓦·奥朗德">弗朗索瓦·奧朗德</a>呼吁全国委员会等反对派组织立即组建叙过渡政府，法国将在过渡政府成立后立即给予承认<a href="#cite_note-411">[404]</a>。</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄羅斯</a>：2011年4月6日，总统<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%BA%B3%E6%89%98%E5%88%A9%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E5%BE%B7%E9%9F%A6%E6%9D%B0%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="德米特里·阿纳托利耶维奇·梅德韦杰夫">梅德韦杰夫</a>与阿萨德通了电话，他表示支持阿萨德所做的要进行改革的决定。<a href="#cite_note-412">[405]</a>。其後就任的俄國總統普丁以強力的軍事表示力挺阿賽德政權，然而，阿賽德本人的腐敗，已開始另普丁感到厭惡與無奈，因為伊朗也在搶占敘利亞的主導權與這一地區影響力，還有美國、土耳其與眾多阿拉伯國家的軍事干預等，不少強權可說是對此國虎視眈眈。</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>：詳見<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98%E5%90%84%E6%96%B9%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94#国家" title="叙利亚内战各方反应">叙利亚内战各方反应#国家</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="沙特阿拉伯">沙烏地阿拉伯</a>：2011年8月8日凌晨，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="沙特国王">沙特国王</a>阿普杜拉谴责叙政府的暴力镇压，成为第一个公开谴责叙利亚政府的阿拉伯国家的元首。他还呼吁阿萨德立即进行大的改革以避免叙「陷入混乱的深渊」，并召回了沙特驻叙大使<a href="#cite_note-413">[406]</a>。</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/22px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/33px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/44px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a>：2011年8月9日，埃及过渡政府打破先前的沉默状态，埃及外长Mohamed Kamel Amr批评叙政府一边承诺改革一边持续使用武力镇压的做法，称如此的改革是「没有用的」。他说他担心叙正在朝着「没有退路的方向前进」，他要求「立即停止射击行动」，并呼吁叙当局和民众展开广泛的民族对话以结束危机<a href="#cite_note-414">[407]</a>。2012年8月30日，埃及总统<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%B0%94%E8%A5%BF" title="穆罕默德·穆尔西">穆罕默德·穆尔西</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%BB%91%E5%85%B0" title="德黑兰">德黑兰</a>举办的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%BB%93%E7%9B%9F%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="不结盟运动">不结盟运动</a>峰会上表示，他与叙利亚人民站在一起，反抗已失去合法性的叙利亚压迫政权，并呼吁结束叙当局的「血腥屠杀」。<a href="#cite_note-415">[408]</a>穆爾西政府被推翻後，埃及新總統塞西支持俄羅斯在敘利亞的空襲行動。<a href="#cite_note-416">[409]</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/33px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/44px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a>：2011年8月8日，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a>外长Trinidad Jiménez表示，他个人「严重关切」以及西班牙政府谴责叙政府施加在自己人民身上的暴力<a href="#cite_note-417">[410]</a>。</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0" title="芬兰">芬兰</a>：2011年7月18日，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0" title="芬兰">芬兰</a>外长<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA%C2%B7%E5%9B%BE%E5%A5%A5%E7%B1%B3%E5%A5%A5%E4%BA%9A" title="埃尔基·图奥米奥亚">埃尔基·图奥米奥亚</a>说，如果想获得统治权，阿萨德总统「应该至少获得民主选举赋予的权力，而这正是他目前缺乏的」<a href="#cite_note-fm18july-418">[411]</a>。</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a>：2011年墨西哥外交部表态谴责暴力事件，呼吁叙当局应克制使用武力并应当多多与自己的国民展开对话<a href="#cite_note-419">[412]</a>。</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非">南非</a>：2011年<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非">南非</a>驻联合国安理会代表表态谴责叙发生的暴力事件，但反对国际力量干预叙局势<a href="#cite_note-420">[413]</a>。</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>：2012年2月7日，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E9%83%A8" title="中华人民共和国外交部">中华人民共和国外交部</a>发言人<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E4%B8%BA%E6%B0%91_(1968%E5%B9%B4)" title="刘为民 (1968年)">刘为民</a>表示中方一贯主张叙利亚有关各方停止一切暴力，通过对话和协商解决问题，推动局势尽快走向缓和。中方考虑近期派员访问地区有关国家，继续为推动叙问题的政治解决发挥建设性作用<a href="#cite_note-421">[414]</a>。</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD" title="大韩民国">韩国</a>：2013年9月1日，韩国外交部发言人发表声明，韩国政府强烈谴责叙利亚政权恶劣的犯罪行为，叙利亚动用化学武器的涉案人员应付出相应的代价<a href="#cite_note-422">[415]</a>。</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/22px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/33px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/44px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%AB" title="马尔代夫">馬爾地夫</a>：马尔代夫外交部长艾哈迈德在2011年8月9日说，“无辜的穆斯林男子、妇女和儿童被叙利亚国家安全部队滥杀，尤其是在斋月，对马尔代夫而言完全不可接受。”总统纳西姆也明确表示支持最近阿拉伯联盟和海湾合作委员会对叙利亚谴责。<a href="#cite_note-423">[416]</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="毛里塔尼亚">毛里塔尼亚</a>：毛里塔尼亚总理拉格达夫·穆拉耶·乌尔德·穆罕默德在2011年六月下旬访问大马士革转达毛里塔尼亚总统穆罕默德阿布杜勒·阿齐兹对叙利亚总统巴沙尔阿萨德的支持。毛里塔尼亚的反对派民主力量痛斥政府“支持独裁政权镇压人民”<a href="#cite_note-424">[417]</a>。</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="阿尔巴尼亚">阿尔巴尼亚</a>：阿尔巴尼亚和卡塔尔的特使会谈中，贝里沙总统说：“阿尔巴尼亚政府一直关注叙利亚的事。阿萨德政权利用其权力作为许可证来杀死无辜平民。”阿尔巴尼亚外交部在2012年2月18日强烈谴责暴力已经蔓延到整个叙利亚，以及阿萨德制造的受害者增加。于2012年4月1日在伊斯坦布尔召开的叙利亚之友会议上，阿尔巴尼亚外交部长爱德蒙表示人权问题属于国际社会的责任。他表示阿尔巴尼亚政府支持联合国、欧盟、阿拉伯联盟和其他国际机构在制止大马士革政权暴力镇压平民的努力，同时强调阿尔巴尼亚政府支持<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="叙利亚全国委员会">叙利亚全国委员会</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Albanian_reaction-425">[418]</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a>：墨西哥政府通过外交秘书处发表声明谴责暴力事件，呼吁叙利亚当局禁止使用武力和促进政治对话<a href="#cite_note-426">[419]</a>。</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/22px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/33px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/44px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%9C%AD%E9%82%A3" title="波札那">博茨瓦纳</a>：2011年5月11日，博茨瓦纳外交部发表声明，称叙利亚正发生可怕和暴力的事。总统卡马在向联合国秘书长的一封信中表示联合国应立即采取行动制止叙利亚政府的镇压。<a href="#cite_note-427">[420]</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/44px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a>：2012年7月26日，巴西驻联合国大使维奥蒂·玛丽亚·路易莎表示政府“关注”在叙利亚的暴力。大使指出，巴西担心冲突升级和化学武器被使用的可能性。维奥蒂还说，叙利亚应该通过政府官员和那些反对派之间的对话追求政府和平转型。最后维奥蒂说，巴西反对针对叙利亚进行任何军事干预。<a href="#cite_note-428">[421]</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>：日本外务大臣松本刚明于2011年4月24日发表声明谴责叙利亚政府使用武力，声明说叙利亚死亡人数在不断增加。政府需要改革紧急状态法和停止暴力。<a href="#cite_note-429">[422]</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>：印度常驻联合国代表哈迪普里在8月3日发表总统声明同意由联合国安理会谴责叙利亚政府使用武力和“广泛侵犯人权的行为”。此外，印度弃权不投票反对叙利亚政府的暴力行为。<a href="#cite_note-india-430">[423]</a> <a href="#cite_note-431">[424]</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="印度尼西亚">印度尼西亞</a>：针对8月1日在叙利亚的暴力事件，印度尼西亚外交部发言人说，“使用武力不会解决问题。我们希望有关各方在解决叙利亚问题上能为叙利亚人民通过和平手段达到最佳的解决方案。”<a href="#cite_note-432">[425]</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/22px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/33px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/44px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="希腊">希腊</a>：2011年3月24日，外交部长德鲁察斯说：“绝对谴责暴力镇压公民抗议的行为。我们呼吁叙利亚政府保证公民的基本权利”。<a href="#cite_note-433">[426]</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="亞美尼亞">亞美尼亞</a>：2015年4月23日，亚美尼亚总统萨尔基相在亚美尼亚大屠杀纪念日上会见叙利亚议会代表时说：“亚美尼亚支持叙利亚用各种手段对抗恐怖分子，亚美尼亚将会支持叙利亚度过这段艰难时期。”</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="非政府性国际组织">非政府性国际组织</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=60" title="编辑章节：非政府性国际组织">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Aerial_View_of_the_Za%27atri_Refugee_Camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/An_Aerial_View_of_the_Za%27atri_Refugee_Camp.jpg/220px-An_Aerial_View_of_the_Za%27atri_Refugee_Camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/An_Aerial_View_of_the_Za%27atri_Refugee_Camp.jpg/330px-An_Aerial_View_of_the_Za%27atri_Refugee_Camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/An_Aerial_View_of_the_Za%27atri_Refugee_Camp.jpg/440px-An_Aerial_View_of_the_Za%27atri_Refugee_Camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4118" data-file-height="2524" /></a><figcaption>在約旦的敘利亞難民營，ISIS伊斯蘭國崛起後，上百萬敘利亞難民外溢。</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%89%B9%E8%B5%A6%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="國際特赦組織">国际特赦组织</a>：谴责针对和平示威者的暴力镇压，并呼吁释放政治犯<a href="#cite_note-434">[427]</a>。</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F" title="人权观察">人权观察</a>：表态说采取致命射击的方法以打死那些敢于说出心声的国民证明叙利亚政府并没感到不安。也说叙利亚人在敢于反抗该地区最专制的政权的行为中展现出了非凡的勇气，但是没必要一定要牺牲自己的生命<a href="#cite_note-435">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[429]</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="个人表态">个人表态</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=61" title="编辑章节：个人表态">编辑</a>]</div> 埃及的伊斯兰主义者，跟<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="穆斯林兄弟会">穆斯林兄弟会</a>有关的学者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%A4%E7%B4%A0%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E8%BE%BE%E7%BB%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尤素夫·卡拉达维（页面不存在）">尤素夫·卡拉达维</a>，宣布他支持反抗叙利亚“专制政权”（"oppressive regime"）的示威抗议活动，他号召反对<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="叙利亚复兴党">叙利亚复兴党</a>的“独裁统治”。卡拉达维也表达了他对利比亚设立禁飞区的支持，说“针对利比亚的军事干预有效地保护了处于卡达菲暴行中的利比亚人”。<a href="#cite_note-437">[430]</a>卡拉达维说所有<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="阿拉伯人">阿拉伯人</a>都应该支持叙利亚的抗议活动，说“今天革命的火车已经抵达叙利亚站”，“叙利亚不可能与阿拉伯整体的历史相脱离”。<a href="#cite_note-438">[431]</a>穆斯林兄弟会也参与了抗议，伊斯兰教士号召逊尼派民众要涌向叙利亚的大街，去赶走的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E6%B4%BE" title="阿拉维派">阿拉维派</a>的政权，卡拉达维也号召叙利亚的逊尼派要主动争取他们的权利<a href="#cite_note-439">[432]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="媒体反應">媒体反應</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=62" title="编辑章节：媒体反應">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E5%8F%B0" title="半岛电视台">半岛电视台</a>的记者们在敘利亞的示威活动中报道了许多内容，比如<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%A9%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80" title="哈马大屠杀">哈马大屠杀</a>等事件<a href="#cite_note-440">[433]</a>。 2011年3月23日，英国《<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8F%E6%97%A5%E7%94%B5%E8%AE%AF%E6%8A%A5" title="每日电讯报">每日电讯报</a>》发表了一篇由主管外事的编辑Con Coughlin所写的专栏文章，他呼吁在叙利亚设立<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%81%E9%A3%9E%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="禁飞区">禁飞区</a>以保护无辜的抗议者<a href="#cite_note-441">[434]</a>。 2013年8月<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E9%80%8F%E7%A4%BE" title="路透社">路透社</a>與益普索所做聯合調查顯示，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>民眾強烈反對美國政府干預敘利亞內戰，認為美國政府不應卷入此衝突，即使敘利亞政府使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="化學武器">化學武器</a>攻擊平民的狀況得到證實，60%反對，僅有9%贊成。推測主因為同時期埃及軍方發動政變後美國偏袒的行為所造成的微妙氛圍有部分相關，因為兩者行為類似，卻沒有對埃及政府出手，且普遍民眾認為此一戰爭的代價會大於伊拉克戰爭，甚至使美國本土遭化武恐怖攻擊。<a href="#cite_note-442">[435]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="影響">影響</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=63" title="编辑章节：影響">编辑</a>]</div> 「敘利亞政策研究中心」於2016年2月宣稱敘利亞內戰已造成2,550億美元的經濟損失。<a href="#cite_note-443">[436]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="死亡人数">死亡人数</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=64" title="编辑章节：死亡人数">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0%E5%82%B7%E4%BA%A1" title="敘利亞內戰傷亡">敘利亞內戰傷亡</a></div> 2016年4月23日，聯合國與阿拉伯聯盟敘利亞特使米斯圖拉估計約有40萬人在敘利亞內戰中喪生。<a href="#cite_note-UN1-444">[437]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见">参见</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=65" title="编辑章节：参见">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="混合战争">混合战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="第二次冷战">第二次冷战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E9%98%B2%E8%A1%9B%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="敘利亞民間防衛團體">白頭盔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E8%B4%BE%E7%93%A6%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="罗贾瓦冲突">罗贾瓦冲突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0%E9%9B%A3%E6%B0%91" title="敘利亞內戰難民">敘利亞內戰難民</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%87%BB%E8%90%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%88%98%E6%96%97%E6%9C%BA%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="2015年土耳其击落俄罗斯战斗机事件">2015年土耳其擊落俄羅斯戰鬥機事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%8D%80" title="敘利亞安全區">敘利亞安全區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="伊拉克内战">伊拉克内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E2%80%94%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="土耳其—库尔德冲突">土耳其—库尔德冲突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%81%90%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="反恐战争">反恐战争</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋">註釋</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=66" title="编辑章节：註釋">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="notelist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%96%A9%E5%BE%B7%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A%E5%9E%AE%E5%8F%B0" title="阿薩德政權垮台">阿薩德政權垮台</a>後成立，整合<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="沙姆解放組織">沙姆解放組織</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%86%9B" title="叙利亚国民军">敘利亞國民軍</a>等原反對派團體。 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> 土耳其自2011年開始向反對派提供武器支持，並自2016年8月開始與<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%86%9B" title="叙利亚国民军">敘利亞國民軍</a>並肩作戰，對抗<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F" title="敘利亞民主力量">敘利亞民主力量</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭國">伊斯蘭國</a>和敘利亞政府軍。 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%96%A9%E5%BE%B7%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A%E5%9E%AE%E5%8F%B0" title="阿薩德政權垮台">阿薩德政權垮台</a>後，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="沙姆解放組織">沙姆解放組織</a>於2025年1月解散，原成員並入新成立的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8" title="敘利亞國防部">國防部</a>。 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%96%A9%E5%BE%B7%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A%E5%9E%AE%E5%8F%B0" title="阿薩德政權垮台">阿薩德政權垮台</a>後，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%86%9B" title="叙利亚国民军">敘利亞國民軍</a>於2025年1月解散，原成員並入新成立的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8" title="敘利亞國防部">國防部</a>。 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> 美國主導的多國部隊。 </li> <li id="cite_note-fn5-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn5_8-0">6.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn5_8-1">6.1</a> 2013年4月前，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A" title="征服沙姆陣線">努斯拉陣線</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="伊斯兰国">伊斯兰国</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="伊拉克伊斯蘭國">伊拉克伊斯蘭國</a>）同屬<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%93%8B%E9%81%94%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾蓋達組織">阿爾蓋達組織</a>的分支，並為盟友。努斯拉陣線拒絕了伊拉克伊斯蘭國提出的併入伊斯蘭國的建議，阿爾蓋達組織其後於2014年2月與伊斯蘭國全面割席。<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86%E4%BA%BA%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="自由沙姆人伊斯蘭運動">自由沙姆人伊斯蘭運動</a>與努斯拉陣線曾於2015年3月至2017年1月在「<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E8%BB%8D" title="征服軍">征服軍</a>」旗下結盟。 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AE%88%E8%AD%B7%E8%80%85%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教守護者組織（页面不存在）">宗教守護者組織</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" class="extiw" title="en:Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Din</a>）（HaD）是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="努斯拉陣線">努斯拉陣線</a>的繼承者，也是<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%93%8B%E9%81%94%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾蓋達組織">阿爾蓋達組織</a>在敘利亞的現存分支。 </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献">参考文献</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=67" title="编辑章节：参考文献">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Cafarella, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220223070304/https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/JN%20Final.pdf">Jabhat al-Nusra in Syria: An Islamic Emirate for Al-Qaeda</a> (PDF). Middle East Security Report 25 (Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of War). 2014: 8–46. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/JN%20Final.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于23 February 2022）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Jabhat+al-Nusra+in+Syria%3A+An+Islamic+Emirate+for+Al-Qaeda&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.aulast=Cafarella&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Security+Report+25&rft.pages=8-46&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.understandingwar.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FJN%2520Final.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Alkhshali, Starr, Hamdi, Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006050042/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/27/middleeast/deputy-al-qaeda-leader-killed/index.html">Deputy al Qaeda leader killed In Syria</a>. CNN. 28 February 2017. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/27/middleeast/deputy-al-qaeda-leader-killed/index.html">原始内容</a>存档于6 October 2022）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Deputy+al+Qaeda+leader+killed+In+Syria&rft.aufirst=Hamdi%2C+Barbara&rft.aulast=Alkhshali%2C+Starr&rft.date=2017-02-28&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2017%2F02%2F27%2Fmiddleeast%2Fdeputy-al-qaeda-leader-killed%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Joscelyn, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2021/09/u-s-targets-suspected-al-qaeda-leader-in-idlib-syria.php">U.S. targets suspected al Qaeda leader in Idlib, Syria</a>. 21 September 2021. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923042121/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2021/09/u-s-targets-suspected-al-qaeda-leader-in-idlib-syria.php">存档</a>于23 September 2021）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.aulast=Joscelyn&rft.btitle=U.S.+targets+suspected+al+Qaeda+leader+in+Idlib%2C+Syria&rft.date=2021-09-21&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longwarjournal.org%2Farchives%2F2021%2F09%2Fu-s-targets-suspected-al-qaeda-leader-in-idlib-syria.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fawaz_Gerges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fawaz Gerges（页面不存在）">Gerges, Fawaz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/15/saudia-arabia-iran-proxy-war-syria">Saudi Arabia and Iran must end their proxy war in Syria</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 2013-12-15 [2016-06-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092917/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/15/saudia-arabia-iran-proxy-war-syria">存档</a>于2016-03-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+and+Iran+must+end+their+proxy+war+in+Syria&rft.aufirst=Fawaz&rft.aulast=Gerges&rft.date=2013-12-15&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2013%2Fdec%2F15%2Fsaudia-arabia-iran-proxy-war-syria&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Rogin, Josh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-11-04/iran-and-saudi-arabia-clash-inside-syria-talks">Iran and Saudi Arabia Clash Inside Syria Talks</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomberg_View&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bloomberg View（页面不存在）">Bloomberg View</a>. 2015-11-04 [2016-06-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504060308/http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-11-04/iran-and-saudi-arabia-clash-inside-syria-talks">存档</a>于2016-05-04）. <q>...Iran and Saudi Arabia to discuss anything civilly, much less come to an agreement on Syria, where both sides have proxy forces in the fight.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Iran+and+Saudi+Arabia+Clash+Inside+Syria+Talks&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft.aulast=Rogin&rft.date=2015-11-04&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+View&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloombergview.com%2Farticles%2F2015-11-04%2Firan-and-saudi-arabia-clash-inside-syria-talks&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Loewenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jennifer Loewenstein（页面不存在）">Loewenstein, Jennifer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.counterpunch.org/2015/10/02/heading-toward-a-collision-syria-saudi-arabia-and-regional-proxy-wars/">Heading Toward a Collision: Syria, Saudi Arabia and Regional Proxy Wars</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=CounterPunch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CounterPunch（页面不存在）">CounterPunch</a>. [2016-06-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824135002/https://www.counterpunch.org/2015/10/02/heading-toward-a-collision-syria-saudi-arabia-and-regional-proxy-wars/">存档</a>于2019-08-24）. <q>Saudi Arabian and Iranian-backed factions are contributing to the proxy war in Syria...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Heading+Toward+a+Collision%3A+Syria%2C+Saudi+Arabia+and+Regional+Proxy+Wars&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.aulast=Loewenstein&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CounterPunch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.counterpunch.org%2F2015%2F10%2F02%2Fheading-toward-a-collision-syria-saudi-arabia-and-regional-proxy-wars%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/13/world/middleeast/syria-russia-airstrikes.html?_r=1">存档副本</a>. [2016-06-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160717181240/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/13/world/middleeast/syria-russia-airstrikes.html?_r=1">存档</a>于2016-07-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F10%2F13%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-russia-airstrikes.html%3F_r%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> 參考來源： <ul><li><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241225095647/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2584163/middle-east">Syria authorities say armed groups have agreed to disband</a>. Arab News. 24 December 2024. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/2584163/middle-east">原始内容</a>存档于25 December 2024）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syria+authorities+say+armed+groups+have+agreed+to+disband&rft.date=2024-12-24&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F2584163%2Fmiddle-east&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation news">Hamidi, Ibrahim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241225082127/https://en.majalla.com/node/323611/opinion/four-key-challenges-syrias-new-government">Four key challenges for Syria's new government</a>. Al Majalla. 25 December 2024. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.majalla.com/node/323611/opinion/four-key-challenges-syrias-new-government">原始内容</a>存档于25 December 2024）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Four+key+challenges+for+Syria%27s+new+government&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft.aulast=Hamidi&rft.date=2024-12-25&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Majalla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.majalla.com%2Fnode%2F323611%2Fopinion%2Ffour-key-challenges-syrias-new-government&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241226142108/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/24/syria-says-ex-rebel-groups-agree-to-integrate-under-defence-ministry">Syria says ex-rebel groups agree to integrate under Defence Ministry</a>. Al Jazeera. 24 December 2024. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/24/syria-says-ex-rebel-groups-agree-to-integrate-under-defence-ministry">原始内容</a>存档于26 December 2024）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syria+says+ex-rebel+groups+agree+to+integrate+under+Defence+Ministry&rft.date=2024-12-24&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F12%2F24%2Fsyria-says-ex-rebel-groups-agree-to-integrate-under-defence-ministry&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Sources: <ul><li><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241226151430/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/12/24/syria-rebel-groups-dissolve-defence-ministry-merge/">Syrian rebel factions agree to disarm and join new government under deal with HTS leader</a>. The Telegraph. 24 December 2024. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/12/24/syria-rebel-groups-dissolve-defence-ministry-merge/">原始内容</a>存档于26 December 2024）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebel+factions+agree+to+disarm+and+join+new+government+under+deal+with+HTS+leader&rft.date=2024-12-24&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fworld-news%2F2024%2F12%2F24%2Fsyria-rebel-groups-dissolve-defence-ministry-merge%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241224182009/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/12/syria-authorities-say-armed-groups-have-agreed-disband">Syria authorities say armed groups have agreed to disband</a>. Al-Monitor. 24 December 2024. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/12/syria-authorities-say-armed-groups-have-agreed-disband">原始内容</a>存档于24 December 2024）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syria+authorities+say+armed+groups+have+agreed+to+disband&rft.date=2024-12-24&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Foriginals%2F2024%2F12%2Fsyria-authorities-say-armed-groups-have-agreed-disband&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.memri.org/jttm/syrian-leader-ahmed-al-sharaa-delivers-victory-speech-outlines-syrias-future-roadmap-announces">Syrian Leader Ahmed Al-Sharaa Delivers 'Victory Speech,' Outlines Syria's Future Roadmap, Announces Dissolution Of Ba'ath Party, Armed Factions Into New 'Syrian Army'; Military Operations Command Declares Al-Sharaa President Of Syria During Transitional Phase</a>. MEMRI. [29 January 2025].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Syrian+Leader+Ahmed+Al-Sharaa+Delivers+%27Victory+Speech%2C%27+Outlines+Syria%27s+Future+Roadmap%2C+Announces+Dissolution+Of+Ba%27ath+Party%2C+Armed+Factions+Into+New+%27Syrian+Army%27%3B+Military+Operations+Command+Declares+Al-Sharaa+President+Of+Syria+During+Transitional+Phase&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=MEMRI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.memri.org%2Fjttm%2Fsyrian-leader-ahmed-al-sharaa-delivers-victory-speech-outlines-syrias-future-roadmap-announces&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.memri.org/jttm/syrian-interim-government-sig-prime-minister-congratulates-president-ahmed-al-sharaa-puts-sig">Syrian Interim Government (SIG) Prime Minister Congratulates President Ahmed Al-Sharaa, Puts SIG Resources At His Government's Disposal</a>. MEMRI. [2025-02-04].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Syrian+Interim+Government+%28SIG%29+Prime+Minister+Congratulates+President+Ahmed+Al-Sharaa%2C+Puts+SIG+Resources+At+His+Government%27s+Disposal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=MEMRI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.memri.org%2Fjttm%2Fsyrian-interim-government-sig-prime-minister-congratulates-president-ahmed-al-sharaa-puts-sig&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syrianobserver.com/syrian-actors/mustafa-places-interim-government-at-the-disposal-of-the-syrian-state.html">Mustafa Places Interim Government at the Disposal of the Syrian State</a>. Syrian Observer. 2025-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Mustafa+Places+Interim+Government+at+the+Disposal+of+the+Syrian+State&rft.date=2025-02-05&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Observer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsyrianobserver.com%2Fsyrian-actors%2Fmustafa-places-interim-government-at-the-disposal-of-the-syrian-state.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-february-4-2025">Iran Update > Syria</a>. The Institute for the study of War. 4 February 2025 [5 February 2025]. <q>US-backed Free Syrian Army (FSA) Commander Salem Antari, who controls US-backed ”Free Syrian Army” forces in the al Tanf zone, stated on February 3 that the FSA is negotiating with the interim government to integrate into the interim Defense Ministry. Antari added that the FSA is prepared to assume any duties assigned to it by the new Defense Ministry.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Iran+Update+%3E+Syria&rft.date=2025-02-04&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Institute+for+the+study+of+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.understandingwar.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Firan-update-february-4-2025&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/12/russian-raids-kill-prominent-syrian-rebel-commander-151225142422180.html">Russian raids kill prominent Syrian rebel commander</a>. aljazeera.com. [2016-06-16]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151225200243/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/12/russian-raids-kill-prominent-syrian-rebel-commander-151225142422180.html">存档</a>于2015-12-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Russian+raids+kill+prominent+Syrian+rebel+commander&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F12%2Frussian-raids-kill-prominent-syrian-rebel-commander-151225142422180.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC22Nov-22"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC22Nov_22-0">^</a> 引用错误：没有为名为<code>BBC22Nov</code>的参考文献提供内容</li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2015/03/syria-nusra-front-commander-killed-air-strike-150305230517103.html">Senior Nusra Front commander killed in Syria air strike</a>. Al-Jazeera. 2015-03-06 [2015-06-03]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901103933/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2015/03/syria-nusra-front-commander-killed-air-strike-150305230517103.html">存档</a>于2020-09-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Senior+Nusra+Front+commander+killed+in+Syria+air+strike&rft.date=2015-03-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Jazeera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2015%2F03%2Fsyria-nusra-front-commander-killed-air-strike-150305230517103.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/nusra-front-spokesman-killed-strike-syria-160404080317702.html">Nusra Front spokesman killed by air strike in Syria</a>. www.aljazeera.com. [2016-04-04]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407211731/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/nusra-front-spokesman-killed-strike-syria-160404080317702.html">存档</a>于2020-04-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Nusra+Front+spokesman+killed+by+air+strike+in+Syria&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F04%2Fnusra-front-spokesman-killed-strike-syria-160404080317702.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/syrias-qaeda-spokesman-20-jihadists-dead-strikes-monitor-200452734.html">Syria's Qaeda spokesman, 20 jihadists dead in strikes: monitor</a>. www.yahoo.com. [2016-04-04]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407211732/https://www.yahoo.com/news/syrias-qaeda-spokesman-20-jihadists-dead-strikes-monitor-200452734.html">存档</a>于2020-04-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Qaeda+spokesman%2C+20+jihadists+dead+in+strikes%3A+monitor&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.yahoo.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fsyrias-qaeda-spokesman-20-jihadists-dead-strikes-monitor-200452734.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Tarek Radwan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/kurdish-arab-rebel-alliance-may-be-key-to-obama-s-syrian-strategy">Kurdish-Arab Rebel Alliance May be Key to Obama’s Syrian Strategy</a>. Atlantic Council. [2016-06-16]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205092858/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/kurdish-arab-rebel-alliance-may-be-key-to-obama-s-syrian-strategy/">存档</a>于2021-02-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Kurdish-Arab+Rebel+Alliance+May+be+Key+to+Obama%E2%80%99s+Syrian+Strategy&rft.au=Tarek+Radwan&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fblogs%2Fmenasource%2Fkurdish-arab-rebel-alliance-may-be-key-to-obama-s-syrian-strategy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaljournal.com/s/91436/army-lt-gen-sean-macfarland-lead-u-s-fight-against-isis?mref=skybox">MacFarland leads the coalition against ISIS</a>. [2015-10-30]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306221141/https://www.nationaljournal.com/s/91436/army-lt-gen-sean-macfarland-lead-u-s-fight-against-isis?mref=skybox">存档</a>于2016-03-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=MacFarland+leads+the+coalition+against+ISIS&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaljournal.com%2Fs%2F91436%2Farmy-lt-gen-sean-macfarland-lead-u-s-fight-against-isis%3Fmref%3Dskybox&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/08/213032.htm">U.S. Condemns Terrorist Attacks in Iraq and Pledges to Help Combat al Qaeda</a>. United States Department of State. 2013-08-10 [2016-06-16]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018080935/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/08/213032.htm">存档</a>于2017-10-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=U.S.+Condemns+Terrorist+Attacks+in+Iraq+and+Pledges+to+Help+Combat+al+Qaeda&rft.date=2013-08-10&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fprs%2Fps%2F2013%2F08%2F213032.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/02/isis_confirms_death.php">ISIS confirms death of senior leader in Syria</a>. Long War Journal. February 2014 [2015]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191014062442/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/02/isis_confirms_death.php">存档</a>于2019-10-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=ISIS+confirms+death+of+senior+leader+in+Syria&rft.date=2014-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Long+War+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.longwarjournal.org%2Farchives%2F2014%2F02%2Fisis_confirms_death.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-who_is_next-30"><a href="#cite_ref-who_is_next_30-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Alessandria Masi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/if-isis-leader-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-killed-who-caliph-islamic-state-group-1721638">If ISIS Leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Is Killed, Who Is Caliph Of The Islamic State Group?</a>. International Business Times. 2014-11-11 [2015-06-11]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225121429/https://www.ibtimes.com/if-isis-leader-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-killed-who-caliph-islamic-state-group-1721638">存档</a>于2018-12-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=If+ISIS+Leader+Abu+Bakr+al-Baghdadi+Is+Killed%2C+Who+Is+Caliph+Of+The+Islamic+State+Group%3F&rft.au=Alessandria+Masi&rft.date=2014-11-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fif-isis-leader-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-killed-who-caliph-islamic-state-group-1721638&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/26/world/middleeast/abd-al-rahman-mustafa-al-qaduli-isis-reported-killed-in-syria.html">A Top ISIS Leader Is Killed in an Airstrike, the Pentagon Says</a>. New York Times. 2016-03-25 [2016-03-26]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160328153542/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/26/world/middleeast/abd-al-rahman-mustafa-al-qaduli-isis-reported-killed-in-syria.html">存档</a>于2016-03-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=A+Top+ISIS+Leader+Is+Killed+in+an+Airstrike%2C+the+Pentagon+Says&rft.date=2016-03-25&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F03%2F26%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fabd-al-rahman-mustafa-al-qaduli-isis-reported-killed-in-syria.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/14/politics/u-s-confirms-death-of-isis-operative-omar-al-shishani/index.html">U.S. confirms death of ISIS operative Omar al-Shishani</a>. CNN. 2016-03-14 [2016-03-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107034257/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/14/politics/u-s-confirms-death-of-isis-operative-omar-al-shishani/index.html">存档</a>于2017-11-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=U.S.+confirms+death+of+ISIS+operative+Omar+al-Shishani&rft.date=2016-03-14&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2016%2F03%2F14%2Fpolitics%2Fu-s-confirms-death-of-isis-operative-omar-al-shishani%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-aistrike-idUSKCN0WA2GG">Islamic State's 'minister of war' likely killed in U.S. air strike: officials</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210205092829/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-aistrike-idUSKCN0WA2GG">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rt.com/news/334958-isis-shishani-commander-killed/">ISIS 'minister of war' al-Shishani likely killed in airstrike – Pentagon</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210205092819/https://www.rt.com/news/334958-isis-shishani-commander-killed/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-minister-war-omar-al-shishani-clinically-dead-after-us-airstrike-1549247">Isis 'minister of war' Omar al-Shishani 'clinically dead' after US air strike</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210205092836/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-minister-war-omar-al-shishani-clinically-dead-after-us-airstrike-1549247">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/14/islamic-states-war-minister-omar-al-shishani-clinically-dead">Islamic State's 'war minister' Omar al-Shishani 'clinically dead'</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210205092815/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/14/islamic-states-war-minister-omar-al-shishani-clinically-dead">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/03/15/did-the-u-s-kill-omar-shishani-the-isis-minister-of-war.html">Red-Beard Abu Omar al-Shishani Is The Walking Dead ISIS ‘Minister of War’</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170228063910/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/03/15/did-the-u-s-kill-omar-shishani-the-isis-minister-of-war.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.asp?country_id=Syria">Syria military strength</a>. Global Fire Power. 2019-07-08 [2016-07-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821133420/https://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.asp?country_id=Syria">存档</a>于2019-08-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syria+military+strength&rft.date=2019-07-08&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalfirepower.com%2Fcountry-military-strength-detail.asp%3Fcountry_id%3DSyria&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Aug-28/228953-syrias-diminished-security-forces.ashx#axzz31ko8ddGF">Syria's diminished security forces</a>. AFP. 2013-08-28 [2014-05-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714160112/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Aug-28/228953-syrias-diminished-security-forces.ashx#axzz31ko8ddGF">存档</a>于2014-07-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Syria%27s+diminished+security+forces&rft.date=2013-08-28&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=AFP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FMiddle-East%2F2013%2FAug-28%2F228953-syrias-diminished-security-forces.ashx%23axzz31ko8ddGF&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Analysis/2014/Jun-16/260266-isis-iraq-offensive-could-trigger-hezbollah-to-fill-gap-left-in-syria.ashx#axzz34kJc9rns">ISIS’ Iraq offensive could trigger Hezbollah to fill gap left in Syria</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160604205636/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Analysis/2014/Jun-16/260266-isis-iraq-offensive-could-trigger-hezbollah-to-fill-gap-left-in-syria.ashx#axzz34kJc9rns">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） The Daily Star, 16 June 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-legion-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-legion_37-0">30.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-legion_37-1">30.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-legion_37-2">30.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-legion_37-3">30.3</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsj.com/articles/iran-foreign-legion-leads-battle-in-syrias-north-1455672481"><bdi lang="en">Iran ‘Foreign Legion’ Leads Battle in Syria’s North</bdi></a>. The Wall Street Journal. 2016-02-17 [2016-07-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701074210/http://www.wsj.com/articles/iran-foreign-legion-leads-battle-in-syrias-north-1455672481">存档</a>于2016-07-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Iran+%E2%80%98Foreign+Legion%E2%80%99+Leads+Battle+in+Syria%E2%80%99s+North&rft.date=2016-02-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Firan-foreign-legion-leads-battle-in-syrias-north-1455672481&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-akhbar.com/node/197848">«كتائب البعث» إلى شوارع دمشق</a>. Al Akhbar. 2014-01-14 [2016-07-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180226183020/http://www.al-akhbar.com/node/197848">存档</a>于2018-02-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%C2%AB%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB%C2%BB+%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9+%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-akhbar.com%2Fnode%2F197848&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Aron Lund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116113142/http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=54167">The Baath Battalions Move Into Damascus</a>. Carnegie Endowment. 2014-01-13 [2016-07-14]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=54167">原始内容</a>存档于2014-01-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=The+Baath+Battalions+Move+Into+Damascus&rft.au=Aron+Lund&rft.date=2014-01-13&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fsyriaincrisis%2F%3Ffa%3D54167&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Russia-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Russia_40-0">33.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russia_40-1">33.1</a> <cite class="citation news">Jonathan Landay, Phil Stewart, Mark Hosenball. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/russias-syria-force-has-reportedly-grown-to-4000-people-2015-11">Russia's Syria force has reportedly grown to 4,000 people</a>. Business Insider. 2015-11-04 [2015-11-04]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151106022353/http://www.businessinsider.com/russias-syria-force-has-reportedly-grown-to-4000-people-2015-11">存档</a>于2015-11-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Syria+force+has+reportedly+grown+to+4%2C000+people&rft.date=2015-11-04&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Frussias-syria-force-has-reportedly-grown-to-4000-people-2015-11&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-wsjmercenaries-41"><a href="#cite_ref-wsjmercenaries_41-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Thomas Grove. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsj.com/articles/up-to-nine-russian-contractors-die-in-syria-experts-say-1450467757">Up to Nine Russian Contractors Die in Syria, Experts Say</a>. WSJ. 2015-12-18 [2016-07-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223045210/http://www.wsj.com/articles/up-to-nine-russian-contractors-die-in-syria-experts-say-1450467757">存档</a>于2015-12-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Up+to+Nine+Russian+Contractors+Die+in+Syria%2C+Experts+Say&rft.au=Thomas+Grove&rft.date=2015-12-18&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WSJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fup-to-nine-russian-contractors-die-in-syria-experts-say-1450467757&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-legion2-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-legion2_42-0">35.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-legion2_42-1">35.1</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-civil-war-state-of-the-art-technology-gives-president-assad-s-army-the-edge-a6898741.html">Syria civil war: State-of-the-art technology gives President Assad’s army the edge</a>. 2016-02-26 [2016-07-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226034352/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-civil-war-state-of-the-art-technology-gives-president-assad-s-army-the-edge-a6898741.html">存档</a>于2018-12-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syria+civil+war%3A+State-of-the-art+technology+gives+President+Assad%E2%80%99s+army+the+edge&rft.date=2016-02-26&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyria-civil-war-state-of-the-art-technology-gives-president-assad-s-army-the-edge-a6898741.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Ahmad Shuja Jamal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warontherocks.com/2018/02/mission-accomplished-whats-next-irans-afghan-fighters-syria/">Mission Accomplished? What’s Next for Iran’s Afghan Fighters in Syria</a>. War on the Rocks. 2018-02-13 [2018-08-04]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514235532/https://warontherocks.com/2018/02/mission-accomplished-whats-next-irans-afghan-fighters-syria/">存档</a>于2019-05-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Mission+Accomplished%3F+What%E2%80%99s+Next+for+Iran%E2%80%99s+Afghan+Fighters+in+Syria&rft.au=Ahmad+Shuja+Jamal&rft.date=2018-02-13&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=War+on+the+Rocks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarontherocks.com%2F2018%2F02%2Fmission-accomplished-whats-next-irans-afghan-fighters-syria%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-alAbbasGuardian-44"><a href="#cite_ref-alAbbasGuardian_44-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/04/syria-islamic-sunni-shia-shrines-volunteers">Syrian war widens Sunni-Shia schism as foreign jihadis join fight for shrines.</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160717005421/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/04/syria-islamic-sunni-shia-shrines-volunteers">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Retrieved 5 June 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-AydinAlbayrak-45"><a href="#cite_ref-AydinAlbayrak_45-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Albayrak, Aydin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/news-315474-mihrac-ural-a-man-with-a-long-history-of-terrorism.html">Mihraç Ural, a man with a long history of terrorism</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Today%27s_Zaman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Today's Zaman（页面不存在）">Today's Zaman</a>. [2013-08-03]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113933/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-315474-mihrac-ural-a-man-with-a-long-history-of-terrorism.html">存档</a>于2016-03-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Mihra%C3%A7+Ural%2C+a+man+with+a+long+history+of+terrorism&rft.aufirst=Aydin&rft.aulast=Albayrak&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Today%27s+Zaman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayszaman.com%2Fnews-315474-mihrac-ural-a-man-with-a-long-history-of-terrorism.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Cockburn, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/west-suspends-aid-for-islamist-rebels-in-syria-underlining-their-disillusionment-with-those-forces-opposed-to-president-bashar-alassad-8998891.html">West suspends aid for Islamist rebels in Syria, underlining their disillusionment with those forces opposed to President Bashar al-Assad</a>. The Independent. 2013-12-11 [2016-07-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925194648/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/west-suspends-aid-for-islamist-rebels-in-syria-underlining-their-disillusionment-with-those-forces-opposed-to-president-bashar-alassad-8998891.html">存档</a>于2015-09-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=West+suspends+aid+for+Islamist+rebels+in+Syria%2C+underlining+their+disillusionment+with+those+forces+opposed+to+President+Bashar+al-Assad&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.aulast=Cockburn&rft.date=2013-12-11&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fwest-suspends-aid-for-islamist-rebels-in-syria-underlining-their-disillusionment-with-those-forces-opposed-to-president-bashar-alassad-8998891.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/03/04/islamic_front_isis_syria">Front to Back</a>. Foreign Policy. [2016-07-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129162905/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/03/04/islamic_front_isis_syria">存档</a>于2014-11-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Front+to+Back&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignpolicy.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2F03%2F04%2Fislamic_front_isis_syria&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian70K-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian70K_48-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/30/70000-syrian-fighters-david-cameron-islamic-state-airstrikes">Who are these 70,000 Syrian fighters David Cameron is relying on?</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160717115224/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/30/70000-syrian-fighters-david-cameron-islamic-state-airstrikes">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Retrieved 18 February 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709154114/https://english.aawsat.com/nazeer-rida/news-middle-east/syria-surfacing-haiat-tahrir-al-sham-threatens-truce"><bdi lang="en">Syria: Surfacing of ‘Hai’at Tahrir al-Sham’ Threatens Truce</bdi></a>. 2017-01-30 [2017-07-11]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.aawsat.com/nazeer-rida/news-middle-east/syria-surfacing-haiat-tahrir-al-sham-threatens-truce">原始内容</a>存档于2017-07-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+Surfacing+of+%E2%80%98Hai%E2%80%99at+Tahrir+al-Sham%E2%80%99+Threatens+Truce&rft.date=2017-01-30&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aawsat.com%2Fnazeer-rida%2Fnews-middle-east%2Fsyria-surfacing-haiat-tahrir-al-sham-threatens-truce&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150105161140/http://www.todayszaman.com/op-ed_will-the-islamic-state-last-through-2015_368806.html">Will the Islamic State last through 2015?</a>. Today's Zaman. [2015-01-04]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/op-ed_will-the-islamic-state-last-through-2015_368806.html">原始内容</a>存档于2015-01-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Will+the+Islamic+State+last+through+2015%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Today%27s+Zaman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayszaman.com%2Fop-ed_will-the-islamic-state-last-through-2015_368806.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Kurdish-Women-Turning-Kobani-into-a-Living-Hell-for-Islamic-State-20141014-0072.html">Kurdish Women Turning Kobani into a Living 'Hell' for Islamic State</a>. [2016-07-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225105728/https://www.telesurenglish.net/">存档</a>于2018-12-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Kurdish+Women+Turning+Kobani+into+a+Living+%27Hell%27+for+Islamic+State&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telesurtv.net%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2FKurdish-Women-Turning-Kobani-into-a-Living-Hell-for-Islamic-State-20141014-0072.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article138396610/Die-Barbaren-wollen-uns-alle-unterwerfen.html">Die Barbaren wollen uns alle unterwerfen</a>. [2016-07-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019083939/https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article138396610/Die-Barbaren-wollen-uns-alle-unterwerfen.html">存档</a>于2017-10-19） （德语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Die+Barbaren+wollen+uns+alle+unterwerfen&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fpolitik%2Fausland%2Farticle138396610%2FDie-Barbaren-wollen-uns-alle-unterwerfen.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Mustafa, Hasan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hasanmustafas.wordpress.com/2015/11/16/an-analysis-of-jaish-al-thuwar-the-army-of-revolutionaries-a-component-of-the-syrian-democratic-forces/">An Analysis of Jaish al-Thuwar (the Army of Revolutionaries) – a Component of the Syrian Democratic Forces</a>. Word Press. 2015-11-16 [2016-02-16]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501203748/https://hasanmustafas.wordpress.com/2015/11/16/an-analysis-of-jaish-al-thuwar-the-army-of-revolutionaries-a-component-of-the-syrian-democratic-forces/">存档</a>于2019-05-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.aufirst=Hasan&rft.aulast=Mustafa&rft.btitle=An+Analysis+of+Jaish+al-Thuwar+%28the+Army+of+Revolutionaries%29+%E2%80%93+a+Component+of+the+Syrian+Democratic+Forces&rft.date=2015-11-16&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Word+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhasanmustafas.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F11%2F16%2Fan-analysis-of-jaish-al-thuwar-the-army-of-revolutionaries-a-component-of-the-syrian-democratic-forces%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/war-with-isis-islamic-militants-have-army-of-200000-claims-kurdish-leader-9863418.html">War with Isis: Islamic militants have army of 200,000, claims senior Kurdish leader</a>. The Independent. 2014-11-18 [2016-07-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160618220003/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/war-with-isis-islamic-militants-have-army-of-200000-claims-kurdish-leader-9863418.html">存档</a>于2016-06-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=War+with+Isis%3A+Islamic+militants+have+army+of+200%2C000%2C+claims+senior+Kurdish+leader&rft.date=2014-11-18&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Independent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fwar-with-isis-islamic-militants-have-army-of-200000-claims-kurdish-leader-9863418.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-france24_20160706-55"><a href="#cite_ref-france24_20160706_55-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20160706-syria-islamic-state-group-rebel-manbij-raqqa">Islamic State group battered, but still unbowed in Syria</a>. France 24. 2016-07-06 [2016-09-23]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160706211704/http://www.france24.com/en/20160706-syria-islamic-state-group-rebel-manbij-raqqa">存档</a>于2016-07-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Islamic+State+group+battered%2C+but+still+unbowed+in+Syria&rft.date=2016-07-06&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20160706-syria-islamic-state-group-rebel-manbij-raqqa&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-SOHR-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SOHR_56-0">49.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOHR_56-1">49.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOHR_56-2">49.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOHR_56-3">49.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOHR_56-4">49.4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOHR_56-5">49.5</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=80436">About 500000 persons were killed in Syria during 81 months after the Syrian Revolution started</a>. 2017-12-10 [2018-01-27]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180106173323/http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=80436">存档</a>于2018-01-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=About+500000+persons+were+killed+in+Syria+during+81+months+after+the+Syrian+Revolution+started&rft.date=2017-12-10&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D80436&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-SOHR1-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SOHR1_57-0">50.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOHR1_57-1">50.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOHR1_57-2">50.2</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=8103">Tantalizing promises of Bashar al- Assad kill more than 11000 fighters of his forces during 5 months.</a>. SOHR. 2014-12-17 [2016-12-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005915/http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=8103">存档</a>于2016-12-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Tantalizing+promises+of+Bashar+al-+Assad+kill+more+than+11000+fighters+of+his+forces+during+5+months.&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=SOHR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D8103&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026002223/http://www.jns.org/news-briefs/2017/10/25/report-hezbollah-to-leave-syria-in-2018-to-prepare-for-conflict-with-israel#.WfDGZFuCyUk=">Report: Hezbollah to leave Syria in 2018 to prepare for conflict with Israel</a>. Jewish News Service. [2017-10-25]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jns.org/news-briefs/2017/10/25/report-hezbollah-to-leave-syria-in-2018-to-prepare-for-conflict-with-israel#.WfDGZFuCyUk=">原始内容</a>存档于2017-10-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Hezbollah+to+leave+Syria+in+2018+to+prepare+for+conflict+with+Israel&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+News+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jns.org%2Fnews-briefs%2F2017%2F10%2F25%2Freport-hezbollah-to-leave-syria-in-2018-to-prepare-for-conflict-with-israel%23.WfDGZFuCyUk%3D&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-44271676">Syria war: Russians killed in militant raid in Deir al-Zour</a>. BBC News. 2018-05-27 [2018-06-08]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180531205600/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-44271676">存档</a>于2018-05-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syria+war%3A+Russians+killed+in+militant+raid+in+Deir+al-Zour&rft.date=2018-05-27&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-44271676&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-casualtie-idUSKBN1AI0HG">Exclusive: Russian losses in Syria jump in 2017, Reuters estimates show</a>. 2017-08-02 [2017-08-02]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802092813/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-casualtie-idUSKBN1AI0HG">存档</a>于2017-08-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Russian+losses+in+Syria+jump+in+2017%2C+Reuters+estimates+show&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-casualtie-idUSKBN1AI0HG&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-almost11,500-61"><a href="#cite_ref-almost11,500_61-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328103035/http://ansamed.ansa.it/ansamed/en/news/sections/politics/2012/03/19/visualizza_new.html_134589467.html">Syria: Opposition, almost 11,500 civilians killed</a>. Ansamed.ansa.it. 2012-03-19 [2013-08-27]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ansamed.ansa.it/ansamed/en/news/sections/politics/2012/03/19/visualizza_new.html_134589467.html">原始内容</a>存档于2014-03-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Syria%3A+Opposition%2C+almost+11%2C500+civilians+killed&rft.date=2012-03-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Ansamed.ansa.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fansamed.ansa.it%2Fansamed%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fsections%2Fpolitics%2F2012%2F03%2F19%2Fvisualizza_new.html_134589467.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Jonathan Steele. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2015/12/03/syrian-kurds-are-winning/">The Syrian Kurds Are Winning!</a>. The New York Review of Books. [2016-04-12]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421042327/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2015/12/03/syrian-kurds-are-winning/">存档</a>于2016-04-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=The+Syrian+Kurds+Are+Winning%21&rft.au=Jonathan+Steele&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2015%2F12%2F03%2Fsyrian-kurds-are-winning%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806102415/https://www.ypgrojava.org/YPG-releases-the-2016-balance-sheet-of-war">YPG releases the 2016 balance sheet of war – English</a>. www.ypgrojava.org. [2017-08-06]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ypgrojava.org/YPG-releases-the-2016-balance-sheet-of-war">原始内容</a>存档于2017-08-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=YPG+releases+the+2016+balance+sheet+of+war+%E2%80%93+English&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ypgrojava.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ypgrojava.org%2FYPG-releases-the-2016-balance-sheet-of-war&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170716085055/http://aranews.net/2017/04/at-least-82-kurdish-ypg-fighters-killed-in-recent-clashes-with-isis-turkish-army/">At least 82 Kurdish YPG fighters killed in recent clashes with ISIS, Turkish army – ARA News</a>. 2017-04-04 [2017-08-06]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2017/04/at-least-82-kurdish-ypg-fighters-killed-in-recent-clashes-with-isis-turkish-army/">原始内容</a>存档于2017-07-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=At+least+82+Kurdish+YPG+fighters+killed+in+recent+clashes+with+ISIS%2C+Turkish+army+%E2%80%93+ARA+News&rft.date=2017-04-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faranews.net%2F2017%2F04%2Fat-least-82-kurdish-ypg-fighters-killed-in-recent-clashes-with-isis-turkish-army%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/Marine-is-first-US-death-in-operations-against-Islamic-State/articleshow/44263023.cms">Marine is first US death in operations against Islamic State</a>. The Times of India. [2014-10-25]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161205135400/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/Marine-is-first-US-death-in-operations-against-Islamic-State/articleshow/44263023.cms">存档</a>于2016-12-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Marine+is+first+US+death+in+operations+against+Islamic+State&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fworld%2Fus%2FMarine-is-first-US-death-in-operations-against-Islamic-State%2Farticleshow%2F44263023.cms&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31129416">Jordan pilot murder: Islamic State deploys asymmetry of fear</a>. 2015-02-04 [2016-07-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206210317/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31129416">存档</a>于2016-12-06） –通过www.bbc.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Jordan+pilot+murder%3A+Islamic+State+deploys+asymmetry+of+fear&rft.date=2015-02-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-31129416&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/24/world/middleeast/syria-warplanes-turkey.html">American Is Killed in First Casualty for U.S. Forces in Syria Combat</a>. The New York Times. 2016-11-24 [2017-08-06]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806143439/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/24/world/middleeast/syria-warplanes-turkey.html">存档</a>于2017-08-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=American+Is+Killed+in+First+Casualty+for+U.S.+Forces+in+Syria+Combat&rft.date=2016-11-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F11%2F24%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-warplanes-turkey.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <cite class="citation web">News, A. B. C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/International/us-service-member-killed-accident-syria/story?id=47658836">US service member killed in Syria identified as 22-year-old from Georgia</a>. ABC News. 2017-05-27 [2017-08-06]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170526140904/http://abcnews.go.com/International/us-service-member-killed-accident-syria/story?id=47658836">存档</a>于2017-05-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=US+service+member+killed+in+Syria+identified+as+22-year-old+from+Georgia&rft.aufirst=A.+B.+C.&rft.aulast=News&rft.date=2017-05-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2Fus-service-member-killed-accident-syria%2Fstory%3Fid%3D47658836&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/us/2016/08/10/us-45000-islamic-state-taken-off-iraq-syria-battlefields.html">US: 45,000 Islamic State taken off Iraq, Syria battlefields</a>. Fox News. 2016-08-10 [2016-09-29]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002082504/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2016/08/10/us-45000-islamic-state-taken-off-iraq-syria-battlefields.html">存档</a>于2016-10-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=US%3A+45%2C000+Islamic+State+taken+off+Iraq%2C+Syria+battlefields&rft.date=2016-08-10&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fus%2F2016%2F08%2F10%2Fus-45000-islamic-state-taken-off-iraq-syria-battlefields.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ISCasualtiesDiclehaber-70"><a href="#cite_ref-ISCasualtiesDiclehaber_70-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914160338/http://www.diclehaber.com/en/news/content/view/437247?from=2102159856">YPG releases balance-sheet of 2014: Nearly 5,000 ISIS members killed</a>. [2016-07-14]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diclehaber.com/en/news/content/view/437247?from=2102159856">原始内容</a>存档于2016-09-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=YPG+releases+balance-sheet+of+2014%3A+Nearly+5%2C000+ISIS+members+killed&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diclehaber.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F437247%3Ffrom%3D2102159856&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ISCasualtiesYPGRojava-71"><a href="#cite_ref-ISCasualtiesYPGRojava_71-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126073438/http://ypgrojava.com/en/2016/01/01/balance-of-the-war-against-hostile-groups-in-rojava-northern-syria-year-2015/">Balance of the War Against Hostile Groups in Rojava, Northern Syria: Year 2015</a>. [2016-07-14]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ypgrojava.com/en/2016/01/01/balance-of-the-war-against-hostile-groups-in-rojava-northern-syria-year-2015/">原始内容</a>存档于2016-01-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Balance+of+the+War+Against+Hostile+Groups+in+Rojava%2C+Northern+Syria%3A+Year+2015&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fypgrojava.com%2Fen%2F2016%2F01%2F01%2Fbalance-of-the-war-against-hostile-groups-in-rojava-northern-syria-year-2015%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ISCasualtiesSputnik-72"><a href="#cite_ref-ISCasualtiesSputnik_72-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sputniknews.com/middleeast/20141225/1016239222.html">Syrian Army Kills Nearly 5,000 IS Militants in Three Months: Source</a>. sputniknews.com. 2014-12-25 [2016-07-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818072029/http://sputniknews.com/middleeast/20141225/1016239222.html">存档</a>于2016-08-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syrian+Army+Kills+Nearly+5%2C000+IS+Militants+in+Three+Months%3A+Source&rft.date=2014-12-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sputniknews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsputniknews.com%2Fmiddleeast%2F20141225%2F1016239222.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sana.sy/en/?p=72949">The army takes full control of Palmyra city, hundreds of ISIS terrorists killed</a>. [2016-07-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002134454/http://sana.sy/en/?p=72949">存档</a>于2016-10-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=The+army+takes+full+control+of+Palmyra+city%2C+hundreds+of+ISIS+terrorists+killed&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D72949&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-5490129/Syria-war-killed-350-000-7-years-monitor.html">Syria war has killed more than 350,000 in 7 years: monitor</a>. Mail Online. [2018-04-27]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180408210311/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-5490129/Syria-war-killed-350-000-7-years-monitor.html">存档</a>于2018-04-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syria+war+has+killed+more+than+350%2C000+in+7+years%3A+monitor&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mail+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fwires%2Fafp%2Farticle-5490129%2FSyria-war-killed-350-000-7-years-monitor.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/11/report-on-syria-conflict-finds-115-of-population-killed-or-injured">Report on Syria conflict finds 11.5% of population killed or injured</a>. [2016-07-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313092434/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/11/report-on-syria-conflict-finds-115-of-population-killed-or-injured">存档</a>于2016-03-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Report+on+Syria+conflict+finds+11.5%25+of+population+killed+or+injured&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Ffeb%2F11%2Freport-on-syria-conflict-finds-115-of-population-killed-or-injured&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11728266/More-than-four-million-Syrian-refugees-in-neighbouring-countries-UN-says.html">More than four million Syrian refugees in neighbouring countries, UN says</a>. Telegraph.co.uk. 2015-07-09 [2016-07-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507214743/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11728266/More-than-four-million-Syrian-refugees-in-neighbouring-countries-UN-says.html">存档</a>于2016-05-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=More+than+four+million+Syrian+refugees+in+neighbouring+countries%2C+UN+says&rft.date=2015-07-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telegraph.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F11728266%2FMore-than-four-million-Syrian-refugees-in-neighbouring-countries-UN-says.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Tom Miles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151128054314/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/07/09/us-mideast-crisis-syria-refugees-idUSKCN0PJ0EF20150709">Syria's neighbors now host four million of its refugees, U.N. says</a>. Reuters. 2015-07-09 [2016-07-14]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/07/09/us-mideast-crisis-syria-refugees-idUSKCN0PJ0EF20150709">原始内容</a>存档于2015-11-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+neighbors+now+host+four+million+of+its+refugees%2C+U.N.+says&rft.au=Tom+Miles&rft.date=2015-07-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2015%2F07%2F09%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-refugees-idUSKCN0PJ0EF20150709&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812211317/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/7/9/unhcr-syrian-refugees-cross-four-million-mark.html">UNHCR: Syrian Refugees Cross Four Million Mark - Al Jazeera America</a>. aljazeera.com. [2016-07-14]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/7/9/unhcr-syrian-refugees-cross-four-million-mark.html">原始内容</a>存档于2016-08-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=UNHCR%3A+Syrian+Refugees+Cross+Four+Million+Mark+-+Al+Jazeera+America&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famerica.aljazeera.com%2Farticles%2F2015%2F7%2F9%2Funhcr-syrian-refugees-cross-four-million-mark.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26116868">Syria: The story of the conflict</a>. BBC News. 11 March 2016 [21 June 2018]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622052951/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26116868">存档</a>于22 June 2018）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+The+story+of+the+conflict&rft.date=2016-03-11&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-26116868&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/26/world/middleeast/26syria.html">Syrian Troops Open Fire on Protestors in Several Cities</a>. The New York Times. 25 March 2011 [23 May 2018]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180621011638/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/26/world/middleeast/26syria.html">存档</a>于21 June 2018）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syrian+Troops+Open+Fire+on+Protestors+in+Several+Cities&rft.date=2011-03-25&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F03%2F26%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F26syria.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12749674">Mid-East unrest: Syrian protests in Damascus and Aleppo</a>. BBC News. 2011-03-15 [2013-03-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721134738/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12749674">存档</a>于21 July 2018） （英国英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Mid-East+unrest%3A+Syrian+protests+in+Damascus+and+Aleppo&rft.date=2011-03-15&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-12749674&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc2013-82"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc2013_82-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-24403003">Guide to the Syrian rebels</a>. [2016-09-28]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604064507/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-24403003">存档</a>于2016-06-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Syrian+rebels&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-24403003&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrian-president-bashar-al-assad-has-left-damascus-an-unknown-destination-say-2024-12-08/">Syrian President Bashar al-Assad has left Damascus to an unknown destination, say two senior army officers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 2024-12-07 [2024-12-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241208035340/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrian-president-bashar-al-assad-has-left-damascus-an-unknown-destination-say-2024-12-08/">存档</a>于2024-12-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syrian+President+Bashar+al-Assad+has+left+Damascus+to+an+unknown+destination%2C+say+two+senior+army+officers&rft.date=2024-12-07&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyrian-president-bashar-al-assad-has-left-damascus-an-unknown-destination-say-2024-12-08%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mei.edu/publications/2021-will-be-defining-year-syria">2021 will be a defining year for Syria</a>. Middle East Institute. [2023-03-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221117184255/https://www.mei.edu/publications/2021-will-be-defining-year-syria">存档</a>于2022-11-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=2021+will+be+a+defining+year+for+Syria&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fpublications%2F2021-will-be-defining-year-syria&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rescue.org/article/crisis-syria-economic-crisis-compounds-decade-war">Crisis in Syria: Economic crisis compounds a decade of war</a>. International Rescue Committee (IRC). 31 January 2022 [2023-03-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314175139/https://www.rescue.org/article/crisis-syria-economic-crisis-compounds-decade-war">存档</a>于2022-03-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Crisis+in+Syria%3A+Economic+crisis+compounds+a+decade+of+war&rft.date=2022-01-31&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Rescue+Committee+%28IRC%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rescue.org%2Farticle%2Fcrisis-syria-economic-crisis-compounds-decade-war&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/list/8-deadliest-wars-of-the-21st-century">8 Deadliest Wars of the 21st Century</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2020-02-17]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190526191400/https://www.britannica.com/list/8-deadliest-wars-of-the-21st-century">存档</a>于2019-05-26） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=8+Deadliest+Wars+of+the+21st+Century&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Flist%2F8-deadliest-wars-of-the-21st-century&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2012/08-16/4110532.shtml">敘利亞報告稱敘利亞政府軍及反對派均犯下戰爭罪</a>. [2012-12-05]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121015132748/http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2012/08-16/4110532.shtml">存档</a>于2012-10-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%E7%A8%B1%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E8%BB%8D%E5%8F%8A%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%8D%E6%B4%BE%E5%9D%87%E7%8A%AF%E4%B8%8B%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E7%BD%AA&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinanews.com%2Fgj%2F2012%2F08-16%2F4110532.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3580.htm">Syria (05/07)</a>. State.gov. [2008-10-25]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150613073738/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3580.htm">存档</a>于2015-06-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Syria+%2805%2F07%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=State.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F3580.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Ghadry, Farid N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meforum.org/683/syrian-reform-what-lies-beneath">Syrian Reform: What Lies Beneath</a>. The Middle East Quarterly. Winter 2005 [2011-04-10]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110304204216/http://www.meforum.org/683/syrian-reform-what-lies-beneath">存档</a>于2011-03-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.aufirst=Farid+N.&rft.aulast=Ghadry&rft.btitle=Syrian+Reform%3A+What+Lies+Beneath&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Middle+East+Quarterly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2F683%2Fsyrian-reform-what-lies-beneath&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Sturdy_House_That_Assad_Built-90"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Sturdy_House_That_Assad_Built_90-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Michael Bröning. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67561/michael-broening/the-sturdy-house-that-assad-built">The Sturdy House That Assad Built</a>. The Foreign Affairs. 2011-03-07 [2011-04-10]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507025111/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67561/michael-broening/the-sturdy-house-that-assad-built">存档</a>于2011-05-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.au=Michael+Br%C3%B6ning&rft.btitle=The+Sturdy+House+That+Assad+Built&rft.date=2011-03-07&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F67561%2Fmichael-broening%2Fthe-sturdy-house-that-assad-built&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Mark Landler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/27/world/middleeast/27diplomacy.html">Chaos in Syria and Jordan Alarms U.S.</a>. New York Times (New York Times). 2011-03-26 [2011-05-06]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110412204813/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/27/world/middleeast/27diplomacy.html">存档</a>于2011-04-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Chaos+in+Syria+and+Jordan+Alarms+U.S.&rft.au=Mark+Landler&rft.date=2011-03-26&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F03%2F27%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F27diplomacy.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Robert Fisk: Freedom, democracy and human rights in Syria, The Independent, Thursday, 16 September 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalSecurity-93"><a href="#cite_ref-GlobalSecurity_93-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/syria/hama.htm">Hama</a>. GlobalSecurity.org. [2009-11-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190407203538/https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/syria/hama.htm">存档</a>于2019-04-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Hama&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=GlobalSecurity.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fwmd%2Fworld%2Fsyria%2Fhama.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <cite class="citation news">James Brandon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071107082810/http://www.jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2370250">The PKK and Syria's Kurds</a>. Washington, DC 20036, USA: Terrorism Monitor, The Jamestown Foundation. 2007-02-15: Volume 5, Issue 3 [2011-04-10]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2370250">原始内容</a>存档于2007-11-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=The+PKK+and+Syria%27s+Kurds&rft.au=James+Brandon&rft.date=2007-02-15&rft.genre=article&rft.pages=Volume+5%2C+Issue+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamestown.org%2Fterrorism%2Fnews%2Farticle.php%3Farticleid%3D2370250&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> MidEastWeb. Kurdish agony – the forgotten massacre of Qamishlo. March 2004.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mideastweb.org/log/archives/00000231.htm">[1]</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160305065717/http://www.mideastweb.org/log/archives/00000231.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） MidEastWeb </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/18446885?story_id=18446885">Syria: Next on the list? A wave of unrest has finally reached one of the region's most repressive regimes</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" class="mw-redirect" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 2011-03-24 [2011-04-01]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110404014004/http://www.economist.com/node/18446885?story_id=18446885">存档</a>于2011-04-04）. <q>Mr Assad's power is concentrated among his own Alawite sect, a Shia breakaway minority that numbers barely 6% of Syrians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+Next+on+the+list%3F+A+wave+of+unrest+has+finally+reached+one+of+the+region%27s+most+repressive+regimes&rft.date=2011-03-24&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F18446885%3Fstory_id%3D18446885&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-18084964">The 'secretive sect' in charge of Syria</a>. BBC News. 2012-05-17 [2016-09-29]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807164000/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-18084964">存档</a>于2016-08-07）. <q>They account for 12% of Syria's population</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=The+%27secretive+sect%27+in+charge+of+Syria&rft.date=2012-05-17&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-18084964&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> "Syria – International Religious Freedom Report 2006". U.S. Department of State. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71432.htm">http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71432.htm</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120119114038/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71432.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. Retrieved 2009-06-28. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Jerusalem_Post-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Jerusalem_Post_99-0">92.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Jerusalem_Post_99-1">92.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=215547">Syria Kurd leader vows to keep up democracy struggle</a>. The Jerusalem Post. [2011-04-10]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110407131551/http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=215547">存档</a>于2011-04-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Syria+Kurd+leader+vows+to+keep+up+democracy+struggle&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FHeadlines%2FArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D215547&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zaobao.com/gj/gj110418_013.shtml">叙利亚将废除近50年紧急令</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128055615/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/international/youth-exclusion-in-syria-economic/">Youth Exclusion in Syria: Social, Economic, and Institutional Dimensions</a>. Journalist's Resource.org. [2011-12-19]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/international/youth-exclusion-in-syria-economic/">原始内容</a>存档于2015-01-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Youth+Exclusion+in+Syria%3A+Social%2C+Economic%2C+and+Institutional+Dimensions&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Journalist%27s+Resource.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournalistsresource.org%2Fstudies%2Fgovernment%2Finternational%2Fyouth-exclusion-in-syria-economic%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-w.r.p555-102"><a href="#cite_ref-w.r.p555_102-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2010">World Report 2010 Human Rights Watch World Report 2010</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20131016104759/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2010">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, pg. 555. </li> <li id="cite_note-AmInt2009-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AmInt2009_103-0">96.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmInt2009_103-1">96.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmInt2009_103-2">96.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmInt2009_103-3">96.3</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091007231314/http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria">Amnesty International Report 2009, Syria</a>. [2011-04-24]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria">原始内容</a>存档于2009-10-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Amnesty+International+Report+2009%2C+Syria&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthereport.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fregions%2Fmiddle-east-north-africa%2Fsyria&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRW_104-0">97.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW_104-1">97.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW_104-2">97.2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OZ3a4M_oZccC&pg=PA486&dq=%22Human+Rights+Watch+World+Report+2005+Events+of+2004%22+syria&hl=en&ei=3g91TNjTB9mXOJ_C2M4G&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false">Human Rights Watch World Report 2005 Events of 2004</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110512020711/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OZ3a4M_oZccC&pg=PA486&dq=%22Human+Rights+Watch+World+Report+2005+Events+of+2004%22+syria&hl=en&ei=3g91TNjTB9mXOJ_C2M4G&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1564323315" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-56432-331-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-GUARD-105"><a href="#cite_ref-GUARD_105-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Black, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jul/16/syrian-human-rights-unchanged-assad">Syrian human rights record unchanged under Assad, report says</a>. The Guardian (London). 2010-07-16 [2011-04-24]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101215113905/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jul/16/syrian-human-rights-unchanged-assad">存档</a>于2010-12-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syrian+human+rights+record+unchanged+under+Assad%2C+report+says&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.aulast=Black&rft.date=2010-07-16&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fjul%2F16%2Fsyrian-human-rights-unchanged-assad&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/who-are-shabbiha_557329.html">Who Are the Shabbiha?</a>. Weeklystandard.com. 2011-04-12 [2011-05-03]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110416083218/http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/who-are-shabbiha_557329.html">存档</a>于2011-04-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Who+Are+the+Shabbiha%3F&rft.date=2011-04-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Weeklystandard.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weeklystandard.com%2Fblogs%2Fwho-are-shabbiha_557329.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Ammar Abdulhamid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719043226/http://syrianrevolutiondigest.blogspot.com/2011/04/shabbiha-assads-mercenaries.html">The Shabbiha: Assad’s Mercenaries</a>. Syrianrevolutiondigest.blogspot.com. 2011-04-11 [2011-05-03]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syrianrevolutiondigest.blogspot.com/2011/04/shabbiha-assads-mercenaries.html">原始内容</a>存档于2011-07-19） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.au=Ammar+Abdulhamid&rft.btitle=The+Shabbiha%3A+Assad%E2%80%99s+Mercenaries&rft.date=2011-04-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Syrianrevolutiondigest.blogspot.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyrianrevolutiondigest.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F04%2Fshabbiha-assads-mercenaries.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140815074753/http://damascus.usembassy.gov/mobile/sanctions-syr.html">U.S. Trade and Financial Sanctions Against Syria</a>. Embassy of The United States, Damascus.Syria. [2014-10-11]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://damascus.usembassy.gov/mobile/sanctions-syr.html">原始内容</a>存档于2014-08-15） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=U.S.+Trade+and+Financial+Sanctions+Against+Syria&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Embassy+of+The+United+States%2C+Damascus.Syria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdamascus.usembassy.gov%2Fmobile%2Fsanctions-syr.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/10DAMASCUS159_a.html#efmBraBr6BsHB6RB6UCDN">SYRIAN INTELLIGENCE CHIEF ATTENDS CT DIALOGUE WITH S/CT BENJAMIN</a>. Wikileaks. [2014-10-11]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016154918/https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/10DAMASCUS159_a.html#efmBraBr6BsHB6RB6UCDN">存档</a>于2014-10-16） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=SYRIAN+INTELLIGENCE+CHIEF+ATTENDS+CT+DIALOGUE+WITH+S%2FCT+BENJAMIN&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Wikileaks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwikileaks.org%2Fplusd%2Fcables%2F10DAMASCUS159_a.html%23efmBraBr6BsHB6RB6UCDN&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/11792330"><bdi lang="en">Red lines that cannot be crossed – The authorities don’t want you to read or see too much</bdi></a>. The Economist. 2008-07-24 [2011-04-10]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6A0vTnNGK?url=http://www.economist.com/node/11792330">存档</a>于2012-08-18） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Red+lines+that+cannot+be+crossed+%E2%80%93+The+authorities+don%E2%80%99t+want+you+to+read+or+see+too+much&rft.date=2008-07-24&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F11792330&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055816/http://en.rsf.org/predator-bashar-al-assad%2C37213.html">Bashar Al-Assad, President, Syria</a>. Reporters Without Borders. [2011-04-10]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.rsf.org/predator-bashar-al-assad,37213.html">原始内容</a>存档于2016-03-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Bashar+Al-Assad%2C+President%2C+Syria&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Reporters+Without+Borders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.rsf.org%2Fpredator-bashar-al-assad%2C37213.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703833204576114712441122894.html">Interview With Syrian President Bashar al-Assad</a>. wsj.com. [2011-01-31]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110131090829/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703833204576114712441122894.html">存档</a>于2011-01-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Interview+With+Syrian+President+Bashar+al-Assad&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=wsj.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052748703833204576114712441122894.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704832704576114340735033236.html">Syria Strongman: Time for 'Reform'</a>. wsj.com. [2011-01-31]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110131022339/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704832704576114340735033236.html">存档</a>于2011-01-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Syria+Strongman%3A+Time+for+%27Reform%27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=wsj.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052748704832704576114340735033236.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2011/02/02/middle-east-protests-syria-egypt/">FOX News opinion</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110511020410/http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2011/02/02/middle-east-protests-syria-egypt/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/27/report-12-killed-syrian-port-city">US will not intervene in Syria as it has in Libya, says Hillary Clinton</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110413051634/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/27/report-12-killed-syrian-port-city">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, 27 March 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlpaper/20153610305014235843.shtm">气候变化或催化叙利亚内战—论文—科学网</a>. news.sciencenet.cn. [2020-02-17]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217235833/http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlpaper/20153610305014235843.shtm">存档</a>于2020-02-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E6%88%96%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98%E2%80%94%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87%E2%80%94%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%BD%91&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.sciencenet.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sciencenet.cn%2Fhtmlpaper%2F20153610305014235843.shtm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <cite class="citation web">精選書摘. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/article/77464">為什麼敘利亞局勢惡化得那麼迅速？你在地緣政治辯論不會聽到的水資源短缺危機</a>. The News Lens 關鍵評論網. 2017-09-06 [2022-06-26]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220704115940/https://www.thenewslens.com/article/77464">存档</a>于2022-07-04） （中文（臺灣））.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E7%82%BA%E4%BB%80%E9%BA%BC%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%B1%80%E5%8B%A2%E6%83%A1%E5%8C%96%E5%BE%97%E9%82%A3%E9%BA%BC%E8%BF%85%E9%80%9F%EF%BC%9F%E4%BD%A0%E5%9C%A8%E5%9C%B0%E7%B7%A3%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%BE%AF%E8%AB%96%E4%B8%8D%E6%9C%83%E8%81%BD%E5%88%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B0%B4%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E7%9F%AD%E7%BC%BA%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F&rft.au=%E7%B2%BE%E9%81%B8%E6%9B%B8%E6%91%98&rft.date=2017-09-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+Lens+%E9%97%9C%E9%8D%B5%E8%A9%95%E8%AB%96%E7%B6%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewslens.com%2Farticle%2F77464&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-SCW-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCW_118-0">111.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCW_118-1">111.1</a> <cite class="citation news">Fahim, Kareem; Saad, Hwaida. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/09/world/middleeast/a-faceless-teenage-refugee-who-helped-ignite-syrias-war.html?_r=1">A Faceless Teenage Refugee Who Helped Ignite Syria's War</a>. New York Times. 2013-02-08 [2015-08-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201135116/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/09/world/middleeast/a-faceless-teenage-refugee-who-helped-ignite-syrias-war.html?_r=1">存档</a>于2016-02-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=A+Faceless+Teenage+Refugee+Who+Helped+Ignite+Syria%27s+War&rft.au=Saad%2C+Hwaida&rft.aufirst=Kareem&rft.aulast=Fahim&rft.date=2013-02-08&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F02%2F09%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fa-faceless-teenage-refugee-who-helped-ignite-syrias-war.html%3F_r%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12749674">Mid-East unrest: Syrian protests in Damascus and Aleppo</a>. BBC. [2015-08-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160721131547/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12749674">存档</a>于2016-07-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Mid-East+unrest%3A+Syrian+protests+in+Damascus+and+Aleppo&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-12749674&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-DR-120"><a href="#cite_ref-DR_120-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12794882">Middle East unrest: Silence broken in Syria</a>. BBC. [2015-08-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160721131551/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12794882">存档</a>于2016-07-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Middle+East+unrest%3A+Silence+broken+in+Syria&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-12794882&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/143026#.VdOFupexlmE">Syria: Seven Police Killed, Buildings Torched in Protests</a>. Israel National News. [2015-08-18]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515002936/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/143026#.VdOFupexlmE">存档</a>于2019-05-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Syria%3A+Seven+Police+Killed%2C+Buildings+Torched+in+Protests&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Israel+National+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F143026%23.VdOFupexlmE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Struggle_For_Syria.pdf">The struggle for Syria in 2011</a> (PDF). Understanding War. [2015-08-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430184640/http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Struggle_For_Syria.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2019-04-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=The+struggle+for+Syria+in+2011&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Understanding+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.understandingwar.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FStruggle_For_Syria.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/30/syrian-protests-assad-blames-conspirators">Assad blames conspirators for Syrian protests</a>. The Guardian. [2015-08-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713162127/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/30/syrian-protests-assad-blames-conspirators">存档</a>于2015-07-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Assad+blames+conspirators+for+Syrian+protests&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Guardian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fmar%2F30%2Fsyrian-protests-assad-blames-conspirators&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc24M11-124"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc24M11_124-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13529923">US policy on Syria 'depends on success in Libya'</a>. BBC. 2011-05-24 [2014-03-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121012437/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13529923">存档</a>于2018-11-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=US+policy+on+Syria+%27depends+on+success+in+Libya%27&rft.date=2011-05-24&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-13529923&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Kh.31-5-11-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Kh.31-5-11_125-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle09.asp?xfile=data/middleeast/2011/May/middleeast_May870.xml&section=middleeast">Armed residents put up resistance to Syrian army</a>. Khaleej Times (Dubai). 2011-05-31 [2014-04-02]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6FhyYcNNz?url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle09.asp?xfile=data%2Fmiddleeast%2F2011%2FMay%2Fmiddleeast_May870.xml">存档</a>于2013-04-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Armed+residents+put+up+resistance+to+Syrian+army&rft.date=2011-05-31&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Khaleej+Times+%28Dubai%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khaleejtimes.com%2FDisplayArticle09.asp%3Fxfile%3Ddata%2Fmiddleeast%2F2011%2FMay%2Fmiddleeast_May870.xml%26section%3Dmiddleeast&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc5511,17.19GMT-126"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc5511,17.19GMT_126-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13299793">Syria protests: Rights group warns of 'Deraa massacre'</a>. BBC. 2011-05-05 [2014-02-02]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110506035755/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13299793">存档</a>于2011-05-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syria+protests%3A+Rights+group+warns+of+%27Deraa+massacre%27&rft.date=2011-05-05&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-13299793&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Salloum, Raniah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/former-prisoners-fight-in-syrian-insurgency-a-927158.html">From Jail to Jihad: Former Prisoners Fight in Syrian Insurgency</a>. Spiegel. 2013-10-10 [2014-05-27]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606234654/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/former-prisoners-fight-in-syrian-insurgency-a-927158.html">存档</a>于2014-06-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=From+Jail+to+Jihad%3A+Former+Prisoners+Fight+in+Syrian+Insurgency&rft.aufirst=Raniah&rft.aulast=Salloum&rft.date=2013-10-10&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spiegel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fworld%2Fformer-prisoners-fight-in-syrian-insurgency-a-927158.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated5-128"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_128-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Holliday, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Struggle_For_Syria.pdf">The Struggle for Syria in 2011</a> (PDF). Institute for the Study of War. December 2011 [2013-09-20]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430184640/http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Struggle_For_Syria.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2019-04-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=The+Struggle+for+Syria+in+2011&rft.au=Holliday%2C+Joseph&rft.date=2011-12&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+the+Study+of+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.understandingwar.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FStruggle_For_Syria.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  (page 21) </li> <li id="cite_note-Landis29-7-11-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Landis29-7-11_129-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Landis, Joshua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/?p=11043">Free Syrian Army Founded by Seven Officers to Fight the Syrian Army</a>. Syria Comment. 2011-07-29 [2014-05-29]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/69NZHSDi5?url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/?p=11043">存档</a>于2012-07-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft.aulast=Landis&rft.btitle=Free+Syrian+Army+Founded+by+Seven+Officers+to+Fight+the+Syrian+Army&rft.date=2011-07-29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Syria+Comment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joshualandis.com%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D11043&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-wtarc-130"><a href="#cite_ref-wtarc_130-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111127210252/http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2011/me_syria0973_08_03.asp">Defecting troops form 'Free Syrian Army', target Assad security forces</a>. World Tribune. 2011-08-03 [2014-05-29]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2011/me_syria0973_08_03.asp">原始内容</a>存档于2011-11-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Defecting+troops+form+%27Free+Syrian+Army%27%2C+target+Assad+security+forces&rft.date=2011-08-03&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtribune.com%2Fworldtribune%2FWTARC%2F2011%2Fme_syria0973_08_03.asp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/648303/syrian-army-kills-at-least-95-in-hama-activist">Syrian army kills at least 95 in Hama: activist</a>. Dawn. Agence France-Presse. 2011-07-31 [2015-06-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180530142715/https://www.dawn.com/news/648303/syrian-army-kills-at-least-95-in-hama-activist">存档</a>于2018-05-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syrian+army+kills+at+least+95+in+Hama%3A+activist&rft.date=2011-07-31&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F648303%2Fsyrian-army-kills-at-least-95-in-hama-activist&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_Topic:_Syria-132"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Topic:_Syria_132-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Barnard, Anne; Hubbard, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/syria/index.html">Syria News</a>. The New York Times. [2012-08-02]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511141803/http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/syria/index.html">存档</a>于2011-05-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syria+News&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+Ben&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.nytimes.com%2Ftop%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fcountriesandterritories%2Fsyria%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165232/https://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/08/30/164705.html">Syrian forces kill seven protesters as Muslims celebrate first day of Eid</a>. Al Arabiya. 2011-08-30 [2012-02-01]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/08/30/164705.html">原始内容</a>存档于2018-06-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syrian+forces+kill+seven+protesters+as+Muslims+celebrate+first+day+of+Eid&rft.date=2011-08-30&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alarabiya.net%2Farticles%2F2011%2F08%2F30%2F164705.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924155425/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/27/syria-town-idUSL5E7KR02A20110927">Syria forces storm main town, fight defectors-residents</a>. Reuters. 2011-09-27 [2015-10-17]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/27/syria-town-idUSL5E7KR02A20110927">原始内容</a>存档于2015-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syria+forces+storm+main+town%2C+fight+defectors-residents&rft.date=2011-09-27&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2011%2F09%2F27%2Fsyria-town-idUSL5E7KR02A20110927&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13988701">Syria: 'Hundreds of thousands' join anti-Assad protests</a>. BBC. 2011-07-01 [2011-08-03]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805061523/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13988701">存档</a>于2011-08-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+%27Hundreds+of+thousands%27+join+anti-Assad+protests&rft.date=2011-07-01&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-13988701&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Oweis, Khaled Yacoub. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005183430/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/04/us-syria-opposition-idUSL5E7L41CT20111004">Dissident Syrian colonel flees to Turkey</a>. Reuters. 2011-10-04 [2012-08-18]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/04/us-syria-opposition-idUSL5E7L41CT20111004">原始内容</a>存档于2011-10-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Dissident+Syrian+colonel+flees+to+Turkey&rft.aufirst=Khaled+Yacoub&rft.aulast=Oweis&rft.date=2011-10-04&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2011%2F10%2F04%2Fus-syria-opposition-idUSL5E7L41CT20111004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Rebel_groups-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Rebel_groups_137-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Yezdani, İpek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/syrian-rebels-too-fragmented-unruly.aspx?pageID=238&nID=29158&NewsCatID=352">Syrian rebels: Too fragmented, unruly</a>. Hürriyet Daily News. 2012-09-01 [2012-09-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019181343/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/syrian-rebels-too-fragmented-unruly.aspx?pageID=238&nID=29158&NewsCatID=352">存档</a>于2017-10-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebels%3A+Too+fragmented%2C+unruly&rft.aufirst=%C4%B0pek&rft.aulast=Yezdani&rft.date=2012-09-01&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fsyrian-rebels-too-fragmented-unruly.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D29158%26NewsCatID%3D352&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Sands, Phil; Vela, Justin; Maayeh, Suha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/world/syria/assad-regime-set-free-extremists-from-prison-to-fire-up-trouble-during-peaceful-uprising">Assad regime set free extremists from prison to fire up trouble during peaceful uprising</a>. The National. 2014-01-21 [2014-08-11]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140730012530/http://www.thenational.ae/world/syria/assad-regime-set-free-extremists-from-prison-to-fire-up-trouble-during-peaceful-uprising">存档</a>于2014-07-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Assad+regime+set+free+extremists+from+prison+to+fire+up+trouble+during+peaceful+uprising&rft.au=Maayeh%2C+Suha&rft.au=Vela%2C+Justin&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.aulast=Sands&rft.date=2014-01-21&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fworld%2Fsyria%2Fassad-regime-set-free-extremists-from-prison-to-fire-up-trouble-during-peaceful-uprising&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiss-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Weiss_139-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Weiss, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/06/23/iran_is_funding_isis_syria_iraq_proxy_war">Trust Iran Only as Far as You Can Throw It</a>. Foreign Policy. 2014-06-23 [2014-08-11]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140813003037/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/06/23/iran_is_funding_isis_syria_iraq_proxy_war">存档</a>于2014-08-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Trust+Iran+Only+as+Far+as+You+Can+Throw+It&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.date=2014-06-23&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignpolicy.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2F06%2F23%2Firan_is_funding_isis_syria_iraq_proxy_war&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc12-6-12-140"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc12-6-12_140-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18417952">Syria in civil war, says UN official Herve Ladsous</a>. BBC News. 2012-06-12 [2014-01-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224112135/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18417952">存档</a>于2018-12-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syria+in+civil+war%2C+says+UN+official+Herve+Ladsous&rft.date=2012-06-12&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-18417952&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2013-09/10/c_117296573.htm">民调显示多数美国人不支持对叙动武</a>. 新華網. 2013-09-10 [2016-09-28]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130915060337/http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2013-09/10/c_117296573.htm">存档</a>于2013-09-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E6%B0%91%E8%B0%83%E6%98%BE%E7%A4%BA%E5%A4%9A%E6%95%B0%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%8D%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E5%AF%B9%E5%8F%99%E5%8A%A8%E6%AD%A6&rft.date=2013-09-10&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fworld%2F2013-09%2F10%2Fc_117296573.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713012909/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/jihadis-capture-northern-syrian-town-near-turkey">Al-Qaida militants captured town in northern Syria</a>. Associated Press. 2013-09-19 [2014-01-04]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigstory.ap.org/article/jihadis-capture-northern-syrian-town-near-turkey">原始内容</a>存档于2015-07-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Al-Qaida+militants+captured+town+in+northern+Syria&rft.date=2013-09-19&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigstory.ap.org%2Farticle%2Fjihadis-capture-northern-syrian-town-near-turkey&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180902151802/https://www.france24.com/en/20131003-syrian-rebels-tell-qaeda-groups-withdraw-homs-isil-azaz">Syrian rebel factions tell al Qaeda groups to withdraw</a>. 2013-10-03 [2014-01-04]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20131003-syrian-rebels-tell-qaeda-groups-withdraw-homs-isil-azaz/">原始内容</a>存档于2018-09-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebel+factions+tell+al+Qaeda+groups+to+withdraw&rft.date=2013-10-03&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20131003-syrian-rebels-tell-qaeda-groups-withdraw-homs-isil-azaz%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-advancegolan-144"><a href="#cite_ref-advancegolan_144-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/international/middle_east/2014/02/syrian_troops_advance_near_golan_heights_city">Syrian troops advance near Golan Heights city</a>. [2015-05-24]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025144803/http://www.bostonherald.com/news_opinion/international/middle_east/2014/02/syrian_troops_advance_near_golan_heights_city">存档</a>于2014-10-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Syrian+troops+advance+near+Golan+Heights+city&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbostonherald.com%2Fnews_opinion%2Finternational%2Fmiddle_east%2F2014%2F02%2Fsyrian_troops_advance_near_golan_heights_city&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-xh20140304-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-xh20140304_145-0">138.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-xh20140304_145-1">138.1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2014-03/04/c_126216195.htm">极端组织在叙利亚占领区实施严酷统治富人“人头税”须交17克纯金</a> <a href="/wiki/Archive.is" title="Archive.is">Archive.is</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20161011155503/http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2014-03/04/c_126216195.htm">存檔</a>，存档日期2016-10-11, 2014-03-04 </li> <li id="cite_note-93rebels-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-93rebels_146-0">139.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-93rebels_146-1">139.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140324032616/http://hosted2.ap.org/CARIE/0260ea4c3e85456b80715585ba3c7b5b/Article_2014-03-21-Syria/id-ecdd688852de4becb3481ff213cd34a6">Syrian army says 93 rebels killed fleeing castle</a>. [2014-03-26]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hosted2.ap.org/CARIE/0260ea4c3e85456b80715585ba3c7b5b/Article_2014-03-21-Syria/id-ecdd688852de4becb3481ff213cd34a6">原始内容</a>存档于2014-03-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Syrian+army+says+93+rebels+killed+fleeing+castle&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhosted2.ap.org%2FCARIE%2F0260ea4c3e85456b80715585ba3c7b5b%2FArticle_2014-03-21-Syria%2Fid-ecdd688852de4becb3481ff213cd34a6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-crusader-147"><a href="#cite_ref-crusader_147-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/syrian-troops-capture-village-lebanon-border-22972787">Syrian Troops Capture Crusader-Era Citadel</a>. [2015-05-24]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140401170848/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/syrian-troops-capture-village-lebanon-border-22972787">存档</a>于2014-04-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Syrian+Troops+Capture+Crusader-Era+Citadel&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Fsyrian-troops-capture-village-lebanon-border-22972787&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140324095403/http://syriahr.net/en/index.php?option=com_news&nid=1968&Itemid=2&task=displaynews#.Uy_SyVzFslI">Syria army retakes famed Crusader castle in border push</a>. [2015-05-24]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.net/en/index.php?option=com_news&nid=1968&Itemid=2&task=displaynews#.Uy_SyVzFslI">原始内容</a>存档于2014-03-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Syria+army+retakes+famed+Crusader+castle+in+border+push&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.net%2Fen%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_news%26nid%3D1968%26Itemid%3D2%26task%3Ddisplaynews%23.Uy_SyVzFslI&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150619084725/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/21/us-syria-crisis-homs-idUSBREA2K1AW20140321">Syrian army says has control of western Homs province</a>. [2015-05-24]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/21/us-syria-crisis-homs-idUSBREA2K1AW20140321">原始内容</a>存档于2015-06-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Syrian+army+says+has+control+of+western+Homs+province&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2014%2F03%2F21%2Fus-syria-crisis-homs-idUSBREA2K1AW20140321&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-seizes-150"><a href="#cite_ref-seizes_150-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Mar-31/251760-isis-seizes-town-from-nusra-in-hassakeh-province.ashx#axzz2xZm0xbf9">ISIS seizes town from Nusra in Hassakeh province</a>. [2015-05-24]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192328/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Mar-31/251760-isis-seizes-town-from-nusra-in-hassakeh-province.ashx#axzz2xZm0xbf9">存档</a>于2019-02-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=ISIS+seizes+town+from+Nusra+in+Hassakeh+province&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FMiddle-East%2F2014%2FMar-31%2F251760-isis-seizes-town-from-nusra-in-hassakeh-province.ashx%23axzz2xZm0xbf9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2014-05/11/c_126485041.htm">叙政府正式控制霍姆斯</a>. 新華網. 2014-05-11 [2016-09-28]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161111140723/http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2014-05/11/c_126485041.htm">存档</a>于2016-11-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%99%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%AD%A3%E5%BC%8F%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E9%9C%8D%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF&rft.date=2014-05-11&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fworld%2F2014-05%2F11%2Fc_126485041.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28918792">Syria conflict: Islamic State seizes Tabqa airbase</a>. BBC. 2014-08-24 [2014-08-25]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130170348/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28918792">存档</a>于2016-01-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syria+conflict%3A+Islamic+State+seizes+Tabqa+airbase&rft.date=2014-08-24&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-28918792&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924203729/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/24/us-syria-crisis-idUSKBN0GO0C520140824">Hundreds dead as Islamic State seizes Syrian air base: monitore</a>. reuters. 2014-08-24 [2014-08-25]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/24/us-syria-crisis-idUSKBN0GO0C520140824">原始内容</a>存档于2015-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Hundreds+dead+as+Islamic+State+seizes+Syrian+air+base%3A+monitore&rft.date=2014-08-24&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2014%2F08%2F24%2Fus-syria-crisis-idUSKBN0GO0C520140824&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/PetoLucem/status/528571612308963330">Peto Lucem on Twitter</a>. Twitter. [2014-12-04]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410143729/https://twitter.com/petolucem/status/528571612308963330">存档</a>于2016-04-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Peto+Lucem+on+Twitter&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twitter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FPetoLucem%2Fstatus%2F528571612308963330&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-battles-155"><a href="#cite_ref-battles_155-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151004155845/http://www.orient-news.net/?page=news_show&id=84625">أورينت نت - تحرير اللواء 82 في درعا..مدينة الشيخ مسكين محررة بالكامل</a>. [2015-01-26]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orient-news.net/?page=news_show&id=84625">原始内容</a>存档于2015-10-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA+%D9%86%D8%AA+-+%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1+82+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A7..%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86+%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orient-news.net%2F%3Fpage%3Dnews_show%26id%3D84625&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2015-04/04/c_127656555.htm">叙利亚政府军连吃败仗 IS打到首都近郊(图)</a>. 新華網. 2015-04-04 [2017-09-22]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410124050/http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2015-04/04/c_127656555.htm">存档</a>于2015-04-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%86%9B%E8%BF%9E%E5%90%83%E8%B4%A5%E4%BB%97+IS%E6%89%93%E5%88%B0%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E8%BF%91%E9%83%8A%28%E5%9B%BE%29&rft.date=2015-04-04&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fworld%2F2015-04%2F04%2Fc_127656555.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/21/middleeast/isis-syria-iraq/">ISIS is 'everywhere' in Syria's ancient city of Palmyra</a>. CNN. 2015-05-21 [2017-09-22]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150521100328/http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/21/middleeast/isis-syria-iraq/">存档</a>于2015-05-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=ISIS+is+%27everywhere%27+in+Syria%27s+ancient+city+of+Palmyra&rft.date=2015-05-21&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2015%2F05%2F21%2Fmiddleeast%2Fisis-syria-iraq%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rthk.hk/rthk/news/expressnews/20150727/news_20150727_55_1119141.htm">巴沙爾首次公開承認敘利亞兵力不足</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20151004045820/http://rthk.hk/rthk/news/expressnews/20150727/news_20150727_55_1119141.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），2015-07-27。 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3186895/ISIS-seize-key-town-central-Syria-home-tens-thousands-Christians-terror-group-s-significant-advance-capturing-ancient-city-Palmyra.html">ISIS seize Qaryatain town in central Syria</a>. 2015-08-06 [2017-09-22]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910212711/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3186895/ISIS-seize-key-town-central-Syria-home-tens-thousands-Christians-terror-group-s-significant-advance-capturing-ancient-city-Palmyra.html">存档</a>于2015-09-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=ISIS+seize+Qaryatain+town+in+central+Syria&rft.date=2015-08-06&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle-3186895%2FISIS-seize-key-town-central-Syria-home-tens-thousands-Christians-terror-group-s-significant-advance-capturing-ancient-city-Palmyra.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2016-02/16/c_128720841.htm">“出兵叙利亚”，土耳其沙特在唱什么戏？</a>. 新華網. 2016-02-16 [2016-02-16]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216115856/http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2016-02/16/c_128720841.htm">存档</a>于2016-02-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E2%80%9C%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B5%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E2%80%9D%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%A8%E5%94%B1%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%88%8F%EF%BC%9F&rft.date=2016-02-16&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fworld%2F2016-02%2F16%2Fc_128720841.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voachinese.com/content/voa-news-syria-turkey-20160215/3191315.html">土耳其表示不准库尔德占据叙利亚阿扎兹</a>. 美國之音. 2016-02-15 [2016-02-16]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216091616/http://www.voachinese.com/content/voa-news-syria-turkey-20160215/3191315.html">存档</a>于2016-02-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA%E4%B8%8D%E5%87%86%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%A0%E6%8D%AE%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%98%BF%E6%89%8E%E5%85%B9&rft.date=2016-02-15&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voachinese.com%2Fcontent%2Fvoa-news-syria-turkey-20160215%2F3191315.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/zh/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AF%BB%E6%B1%82%E4%B8%80%E5%91%A8%E5%86%85%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%E5%81%9C%E7%81%AB/a-19044125">国际社会寻求一周内在叙利亚实现停火</a>. 德國之聲. 2016-02-12 [2016-02-16]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160215044056/http://www.dw.com/zh/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AF%BB%E6%B1%82%E4%B8%80%E5%91%A8%E5%86%85%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%E5%81%9C%E7%81%AB/a-19044125">存档</a>于2016-02-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AF%BB%E6%B1%82%E4%B8%80%E5%91%A8%E5%86%85%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%E5%81%9C%E7%81%AB&rft.date=2016-02-12&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fzh%2F%25E5%259B%25BD%25E9%2599%2585%25E7%25A4%25BE%25E4%25BC%259A%25E5%25AF%25BB%25E6%25B1%2582%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%2591%25A8%25E5%2586%2585%25E5%259C%25A8%25E5%258F%2599%25E5%2588%25A9%25E4%25BA%259A%25E5%25AE%259E%25E7%258E%25B0%25E5%2581%259C%25E7%2581%25AB%2Fa-19044125&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc20160227-163"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc20160227_163-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world/2016/02/160227_syria_conflict_temporary_truce">叙利亚冲突：临时停火协议生效</a>. BBC中文網. 2016-02-27 [2016-03-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160228105456/http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world/2016/02/160227_syria_conflict_temporary_truce">存档</a>于2016-02-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%B4%E6%97%B6%E5%81%9C%E7%81%AB%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E7%94%9F%E6%95%88&rft.date=2016-02-27&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%B6%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fzhongwen%2Fsimp%2Fworld%2F2016%2F02%2F160227_syria_conflict_temporary_truce&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://military.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0905/c1011-28690698.html">叙政府军再次包围阿勒颇东部的武装分子</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20161002175149/http://military.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0905/c1011-28690698.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），人民網 </li> <li id="cite_note-sputnik20160825-165"><a href="#cite_ref-sputnik20160825_165-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sputniknews.cn/politics/20160825/1020588702.html">土耳其国防部长：叙利亚自由军在控制叙北部之前土军不会从该地区撤出</a>. [2016-09-23]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923190519/http://sputniknews.cn/politics/20160825/1020588702.html">存档</a>于2016-09-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%EF%BC%9A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%86%9B%E5%9C%A8%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%8F%99%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E4%B9%8B%E5%89%8D+%E5%9C%9F%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%8D%E4%BC%9A%E4%BB%8E%E8%AF%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E6%92%A4%E5%87%BA&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsputniknews.cn%2Fpolitics%2F20160825%2F1020588702.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.antiwar.com/2016/09/18/isis-overruns-syrian-army-base-after-us-bombings/">ISIS Overruns Syrian Army Base After US Bombings</a>. antiwar.com. 2016-09-18 [2016-09-20]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160920130642/http://news.antiwar.com/2016/09/18/isis-overruns-syrian-army-base-after-us-bombings/">存档</a>于2016-09-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=ISIS+Overruns+Syrian+Army+Base+After+US+Bombings&rft.date=2016-09-18&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.antiwar.com%2F2016%2F09%2F18%2Fisis-overruns-syrian-army-base-after-us-bombings%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2016/09/17/breaking-us-bombs-syrian-army-in-der-ezzor-backing-isis-advance-80-killed/">Breaking: US Bombs Syrian Army in Der Ezzor, Backing ISIS Advance, 80 Killed</a>. Veterans Today. 2016-09-17 [2016-09-20]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160920135707/http://www.veteranstoday.com/2016/09/17/breaking-us-bombs-syrian-army-in-der-ezzor-backing-isis-advance-80-killed/">存档</a>于2016-09-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Breaking%3A+US+Bombs+Syrian+Army+in+Der+Ezzor%2C+Backing+ISIS+Advance%2C+80+Killed&rft.date=2016-09-17&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.veteranstoday.com%2F2016%2F09%2F17%2Fbreaking-us-bombs-syrian-army-in-der-ezzor-backing-isis-advance-80-killed%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2016-09/29/c_129304331.htm">美国警告俄罗斯：叙反对派或将有防空导弹</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160928235024/http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2016-09/29/c_129304331.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），新華網，2016-09-29 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2016/09-30/8019655.shtml">俄罗斯官方痛斥美国发言人对俄发出威胁</a>. 中新網. 2016-09-30 [2016-09-29]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160930162004/http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2016/09-30/8019655.shtml">存档</a>于2016-09-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E7%97%9B%E6%96%A5%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%91%E8%A8%80%E4%BA%BA%E5%AF%B9%E4%BF%84%E5%8F%91%E5%87%BA%E5%A8%81%E8%83%81&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinanews.com%2Fgj%2F2016%2F09-30%2F8019655.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sputniknews.cn/politics/20161008/1020913113.html">俄国防部：2月27日至9月1日共消灭叙境内恐怖分子约3.5万人</a>. 俄羅斯衛星網. 2016-10-08 [2016-10-08]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161008173323/http://sputniknews.cn/politics/20161008/1020913113.html">存档</a>于2016-10-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8%EF%BC%9A2%E6%9C%8827%E6%97%A5%E8%87%B39%E6%9C%881%E6%97%A5%E5%85%B1%E6%B6%88%E7%81%AD%E5%8F%99%E5%A2%83%E5%86%85%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%BA%A63.5%E4%B8%87%E4%BA%BA&rft.date=2016-10-08&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsputniknews.cn%2Fpolitics%2F20161008%2F1020913113.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <cite class="citation news">流芳. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610131525/http://trad.cn.rfi.fr/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB/20161014-%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A0%97%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%A8%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E5%86%8D%E6%AC%A1%E9%81%AD%E9%81%87%E7%8C%9B%E7%83%88%E7%A9%BA%E8%A5%B2">敘利亞阿勒頗東部地區再次遭遇猛烈空襲</a>. 2016-10-14 [2016-10-15]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trad.cn.rfi.fr/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB/20161014-%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A0%97%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%A8%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E5%86%8D%E6%AC%A1%E9%81%AD%E9%81%87%E7%8C%9B%E7%83%88%E7%A9%BA%E8%A5%B2">原始内容</a>存档于2019-06-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A0%97%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%A8%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E5%86%8D%E6%AC%A1%E9%81%AD%E9%81%87%E7%8C%9B%E7%83%88%E7%A9%BA%E8%A5%B2&rft.au=%E6%B5%81%E8%8A%B3&rft.date=2016-10-14&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrad.cn.rfi.fr%2F%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%25B2%25BB%2F20161014-%25E6%2595%2598%25E5%2588%25A9%25E4%25BA%259E%25E9%2598%25BF%25E5%258B%2592%25E9%25A0%2597%25E6%259D%25B1%25E9%2583%25A8%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%258D%2580%25E5%2586%258D%25E6%25AC%25A1%25E9%2581%25AD%25E9%2581%2587%25E7%258C%259B%25E7%2583%2588%25E7%25A9%25BA%25E8%25A5%25B2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tv.cctv.com/2016/12/15/VIDEepmAAIpMwDhL8lrda8ic161215.shtml">央視-叙收复阿勒颇打什么算盘？</a>. [2016-12-17]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220190145/http://tv.cctv.com/2016/12/15/VIDEepmAAIpMwDhL8lrda8ic161215.shtml">存档</a>于2016-12-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%AE%E8%A6%96-%E5%8F%99%E6%94%B6%E5%A4%8D%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A2%87%E6%89%93%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E7%AE%97%E7%9B%98%EF%BC%9F&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftv.cctv.com%2F2016%2F12%2F15%2FVIDEepmAAIpMwDhL8lrda8ic161215.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/17/islamic-state-deir-ez-zor-syria-world-food-programme">Islamic State surrounds military airport in Deir ez-Zor, eastern Syria</a>. The Guardian. 2017-01-17 [2017-01-23]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123150041/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/17/islamic-state-deir-ez-zor-syria-world-food-programme">存档</a>于2017-01-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Islamic+State+surrounds+military+airport+in+Deir+ez-Zor%2C+eastern+Syria&rft.date=2017-01-17&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fjan%2F17%2Fislamic-state-deir-ez-zor-syria-world-food-programme&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2017/03-30/8187677.shtml">土耳其宣布“圆满结束”在叙利亚北部军事行动</a>. 中新網. 2017-03-30 [2017-06-19]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170402073321/http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2017/03-30/8187677.shtml">存档</a>于2017-04-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%AE%A3%E5%B8%83%E2%80%9C%E5%9C%86%E6%BB%A1%E7%BB%93%E6%9D%9F%E2%80%9D%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinanews.com%2Fgj%2F2017%2F03-30%2F8187677.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-defect_to_ISIS-175"><a href="#cite_ref-defect_to_ISIS_175-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Charkatli, Izat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/2000-radical-rebels-defect-isis-following-intra-rebel-deal/">Over 2,000 radical rebels defect to ISIS following intra-rebel deal</a>. 2017-02-23 [2017-04-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528115241/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/2000-radical-rebels-defect-isis-following-intra-rebel-deal/">存档</a>于2019-05-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.aufirst=Izat&rft.aulast=Charkatli&rft.btitle=Over+2%2C000+radical+rebels+defect+to+ISIS+following+intra-rebel+deal&rft.date=2017-02-23&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasdarnews.com%2Farticle%2F2000-radical-rebels-defect-isis-following-intra-rebel-deal%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-leaves_for_Raqqa-176"><a href="#cite_ref-leaves_for_Raqqa_176-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriadirect.org/news/search-for-the-dead-begins-in-idlib-after-islamic-state-linked-brigade-leaves-for-raqqa/">Search for the dead begins in Idlib after Islamic State-linked brigade leaves for Raqqa</a>. Syria Direct. 2017-02-22 [2017-04-05]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170419043650/http://syriadirect.org/news/search-for-the-dead-begins-in-idlib-after-islamic-state-linked-brigade-leaves-for-raqqa/">存档</a>于2017-04-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Search+for+the+dead+begins+in+Idlib+after+Islamic+State-linked+brigade+leaves+for+Raqqa&rft.date=2017-02-22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Syria+Direct&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriadirect.org%2Fnews%2Fsearch-for-the-dead-begins-in-idlib-after-islamic-state-linked-brigade-leaves-for-raqqa%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2017/04/04/Syria-toxic-gas-attack-kills-civilians-in-Idlib-province.html"><bdi lang="en">Syria ‘toxic gas’ attack kills 100 in Idlib province</bdi></a>. Al-Arabiya & AFP. 2017-04-04 [2017-04-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019104520/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2017/04/04/Syria-toxic-gas-attack-kills-civilians-in-Idlib-province.html">存档</a>于2017-10-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syria+%E2%80%98toxic+gas%E2%80%99+attack+kills+100+in+Idlib+province&rft.date=2017-04-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Arabiya+%26+AFP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2FNews%2Fmiddle-east%2F2017%2F04%2F04%2FSyria-toxic-gas-attack-kills-civilians-in-Idlib-province.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2017/04/06/why-the-navys-tomahawk-missiles-are-the-most-likely-option-for-a-strike-in-syria-against-assad/?utm_term=.990197e213a9">Why the Navy’s Tomahawk missiles were the weapon of choice in strikes in Syria</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E7%9B%9B%E9%A1%BF%E9%82%AE%E6%8A%A5" title="华盛顿邮报">华盛顿邮报</a>. 2017-04-07 [2017-04-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170407152341/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2017/04/06/why-the-navys-tomahawk-missiles-are-the-most-likely-option-for-a-strike-in-syria-against-assad/">存档</a>于2017-04-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Why+the+Navy%E2%80%99s+Tomahawk+missiles+were+the+weapon+of+choice+in+strikes+in+Syria&rft.date=2017-04-07&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%8D%8E%E7%9B%9B%E9%A1%BF%E9%82%AE%E6%8A%A5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcheckpoint%2Fwp%2F2017%2F04%2F06%2Fwhy-the-navys-tomahawk-missiles-are-the-most-likely-option-for-a-strike-in-syria-against-assad%2F%3Futm_term%3D.990197e213a9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/06/us-military-has-launched-more-50-than-missiles-aimed-at-syria-nbc-news.html">Trump launches attack on Syria with 59 tomahawk missiles</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" class="mw-redirect" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. 2017-04-07 [2017-04-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170407012041/http://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/06/us-military-has-launched-more-50-than-missiles-aimed-at-syria-nbc-news.html">存档</a>于2017-04-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Trump+launches+attack+on+Syria+with+59+tomahawk+missiles&rft.date=2017-04-07&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=CNBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2017%2F04%2F06%2Fus-military-has-launched-more-50-than-missiles-aimed-at-syria-nbc-news.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2017/06-11/8247563.shtml">叙军方说政府军推进至叙伊边境是战略转折点</a>. 中新網. 2017-06-11 [2017-06-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170703114819/http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2017/06-11/8247563.shtml">存档</a>于2017-07-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%86%9B%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%B4%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%86%9B%E6%8E%A8%E8%BF%9B%E8%87%B3%E5%8F%99%E4%BC%8A%E8%BE%B9%E5%A2%83%E6%98%AF%E6%88%98%E7%95%A5%E8%BD%AC%E6%8A%98%E7%82%B9&rft.date=2017-06-11&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinanews.com%2Fgj%2F2017%2F06-11%2F8247563.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2017/05-12/8221815.shtml">美军援叙境内库尔德武装进攻拉卡土耳其急了</a>. 中新網. 2017-05-12 [2017-06-19]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170522111834/http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2017/05-12/8221815.shtml">存档</a>于2017-05-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E7%BE%8E%E5%86%9B%E6%8F%B4%E5%8F%99%E5%A2%83%E5%86%85%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E8%BF%9B%E6%94%BB%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1+%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%80%A5%E4%BA%86&rft.date=2017-05-12&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinanews.com%2Fgj%2F2017%2F05-12%2F8221815.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/chinese/News/story.asp?newsID=28323">联合国难民署关注难民自发返回叙利亚的趋势</a>. 聯合國新聞. 2017-06-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%BE%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%B2%E5%85%B3%E6%B3%A8%E9%9A%BE%E6%B0%91%E8%87%AA%E5%8F%91%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%9A%84%E8%B6%8B%E5%8A%BF&rft.date=2017-06-30&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fchinese%2FNews%2Fstory.asp%3FnewsID%3D28323&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/2017-12/08/c_1122079707.htm">俄国防部称叙利亚已完全从恐怖组织手中解放</a>. 新華網. 2017-12-08 [2017-12-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215000615/http://news.xinhuanet.com/2017-12/08/c_1122079707.htm">存档</a>于2017-12-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8%E7%A7%B0%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%B7%B2%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E4%BB%8E%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E6%89%8B%E4%B8%AD%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE&rft.date=2017-12-08&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2F2017-12%2F08%2Fc_1122079707.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2018/01-24/8432381.shtml">土耳其称在叙军事行动已消灭260名武装人员</a>. 中新網. 2018-01-24 [2018-01-24]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180125020149/http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2018/01-24/8432381.shtml">存档</a>于2018-01-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E7%A7%B0%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%99%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E5%B7%B2%E6%B6%88%E7%81%AD260%E5%90%8D%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E4%BA%BA%E5%91%98&rft.date=2018-01-24&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinanews.com%2Fgj%2F2018%2F01-24%2F8432381.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-01/20/c_136911341.htm">Syrian army fully captures key air base in Idlib province</a>. Xinhua. 2018-01-20 [2018-01-24]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180120172149/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-01/20/c_136911341.htm">存档</a>于2018-01-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syrian+army+fully+captures+key+air+base+in+Idlib+province&rft.date=2018-01-20&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2018-01%2F20%2Fc_136911341.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-xh20180318-186"><a href="#cite_ref-xh20180318_186-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2018-03/18/c_1122554725.htm">土耳其称已控制叙利亚阿夫林市中心</a>. 新華網. 2018-03-18 [2018-12-28]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180318141713/http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2018-03/18/c_1122554725.htm">存档</a>于2018-03-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E7%A7%B0%E5%B7%B2%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%98%BF%E5%A4%AB%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%82%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&rft.date=2018-03-18&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fworld%2F2018-03%2F18%2Fc_1122554725.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-attack-187"><a href="#cite_ref-attack_187-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/a607ede3a8db4aad8660f65ae1a510a6">Trump: US, allies strike Syria to stop chemical weapons</a>. AP News. [2018-04-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180415063409/https://apnews.com/a607ede3a8db4aad8660f65ae1a510a6">存档</a>于2018-04-15） （美国英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Trump%3A+US%2C+allies+strike+Syria+to+stop+chemical+weapons&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Fa607ede3a8db4aad8660f65ae1a510a6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sohu.com/a/228010286_419351">搜狐-化武事件疑似西方自導自演</a>. [2018-04-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180416134640/http://www.sohu.com/a/228010286_419351">存档</a>于2018-04-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E6%90%9C%E7%8B%90-%E5%8C%96%E6%AD%A6%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E7%96%91%E4%BC%BC%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E8%87%AA%E5%B0%8E%E8%87%AA%E6%BC%94&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sohu.com%2Fa%2F228010286_419351&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinchew.com.my/node/1746016">叙利亚政府宣布收复东古塔 ‧ 数百市民载歌载舞庆祝</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180522140549/http://www.sinchew.com.my/node/1746016">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）.星洲网. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180416134733/http://3g.163.com/news/article_cambrian/DFFNQ5DN0001875O.html#qd=cambrian">敘利亞-美國科技武器其名不符實</a>. [2018-04-15]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://3g.163.com/news/article_cambrian/DFFNQ5DN0001875O.html#qd=cambrian">原始内容</a>存档于2018-04-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E-%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E5%85%B6%E5%90%8D%E4%B8%8D%E7%AC%A6%E5%AF%A6&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F3g.163.com%2Fnews%2Farticle_cambrian%2FDFFNQ5DN0001875O.html%23qd%3Dcambrian&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Ub_UnppIlM">央視官方頻道-美突動武，目的何為</a>. [2018-04-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320124721/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Ub_UnppIlM">存档</a>于2022-03-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%AE%E8%A6%96%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E9%A0%BB%E9%81%93-%E7%BE%8E%E7%AA%81%E5%8B%95%E6%AD%A6%EF%BC%8C%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%95%E7%82%BA&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D3Ub_UnppIlM&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world.huanqiu.com/article/2018-05/12072405.html">7年来首获完全解放！叙军方收复极端组织在首都最后据点</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180523010948/http://world.huanqiu.com/article/2018-05/12072405.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）.环球网. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2018-07/13/c_1123121504.htm">叙利亚政府军收复叙南部德拉省首府</a>. 新華網. 2018-07-13 [2018-07-13]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180713072626/http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2018-07/13/c_1123121504.htm">存档</a>于2018-07-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%86%9B%E6%94%B6%E5%A4%8D%E5%8F%99%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%9C%81%E9%A6%96%E5%BA%9C&rft.date=2018-07-13&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fworld%2F2018-07%2F13%2Fc_1123121504.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guancha.cn/military-affairs/2018_08_16_468398.shtml">叙政府军主力集结伊德利卜将对反对派最后据点发起攻势</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180907032254/https://www.guancha.cn/military-affairs/2018_08_16_468398.shtml">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）.观察者. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sohu.com/a/283237408_114988">撤军叙利亚，特朗普为何突然做出这个决定？</a>. [2018-12-20]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230432/http://www.sohu.com/a/283237408_114988">存档</a>于2018-12-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E6%92%A4%E5%86%9B%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%EF%BC%8C%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%97%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%BA%E4%BD%95%E7%AA%81%E7%84%B6%E5%81%9A%E5%87%BA%E8%BF%99%E4%B8%AA%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%EF%BC%9F&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sohu.com%2Fa%2F283237408_114988&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sohu.com/a/282766116_626685">阿萨德赢了？美称不再寻求推翻叙政权</a>. [2018-12-20]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230429/http://www.sohu.com/a/282766116_626685">存档</a>于2018-12-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7%E8%B5%A2%E4%BA%86%EF%BC%9F%E7%BE%8E%E7%A7%B0%E4%B8%8D%E5%86%8D%E5%AF%BB%E6%B1%82%E6%8E%A8%E7%BF%BB%E5%8F%99%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sohu.com%2Fa%2F282766116_626685&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2018-04-04/doc-ifyswxnq2468332.shtml">特朗普说近期将决定是否从叙利亚撤军：耗资巨大无果</a>. [2018-12-20]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230657/http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2018-04-04/doc-ifyswxnq2468332.shtml">存档</a>于2018-12-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%97%E6%99%AE%E8%AF%B4%E8%BF%91%E6%9C%9F%E5%B0%86%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E6%98%AF%E5%90%A6%E4%BB%8E%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%92%A4%E5%86%9B%EF%BC%9A%E8%80%97%E8%B5%84%E5%B7%A8%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A0%E6%9E%9C&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmil.news.sina.com.cn%2F2018-04-04%2Fdoc-ifyswxnq2468332.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world-46629412">叙利亚冲突：特朗普宣布从叙撤军令盟友震惊</a>. 2018-12-20 [2018-12-20]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220231835/https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world-46629412">存档</a>于2018-12-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81%EF%BC%9A%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%97%E6%99%AE%E5%AE%A3%E5%B8%83%E4%BB%8E%E5%8F%99%E6%92%A4%E5%86%9B%E4%BB%A4%E7%9B%9F%E5%8F%8B%E9%9C%87%E6%83%8A&rft.date=2018-12-20&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fzhongwen%2Fsimp%2Fworld-46629412&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2018-12/28/c_1123921425.htm">叙利亚政府军宣布进驻叙北部曼比季地区</a>. 新華網. 2018-12-28 [2018-12-28]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181228195649/http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2018-12/28/c_1123921425.htm">存档</a>于2018-12-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%86%9B%E5%AE%A3%E5%B8%83%E8%BF%9B%E9%A9%BB%E5%8F%99%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E6%9B%BC%E6%AF%94%E5%AD%A3%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA&rft.date=2018-12-28&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fworld%2F2018-12%2F28%2Fc_1123921425.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-46757767">War-weary Syrians in Kurdish-held Manbij wait to learn fate</a>. BBC. 2019-01-07 [2019-02-25]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190226082235/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-46757767">存档</a>于2019-02-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=War-weary+Syrians+in+Kurdish-held+Manbij+wait+to+learn+fate&rft.date=2019-01-07&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-46757767&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/2019-02/10/c_1124096241.htm">“叙利亚民主军”攻打幼发拉底河东岸“伊斯兰国”最后据点</a>. 新華網. 2019-02-10 [2019-02-25]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190225223814/http://www.xinhuanet.com/2019-02/10/c_1124096241.htm">存档</a>于2019-02-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E2%80%9C%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%86%9B%E2%80%9D%E6%94%BB%E6%89%93%E5%B9%BC%E5%8F%91%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%9C%E5%B2%B8%E2%80%9C%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD%E2%80%9D%E6%9C%80%E5%90%8E%E6%8D%AE%E7%82%B9&rft.date=2019-02-10&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%96%B0%E8%8F%AF%E7%B6%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2F2019-02%2F10%2Fc_1124096241.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2019-03/03/c_1124185457.htm">叙利亚媒体：国际联盟使用白磷弹轰炸叙东部</a>. [2019-03-03]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190303100511/http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2019-03/03/c_1124185457.htm">存档</a>于2019-03-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%EF%BC%9A%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%99%BD%E7%A3%B7%E5%BC%B9%E8%BD%B0%E7%82%B8%E5%8F%99%E4%B8%9C%E9%83%A8&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fworld%2F2019-03%2F03%2Fc_1124185457.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2019-02/23/c_1124153752.htm">美称在叙保留少量美军不代表改变撤军决定</a>. 2019-02-23 [2019-02-23]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190223122158/http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2019-02/23/c_1124153752.htm">存档</a>于2019-02-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E7%BE%8E%E7%A7%B0%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%99%E4%BF%9D%E7%95%99%E5%B0%91%E9%87%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%8D%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E6%94%B9%E5%8F%98%E6%92%A4%E5%86%9B%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A&rft.date=2019-02-23&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fworld%2F2019-02%2F23%2Fc_1124153752.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mil.huanqiu.com/world/2019-03/14589756.html?agt=15422">“伊斯兰国”最后据点已被拿下？多方说法不一</a>. [2019-03-22]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603115912/http://mil.huanqiu.com/world/2019-03/14589756.html?agt=15422">存档</a>于2019-06-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E2%80%9C%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD%E2%80%9D%E6%9C%80%E5%90%8E%E6%8D%AE%E7%82%B9%E5%B7%B2%E8%A2%AB%E6%8B%BF%E4%B8%8B%EF%BC%9F%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%B4%E6%B3%95%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%80&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmil.huanqiu.com%2Fworld%2F2019-03%2F14589756.html%3Fagt%3D15422&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.ltn.com.tw/amp/news/world/breakingnews/2782760">敘利亞內戰再爆戰火至少已釀55死</a>. [2019-05-08]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508000703/https://m.ltn.com.tw/amp/news/world/breakingnews/2782760">存档</a>于2019-05-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0%E5%86%8D%E7%88%86%E6%88%B0%E7%81%AB+%E8%87%B3%E5%B0%91%E5%B7%B2%E9%87%8055%E6%AD%BB&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.ltn.com.tw%2Famp%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fbreakingnews%2F2782760&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2019-05/08/c_1124463919.htm">叙利亚军方收复多个反对派武装据点</a>. [2019-05-08]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508002220/http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2019-05/08/c_1124463919.htm">存档</a>于2019-05-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B%E6%96%B9%E6%94%B6%E5%A4%8D%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AA%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E6%B4%BE%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E6%8D%AE%E7%82%B9&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fworld%2F2019-05%2F08%2Fc_1124463919.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/ch/component/k2/1463088-20190615.htm">敘利亞政府軍釀嚴重死傷　於西北部與極端及反對派戰鬥</a>. [2019-06-16]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190616141547/https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/ch/component/k2/1463088-20190615.htm">存档</a>于2019-06-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E8%BB%8D%E9%87%80%E5%9A%B4%E9%87%8D%E6%AD%BB%E5%82%B7%E3%80%80%E6%96%BC%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E8%88%87%E6%A5%B5%E7%AB%AF%E5%8F%8A%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%8D%E6%B4%BE%E6%88%B0%E9%AC%A5&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.rthk.hk%2Frthk%2Fch%2Fcomponent%2Fk2%2F1463088-20190615.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8662/3897478">敏感时机掀战火：叙利亚政府军突袭土耳其哨站，土军1死3伤</a>. [2019-06-28]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629032226/https://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8662/3897478">存档</a>于2019-06-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E6%95%8F%E6%84%9F%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%BA%E6%8E%80%E6%88%98%E7%81%AB%EF%BC%9A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%86%9B%E7%AA%81%E8%A2%AD%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%93%A8%E7%AB%99%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%9F%E5%86%9B1%E6%AD%BB3%E4%BC%A4&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.udn.com%2Fglobal_vision%2Fstory%2F8662%2F3897478&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2019/07/air-raid-busy-market-northwest-syria-kills-190722090158010.html">敘、俄兩國空襲敘利亞西北，造成多人死傷</a>. [2019-07-23]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729223150/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2019/07/air-raid-busy-market-northwest-syria-kills-190722090158010.html">存档</a>于2020-07-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E6%95%98%E3%80%81%E4%BF%84%E5%85%A9%E5%9C%8B%E7%A9%BA%E8%A5%B2%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%EF%BC%8C%E9%80%A0%E6%88%90%E5%A4%9A%E4%BA%BA%E6%AD%BB%E5%82%B7&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2019%2F07%2Fair-raid-busy-market-northwest-syria-kills-190722090158010.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/SyriaCivilDef/status/1153408096825499654">截至23日，邁阿賴努阿曼有許多平民被殺</a>. [2019-07-23]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190831174949/https://twitter.com/SyriaCivilDef/status/1153408096825499654">存档</a>于2019-08-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E6%88%AA%E8%87%B323%E6%97%A5%EF%BC%8C%E9%82%81%E9%98%BF%E8%B3%B4%E5%8A%AA%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC%E6%9C%89%E8%A8%B1%E5%A4%9A%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%91%E8%A2%AB%E6%AE%BA&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FSyriaCivilDef%2Fstatus%2F1153408096825499654&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/article/122723?fbclid=IwAR1D8U4to1t5iFzIWIxcl2h56soXO6Ceguw5Mp8qZ6X-avog_VXh_DIbx_w">敘利亞空襲10天，已造成至少103名平民死亡</a>. [2019-07-28]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206065452/https://www.thenewslens.com/article/122723?fbclid=IwAR1D8U4to1t5iFzIWIxcl2h56soXO6Ceguw5Mp8qZ6X-avog_VXh_DIbx_w">存档</a>于2020-02-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%A9%BA%E8%A5%B210%E5%A4%A9%EF%BC%8C%E5%B7%B2%E9%80%A0%E6%88%90%E8%87%B3%E5%B0%91103%E5%90%8D%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%91%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewslens.com%2Farticle%2F122723%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR1D8U4to1t5iFzIWIxcl2h56soXO6Ceguw5Mp8qZ6X-avog_VXh_DIbx_w&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/syrian-troops-take-villages-push-toward-key-rebel-held-town">Syrian Troops Take Villages, Push Toward Key Rebel-Held Town</a>. VOA. 2019-08-07 [2019-08-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807180831/https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/syrian-troops-take-villages-push-toward-key-rebel-held-town">存档</a>于2019-08-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syrian+Troops+Take+Villages%2C+Push+Toward+Key+Rebel-Held+Town&rft.date=2019-08-07&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VOA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyrian-troops-take-villages-push-toward-key-rebel-held-town&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/photo/2019-08/24/c_1124915025.htm">叙利亚政府军收复叙西北部多个村镇</a>. [2019-08-25]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190825065950/http://www.xinhuanet.com/photo/2019-08/24/c_1124915025.htm">存档</a>于2019-08-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%86%9B%E6%94%B6%E5%A4%8D%E5%8F%99%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AA%E6%9D%91%E9%95%87&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fphoto%2F2019-08%2F24%2Fc_1124915025.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/2019-10/23/c_1125138630.htm">叙利亚总统视察西北前线</a>. [2019-10-23]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023141824/http://www.xinhuanet.com/2019-10/23/c_1125138630.htm">存档</a>于2019-10-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E8%A7%86%E5%AF%9F%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E5%89%8D%E7%BA%BF&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2F2019-10%2F23%2Fc_1125138630.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_215-0">208.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_215-1">208.1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/ch/component/k2/1503248-20200117.htm">聯合國稱12月以來有35萬敘利亞人逃往土耳其邊境</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200117154622/https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/ch/component/k2/1503248-20200117.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） RTHK 2020-01-17 </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.now.com/home/international/player?newsId=374792">敘利亞伊德利卜省逾23萬人離家逃避戰火</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200206065514/https://news.now.com/home/international/player?newsId=374792">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） NOW新聞 2019-12-28 </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.chinanews.com/wap/detail/zw/gj/2019/12-25/9042488.shtml">叙利亚政府军收复叙西北部40多个村镇</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200206065517/https://m.chinanews.com/wap/detail/zw/gj/2019/12-25/9042488.shtml">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）新华网 2019-12-25 </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voachinese.com/a/china-russia-vetoed-syria-aid-resolution-12212019/5215207.html">蓬佩奥抨击中俄否决叙利亚人道救援提案</a>. [2019-12-23]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222025408/https://www.voachinese.com/a/china-russia-vetoed-syria-aid-resolution-12212019/5215207.html">存档</a>于2019-12-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E8%93%AC%E4%BD%A9%E5%A5%A5%E6%8A%A8%E5%87%BB%E4%B8%AD%E4%BF%84%E5%90%A6%E5%86%B3%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93%E6%95%91%E6%8F%B4%E6%8F%90%E6%A1%88&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voachinese.com%2Fa%2Fchina-russia-vetoed-syria-aid-resolution-12212019%2F5215207.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.sina.com.cn/stock/usstock/c/2019-12-22/doc-iihnzahi9141392.shtml">叙利亚中部多处石油天然气设施遭袭能源生产遇困境</a>. [2019-12-22]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222110221/https://finance.sina.com.cn/stock/usstock/c/2019-12-22/doc-iihnzahi9141392.shtml">存档</a>于2019-12-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%84%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%94%E8%AE%BE%E6%96%BD%E9%81%AD%E8%A2%AD+%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E9%81%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.sina.com.cn%2Fstock%2Fusstock%2Fc%2F2019-12-22%2Fdoc-iihnzahi9141392.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2020-01/08/c_1125432878.htm">俄罗斯总统普京访问叙利亚</a>. [2020-01-11]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108192357/http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2020-01/08/c_1125432878.htm">存档</a>于2020-01-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%99%AE%E4%BA%AC%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fworld%2F2020-01%2F08%2Fc_1125432878.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.chinanews.com/wap/detail/zw/gj/2020/01-10/9056322.shtml">伊拉克“人民动员组织”成员再遇袭至少8人丧生</a>. [2020-01-11]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200111010800/https://m.chinanews.com/wap/detail/zw/gj/2020/01-10/9056322.shtml">存档</a>于2020-01-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E2%80%9C%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%8A%A8%E5%91%98%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E2%80%9D%E6%88%90%E5%91%98%E5%86%8D%E9%81%87%E8%A2%AD%E8%87%B3%E5%B0%918%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%A7%E7%94%9F&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.chinanews.com%2Fwap%2Fdetail%2Fzw%2Fgj%2F2020%2F01-10%2F9056322.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2020-01/13/c_1125454455.htm">叙利亚反对派武装炮击阿勒颇致3死3伤</a>. 新華網. [2020-01-16]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200117160955/http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2020-01/13/c_1125454455.htm">存档</a>于2020-01-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E6%B4%BE%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E7%82%AE%E5%87%BB%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A2%87%E8%87%B43%E6%AD%BB3%E4%BC%A4&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fworld%2F2020-01%2F13%2Fc_1125454455.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voachinese.com/a/despite-ceasefire-clashes-continue-in-syrias-idlib/5251832.html">叙利亚伊德利卜省又发生激烈冲突</a>. [2020-01-20]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206065549/https://www.voachinese.com/a/despite-ceasefire-clashes-continue-in-syrias-idlib/5251832.html">存档</a>于2020-02-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C%E7%9C%81%E5%8F%88%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E6%BF%80%E7%83%88%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voachinese.com%2Fa%2Fdespite-ceasefire-clashes-continue-in-syrias-idlib%2F5251832.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfi.fr/cn/contenu/20200211-%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B%E6%96%B9%E7%9B%B4%E5%8D%87%E6%9C%BA%E9%81%AD%E5%87%BB%E8%90%BD-2%E9%A3%9E%E8%A1%8C%E5%91%98%E4%B8%A7%E5%91%BD">叙利亚军方直升机遭击落 2飞行员丧命</a>. [2020-02-11]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216185558/http://www.rfi.fr/cn/contenu/20200211-%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B%E6%96%B9%E7%9B%B4%E5%8D%87%E6%9C%BA%E9%81%AD%E5%87%BB%E8%90%BD-2%E9%A3%9E%E8%A1%8C%E5%91%98%E4%B8%A7%E5%91%BD">存档</a>于2020-02-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B%E6%96%B9%E7%9B%B4%E5%8D%87%E6%9C%BA%E9%81%AD%E5%87%BB%E8%90%BD+2%E9%A3%9E%E8%A1%8C%E5%91%98%E4%B8%A7%E5%91%BD&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fcn%2Fcontenu%2F20200211-%25E5%258F%2599%25E5%2588%25A9%25E4%25BA%259A%25E5%2586%259B%25E6%2596%25B9%25E7%259B%25B4%25E5%258D%2587%25E6%259C%25BA%25E9%2581%25AD%25E5%2587%25BB%25E8%2590%25BD-2%25E9%25A3%259E%25E8%25A1%258C%25E5%2591%2598%25E4%25B8%25A7%25E5%2591%25BD&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2020/02-13/9089754.shtml">土耳其国防部：在伊德利卜“消灭”了55名叙利亚军人</a>. [2020-02-16]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216111146/http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2020/02-13/9089754.shtml">存档</a>于2020-02-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8%EF%BC%9A%E5%9C%A8%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C%E2%80%9C%E6%B6%88%E7%81%AD%E2%80%9D%E4%BA%8655%E5%90%8D%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%BA&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinanews.com%2Fgj%2F2020%2F02-13%2F9089754.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sohu.com/a/700120283_121687424">叙利亚政府军在伊德利卜省击退武装分子进攻_伊拉布_控制_公路</a>. sohu.com. 2020-02-25 [2023-12-31]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231231075315/https://www.sohu.com/a/700120283_121687424">存档</a>于2023-12-31） （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%86%9B%E5%9C%A8%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C%E7%9C%81%E5%87%BB%E9%80%80%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E8%BF%9B%E6%94%BB_%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83_%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6_%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF&rft.date=2020-02-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sohu.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sohu.com%2Fa%2F700120283_121687424&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8662/4376923">大戰將至！土耳其軍隊遭敘利亞「空襲」重創，土軍至少33死</a>. [2020-02-28]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228080737/https://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8662/4376923">存档</a>于2020-02-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0%E5%B0%87%E8%87%B3%EF%BC%81%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%BB%8D%E9%9A%8A%E9%81%AD%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E3%80%8C%E7%A9%BA%E8%A5%B2%E3%80%8D%E9%87%8D%E5%89%B5%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%9F%E8%BB%8D%E8%87%B3%E5%B0%9133%E6%AD%BB&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.udn.com%2Fglobal_vision%2Fstory%2F8662%2F4376923&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51678462">Syria war: Turkey lets refugees exit towards Europe</a>. BBC. 2020-02-28 [2020-02-28]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228180333/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51678462">存档</a>于2020-02-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syria+war%3A+Turkey+lets+refugees+exit+towards+Europe&rft.date=2020-02-28&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-51678462&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2020-03-01/1412759.html">每经15点丨云南一男子捅刺防疫人员致2死当庭被判死刑；亚美尼亚确诊首例新冠肺炎病例；希腊暂时关闭与土耳其陆路边境口岸</a>. [2020-03-03]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320124719/http://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2020-03-01/1412759.html">存档</a>于2022-03-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E6%AF%8F%E7%BB%8F15%E7%82%B9%E4%B8%A8%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%80%E7%94%B7%E5%AD%90%E6%8D%85%E5%88%BA%E9%98%B2%E7%96%AB%E4%BA%BA%E5%91%98%E8%87%B42%E6%AD%BB%E5%BD%93%E5%BA%AD%E8%A2%AB%E5%88%A4%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91%EF%BC%9B%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E7%A1%AE%E8%AF%8A%E9%A6%96%E4%BE%8B%E6%96%B0%E5%86%A0%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E%E7%97%85%E4%BE%8B%EF%BC%9B%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%9A%82%E6%97%B6%E5%85%B3%E9%97%AD%E4%B8%8E%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E9%99%86%E8%B7%AF%E8%BE%B9%E5%A2%83%E5%8F%A3%E5%B2%B8&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbd.com.cn%2Farticles%2F2020-03-01%2F1412759.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.singtao.ca/4124485/2020-03-01/news-%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E6%96%BD%E6%94%BE%E5%82%AC%E6%B7%9A%E5%BD%88%E9%98%BB%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E9%9B%A3%E6%B0%91%E5%85%A5%E5%A2%83+%E4%B8%A6%E6%9A%AB%E5%81%9C%E5%BA%87%E8%AD%B7%E7%94%B3%E8%AB%8B/?variant=zh-hk">希臘警方施放催淚彈阻土耳其難民入境並暫停庇護申請</a>. [2020-03-03]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200303113816/https://www.singtao.ca/4124485/2020-03-01/news-%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E6%96%BD%E6%94%BE%E5%82%AC%E6%B7%9A%E5%BD%88%E9%98%BB%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E9%9B%A3%E6%B0%91%E5%85%A5%E5%A2%83+%E4%B8%A6%E6%9A%AB%E5%81%9C%E5%BA%87%E8%AD%B7%E7%94%B3%E8%AB%8B/?variant=zh-hk">存档</a>于2020-03-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E6%96%BD%E6%94%BE%E5%82%AC%E6%B7%9A%E5%BD%88%E9%98%BB%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E9%9B%A3%E6%B0%91%E5%85%A5%E5%A2%83+%E4%B8%A6%E6%9A%AB%E5%81%9C%E5%BA%87%E8%AD%B7%E7%94%B3%E8%AB%8B&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.singtao.ca%2F4124485%2F2020-03-01%2Fnews-%25E5%25B8%258C%25E8%2587%2598%25E8%25AD%25A6%25E6%2596%25B9%25E6%2596%25BD%25E6%2594%25BE%25E5%2582%25AC%25E6%25B7%259A%25E5%25BD%2588%25E9%2598%25BB%25E5%259C%259F%25E8%2580%25B3%25E5%2585%25B6%25E9%259B%25A3%25E6%25B0%2591%25E5%2585%25A5%25E5%25A2%2583%2B%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E6%259A%25AB%25E5%2581%259C%25E5%25BA%2587%25E8%25AD%25B7%25E7%2594%25B3%25E8%25AB%258B%2F%3Fvariant%3Dzh-hk&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bjd.com.cn/a/202003/03/WS5e5dd90de4b05d1eff0b432a.html">土耳其“开闸”放难民入欧：难民船倾覆一名儿童死亡</a>. [2020-03-03]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200303113558/http://www.bjd.com.cn/a/202003/03/WS5e5dd90de4b05d1eff0b432a.html">存档</a>于2020-03-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E2%80%9C%E5%BC%80%E9%97%B8%E2%80%9D%E6%94%BE%E9%9A%BE%E6%B0%91%E5%85%A5%E6%AC%A7%EF%BC%9A%E9%9A%BE%E6%B0%91%E8%88%B9%E5%80%BE%E8%A6%86+%E4%B8%80%E5%90%8D%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bjd.com.cn%2Fa%2F202003%2F03%2FWS5e5dd90de4b05d1eff0b432a.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/crimes-committed-russia-assad-gov-syria-amnesty-200511070628640.html">'War crimes' committed by Russia, Assad gov't in Syria: Amnesty.</a>. [2021-01-24]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919165730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/crimes-committed-russia-assad-gov-syria-amnesty-200511070628640.html">存档</a>于2020-09-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%27War+crimes%27+committed+by+Russia%2C+Assad+gov%27t+in+Syria%3A+Amnesty.&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F05%2Fcrimes-committed-russia-assad-gov-syria-amnesty-200511070628640.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2020/05/11/Syria-attacks-war-crimes-Amnesty-International">In the news: Syria attacks constitute 'war crimes', says Amnesty.</a>. [2021-01-24]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205094739/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2020/05/11/Syria-attacks-war-crimes-Amnesty-International">存档</a>于2021-02-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=In+the+news%3A+Syria+attacks+constitute+%27war+crimes%27%2C+says+Amnesty.&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewhumanitarian.org%2Fnews%2F2020%2F05%2F11%2FSyria-attacks-war-crimes-Amnesty-International&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/amnesty-accuses-damascus-moscow-of-war-crimes-in-syria-36215">Amnesty accuses Damascus, Moscow of 'war crimes' in Syria.</a>. [2021-01-24]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205094726/https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/amnesty-accuses-damascus-moscow-of-war-crimes-in-syria-36215">存档</a>于2021-02-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Amnesty+accuses+Damascus%2C+Moscow+of+%27war+crimes%27+in+Syria.&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trtworld.com%2Fmiddle-east%2Famnesty-accuses-damascus-moscow-of-war-crimes-in-syria-36215&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/syria-crisis-oman-int-idUSKBN26Q16Y">存档副本</a>. [2021-01-24]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205094725/https://www.reuters.com/article/syria-crisis-oman-int-idUSKBN26Q16Y">存档</a>于2021-02-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fsyria-crisis-oman-int-idUSKBN26Q16Y&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.com/world/1230279">Turkish army shells Ayn Issa district in Syria’s Raqqa governorate — paper</a>. [2021-01-24]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213064317/https://tass.com/world/1230279">存档</a>于2020-12-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Turkish+army+shells+Ayn+Issa+district+in+Syria%E2%80%99s+Raqqa+governorate+%E2%80%94+paper&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.com%2Fworld%2F1230279&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-37-soldiers-killed-in-isis-bus-ambush-in-syria-2345814">存档副本</a>. [2021-01-24]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131012056/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-37-soldiers-killed-in-isis-bus-ambush-in-syria-2345814">存档</a>于2021-01-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Fworld-news%2Fat-least-37-soldiers-killed-in-isis-bus-ambush-in-syria-2345814&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/31/syrian-state-media-says-25-killed-in-bus-ambush-in-deir-ezzor">存档副本</a>. [2021-01-24]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205094740/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/31/syrian-state-media-says-25-killed-in-bus-ambush-in-deir-ezzor">存档</a>于2021-02-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F12%2F31%2Fsyrian-state-media-says-25-killed-in-bus-ambush-in-deir-ezzor&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/199916/">Infiltration | Regime forces sneak to positions of “Jaysh Al-Nasr” in Sahl Al-Ghab, killing more than ten</a>. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 11 January 2021 [2021-01-24]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117085036/https://www.syriahr.com/en/199916/">存档</a>于2021-01-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Infiltration+%7C+Regime+forces+sneak+to+positions+of+%E2%80%9CJaysh+Al-Nasr%E2%80%9D+in+Sahl+Al-Ghab%2C+killing+more+than+ten&rft.date=2021-01-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F199916%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/syria-says-israeli-airstrikes-hit-sites-near-iraq-border/">Monitor says 16 killed in suspected Israeli strikes in eastern Syria.</a>. [2021-01-24]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205094757/https://www.timesofisrael.com/syria-says-israeli-airstrikes-hit-sites-near-iraq-border/">存档</a>于2021-02-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Monitor+says+16+killed+in+suspected+Israeli+strikes+in+eastern+Syria.&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fsyria-says-israeli-airstrikes-hit-sites-near-iraq-border%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/alleged-israeli-airstrikes-near-syria-iraq-border-655219">Alleged Israeli airstrikes near Syria-Iraq border.</a>. [2021-01-24]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205152048/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/alleged-israeli-airstrikes-near-syria-iraq-border-655219">存档</a>于2021-02-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Alleged+Israeli+airstrikes+near+Syria-Iraq+border.&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fbreaking-news%2Falleged-israeli-airstrikes-near-syria-iraq-border-655219&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210113-israeli-strikes-on-syria-kill-23-monitor">Israeli strikes on Syria kill 23: monitor.</a>. [2021-01-24]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205094831/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210113-israeli-strikes-on-syria-kill-23-monitor">存档</a>于2021-02-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Israeli+strikes+on+Syria+kill+23%3A+monitor.&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20210113-israeli-strikes-on-syria-kill-23-monitor&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/.premium-syria-news-agency-reports-israeli-strikes-in-the-country-s-east-1.9446602">Fifty-seven Killed in Israeli Strikes in Syria Near Iraqi Border, Watchdog Says.</a>. [2021-01-24]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205094837/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/.premium-syria-news-agency-reports-israeli-strikes-in-the-country-s-east-1.9446602">存档</a>于2021-02-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Fifty-seven+Killed+in+Israeli+Strikes+in+Syria+Near+Iraqi+Border%2C+Watchdog+Says.&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fmiddle-east-news%2F.premium-syria-news-agency-reports-israeli-strikes-in-the-country-s-east-1.9446602&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-official-israel-carried-out-syria-strikes-using-american-intelligence/">US official: Israel carried out Syria strikes using American intelligence.</a>. [2021-01-24]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205094906/https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-official-israel-carried-out-syria-strikes-using-american-intelligence/">存档</a>于2021-02-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=US+official%3A+Israel+carried+out+Syria+strikes+using+American+intelligence.&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fus-official-israel-carried-out-syria-strikes-using-american-intelligence%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sohu.com/a/453020025_120640988">美军空袭叙，已致22人死亡！</a>. [2021-02-27]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320124721/https://www.sohu.com/a/453020025_120640988">存档</a>于2022-03-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E7%BE%8E%E5%86%9B%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD%E5%8F%99%EF%BC%8C%E5%B7%B2%E8%87%B422%E4%BA%BA%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%EF%BC%81&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sohu.com%2Fa%2F453020025_120640988&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hd.stheadline.com/news/realtime/wo/2008422/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82-%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B-%E6%8B%9C%E7%99%BB%E4%B8%8B%E4%BB%A4%E7%BE%8E%E8%BB%8D%E7%A9%BA%E8%A5%B2%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%A2%83%E5%85%A7%E8%A6%AA%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94-17%E5%90%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B5%E5%96%AA%E7%94%9F">拜登下令美軍空襲敘利亞境內親伊朗武裝組織 17名民兵喪生</a>. [2021-02-26]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320124714/https://hd.stheadline.com/news/realtime/wo/2008422/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82-%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B-%E6%8B%9C%E7%99%BB%E4%B8%8B%E4%BB%A4%E7%BE%8E%E8%BB%8D%E7%A9%BA%E8%A5%B2%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%A2%83%E5%85%A7%E8%A6%AA%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94-17%E5%90%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B5%E5%96%AA%E7%94%9F">存档</a>于2022-03-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E6%8B%9C%E7%99%BB%E4%B8%8B%E4%BB%A4%E7%BE%8E%E8%BB%8D%E7%A9%BA%E8%A5%B2%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%A2%83%E5%85%A7%E8%A6%AA%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94+17%E5%90%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B5%E5%96%AA%E7%94%9F&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhd.stheadline.com%2Fnews%2Frealtime%2Fwo%2F2008422%2F%25E5%258D%25B3%25E6%2599%2582-%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%259A%259B-%25E6%258B%259C%25E7%2599%25BB%25E4%25B8%258B%25E4%25BB%25A4%25E7%25BE%258E%25E8%25BB%258D%25E7%25A9%25BA%25E8%25A5%25B2%25E6%2595%2598%25E5%2588%25A9%25E4%25BA%259E%25E5%25A2%2583%25E5%2585%25A7%25E8%25A6%25AA%25E4%25BC%258A%25E6%259C%2597%25E6%25AD%25A6%25E8%25A3%259D%25E7%25B5%2584%25E7%25B9%2594-17%25E5%2590%258D%25E6%25B0%2591%25E5%2585%25B5%25E5%2596%25AA%25E7%2594%259F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20210226001294-260408?chdtv">拜登任內首度報復下令空襲敘利亞打擊伊朗撐腰民兵</a>. [2021-02-26]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320124719/https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20210226001294-260408?chdtv">存档</a>于2022-03-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E6%8B%9C%E7%99%BB%E4%BB%BB%E5%85%A7%E9%A6%96%E5%BA%A6%E5%A0%B1%E5%BE%A9+%E4%B8%8B%E4%BB%A4%E7%A9%BA%E8%A5%B2%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E+%E6%89%93%E6%93%8A%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E6%92%90%E8%85%B0%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B5&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinatimes.com%2Frealtimenews%2F20210226001294-260408%3Fchdtv&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2021-03/01/c_1127150891.htm">叙利亚军方说以色列空袭大马士革周边地区</a>. [2021-03-01]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210316103138/http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2021-03/01/c_1127150891.htm">存档</a>于2021-03-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%B4%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%A8%E8%BE%B9%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fworld%2F2021-03%2F01%2Fc_1127150891.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.ntdtv.com/gb/2021/06/13/a103141686.html">叙北阿夫林遭炮击医院被击中至少18死23伤</a>. [2021-06-13]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624085816/https://m.ntdtv.com/gb/2021/06/13/a103141686.html">存档</a>于2021-06-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%8C%97%E9%98%BF%E5%A4%AB%E6%9E%97%E9%81%AD%E7%82%AE%E5%87%BB+%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2%E8%A2%AB%E5%87%BB%E4%B8%AD%E8%87%B3%E5%B0%9118%E6%AD%BB23%E4%BC%A4&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.ntdtv.com%2Fgb%2F2021%2F06%2F13%2Fa103141686.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2021-06/28/c_1127605131.htm">美军空袭叙利亚和伊拉克边境地区民兵组织目标</a>. [2021-06-28]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210701140523/http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2021-06/28/c_1127605131.htm">存档</a>于2021-07-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E7%BE%8E%E5%86%9B%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%92%8C%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E8%BE%B9%E5%A2%83%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B5%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%87&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fworld%2F2021-06%2F28%2Fc_1127605131.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/222402/">New terms of Daraa agreement applied Russian military police escort regime forces to Daraa al-Balad neighbourhoods to start inspection and establish military posts</a>. [2021-09-08]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703215933/https://www.syriahr.com/en/222402/">存档</a>于2022-07-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=New+terms+of+Daraa+agreement+applied+Russian+military+police+escort+regime+forces+to+Daraa+al-Balad+neighbourhoods+to+start+inspection+and+establish+military+posts&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F222402%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-252"><a href="#cite_ref-:11_252-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/02/03/statement-by-president-joe-biden-3/">Statement by President Joe Biden</a>. The White House. 2022-02-03 [2022-02-03]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220203132343/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/02/03/statement-by-president-joe-biden-3/">存档</a>于2022-02-03） （美国英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Statement+by+President+Joe+Biden&rft.date=2022-02-03&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+White+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fbriefing-room%2Fstatements-releases%2F2022%2F02%2F03%2Fstatement-by-president-joe-biden-3%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://world.huanqiu.com/article/48U7zFve2xx">外媒：美国在叙利亚的非法驻军使用40辆卡车在叙利亚偷粮</a>. [2022-08-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220814103656/https://world.huanqiu.com/article/48U7zFve2xx">存档</a>于2022-08-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%96%E5%AA%92%EF%BC%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%9A%84%E9%9D%9E%E6%B3%95%E9%A9%BB%E5%86%9B%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A840%E8%BE%86%E5%8D%A1%E8%BD%A6%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%81%B7%E7%B2%AE&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld.huanqiu.com%2Farticle%2F48U7zFve2xx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ts.cn/xwzx/gjxw/202208/t20220821_8528281.shtml">美国在叙利亚非法驻军使用137辆油罐车再次盗运叙石油</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%9D%9E%E6%B3%95%E9%A9%BB%E5%86%9B%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8137%E8%BE%86%E6%B2%B9%E7%BD%90%E8%BD%A6%E5%86%8D%E6%AC%A1%E7%9B%97%E8%BF%90%E5%8F%99%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ts.cn%2Fxwzx%2Fgjxw%2F202208%2Ft20220821_8528281.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.nbd.com.cn/articles/2022-08-17/2411068.html">美军“偷油”车队一眼望不到头！叙利亚媒体：美军在叙东北部转运新一批盗采石油</a>. [2022-08-17]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220817035232/https://m.nbd.com.cn/articles/2022-08-17/2411068.html">存档</a>于2022-08-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E7%BE%8E%E5%86%9B%E2%80%9C%E5%81%B7%E6%B2%B9%E2%80%9D%E8%BD%A6%E9%98%9F%E4%B8%80%E7%9C%BC%E6%9C%9B%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%B0%E5%A4%B4%EF%BC%81%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%EF%BC%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%86%9B%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%99%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E8%BD%AC%E8%BF%90%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%80%E6%89%B9%E7%9B%97%E9%87%87%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.nbd.com.cn%2Farticles%2F2022-08-17%2F2411068.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.cn/2022-08/13/c_1128913264.htm">叙利亚媒体：美军在叙东北部转运一批盗采石油</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%EF%BC%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%86%9B%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%99%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E8%BD%AC%E8%BF%90%E4%B8%80%E6%89%B9%E7%9B%97%E9%87%87%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.cn%2F2022-08%2F13%2Fc_1128913264.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB/20220824-%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%BD%B0%E7%82%B8%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A2%83%E5%86%85%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%9A%84%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B5%E8%90%A5">美国轰炸在叙利亚境内伊朗支持的民兵营</a>. [2022-08-25]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220824205210/https://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB/20220824-%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%BD%B0%E7%82%B8%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A2%83%E5%86%85%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%9A%84%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B5%E8%90%A5">存档</a>于2022-08-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%BD%B0%E7%82%B8%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A2%83%E5%86%85%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%9A%84%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B5%E8%90%A5&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fcn%2F%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%25B2%25BB%2F20220824-%25E7%25BE%258E%25E5%259B%25BD%25E8%25BD%25B0%25E7%2582%25B8%25E5%259C%25A8%25E5%258F%2599%25E5%2588%25A9%25E4%25BA%259A%25E5%25A2%2583%25E5%2586%2585%25E4%25BC%258A%25E6%259C%2597%25E6%2594%25AF%25E6%258C%2581%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25B0%2591%25E5%2585%25B5%25E8%2590%25A5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sina.cn/2022-08-24/detail-imizmscv7519670.d.html?from=wap">突发：拜登下令美军空袭叙利亚</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E7%AA%81%E5%8F%91%EF%BC%9A%E6%8B%9C%E7%99%BB%E4%B8%8B%E4%BB%A4%E7%BE%8E%E5%86%9B%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sina.cn%2F2022-08-24%2Fdetail-imizmscv7519670.d.html%3Ffrom%3Dwap&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://world.huanqiu.com/article/49NepZK9LuN">美媒：美军在叙利亚遇袭，3人受伤</a>. [2022-08-25]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220903013413/https://world.huanqiu.com/article/49NepZK9LuN">存档</a>于2022-09-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E7%BE%8E%E5%AA%92%EF%BC%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%86%9B%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%81%87%E8%A2%AD%EF%BC%8C3%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%97%E4%BC%A4&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld.huanqiu.com%2Farticle%2F49NepZK9LuN&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-联合国新闻_2023-260"><a href="#cite_ref-联合国新闻_2023_260-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.un.org/zh/story/2023/01/1114007">安理会一致同意将叙利亚跨境人道救援授权延长半年</a>. 联合国新闻. 2023-01-09 [2023-05-16]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516131852/https://news.un.org/zh/story/2023/01/1114007">存档</a>于2023-05-16） （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%AE%89%E7%90%86%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4%E5%90%8C%E6%84%8F%E5%B0%86%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%B7%A8%E5%A2%83%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93%E6%95%91%E6%8F%B4%E6%8E%88%E6%9D%83%E5%BB%B6%E9%95%BF%E5%8D%8A%E5%B9%B4&rft.date=2023-01-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fzh%2Fstory%2F2023%2F01%2F1114007&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-新华网_让新闻离你更近_2023_i108-261"><a href="#cite_ref-新华网_让新闻离你更近_2023_i108_261-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.cn/world/2023-03/25/c_1211811738.htm">美国空袭叙利亚境内目标　称为报复关联伊朗组织-新华网</a>. 新华网_让新闻离你更近. 2023-03-25 [2023-10-27]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606054812/http://www.news.cn/world/2023-03/25/c_1211811738.htm">存档</a>于2023-06-06） （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A2%83%E5%86%85%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%87%E3%80%80%E7%A7%B0%E4%B8%BA%E6%8A%A5%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B3%E8%81%94%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87-%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91&rft.date=2023-03-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91_%E8%AE%A9%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E7%A6%BB%E4%BD%A0%E6%9B%B4%E8%BF%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.cn%2Fworld%2F2023-03%2F25%2Fc_1211811738.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nbd.com.cn_2023_l607-262"><a href="#cite_ref-nbd.com.cn_2023_l607_262-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2023-10-06/3042737.html">叙利亚霍姆斯军事学院遭袭事件已致89人死亡</a>. nbd.com.cn. 2023-10-06 [2023-10-06]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024034622/https://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2023-10-06/3042737.html">存档</a>于2023-10-24） （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%9C%8D%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E9%81%AD%E8%A2%AD%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%B2%E8%87%B489%E4%BA%BA%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1&rft.date=2023-10-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nbd.com.cn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbd.com.cn%2Farticles%2F2023-10-06%2F3042737.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-国际--人民网_2023_v201-263"><a href="#cite_ref-国际--人民网_2023_v201_263-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2023/1006/c1002-40089549.html">土耳其对叙利亚北部发动空袭--国际--人民网</a>. 国际--人民网. 2023-10-06 [2023-10-06]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231025050118/http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2023/1006/c1002-40089549.html">存档</a>于2023-10-25） （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%AF%B9%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E5%8F%91%E5%8A%A8%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD--%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85--%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91&rft.date=2023-10-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85--%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworld.people.com.cn%2Fn1%2F2023%2F1006%2Fc1002-40089549.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-新闻频道_央视网(cctv.com)_2023_n844-264"><a href="#cite_ref-新闻频道_央视网(cctv.com)_2023_n844_264-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.cctv.com/2023/10/07/ARTIhFApv5xH7oJ0cfD5CB6j231007.shtml">在叙利亚的美军击落土耳其无人机后，土再度对叙北部发动空袭</a>. 新闻频道_央视网(cctv.com). 2023-10-07 [2023-10-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024034612/https://news.cctv.com/2023/10/07/ARTIhFApv5xH7oJ0cfD5CB6j231007.shtml">存档</a>于2023-10-24） （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%9A%84%E7%BE%8E%E5%86%9B%E5%87%BB%E8%90%BD%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%97%A0%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%BA%E5%90%8E%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%9F%E5%86%8D%E5%BA%A6%E5%AF%B9%E5%8F%99%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E5%8F%91%E5%8A%A8%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD&rft.date=2023-10-07&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93_%E5%A4%AE%E8%A7%86%E7%BD%91%28cctv.com%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.cctv.com%2F2023%2F10%2F07%2FARTIhFApv5xH7oJ0cfD5CB6j231007.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-h5.ifeng.com_2023_j503-265"><a href="#cite_ref-h5.ifeng.com_2023_j503_265-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://h5.ifeng.com/c/vivoArticle/v002XOm8umrFMDd8IRIWL8k8LUYZP-_X3OIoYLplVNoAMZio__?isNews=1&showComments=0">土耳其在叙北部打死58名库尔德武装人员</a>. h5.ifeng.com. 2023-10-08 [2023-10-08]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024034610/https://h5.ifeng.com/c/vivoArticle/v002XOm8umrFMDd8IRIWL8k8LUYZP-_X3OIoYLplVNoAMZio__?isNews=1&showComments=0">存档</a>于2023-10-24） （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%99%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E6%89%93%E6%AD%BB58%E5%90%8D%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E4%BA%BA%E5%91%98&rft.date=2023-10-08&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=h5.ifeng.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fh5.ifeng.com%2Fc%2FvivoArticle%2Fv002XOm8umrFMDd8IRIWL8k8LUYZP-_X3OIoYLplVNoAMZio__%3FisNews%3D1%26showComments%3D0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-f007-266"><a href="#cite_ref-f007_266-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B010%E5%A4%9A%E5%B9%B4-%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%8F%9B%E8%BB%8D%E7%9D%BD%E9%81%958%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%8D%E5%BA%A6%E6%94%BB%E9%80%B2%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E5%9D%A1-150338090.html">內戰10多年敘利亞叛軍睽違8年再度攻進阿勒坡</a>. Yahoo News. 2024-11-29 [2024-11-29] （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B010%E5%A4%9A%E5%B9%B4+%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%8F%9B%E8%BB%8D%E7%9D%BD%E9%81%958%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%8D%E5%BA%A6%E6%94%BB%E9%80%B2%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E5%9D%A1&rft.date=2024-11-29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftw.news.yahoo.com%2F%25E5%2585%25A7%25E6%2588%25B010%25E5%25A4%259A%25E5%25B9%25B4-%25E6%2595%2598%25E5%2588%25A9%25E4%25BA%259E%25E5%258F%259B%25E8%25BB%258D%25E7%259D%25BD%25E9%2581%25958%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E5%2586%258D%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E6%2594%25BB%25E9%2580%25B2%25E9%2598%25BF%25E5%258B%2592%25E5%259D%25A1-150338090.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Manbij-267"><a href="#cite_ref-Manbij_267-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turkiyetoday.com/world/syrian-opposition-forces-launch-new-offensive-in-manbij-northern-syria-89645/">Syrian opposition forces launch new offensive in Manbij, northern Syria</a>. Türkiye Today. 6 December 2024 [7 December 2024].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syrian+opposition+forces+launch+new+offensive+in+Manbij%2C+northern+Syria&rft.date=2024-12-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=T%C3%BCrkiye+Today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkiyetoday.com%2Fworld%2Fsyrian-opposition-forces-launch-new-offensive-in-manbij-northern-syria-89645%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <cite class="citation web">法國廣播電台（RFI）. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/tw/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%B1/20241208-%E4%BF%84%E5%AA%92-%E9%98%BF%E8%96%A9%E5%BE%B7%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%B2%E6%8A%B5%E9%81%94%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91-%E4%BF%84%E7%82%BA%E5%85%B6%E6%8F%90%E4%BE%9B%E5%BA%87%E8%AD%B7">俄媒：阿薩德和家人已抵達莫斯科俄為其提供庇護</a>. 2024-12-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.au=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD%E9%9B%BB%E5%8F%B0%EF%BC%88RFI%EF%BC%89&rft.btitle=%E4%BF%84%E5%AA%92%EF%BC%9A%E9%98%BF%E8%96%A9%E5%BE%B7%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%B2%E6%8A%B5%E9%81%94%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91+%E4%BF%84%E7%82%BA%E5%85%B6%E6%8F%90%E4%BE%9B%E5%BA%87%E8%AD%B7&rft.date=2024-12-08&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Ftw%2F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E6%259D%25B1%2F20241208-%25E4%25BF%2584%25E5%25AA%2592-%25E9%2598%25BF%25E8%2596%25A9%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E5%25B7%25B2%25E6%258A%25B5%25E9%2581%2594%25E8%258E%25AB%25E6%2596%25AF%25E7%25A7%2591-%25E4%25BF%2584%25E7%2582%25BA%25E5%2585%25B6%25E6%258F%2590%25E4%25BE%259B%25E5%25BA%2587%25E8%25AD%25B7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/202412080077.aspx">反抗軍稱阿塞德已逃走、敘利亞自由了總理願與民選領導層合作</a>. 中央通訊社. 2024-12-08 [2024-12-08]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241211213712/https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/202412080077.aspx">存档</a>于2024-12-11） （中文（臺灣））.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%8D%E6%8A%97%E8%BB%8D%E7%A8%B1%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E5%BE%B7%E5%B7%B2%E9%80%83%E8%B5%B0%E3%80%81%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%86+%E7%B8%BD%E7%90%86%E9%A1%98%E8%88%87%E6%B0%91%E9%81%B8%E9%A0%98%E5%B0%8E%E5%B1%A4%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C&rft.date=2024-12-08&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cna.com.tw%2Fnews%2Faopl%2F202412080077.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2024/12/07/middleeast/syria-rebels-homs-damascus-assad-intl/index.html"><bdi lang="en">Syrian rebels claim Damascus is ‘free’ as Assad regime’s defenses crumble</bdi></a>. CNN. 2024-12-08 （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebels+claim+Damascus+is+%E2%80%98free%E2%80%99+as+Assad+regime%E2%80%99s+defenses+crumble&rft.date=2024-12-08&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2024%2F12%2F07%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-rebels-homs-damascus-assad-intl%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/2024/12/08/syrian-rebels-take-the-capital-damascus-say-bashar-al-assad-has-fled-the-country"><bdi lang="en">Syrian rebels take the capital Damascus, say Bashar Al-Assad has fled the country</bdi></a>. euronews. 2024-12-08 [2024-12-08]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241212091505/https://www.euronews.com/2024/12/08/syrian-rebels-take-the-capital-damascus-say-bashar-al-assad-has-fled-the-country">存档</a>于2024-12-12） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebels+take+the+capital+Damascus%2C+say+Bashar+Al-Assad+has+fled+the+country&rft.date=2024-12-08&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euronews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2024%2F12%2F08%2Fsyrian-rebels-take-the-capital-damascus-say-bashar-al-assad-has-fled-the-country&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Krever, Mick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2024/12/08/middleeast/israel-syria-security-implications-golan-intl/index.html">Israel watches Syria with trepidation as 50 years of detente is upended</a>. CNN. 2024-12-08 [2024-12-08] （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Israel+watches+Syria+with+trepidation+as+50+years+of+detente+is+upended&rft.aufirst=Mick&rft.aulast=Krever&rft.date=2024-12-08&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2024%2F12%2F08%2Fmiddleeast%2Fisrael-syria-security-implications-golan-intl%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-turkey-273"><a href="#cite_ref-turkey_273-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/%d8%a8%d8%af%d8%b9%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%84-%d8%ba%d8%b1%d9%81%d8%a9-%d8%b9/739911/">With the support of Turkish drones, the factions of the “Fajr al-Hurriya” operations room attack several axes in the Manbij countryside</a>. SOHR. 8 December 2024 [8 December 2024] （Arabic）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=With+the+support+of+Turkish+drones%2C+the+factions+of+the+%E2%80%9CFajr+al-Hurriya%E2%80%9D+operations+room+attack+several+axes+in+the+Manbij+countryside&rft.date=2024-12-08&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2F%25d8%25a8%25d8%25af%25d8%25b9%25d9%2585-%25d9%2585%25d9%2586-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d9%2585%25d8%25b3%25d9%258a%25d9%2591%25d8%25b1%25d8%25a7%25d8%25aa-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25aa%25d8%25b1%25d9%2583%25d9%258a%25d8%25a9-%25d9%2581%25d8%25b5%25d8%25a7%25d8%25a6%25d9%2584-%25d8%25ba%25d8%25b1%25d9%2581%25d8%25a9-%25d8%25b9%2F739911%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  引文格式1维护：未识别语文类型 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E6%9C%AA%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%87%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" title="Category:引文格式1维护：未识别语文类型">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-e109-274"><a href="#cite_ref-e109_274-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%89%8D%E5%8F%8D%E6%8A%97%E8%BB%8D%E5%90%84%E6%B4%BE%E7%B3%BB%E9%81%94%E6%88%90%E5%8D%94%E8%AD%B0-%E5%90%8C%E6%84%8F%E4%BD%B5%E5%85%A5%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8-131805904.html">敘利亞前反抗軍各派系達成協議同意併入國防部</a>. Yahoo News. 2024-12-24 [2024-12-25] （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%89%8D%E5%8F%8D%E6%8A%97%E8%BB%8D%E5%90%84%E6%B4%BE%E7%B3%BB%E9%81%94%E6%88%90%E5%8D%94%E8%AD%B0+%E5%90%8C%E6%84%8F%E4%BD%B5%E5%85%A5%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8&rft.date=2024-12-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftw.news.yahoo.com%2F%25E6%2595%2598%25E5%2588%25A9%25E4%25BA%259E%25E5%2589%258D%25E5%258F%258D%25E6%258A%2597%25E8%25BB%258D%25E5%2590%2584%25E6%25B4%25BE%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E9%2581%2594%25E6%2588%2590%25E5%258D%2594%25E8%25AD%25B0-%25E5%2590%258C%25E6%2584%258F%25E4%25BD%25B5%25E5%2585%25A5%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%2598%25B2%25E9%2583%25A8-131805904.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-t351-275"><a href="#cite_ref-t351_275-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C/20241224-%E5%8F%99%E6%96%B0%E5%BD%93%E5%B1%80%E7%A7%B0%E5%B0%B1%E8%A7%A3%E6%95%A3%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%AB%E8%BE%BE%E6%88%90%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE-%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%BA%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E6%9C%AA%E5%87%BA%E5%B8%AD%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE">叙新当局称就解散武装派别达成协议库尔德人武装未出席会议</a>. RFI - 法国国际广播电台. 2024-12-24 [2024-12-25] （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%99%E6%96%B0%E5%BD%93%E5%B1%80%E7%A7%B0%E5%B0%B1%E8%A7%A3%E6%95%A3%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%AB%E8%BE%BE%E6%88%90%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE+%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%BA%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E6%9C%AA%E5%87%BA%E5%B8%AD%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE&rft.date=2024-12-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RFI+-+%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fcn%2F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E4%25B8%259C%2F20241224-%25E5%258F%2599%25E6%2596%25B0%25E5%25BD%2593%25E5%25B1%2580%25E7%25A7%25B0%25E5%25B0%25B1%25E8%25A7%25A3%25E6%2595%25A3%25E6%25AD%25A6%25E8%25A3%2585%25E6%25B4%25BE%25E5%2588%25AB%25E8%25BE%25BE%25E6%2588%2590%25E5%258D%258F%25E8%25AE%25AE-%25E5%25BA%2593%25E5%25B0%2594%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%25AD%25A6%25E8%25A3%2585%25E6%259C%25AA%25E5%2587%25BA%25E5%25B8%25AD%25E4%25BC%259A%25E8%25AE%25AE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110808072928/http://www.breitbart.com/image.php?id=iafpCNG.871d6ceaf93465b9db0644b930cabf59.701p0&show_article=1">A member of Syrian opposition shouts slogans in Antalya</a>. AFP. 2011-07-03 [2011-07-03]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.breitbart.com/image.php?id=iafpCNG.871d6ceaf93465b9db0644b930cabf59.701p0&show_article=1">原始内容</a>存档于2011-08-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=A+member+of+Syrian+opposition+shouts+slogans+in+Antalya&rft.date=2011-07-03&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.breitbart.com%2Fimage.php%3Fid%3DiafpCNG.871d6ceaf93465b9db0644b930cabf59.701p0%26show_article%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/8868027/15000-strong-army-gathers-to-take-on-Syria.html">'15,000 strong' army gathers to take on Syria</a>. Telegraph. 2011-11-03 [2011-11-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111107145426/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/8868027/15000-strong-army-gathers-to-take-on-Syria.html">存档</a>于2011-11-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%2715%2C000+strong%27+army+gathers+to+take+on+Syria&rft.date=2011-11-03&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F8868027%2F15000-strong-army-gathers-to-take-on-Syria.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-xh20160629-278">^ <a href="#cite_ref-xh20160629_278-0">271.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-xh20160629_278-1">271.1</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2016-06/29/c_129098726.htm">又一场恶战正在叙利亚酝酿</a>. 新華網. 2016-06-29 [2016-09-28]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629010035/http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2016-06/29/c_129098726.htm">存档</a>于2016-06-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%88%E4%B8%80%E5%9C%BA%E6%81%B6%E6%88%98%E6%AD%A3%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%85%9D%E9%85%BF&rft.date=2016-06-29&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fworld%2F2016-06%2F29%2Fc_129098726.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-xh20121111-279"><a href="#cite_ref-xh20121111_279-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2012-11/11/c_123939710.htm">希拉里越“帮忙” 叙利亚越动乱</a>. 新華網. 2012-11-11 [2016-09-29]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114034039/http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2012-11/11/c_123939710.htm">存档</a>于2012-11-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%E9%87%8C%E8%B6%8A%E2%80%9C%E5%B8%AE%E5%BF%99%E2%80%9D+%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%B6%8A%E5%8A%A8%E4%B9%B1&rft.date=2012-11-11&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%96%B0%E8%8F%AF%E7%B6%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fworld%2F2012-11%2F11%2Fc_123939710.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/11/11/syrian-opposition-deal/1697693/">Syrian opposition groups reach unity deal</a>. USA Today. 2012-11-11 [2015-10-23]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212025532/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/11/11/syrian-opposition-deal/1697693/">存档</a>于2019-02-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syrian+opposition+groups+reach+unity+deal&rft.date=2012-11-11&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2012%2F11%2F11%2Fsyrian-opposition-deal%2F1697693%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407125531/http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/syrian-opposition-still-weak-and-divided">Syrian Opposition Still Weak and Divided</a>. Al Akhbar. 2011-10-18 [2011-11-13]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/syrian-opposition-still-weak-and-divided">原始内容</a>存档于2012-04-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syrian+Opposition+Still+Weak+and+Divided&rft.date=2011-10-18&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.al-akhbar.com%2Fcontent%2Fsyrian-opposition-still-weak-and-divided&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Shadid, Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/01/world/middleeast/01syria.html">Coalition of Factions From the Streets Fuels a New Opposition in Syria</a>. The New York Times. 2011-06-30 [2011-09-18]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110904225902/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/01/world/middleeast/01syria.html">存档</a>于2011-09-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Coalition+of+Factions+From+the+Streets+Fuels+a+New+Opposition+in+Syria&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.aulast=Shadid&rft.date=2011-06-30&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F07%2F01%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F01syria.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters22Nov-283"><a href="#cite_ref-Reuters22Nov_283-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Solomon, Erika. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150731192814/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/22/us-syria-crisis-islamists-merger-idUSBRE9AL0I420131122">Six Islamist factions unite in largest Syria rebel merger</a>. Reuters. 2013-11-22 [2013-11-22]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/22/us-syria-crisis-islamists-merger-idUSBRE9AL0I420131122">原始内容</a>存档于2015-07-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Six+Islamist+factions+unite+in+largest+Syria+rebel+merger&rft.aufirst=Erika&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.date=2013-11-22&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2013%2F11%2F22%2Fus-syria-crisis-islamists-merger-idUSBRE9AL0I420131122&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Richard Hall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019095115/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/09/us-syria-crisis-rebels-factbox-idUSBREA080SW20140109">Factbox: Syria's rebel groups</a>. Reuters. 2014-01-09 [2015-10-23]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/09/us-syria-crisis-rebels-factbox-idUSBREA080SW20140109">原始内容</a>存档于2015-10-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Factbox%3A+Syria%27s+rebel+groups&rft.au=Richard+Hall&rft.date=2014-01-09&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2014%2F01%2F09%2Fus-syria-crisis-rebels-factbox-idUSBREA080SW20140109&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AP22Nov-285"><a href="#cite_ref-AP22Nov_285-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">BARBARA SURK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startribune.com/syrian-muslim-rebel-groups-say-they-have-unified/232964261/">Series of Syrian Muslim rebel brigades say they've unified under name of the 'Islamic Front'</a>. Star Tribune. Associated Press. 2013-11-22 [2015-06-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626135942/http://www.startribune.com/syrian-muslim-rebel-groups-say-they-have-unified/232964261/">存档</a>于2015-06-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Series+of+Syrian+Muslim+rebel+brigades+say+they%27ve+unified+under+name+of+the+%27Islamic+Front%27&rft.au=BARBARA+SURK&rft.date=2013-11-22&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fsyrian-muslim-rebel-groups-say-they-have-unified%2F232964261%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AJE22Nov-286"><a href="#cite_ref-AJE22Nov_286-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Atassi, Basma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/11/major-syrian-rebel-groups-join-forces-20131122141129975421.html">Major Syrian rebel groups join forces</a>. Al Jazeera English. 2013-11-22 [2013-12-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190611183859/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/11/major-syrian-rebel-groups-join-forces-20131122141129975421.html">存档</a>于2019-06-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.aufirst=Basma&rft.aulast=Atassi&rft.btitle=Major+Syrian+rebel+groups+join+forces&rft.date=2013-11-22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2013%2F11%2Fmajor-syrian-rebel-groups-join-forces-20131122141129975421.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/12/syria-fsa-islamic-front-geneva-ii-jarba.html">Syrian FSA fades in shadow of Saudi-backed opposition front</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190410191546/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/12/syria-fsa-islamic-front-geneva-ii-jarba.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Monitor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Monitor（页面不存在）">Al-Monitor</a>, 11 December 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/12/16/syria-s-saudi-jihadist-problem.html">Syria’s Saudi Jihadist Problem</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170313171219/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/12/16/syria-s-saudi-jihadist-problem.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, <a href="/wiki/Daily_Beast" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Beast">Daily Beast</a>, 16 December 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/al-qaeda-and-isis-renunciation-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi">Al-Qaeda and ISIS: The Renunciation of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180615163255/http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/al-qaeda-and-isis-renunciation-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Al Akhbar, 4 February 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/25/world/meast/syria-rebels/index.html">Syrian rebels reject interim government, embrace Sharia</a>. CNN. 2013-09-25 [2015-10-22]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130926063441/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/25/world/meast/syria-rebels/index.html">存档</a>于2013-09-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebels+reject+interim+government%2C+embrace+Sharia&rft.date=2013-09-25&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2013%2F09%2F25%2Fworld%2Fmeast%2Fsyria-rebels%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-sputnik20160928-291"><a href="#cite_ref-sputnik20160928_291-0">^</a> 引用错误：没有为名为<code>sputnik20160928</code>的参考文献提供内容</li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002052105/http://www.independent.mk/articles/20691/Over+,+Killed+in+Syria+Conflict,+,+Children">Over 240,000 Killed in Syria Conflict, 12,000 Children</a>. Independent.mk. 2015-08-07 [2016-09-28]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.mk/articles/20691/Over+,+Killed+in+Syria+Conflict,+,+Children">原始内容</a>存档于2016-10-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Over+240%2C000+Killed+in+Syria+Conflict%2C+12%2C000+Children&rft.date=2015-08-07&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.mk%2Farticles%2F20691%2FOver%2B%2C%2BKilled%2Bin%2BSyria%2BConflict%2C%2B%2C%2BChildren&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-OHCHR_Sep11-293"><a href="#cite_ref-OHCHR_Sep11_293-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/countries/SY/Syria_Report_2011-08-17.pdf">Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the situation of human rights in the Syrian Arab Republic</a> (PDF). UN Human Rights Council. 2011-09-15 [2012-06-30]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430071959/https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/countries/SY/Syria_Report_2011-08-17.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2019-04-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights+on+the+situation+of+human+rights+in+the+Syrian+Arab+Republic&rft.date=2011-09-15&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FDocuments%2Fcountries%2FSY%2FSyria_Report_2011-08-17.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW_Kurds-294">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRW_Kurds_294-0">287.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW_Kurds_294-1">287.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW_Kurds_294-2">287.2</a> <cite class="citation web">Muscati, Samer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/05/14/syrian-kurds-fleeing-iraqi-safe-haven">Syrian Kurds Fleeing to Iraqi Safe Haven</a>. Human Rights Watch. 2012-05-14 [2012-06-30]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120721212808/http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/05/14/syrian-kurds-fleeing-iraqi-safe-haven">存档</a>于2012-07-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.aufirst=Samer&rft.aulast=Muscati&rft.btitle=Syrian+Kurds+Fleeing+to+Iraqi+Safe+Haven&rft.date=2012-05-14&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2012%2F05%2F14%2Fsyrian-kurds-fleeing-iraqi-safe-haven&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Blair, Edmund; Saleh, Yasmine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012064350/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/07/04/uk-syria-crisis-rifts-idUKBRE8630IY20120704">Syria opposition rifts give world excuse not to act</a>. Reuters. 2012-07-04 [2012-07-09]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/07/04/uk-syria-crisis-rifts-idUKBRE8630IY20120704">原始内容</a>存档于2012-10-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syria+opposition+rifts+give+world+excuse+not+to+act&rft.au=Saleh%2C+Yasmine&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.date=2012-07-04&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2012%2F07%2F04%2Fuk-syria-crisis-rifts-idUKBRE8630IY20120704&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rudaw.net/english/interview/22072013">YPG Commander: Kurds Are Bulwark Against Islamic Extremism in Syria</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150713012336/http://rudaw.net/english/interview/22072013">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. Rudaw.net. </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/turkeys-parliament-approves-military-action-against-isis-syria-iraq-1698537">Turkey's Parliament Approves Military Action Against ISIS In Syria, Iraq</a>. International Business Times. 2014-10-02 [2015-10-22]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233802/http://www.ibtimes.com/turkeys-parliament-approves-military-action-against-isis-syria-iraq-1698537">存档</a>于2016-03-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Parliament+Approves+Military+Action+Against+ISIS+In+Syria%2C+Iraq&rft.date=2014-10-02&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fturkeys-parliament-approves-military-action-against-isis-syria-iraq-1698537&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2014/09/13/378612/isil-using-turkey-territory-to-enter-iraq/">Footage shows ISIL using Turkey to enter Iraq, Syria</a>. PressTV. 2014-09-13 [2014-10-20]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140920130531/http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2014/09/13/378612/isil-using-turkey-territory-to-enter-iraq/">存档</a>于2014-09-20） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Footage+shows+ISIL+using+Turkey+to+enter+Iraq%2C+Syria&rft.date=2014-09-13&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presstv.ir%2Fdetail%2F2014%2F09%2F13%2F378612%2Fisil-using-turkey-territory-to-enter-iraq%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wnd.com/2014/06/source-besieged-iraq-sees-obama-as-jihad-accomplice/">Source: Besieged Iraq sees Obama as jihad 'accomplice'</a>. WorldNetDaily. 2014-06-16 [2014-10-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011032847/http://www.wnd.com/2014/06/source-besieged-iraq-sees-obama-as-jihad-accomplice/">存档</a>于2014-10-11） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Source%3A+Besieged+Iraq+sees+Obama+as+jihad+%27accomplice%27&rft.date=2014-06-16&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wnd.com%2F2014%2F06%2Fsource-besieged-iraq-sees-obama-as-jihad-accomplice%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-USAinJordan_FSA2ISIS-300"><a href="#cite_ref-USAinJordan_FSA2ISIS_300-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wnd.com/2014/06/officials-u-s-trained-isis-at-secret-base-in-jordan/">Blowback! U.S. trained Islamists who joined ISIS</a>. WorldNetDaily. 2014-06-17 [2014-10-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020161041/http://www.wnd.com/2014/06/officials-u-s-trained-isis-at-secret-base-in-jordan/">存档</a>于2014-10-20） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Blowback%21+U.S.+trained+Islamists+who+joined+ISIS&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wnd.com%2F2014%2F06%2Fofficials-u-s-trained-isis-at-secret-base-in-jordan%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/10/19/u-s-humanitarian-aid-going-to-isis.html">U.S. Humanitarian Aid Going to ISIS</a>. The Daily Beast. 2014-10-19 [2014-11-08]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141106164838/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/10/19/u-s-humanitarian-aid-going-to-isis.html">存档</a>于2014-11-06） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=U.S.+Humanitarian+Aid+Going+to+ISIS&rft.date=2014-10-19&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2F10%2F19%2Fu-s-humanitarian-aid-going-to-isis.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://app.bjtitle.com/8816/newshow.php?newsid=6333149&src=stream&typeid=4">叙媒：极端组织在叙利亚哈马省发动袭击造成32人死亡</a>. [2023-04-16]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416141753/https://app.bjtitle.com/8816/newshow.php?newsid=6333149&src=stream&typeid=4">存档</a>于2023-04-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%AA%92%EF%BC%9A%E6%9E%81%E7%AB%AF%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%88%E9%A9%AC%E7%9C%81%E5%8F%91%E5%8A%A8%E8%A2%AD%E5%87%BB%E9%80%A0%E6%88%9032%E4%BA%BA%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapp.bjtitle.com%2F8816%2Fnewshow.php%3Fnewsid%3D6333149%26src%3Dstream%26typeid%3D4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-g058-303"><a href="#cite_ref-g058_303-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voachinese.com/a/us-strikes-kill-12-islamic-state-group-militants-in-syria-20241216/7903329.html">美军空袭叙利亚境内伊斯兰国组织，打死12名武装分子</a>. 美国之音. 2024-12-16 [2024-12-17] （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E7%BE%8E%E5%86%9B%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A2%83%E5%86%85%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%EF%BC%8C%E6%89%93%E6%AD%BB12%E5%90%8D%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90&rft.date=2024-12-16&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%8B%E9%9F%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voachinese.com%2Fa%2Fus-strikes-kill-12-islamic-state-group-militants-in-syria-20241216%2F7903329.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-美国之音_2023-304">^ <a href="#cite_ref-美国之音_2023_304-0">297.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-美国之音_2023_304-1">297.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-美国之音_2023_304-2">297.2</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voachinese.com/a/israel-strike-kills-7-in-syria-20230502/7075936.html">以色列空袭叙利亚打死7人，摧毁阿勒颇机场</a>. 美国之音. 2023-05-02 [2023-05-03]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629000200/https://www.voachinese.com/a/israel-strike-kills-7-in-syria-20230502/7075936.html">存档</a>于2023-06-29） （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%89%93%E6%AD%BB7%E4%BA%BA%EF%BC%8C%E6%91%A7%E6%AF%81%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A2%87%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA&rft.date=2023-05-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%8B%E9%9F%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voachinese.com%2Fa%2Fisrael-strike-kills-7-in-syria-20230502%2F7075936.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-rt360690-305"><a href="#cite_ref-rt360690_305-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rt.com/news/360690-us-arms-nusra-syria/"><bdi lang="en">‘Americans are on our side’: Al-Nusra commander says US arming jihadists via 3rd countries</bdi></a>. rt.com. 2016-09-26 [2016-12-23]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223201229/https://www.rt.com/news/360690-us-arms-nusra-syria/">存档</a>于2016-12-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E2%80%98Americans+are+on+our+side%E2%80%99%3A+Al-Nusra+commander+says+US+arming+jihadists+via+3rd+countries&rft.date=2016-09-26&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rt.com%2Fnews%2F360690-us-arms-nusra-syria%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-israeltreatqaeda-306"><a href="#cite_ref-israeltreatqaeda_306-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Report-Israel-treating-al-Qaida-fighters-wounded-in-Syria-civil-war-393862">Report: Israel treating al-Qaida fighters wounded in Syria civil war</a>. The Jerusalem Post. 2015-03-13 [2017-01-19]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190513042444/https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Report-Israel-treating-al-Qaida-fighters-wounded-in-Syria-civil-war-393862">存档</a>于2019-05-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Israel+treating+al-Qaida+fighters+wounded+in+Syria+civil+war&rft.date=2015-03-13&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FMiddle-East%2FReport-Israel-treating-al-Qaida-fighters-wounded-in-Syria-civil-war-393862&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ibtUNisraelisis-307"><a href="#cite_ref-ibtUNisraelisis_307-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Johnlee Abraham Varghese. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.in/un-report-israel-regular-contact-syrian-rebels-including-isis-616404">UN Report: Israel in Regular Contact with Syrian Rebels including ISIS</a>. International Business Times. 2014-12-07 [2017-01-19]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516074147/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/un-report-israel-regular-contact-syrian-rebels-including-isis-616404">存档</a>于2018-05-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=UN+Report%3A+Israel+in+Regular+Contact+with+Syrian+Rebels+including+ISIS&rft.au=Johnlee+Abraham+Varghese&rft.date=2014-12-07&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.in%2Fun-report-israel-regular-contact-syrian-rebels-including-isis-616404&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/05/04/israel-enforces-red-line-with-syria-airstrike-on-weapons-bound-for-hezbollah/">Israel enforces 'red line' with Syria airstrike on weapons bound for Hezbollah, officials say</a>. [2013-05-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508001148/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/05/04/israel-enforces-red-line-with-syria-airstrike-on-weapons-bound-for-hezbollah/">存档</a>于2013-05-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Israel+enforces+%27red+line%27+with+Syria+airstrike+on+weapons+bound+for+Hezbollah%2C+officials+say&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2F05%2F04%2Fisrael-enforces-red-line-with-syria-airstrike-on-weapons-bound-for-hezbollah%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2019-01/21/c_1124019579.htm">叙利亚军方说以色列对叙发动导弹袭击</a>. [2019-01-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232433/http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2019-01/21/c_1124019579.htm">存档</a>于2019-01-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%B4%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E5%AF%B9%E5%8F%99%E5%8F%91%E5%8A%A8%E5%AF%BC%E5%BC%B9%E8%A2%AD%E5%87%BB&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fworld%2F2019-01%2F21%2Fc_1124019579.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/01/world/middleeast/syrias-confirmation-of-airstrike-may-undercut-israels-strategy-of-silence.html">Syria Says It Has Right to Counterattack Israel</a>. [2013-05-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515124548/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/01/world/middleeast/syrias-confirmation-of-airstrike-may-undercut-israels-strategy-of-silence.html">存档</a>于2013-05-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Syria+Says+It+Has+Right+to+Counterattack+Israel&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F02%2F01%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyrias-confirmation-of-airstrike-may-undercut-israels-strategy-of-silence.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/world_news/Middle_East/article1220354.ece">Israel on global alert after killing Iran’s fox</a>. 2013-02-24 [2013-05-06]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160530180047/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/world_news/Middle_East/article1220354.ece">存档</a>于2016-05-30） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Israel+on+global+alert+after+killing+Iran%E2%80%99s+fox&rft.date=2013-02-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesundaytimes.co.uk%2Fsto%2Fnews%2Fworld_news%2FMiddle_East%2Farticle1220354.ece&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22409380">Israeli warplanes 'launch air strike inside Syria'</a>. BBC News. 2013-05-04 [2013-05-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206123138/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22409380">存档</a>于2018-12-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Israeli+warplanes+%27launch+air+strike+inside+Syria%27&rft.date=2013-05-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-22409380&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/israel-officials-strike-syria-targeted-weapons-19107954#.UYTeRqDLVk8">Israeli Strike on Syria Targeted Weapons Shipment</a>. ABC news. 2013-05-04 [2013-05-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130507114604/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/israel-officials-strike-syria-targeted-weapons-19107954#.UYTeRqDLVk8">存档</a>于2013-05-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Israeli+Strike+on+Syria+Targeted+Weapons+Shipment&rft.date=2013-05-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=ABC+news&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Fisrael-officials-strike-syria-targeted-weapons-19107954%23.UYTeRqDLVk8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22417482">'Israel rockets' hit Jamraya facility in Damascus</a>. BBC News. 2013-05-05 [2013-05-05]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190426060408/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22417482">存档</a>于2019-04-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%27Israel+rockets%27+hit+Jamraya+facility+in+Damascus&rft.date=2013-05-05&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-22417482&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <cite class="citation web">ANNE BARNARD, MICHAEL R. GORDON and JODI RUDOREN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/middleeast/israel-syria.html">Israel Targeted Iranian Missiles in Syria Attack</a>. New York Times. 2013-05-04 [2013-05-05]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415104019/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/middleeast/israel-syria.html">存档</a>于2019-04-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.au=ANNE+BARNARD%2C+MICHAEL+R.+GORDON+and+JODI+RUDOREN&rft.btitle=Israel+Targeted+Iranian+Missiles+in+Syria+Attack&rft.date=2013-05-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=New+York+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F05%2F05%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fisrael-syria.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Damien McElroy and agencies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/10038315/Israel-confirms-overnight-airstrikes-against-Damascus.html">Israel confirms overnight airstrikes against Damascus</a>. Daily Telegraph. 2013-05-05 [2013-05-05]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508121646/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/10038315/Israel-confirms-overnight-airstrikes-against-Damascus.html">存档</a>于2013-05-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.au=Damien+McElroy+and+agencies&rft.btitle=Israel+confirms+overnight+airstrikes+against+Damascus&rft.date=2013-05-05&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Daily+Telegraph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fisrael%2F10038315%2FIsrael-confirms-overnight-airstrikes-against-Damascus.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/No-winds-of-war-despite-alleged-Syria-air-strikes-312290">'No winds of war' despite Damascus air strikes</a>. Jerusalem Post. 2013-05-07 [2013-05-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130507204435/http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/No-winds-of-war-despite-alleged-Syria-air-strikes-312290">存档</a>于2013-05-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%27No+winds+of+war%27+despite+Damascus+air+strikes&rft.date=2013-05-07&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FMiddle-East%2FNo-winds-of-war-despite-alleged-Syria-air-strikes-312290&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/obama-israel-has-right-to-defend-itself-from-hezbollah/">Obama: Israel has right to defend itself from Hezbollah</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of Israel">Times of Israel</a>. 2013-05-04 [2013-05-05]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205529/http://www.timesofisrael.com/obama-israel-has-right-to-defend-itself-from-hezbollah/">存档</a>于2016-03-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Obama%3A+Israel+has+right+to+defend+itself+from+Hezbollah&rft.date=2013-05-04&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fobama-israel-has-right-to-defend-itself-from-hezbollah%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125142347/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10038635/Syria-air-strike-Israel-has-the-right-to-defend-itself-says-William-Hague.html">Syria air strike: Israel has the right to defend itself, says William Hague</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 2013-05-05 [2013-05-05]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10038635/Syria-air-strike-Israel-has-the-right-to-defend-itself-says-William-Hague.html">原始内容</a>存档于2018-11-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syria+air+strike%3A+Israel+has+the+right+to+defend+itself%2C+says+William+Hague&rft.date=2013-05-05&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F10038635%2FSyria-air-strike-Israel-has-the-right-to-defend-itself-says-William-Hague.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/05/05/egypt-condemns-israeli-airstrikes-against-syria-warns-complicate-ongoing-civil/">Egypt condemns Israeli airstrikes against Syria, warns they complicate ongoing civil war</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. 2013-05-05 [2013-05-05]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924182516/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/05/05/egypt-condemns-israeli-airstrikes-against-syria-warns-complicate-ongoing-civil/">存档</a>于2015-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Egypt+condemns+Israeli+airstrikes+against+Syria%2C+warns+they+complicate+ongoing+civil+war&rft.date=2013-05-05&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2F05%2F05%2Fegypt-condemns-israeli-airstrikes-against-syria-warns-complicate-ongoing-civil%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rt.com/news/373522-syria-army-base-bombed-israel/">Syrian Army warns Israel it will respond after military airport bombed near Damascus (VIDEO)</a>. Russia Today. 2017-01-13 [2017-01-19]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118222058/https://www.rt.com/news/373522-syria-army-base-bombed-israel/">存档</a>于2017-01-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syrian+Army+warns+Israel+it+will+respond+after+military+airport+bombed+near+Damascus+%28VIDEO%29&rft.date=2017-01-13&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rt.com%2Fnews%2F373522-syria-army-base-bombed-israel%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Aaron Kesel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wearechange.org/israel-bombs-syrian-airport/">Israel Bombs Syrian Airport; Syrian Army Warns of Retaliation</a>. wearechange.org. 2017-01-12 [2017-01-19]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170117135125/http://wearechange.org/israel-bombs-syrian-airport/">存档</a>于2017-01-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Israel+Bombs+Syrian+Airport%3B+Syrian+Army+Warns+of+Retaliation&rft.au=Aaron+Kesel&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwearechange.org%2Fisrael-bombs-syrian-airport%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/israel-bombed-military-airport-near-damascus-syrian-officials-say/">Israel Bombed Military Airport Near Damascus, Syrian Officials Say</a>. timesofisrael.com. 2017-01-13 [2017-01-19]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118164256/http://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/israel-bombed-military-airport-near-damascus-syrian-officials-say/">存档</a>于2017-01-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Israel+Bombed+Military+Airport+Near+Damascus%2C+Syrian+Officials+Say&rft.date=2017-01-13&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishweek.timesofisrael.com%2Fisrael-bombed-military-airport-near-damascus-syrian-officials-say%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sana.sy/en/?p=98200">New Israeli missile attack on Mezzeh military airport west of Damascus</a>. Syrian Arab News Agency. 2017-01-13 [2017-01-19]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170119224919/http://sana.sy/en/?p=98200">存档</a>于2017-01-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=New+Israeli+missile+attack+on+Mezzeh+military+airport+west+of+Damascus&rft.date=2017-01-13&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D98200&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sana.sy/en/?p=98228">Foreign Ministry: Israeli aggressor must be punished and prevented from repeating attacks on Syria</a>. Syrian Arab News Agency. 2017-01-13 [2017-01-19]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170119225036/http://sana.sy/en/?p=98228">存档</a>于2017-01-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Foreign+Ministry%3A+Israeli+aggressor+must+be+punished+and+prevented+from+repeating+attacks+on+Syria&rft.date=2017-01-13&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D98228&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sohu.com/a/284679348_99893142">伊朗夜袭戈兰高地？以色列持续轰炸大马士革：伊朗运输机仓皇逃命</a>. [2019-01-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320124718/https://www.sohu.com/a/284679348_99893142">存档</a>于2022-03-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E5%A4%9C%E8%A2%AD%E6%88%88%E5%85%B0%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%EF%BC%9F%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E6%8C%81%E7%BB%AD%E8%BD%B0%E7%82%B8%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9%EF%BC%9A%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%BF%90%E8%BE%93%E6%9C%BA%E4%BB%93%E7%9A%87%E9%80%83%E5%91%BD&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sohu.com%2Fa%2F284679348_99893142&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2019-06/02/c_1124574057.htm">叙利亚称以色列导弹袭击致3死7伤</a>. [2019-06-02]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190602124343/http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2019-06/02/c_1124574057.htm">存档</a>于2019-06-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%A7%B0%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E5%AF%BC%E5%BC%B9%E8%A2%AD%E5%87%BB%E8%87%B43%E6%AD%BB7%E4%BC%A4&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fworld%2F2019-06%2F02%2Fc_1124574057.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cn.rfi.fr/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C/20190701-%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E6%88%98%E6%9C%BA%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A-%E9%80%A0%E6%88%9015%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%A7%E7%94%9F">以色列战机空袭叙利亚造成15人丧生</a>. [2019-07-01]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701122303/http://cn.rfi.fr/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E4%25B8%259C/20190701-%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E8%2589%25B2%25E5%2588%2597%25E6%2588%2598%25E6%259C%25BA%25E7%25A9%25BA%25E8%25A2%25AD%25E5%258F%2599%25E5%2588%25A9%25E4%25BA%259A-%25E9%2580%25A0%25E6%2588%259015%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E4%25B8%25A7%25E7%2594%259F">存档</a>于2019-07-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E6%88%98%E6%9C%BA%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A+%E9%80%A0%E6%88%9015%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%A7%E7%94%9F&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcn.rfi.fr%2F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E4%25B8%259C%2F20190701-%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E8%2589%25B2%25E5%2588%2597%25E6%2588%2598%25E6%259C%25BA%25E7%25A9%25BA%25E8%25A2%25AD%25E5%258F%2599%25E5%2588%25A9%25E4%25BA%259A-%25E9%2580%25A0%25E6%2588%259015%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E4%25B8%25A7%25E7%2594%259F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1637851236772001482">不明飞行物坠落在塞浦路斯北部当地称是叙利亚发射的俄制导弹</a>. [2019-07-01]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190726075912/http://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1637851236772001482">存档</a>于2019-07-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%8E%E9%A3%9E%E8%A1%8C%E7%89%A9%E5%9D%A0%E8%90%BD%E5%9C%A8%E5%A1%9E%E6%B5%A6%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8+%E5%BD%93%E5%9C%B0%E7%A7%B0%E6%98%AF%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84%E7%9A%84%E4%BF%84%E5%88%B6%E5%AF%BC%E5%BC%B9&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaijiahao.baidu.com%2Fs%3Fid%3D1637851236772001482&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cankaoxiaoxi.com/world/20190701/2384221.shtml">首遭中东军事行动波及？疑似偏航导弹坠入塞浦路斯</a>. [2019-07-01]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701122304/http://www.cankaoxiaoxi.com/world/20190701/2384221.shtml">存档</a>于2019-07-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E9%A6%96%E9%81%AD%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E6%B3%A2%E5%8F%8A%EF%BC%9F%E7%96%91%E4%BC%BC%E5%81%8F%E8%88%AA%E5%AF%BC%E5%BC%B9%E5%9D%A0%E5%85%A5%E5%A1%9E%E6%B5%A6%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cankaoxiaoxi.com%2Fworld%2F20190701%2F2384221.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201907/01/WS5d19a5efa3108375f8f2d633.html">不明飞行物在“北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国”坠毁外界：是导弹还是飞机？</a>. [2019-07-01]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701122652/http://world.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201907/01/WS5d19a5efa3108375f8f2d633.html">存档</a>于2019-07-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%8E%E9%A3%9E%E8%A1%8C%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%A8%E2%80%9C%E5%8C%97%E5%A1%9E%E6%B5%A6%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E2%80%9D%E5%9D%A0%E6%AF%81+%E5%A4%96%E7%95%8C%EF%BC%9A%E6%98%AF%E5%AF%BC%E5%BC%B9%E8%BF%98%E6%98%AF%E9%A3%9E%E6%9C%BA%EF%BC%9F&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworld.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fa%2F201907%2F01%2FWS5d19a5efa3108375f8f2d633.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/2019-08/25/c_1124917206.htm">叙利亚首都周边地区遭以色列导弹袭击</a>. [2019-08-25]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190825131327/http://www.xinhuanet.com/2019-08/25/c_1124917206.htm">存档</a>于2019-08-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%91%A8%E8%BE%B9%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E9%81%AD%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E5%AF%BC%E5%BC%B9%E8%A2%AD%E5%87%BB&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2F2019-08%2F25%2Fc_1124917206.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zaobao.com.sg/realtime/world/story20191120-1006842">以色列对叙利亚数个军事目标发动空袭</a>. [2019-11-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191120141631/https://www.zaobao.com.sg/realtime/world/story20191120-1006842">存档</a>于2019-11-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E5%AF%B9%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%95%B0%E4%B8%AA%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%87%E5%8F%91%E5%8A%A8%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zaobao.com.sg%2Frealtime%2Fworld%2Fstory20191120-1006842&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sina.cn/gj/2019-12-23/detail-iihnzahi9343260.d.html?from=wap">叙媒：叙利亚防空系统拦截多枚敌对导弹</a>. [2019-12-23]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206070027/https://news.sina.cn/gj/2019-12-23/detail-iihnzahi9343260.d.html?from=wap">存档</a>于2020-02-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%AA%92%EF%BC%9A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%98%B2%E7%A9%BA%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%8B%A6%E6%88%AA%E5%A4%9A%E6%9E%9A%E6%95%8C%E5%AF%B9%E5%AF%BC%E5%BC%B9&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sina.cn%2Fgj%2F2019-12-23%2Fdetail-iihnzahi9343260.d.html%3Ffrom%3Dwap&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/cn/contenu/20200725-%E6%8A%A5%E5%A4%8D%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84%E5%BC%B9%E8%8D%AF-%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E6%B4%BE%E5%86%9B%E7%94%A8%E7%9B%B4%E5%8D%87%E6%9C%BA%E6%94%BB%E5%87%BB">报复叙利亚发射弹药以色列派军用直升机攻击</a>. [2020-07-27]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727015831/https://www.rfi.fr/cn/contenu/20200725-%E6%8A%A5%E5%A4%8D%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84%E5%BC%B9%E8%8D%AF-%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E6%B4%BE%E5%86%9B%E7%94%A8%E7%9B%B4%E5%8D%87%E6%9C%BA%E6%94%BB%E5%87%BB">存档</a>于2020-07-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E6%8A%A5%E5%A4%8D%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84%E5%BC%B9%E8%8D%AF+%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E6%B4%BE%E5%86%9B%E7%94%A8%E7%9B%B4%E5%8D%87%E6%9C%BA%E6%94%BB%E5%87%BB&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fcn%2Fcontenu%2F20200725-%25E6%258A%25A5%25E5%25A4%258D%25E5%258F%2599%25E5%2588%25A9%25E4%25BA%259A%25E5%258F%2591%25E5%25B0%2584%25E5%25BC%25B9%25E8%258D%25AF-%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E8%2589%25B2%25E5%2588%2597%25E6%25B4%25BE%25E5%2586%259B%25E7%2594%25A8%25E7%259B%25B4%25E5%258D%2587%25E6%259C%25BA%25E6%2594%25BB%25E5%2587%25BB&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/cn/contenu/20200804-%E5%9B%9E%E5%87%BB%E6%88%88%E5%85%B0%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E9%81%87%E8%A2%AD-%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%87">回击戈兰高地遇袭以色列空袭叙利亚军事目标</a>. [2020-08-04]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805000620/https://www.rfi.fr/cn/contenu/20200804-%E5%9B%9E%E5%87%BB%E6%88%88%E5%85%B0%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E9%81%87%E8%A2%AD-%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%87">存档</a>于2020-08-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%9E%E5%87%BB%E6%88%88%E5%85%B0%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E9%81%87%E8%A2%AD+%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%87&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fcn%2Fcontenu%2F20200804-%25E5%259B%259E%25E5%2587%25BB%25E6%2588%2588%25E5%2585%25B0%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%259C%25B0%25E9%2581%2587%25E8%25A2%25AD-%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E8%2589%25B2%25E5%2588%2597%25E7%25A9%25BA%25E8%25A2%25AD%25E5%258F%2599%25E5%2588%25A9%25E4%25BA%259A%25E5%2586%259B%25E4%25BA%258B%25E7%259B%25AE%25E6%25A0%2587&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%95%85%E4%B9%A1-1%E6%AD%BB6%E4%BC%A4">以色列空袭叙利亚总统故乡 1死6伤</a>. [2021-05-05]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624083756/https://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%95%85%E4%B9%A1-1%E6%AD%BB6%E4%BC%A4">存档</a>于2021-06-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%95%85%E4%B9%A1+1%E6%AD%BB6%E4%BC%A4&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fcn%2F%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E8%2589%25B2%25E5%2588%2597%25E7%25A9%25BA%25E8%25A2%25AD%25E5%258F%2599%25E5%2588%25A9%25E4%25BA%259A%25E6%2580%25BB%25E7%25BB%259F%25E6%2595%2585%25E4%25B9%25A1-1%25E6%25AD%25BB6%25E4%25BC%25A4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2021/1228/c1002-32319095.html">叙利亚拉塔基亚港凌晨遭以色列空袭现场火光冲天</a>. [2021-12-28]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320124713/http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2021/1228/c1002-32319095.html">存档</a>于2022-03-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%94%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9A%E6%B8%AF%E5%87%8C%E6%99%A8%E9%81%AD%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD+%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%BA%E7%81%AB%E5%85%89%E5%86%B2%E5%A4%A9&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworld.people.com.cn%2Fn1%2F2021%2F1228%2Fc1002-32319095.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2022/0307/c1002-32368724.html">以色列空袭叙利亚首都周边地区造成两名平民死亡</a>. [2022-03-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307130842/http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2022/0307/c1002-32368724.html">存档</a>于2022-03-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%91%A8%E8%BE%B9%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA+%E9%80%A0%E6%88%90%E4%B8%A4%E5%90%8D%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%91%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworld.people.com.cn%2Fn1%2F2022%2F0307%2Fc1002-32368724.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%BA%AB%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%80%E9%81%87%E8%A5%B2-%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E8%A1%9B%E9%9A%8A%E5%9D%A6%E6%89%BF%E7%8A%AF%E6%A1%88-120443810.html">伊拉克庫德區遇襲伊朗革命衛隊坦承犯案</a>. [2022-03-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314132350/https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%BA%AB%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%80%E9%81%87%E8%A5%B2-%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E8%A1%9B%E9%9A%8A%E5%9D%A6%E6%89%BF%E7%8A%AF%E6%A1%88-120443810.html">存档</a>于2022-03-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%BA%AB%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%80%E9%81%87%E8%A5%B2+%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E8%A1%9B%E9%9A%8A%E5%9D%A6%E6%89%BF%E7%8A%AF%E6%A1%88&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftw.news.yahoo.com%2F%25E4%25BC%258A%25E6%258B%2589%25E5%2585%258B%25E5%25BA%25AB%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%258D%2580%25E9%2581%2587%25E8%25A5%25B2-%25E4%25BC%258A%25E6%259C%2597%25E9%259D%25A9%25E5%2591%25BD%25E8%25A1%259B%25E9%259A%258A%25E5%259D%25A6%25E6%2589%25BF%25E7%258A%25AF%25E6%25A1%2588-120443810.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220608104040/http://www.news.cn/mil/2022-06/07/c_1211654364.htm">叙利亚大马士革南部地区遭以色列导弹袭击造成物质损失</a>. [2022-06-08]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.cn/mil/2022-06/07/c_1211654364.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2022-06-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E9%81%AD%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E5%AF%BC%E5%BC%B9%E8%A2%AD%E5%87%BB+%E9%80%A0%E6%88%90%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E6%8D%9F%E5%A4%B1&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.cn%2Fmil%2F2022-06%2F07%2Fc_1211654364.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.cn/2022-08/26/c_1128948401.htm">叙利亚军方：两名平民在以色列导弹袭击中受伤</a>. [2022-09-01]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220903020055/http://www.news.cn/2022-08/26/c_1128948401.htm">存档</a>于2022-09-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B%E6%96%B9%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%A4%E5%90%8D%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%A8%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E5%AF%BC%E5%BC%B9%E8%A2%AD%E5%87%BB%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%97%E4%BC%A4&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.cn%2F2022-08%2F26%2Fc_1128948401.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-未命名-20230318190010-343">^ <a href="#cite_ref-未命名-20230318190010_343-0">336.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-未命名-20230318190010_343-1">336.1</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.cn/world/2022-09/01/c_1128966388.htm">叙利亚军方说以色列空袭叙首都东南部和阿勒颇国际机场</a>. [2022-09-01]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221106070052/http://www.news.cn/world/2022-09/01/c_1128966388.htm">存档</a>于2022-11-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%B4%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD%E5%8F%99%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E5%92%8C%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A2%87%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.cn%2Fworld%2F2022-09%2F01%2Fc_1128966388.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://military.china.com/news/13004177/20230219/44491201.html">以色列空袭叙利亚致5死15伤部分伤势严重</a>. [2023-02-19]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230301220040/https://military.china.com/news/13004177/20230219/44491201.html">存档</a>于2023-03-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%87%B45%E6%AD%BB15%E4%BC%A4+%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86%E4%BC%A4%E5%8A%BF%E4%B8%A5%E9%87%8D&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmilitary.china.com%2Fnews%2F13004177%2F20230219%2F44491201.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85/20230219-%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9-%E9%9D%9E%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E7%A7%B015%E4%BA%BA%E6%AD%BB">以色列空袭大马士革非政府组织称15人死</a>. [2023-02-20]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220193623/https://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85/20230219-%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9-%E9%9D%9E%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E7%A7%B015%E4%BA%BA%E6%AD%BB">存档</a>于2023-02-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9+%E9%9D%9E%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E7%A7%B015%E4%BA%BA%E6%AD%BB&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fcn%2F%25E5%259B%25BD%25E9%2599%2585%2F20230219-%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E8%2589%25B2%25E5%2588%2597%25E7%25A9%25BA%25E8%25A2%25AD%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E9%25A9%25AC%25E5%25A3%25AB%25E9%259D%25A9-%25E9%259D%259E%25E6%2594%25BF%25E5%25BA%259C%25E7%25BB%2584%25E7%25BB%2587%25E7%25A7%25B015%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%25AD%25BB&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-来自Aljazeera的国际新闻与深度评析_2023-346">^ <a href="#cite_ref-来自Aljazeera的国际新闻与深度评析_2023_346-0">339.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-来自Aljazeera的国际新闻与深度评析_2023_346-1">339.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinese.aljazeera.net/news/military/2023/3/30/%e4%bb%a5%e8%89%b2%e5%88%97%e5%af%b9%e5%8f%99%e5%88%a9%e4%ba%9a%e5%a4%a7%e9%a9%ac%e5%a3%ab%e9%9d%a9%e7%9a%84%e5%af%bc%e5%bc%b9%e8%a2%ad%e5%87%bb%e9%80%a0%e6%88%90%e4%b8%a4%e5%90%8d%e5%a3%ab%e5%85%b5">以色列对叙利亚大马士革的导弹袭击造成两名士兵受伤 - 军事新闻 - 半岛电视台</a>. 来自Aljazeera的国际新闻与深度评析. 2023-03-30 [2023-03-31]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417231437/https://chinese.aljazeera.net/news/military/2023/3/30/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E5%AF%B9%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9%E7%9A%84%E5%AF%BC%E5%BC%B9%E8%A2%AD%E5%87%BB%E9%80%A0%E6%88%90%E4%B8%A4%E5%90%8D%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%B5">存档</a>于2023-04-17） （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E5%AF%B9%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9%E7%9A%84%E5%AF%BC%E5%BC%B9%E8%A2%AD%E5%87%BB%E9%80%A0%E6%88%90%E4%B8%A4%E5%90%8D%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%B5%E5%8F%97%E4%BC%A4+-+%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B+%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB+-+%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E5%8F%B0&rft.date=2023-03-30&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%9D%A5%E8%87%AAAljazeera%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E4%B8%8E%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E8%AF%84%E6%9E%90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinese.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fmilitary%2F2023%2F3%2F30%2F%25e4%25bb%25a5%25e8%2589%25b2%25e5%2588%2597%25e5%25af%25b9%25e5%258f%2599%25e5%2588%25a9%25e4%25ba%259a%25e5%25a4%25a7%25e9%25a9%25ac%25e5%25a3%25ab%25e9%259d%25a9%25e7%259a%2584%25e5%25af%25bc%25e5%25bc%25b9%25e8%25a2%25ad%25e5%2587%25bb%25e9%2580%25a0%25e6%2588%2590%25e4%25b8%25a4%25e5%2590%258d%25e5%25a3%25ab%25e5%2585%25b5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-新华网_让新闻离你更近_2023-347"><a href="#cite_ref-新华网_让新闻离你更近_2023_347-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.cn/mil/2023-04/04/c_1211964148.htm">以色列再对邻国发动导弹袭击，致2人死-新华网</a>. 新华网_让新闻离你更近. 2023-04-04 [2023-04-04]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404105647/http://www.news.cn/mil/2023-04/04/c_1211964148.htm">存档</a>于2023-04-04） （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E5%86%8D%E5%AF%B9%E9%82%BB%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%91%E5%8A%A8%E5%AF%BC%E5%BC%B9%E8%A2%AD%E5%87%BB%EF%BC%8C%E8%87%B42%E4%BA%BA%E6%AD%BB-%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91&rft.date=2023-04-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91_%E8%AE%A9%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E7%A6%BB%E4%BD%A0%E6%9B%B4%E8%BF%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.cn%2Fmil%2F2023-04%2F04%2Fc_1211964148.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aje.io/ws1av6?update=3045094">Israeli air raid kills Syrian soldier, wounds three</a>. Al Jazeera. 14 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Israeli+air+raid+kills+Syrian+soldier%2C+wounds+three&rft.date=2024-07-14&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faje.io%2Fws1av6%3Fupdate%3D3045094&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newtalk.tw/news/view/2024-12-12/948634">整個海、空軍全沒了! 以色列480次狂襲 CNN : 含「飛毛腿」敘上千導彈也被毀 | 國際</a>. Newtalk新聞. 2024-12-12 [2024-12-26] （中文（臺灣））.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E6%95%B4%E5%80%8B%E6%B5%B7%E3%80%81%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D%E5%85%A8%E6%B2%92%E4%BA%86%21+%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97480%E6%AC%A1%E7%8B%82%E8%A5%B2+CNN+%3A+%E5%90%AB%E3%80%8C%E9%A3%9B%E6%AF%9B%E8%85%BF%E3%80%8D%E6%95%98%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%83%E5%B0%8E%E5%BD%88%E4%B9%9F%E8%A2%AB%E6%AF%80+%7C+%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B&rft.date=2024-12-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newtalk%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewtalk.tw%2Fnews%2Fview%2F2024-12-12%2F948634&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/29/world/meast/syria-iran-china-russia-supporters/">Syria allies: Why Russia, Iran and China are standing by the regime</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140130043505/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/29/world/meast/syria-iran-china-russia-supporters/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, CNN, 30 August 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Pfeffer, Anshel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.619664">Russia commanded spy operation against Israeli forces and Syria rebels, footage shows</a>. Haaretz. 2014-10-07 [2014-10-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141007114602/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.619664">存档</a>于2014-10-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Russia+commanded+spy+operation+against+Israeli+forces+and+Syria+rebels%2C+footage+shows&rft.aufirst=Anshel&rft.aulast=Pfeffer&rft.date=2014-10-07&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fdiplomacy-defense%2F.premium-1.619664&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Al-Rashed, Abdul Rahman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816050624/http://english.alarabiya.net/views/2011/08/15/162473.html">Abdul Rahman Al-Rashed: Iran condemning Syrian revolution in Egypt</a>. Al Arabiya. 2011-08-15 [2011-08-15]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/views/2011/08/15/162473.html">原始内容</a>存档于2011-08-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Abdul+Rahman+Al-Rashed%3A+Iran+condemning+Syrian+revolution+in+Egypt&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Rahman&rft.aulast=Al-Rashed&rft.date=2011-08-15&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fviews%2F2011%2F08%2F15%2F162473.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/08/201182582619939913.html">Syrian tanks 'resume shelling' eastern town</a>. Al Jazeera English. 2011-08-25 [2011-08-25]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006075353/http://english.aljazeera.net//news/middleeast/2011/08/201182582619939913.html">存档</a>于2011-10-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syrian+tanks+%27resume+shelling%27+eastern+town&rft.date=2011-08-25&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2011%2F08%2F201182582619939913.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zaobao.com/special/hotspot/pages2/hotspot120305.shtml">伊朗助叙加强镇压反对派</a>. 联合早报. 2012-03-05 [2012-03-05]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305104636/http://www.zaobao.com/special/hotspot/pages2/hotspot120305.shtml">存档</a>于2012-03-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E5%8A%A9%E5%8F%99%E5%8A%A0%E5%BC%BA%E9%95%87%E5%8E%8B%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E6%B4%BE&rft.date=2012-03-05&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E6%97%A9%E6%8A%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zaobao.com%2Fspecial%2Fhotspot%2Fpages2%2Fhotspot120305.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/11/201111103948699103.html">NATO rules out Syria intervention</a>. Aljazeera. 2011-11-01 [2011-11-12]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111111043821/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/11/201111103948699103.html">存档</a>于2011-11-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=NATO+rules+out+Syria+intervention&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2011%2F11%2F201111103948699103.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=russia-will-not-allow-military-intervention-in-syria-fm-2011-11-01">Russia will not allow military intervention in Syria: FM</a>. Hurriyet Daily News. 2011-11-01 [2011-11-12].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Russia+will+not+allow+military+intervention+in+Syria%3A+FM&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet+Daily+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fn.php%3Fn%3Drussia-will-not-allow-military-intervention-in-syria-fm-2011-11-01&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zaobao.com/gj/gj120206_001.shtml">否决叙利亚危机议案俄中遭西方国家怒斥</a>. 联合早报. 2012-02-06 [2012-02-06]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206101727/http://www.zaobao.com/gj/gj120206_001.shtml">存档</a>于2012-02-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%90%A6%E5%86%B3%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA%E8%AE%AE%E6%A1%88+%E4%BF%84%E4%B8%AD%E9%81%AD%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%80%92%E6%96%A5&rft.date=2012-02-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E6%97%A9%E6%8A%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zaobao.com%2Fgj%2Fgj120206_001.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imil.ifeng.com/55074746/news.shtml">卢宇光：俄媒称中国特种部队进入叙利亚</a>. 凤凰网. 2018-01-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%8D%A2%E5%AE%87%E5%85%89%EF%BC%9A%E4%BF%84%E5%AA%92%E7%A7%B0%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%89%B9%E7%A7%8D%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F%E8%BF%9B%E5%85%A5%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A&rft.date=2018-01-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimil.ifeng.com%2F55074746%2Fnews.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2017/09-30/8344291.shtml">与埃尔多安会晤普京访土有“三个心愿”</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171027180526/http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2017/09-30/8344291.shtml">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），2017-09-30。 </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=boVM3XwVACA">央視官方頻道-敘利亞戰況</a>. [2017-10-30]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171216173444/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=boVM3XwVACA">存档</a>于2017-12-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%AE%E8%A6%96%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E9%A0%BB%E9%81%93-%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%88%B0%E6%B3%81&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DboVM3XwVACA&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-释放示威者-361"><a href="#cite_ref-释放示威者_361-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zaobao.com/gj/gj111107_008.shtml">叙利亚释放反政府示威者</a>. 联合早报. 2011-11-07 [2012-07-26]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111112141313/http://www.zaobao.com/gj/gj111107_008.shtml">存档</a>于2011-11-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8A%E6%94%BE%E5%8F%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81%E8%80%85&rft.date=2011-11-07&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E6%97%A9%E6%8A%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zaobao.com%2Fgj%2Fgj111107_008.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606221644/http://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFL5E7M21E820111102">UPDATE 2-Syrian forces kill 11 villagers near Homs-activists</a>. [2012-07-26]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFL5E7M21E820111102">原始内容</a>存档于2014-06-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=UPDATE+2-Syrian+forces+kill+11+villagers+near+Homs-activists&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faf.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FegyptNews%2FidAFL5E7M21E820111102&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-阿盟中止-363"><a href="#cite_ref-阿盟中止_363-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ifeng.com/world/special/zhongdongbianju/content-2/detail_2011_11/13/10615724_0.shtml">阿盟中止叙利亚成员国资格促其停止对平民暴力活动</a>. 新华网. 2011年11月13日 [2011年11月13日]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111113025104/http://news.ifeng.com/world/special/zhongdongbianju/content-2/detail_2011_11/13/10615724_0.shtml">存档</a>于2011年11月13日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E9%98%BF%E7%9B%9F%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A2%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%88%90%E5%91%98%E5%9B%BD%E8%B5%84%E6%A0%BC+%E4%BF%83%E5%85%B6%E5%81%9C%E6%AD%A2%E5%AF%B9%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%91%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8&rft.date=2011-11-13&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ifeng.com%2Fworld%2Fspecial%2Fzhongdongbianju%2Fcontent-2%2Fdetail_2011_11%2F13%2F10615724_0.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011-12-26/syria-unrest/52233488/1">Arab monitors head to Syria, opposition skeptical</a>. USA Today. 2011-12-26 [2011-12-26]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111229182910/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011-12-26/syria-unrest/52233488/1">存档</a>于2011-12-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Arab+monitors+head+to+Syria%2C+opposition+skeptical&rft.date=2011-12-26&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fstory%2F2011-12-26%2Fsyria-unrest%2F52233488%2F1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-idUSTRE8041A820120112">Some Arab monitors quit Syria over persisting violence</a>. Reuters. 2012-01-12 [2016-10-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018223229/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-idUSTRE8041A820120112">存档</a>于2016-10-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Some+Arab+monitors+quit+Syria+over+persisting+violence&rft.date=2012-01-12&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-idUSTRE8041A820120112&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Kessler, Oren. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=254705">Arab League mulls unity gov't plan for Syria</a>. The Jerusalem Post. 2012-01-22 [2012-01-22]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003053120/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=254705">存档</a>于2012-10-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Arab+League+mulls+unity+gov%27t+plan+for+Syria&rft.aufirst=Oren&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.date=2012-01-22&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FMiddleEast%2FArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D254705&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/01/201212305618873831.html">Syria rejects Arab League transition plan - Middle East</a>. Al Jazeera English. [2012-07-17]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929190847/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/01/201212305618873831.html">存档</a>于2018-09-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Syria+rejects+Arab+League+transition+plan+-+Middle+East&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2012%2F01%2F201212305618873831.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Gutterman, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924162040/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/01/us-syria-idUSTRE80S08620120201">Russia says will veto unacceptable Syria resolution</a>. Reuters. [2012-07-17]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/01/us-syria-idUSTRE80S08620120201">原始内容</a>存档于2015-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.aulast=Gutterman&rft.btitle=Russia+says+will+veto+unacceptable+Syria+resolution&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Reuters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2012%2F02%2F01%2Fus-syria-idUSTRE80S08620120201&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414125132/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE81N00Y20120224">UN-Arab League envoy Annan calls for peace in Syria | Top News | Reuters</a>. Af.reuters.com. 2012-02-24 [2012-07-17]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE81N00Y20120224">原始内容</a>存档于2012-04-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=UN-Arab+League+envoy+Annan+calls+for+peace+in+Syria+%26%23124%3B+Top+News+%26%23124%3B+Reuters&rft.date=2012-02-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Af.reuters.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faf.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FtopNews%2FidAFJOE81N00Y20120224&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928153036/https://www.news24.com/World/News/Assad-meets-Annan-on-Syrian-crisis-20120310">"Assad meets Annan on Syrian crisis", France 24, March 10, 2012</a>. [2012-07-26]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news24.com/World/News/Assad-meets-Annan-on-Syrian-crisis-20120310">原始内容</a>存档于2018-09-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%22Assad+meets+Annan+on+Syrian+crisis%22%2C+France+24%2C+March+10%2C+2012&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2FWorld%2FNews%2FAssad-meets-Annan-on-Syrian-crisis-20120310&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9199605/Syria-cease-fire-Live.html">Syria ceasefire: latest</a>. [2012-07-26]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412124812/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9199605/Syria-cease-fire-Live.html">存档</a>于2019-04-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Syria+ceasefire%3A+latest&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F9199605%2FSyria-cease-fire-Live.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/zh/focus/northafrica/newsdetails.asp?newsID=17617&criteria=syria">副秘书长：叙利亚政府应立即停止使用重型武器并从人口聚集区撤出军队</a>. 联合国网站. 2012年4月23日 [2012年7月26日]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215054134/http://www.un.org/zh/focus/northafrica/newsdetails.asp?newsID=17617&criteria=syria">存档</a>于2017年12月15日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%89%AF%E7%A7%98%E4%B9%A6%E9%95%BF%EF%BC%9A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%BA%94%E7%AB%8B%E5%8D%B3%E5%81%9C%E6%AD%A2%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E9%87%8D%E5%9E%8B%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E5%B9%B6%E4%BB%8E%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%81%9A%E9%9B%86%E5%8C%BA%E6%92%A4%E5%87%BA%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F&rft.date=2012-04-23&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fzh%2Ffocus%2Fnorthafrica%2Fnewsdetails.asp%3FnewsID%3D17617%26criteria%3Dsyria&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/chinese/News/fullstorynews.asp?newsID=18144">维和副秘书长：联叙监督团将在缩减规模的基础上完成最后任期</a>. 联合国网站. 2012年7月25日.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E7%BB%B4%E5%92%8C%E5%89%AF%E7%A7%98%E4%B9%A6%E9%95%BF%EF%BC%9A%E8%81%94%E5%8F%99%E7%9B%91%E7%9D%A3%E5%9B%A2%E5%B0%86%E5%9C%A8%E7%BC%A9%E5%87%8F%E8%A7%84%E6%A8%A1%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E4%B8%8A%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E6%9C%80%E5%90%8E%E4%BB%BB%E6%9C%9F&rft.date=2012-07-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fchinese%2FNews%2Ffullstorynews.asp%3FnewsID%3D18144&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/chinese/News/fullstorynews.asp?newsID=18141">维和副秘书长和联叙监督团新任负责人抵达大马士革</a>. 联合国网站. 2012年7月24日.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E7%BB%B4%E5%92%8C%E5%89%AF%E7%A7%98%E4%B9%A6%E9%95%BF%E5%92%8C%E8%81%94%E5%8F%99%E7%9B%91%E7%9D%A3%E5%9B%A2%E6%96%B0%E4%BB%BB%E8%B4%9F%E8%B4%A3%E4%BA%BA%E6%8A%B5%E8%BE%BE%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9&rft.date=2012-07-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fchinese%2FNews%2Ffullstorynews.asp%3FnewsID%3D18141&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.iwradio.co.uk/news/world/un-2000-syrian-refugees-flee-to-lebanon-16181968/">[2]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接">失效連結</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-难民-376"><a href="#cite_ref-难民_376-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zaobao.com/gj/gj120307_002.shtml">叙利亚难民涌入邻国</a>. 联合早报. 2012-03-07 [2012-03-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307084230/http://www.zaobao.com/gj/gj120307_002.shtml">存档</a>于2012-03-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%9A%BE%E6%B0%91%E6%B6%8C%E5%85%A5%E9%82%BB%E5%9B%BD&rft.date=2012-03-07&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E6%97%A9%E6%8A%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zaobao.com%2Fgj%2Fgj120307_002.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313012750/http://realtime.zaobao.com/2012/03/jg120310_059.shtml">安南和叙总统会谈气氛正面</a>. 联合早报. 2012-03-10 [2012-03-10]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://realtime.zaobao.com/2012/03/jg120310_059.shtml">原始内容</a>存档于2012-03-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%97%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%99%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E4%BC%9A%E8%B0%88%E6%B0%94%E6%B0%9B%E6%AD%A3%E9%9D%A2&rft.date=2012-03-10&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E6%97%A9%E6%8A%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frealtime.zaobao.com%2F2012%2F03%2Fjg120310_059.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-援助-378">^ <a href="#cite_ref-援助_378-0">371.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-援助_378-1">371.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.163.com/12/0316/03/7SMH0I2R00014JB5.html">美国将向叙利亚平民提供1200万美元援助</a>. 新华网. 2012-03-16 [2012-03-17]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322112638/http://news.163.com/12/0316/03/7SMH0I2R00014JB5.html">存档</a>于2012-03-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%B0%86%E5%90%91%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%91%E6%8F%90%E4%BE%9B1200%E4%B8%87%E7%BE%8E%E5%85%83%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9&rft.date=2012-03-16&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.163.com%2F12%2F0316%2F03%2F7SMH0I2R00014JB5.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zaobao.com/gj/gj120927_009.shtml">美国将向叙叛军　提供更多非武器援助</a>. 联合早报. 2012-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%B0%86%E5%90%91%E5%8F%99%E5%8F%9B%E5%86%9B%E3%80%80%E6%8F%90%E4%BE%9B%E6%9B%B4%E5%A4%9A%E9%9D%9E%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9&rft.date=2012-09-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E6%97%A9%E6%8A%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zaobao.com%2Fgj%2Fgj120927_009.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zaobao.com/wencui/2012/09/dayoo120930c.shtml">欧美再援叙反对派</a>. 联合早报. 2012-09-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E6%AC%A7%E7%BE%8E%E5%86%8D%E6%8F%B4%E5%8F%99%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E6%B4%BE&rft.date=2012-09-30&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E6%97%A9%E6%8A%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zaobao.com%2Fwencui%2F2012%2F09%2Fdayoo120930c.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/zh/focus/northafrica/newsdetails.asp?newsID=18012&criteria=syria">援助叙利亚难民的资金需求增至1亿9300万美元</a>. 联合国网站. 2012年6月28日 [2012年7月1日]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313074419/http://www.un.org/zh/focus/northafrica/newsdetails.asp?newsID=18012&criteria=syria">存档</a>于2013年3月13日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%9A%BE%E6%B0%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%84%E9%87%91%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E5%A2%9E%E8%87%B31%E4%BA%BF9300%E4%B8%87%E7%BE%8E%E5%85%83&rft.date=2012-06-28&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fzh%2Ffocus%2Fnorthafrica%2Fnewsdetails.asp%3FnewsID%3D18012%26criteria%3Dsyria&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://realtime.zaobao.com/2012/07/jg120709_011.shtml">逾3万名叙利亚难民涌至黎巴嫩</a>. 国际社会. 2012-07-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E9%80%BE3%E4%B8%87%E5%90%8D%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%9A%BE%E6%B0%91%E6%B6%8C%E8%87%B3%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9&rft.date=2012-07-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frealtime.zaobao.com%2F2012%2F07%2Fjg120709_011.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接">永久失效連結</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025134152/http://rusnews.cn/guojiyaowen/guoji_shehui/20120718/43503478.html">土耳其媒体：17日一天上千难民从叙利亚逃往土耳其</a>. 俄新网. 2012-07-18 [2012-07-18]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rusnews.cn/guojiyaowen/guoji_shehui/20120718/43503478.html">原始内容</a>存档于2014-10-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%EF%BC%9A17%E6%97%A5%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%83%E9%9A%BE%E6%B0%91%E4%BB%8E%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%80%83%E5%BE%80%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6&rft.date=2012-07-18&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E4%BF%84%E6%96%B0%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frusnews.cn%2Fguojiyaowen%2Fguoji_shehui%2F20120718%2F43503478.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/zh/focus/northafrica/newsdetails.asp?newsID=18125&criteria=syria">联合国机构对叙利亚境内难民处境深表关切</a>. 联合国网站. 2012年7月20日 [2012年7月21日]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215001831/http://www.un.org/zh/focus/northafrica/newsdetails.asp?newsID=18125&criteria=syria">存档</a>于2017年12月15日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84%E5%AF%B9%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A2%83%E5%86%85%E9%9A%BE%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%84%E5%A2%83%E6%B7%B1%E8%A1%A8%E5%85%B3%E5%88%87&rft.date=2012-07-20&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fzh%2Ffocus%2Fnorthafrica%2Fnewsdetails.asp%3FnewsID%3D18125%26criteria%3Dsyria&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zaobao.com/gj/gj120731_002.shtml">叙利亚20万人躲避战火逃离阿勒颇</a>. 联合早报. 2012-07-31 [2012-07-31]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120731210527/http://www.zaobao.com/gj/gj120731_002.shtml">存档</a>于2012-07-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A20%E4%B8%87%E4%BA%BA+%E8%BA%B2%E9%81%BF%E6%88%98%E7%81%AB%E9%80%83%E7%A6%BB%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A2%87&rft.date=2012-07-31&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E6%97%A9%E6%8A%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zaobao.com%2Fgj%2Fgj120731_002.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/zh/focus/northafrica/newsdetails.asp?newsID=18266&criteria=syria">副秘书长阿莫斯：深受冲突影响的２５０万叙利亚人急需救援</a>. 联合国网站. 2012年8月16日 [2012年8月20日]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215000952/http://www.un.org/zh/focus/northafrica/newsdetails.asp?newsID=18266&criteria=syria">存档</a>于2017年12月15日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%89%AF%E7%A7%98%E4%B9%A6%E9%95%BF%E9%98%BF%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%EF%BC%9A%E6%B7%B1%E5%8F%97%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D%E7%9A%84%EF%BC%92%EF%BC%95%EF%BC%90%E4%B8%87%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%A5%E9%9C%80%E6%95%91%E6%8F%B4&rft.date=2012-08-16&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fzh%2Ffocus%2Fnorthafrica%2Fnewsdetails.asp%3FnewsID%3D18266%26criteria%3Dsyria&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/chinese/News/fullstorynews.asp?newsID=18344">叙利亚难民潮至今对欧洲压力不大</a>. 联合国. 2012年8月31日.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%9A%BE%E6%B0%91%E6%BD%AE%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A%E5%AF%B9%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%8B%E5%8A%9B%E4%B8%8D%E5%A4%A7&rft.date=2012-08-31&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fchinese%2FNews%2Ffullstorynews.asp%3FnewsID%3D18344&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/zh/focus/northafrica/newsdetails.asp?newsID=18377&criteria=syria">人道机构援助叙利亚行动的资金需求增至3亿4700万美元</a>. 联合国. 2012年9月7日 [2012年9月9日]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313210600/http://www.un.org/zh/focus/northafrica/newsdetails.asp?newsID=18377&criteria=syria">存档</a>于2013年3月13日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%84%E9%87%91%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E5%A2%9E%E8%87%B33%E4%BA%BF4700%E4%B8%87%E7%BE%8E%E5%85%83&rft.date=2012-09-07&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fzh%2Ffocus%2Fnorthafrica%2Fnewsdetails.asp%3FnewsID%3D18377%26criteria%3Dsyria&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zaobao.com/gj/gj130307_010.shtml">叙已有100万人逃到邻国寻求庇护</a>. 联合早报. 2013-03-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%99%E5%B7%B2%E6%9C%89100%E4%B8%87%E4%BA%BA+%E9%80%83%E5%88%B0%E9%82%BB%E5%9B%BD%E5%AF%BB%E6%B1%82%E5%BA%87%E6%8A%A4&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E6%97%A9%E6%8A%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zaobao.com%2Fgj%2Fgj130307_010.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150908035956/http://www.unhcr.org.hk/files/2015%20Emergency/Syria/Aug%2020/SyrianrefugeesInter-AgencyRegionalUpdate20150710.pdf">20150710 Interagency Regional Response</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%A3%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國難民署">聯合國難民署</a>. [2015-09-05]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org.hk/files/2015%20Emergency/Syria/Aug%2020/SyrianrefugeesInter-AgencyRegionalUpdate20150710.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2015-09-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=20150710+Interagency+Regional+Response&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%A3%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org.hk%2Ffiles%2F2015%2520Emergency%2FSyria%2FAug%252020%2FSyrianrefugeesInter-AgencyRegionalUpdate20150710.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frontex.europa.eu/assets/Publications/Risk_Analysis/Annual_Risk_Analysis_2015.pdf#page=59">Annual Risk Analysis 2015</a> (PDF). Frontex. [2015-09-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20151117173754/http://frontex.europa.eu/assets/Publications/Risk_Analysis/Annual_Risk_Analysis_2015.pdf#page=59">存档</a> (PDF)于2015-11-17） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Annual+Risk+Analysis+2015&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Frontex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrontex.europa.eu%2Fassets%2FPublications%2FRisk_Analysis%2FAnnual_Risk_Analysis_2015.pdf%23page%3D59&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%8E%BB%E5%B9%B412-1%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A-%E7%B4%8435%E8%90%AC%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%83%E9%9B%A2%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%83%E7%9C%81-124638875.html">去年12/1至今約35萬人逃離敘利亞伊德利布省</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200117145755/https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%8E%BB%E5%B9%B412-1%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A-%E7%B4%8435%E8%90%AC%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%83%E9%9B%A2%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%83%E7%9C%81-124638875.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） 2020-01-16 yahoo奇摩新聞轉中央廣播電台 </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110802110505/http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?ID=295133#ixzz1TTNgLD2t">Almost 3,000 missing in Syria crackdown, NGO says</a>. [2011-08-03]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?ID=295133#ixzz1TTNgLD2t">原始内容</a>存档于2011-08-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Almost+3%2C000+missing+in+Syria+crackdown%2C+NGO+says&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nowlebanon.com%2FNewsArchiveDetails.aspx%3FID%3D295133%23ixzz1TTNgLD2t&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Khodr, Zeina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/blogs/middleeast/2012/10/42941.html">Syria's liberated territories</a>. www.aljazeera.com. [2019-02-09]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181208233650/https://www.aljazeera.com/blogs/middleeast/2012/10/42941.html">存档</a>于2018-12-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+liberated+territories&rft.aufirst=Zeina&rft.aulast=Khodr&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fblogs%2Fmiddleeast%2F2012%2F10%2F42941.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-MSN_Arabia-395"><a href="#cite_ref-MSN_Arabia_395-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111028180520/http://arabia.msn.com/News/MiddleEast/AFP/2011/October/10206023.aspx?region=all.&featuredAll">MSN Arabia</a>. Arabia.msn.com. [2011-11-13]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arabia.msn.com/News/MiddleEast/AFP/2011/October/10206023.aspx?region=all.&featuredAll">原始内容</a>存档于2011-10-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=MSN+Arabia&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Arabia.msn.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farabia.msn.com%2FNews%2FMiddleEast%2FAFP%2F2011%2FOctober%2F10206023.aspx%3Fregion%3Dall.%26featuredAll&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/12/25/184465.html">Syria releases Iranian prisoners to give room for political detainees: Iranian sources</a>. [2012-03-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111226082244/http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/12/25/184465.html">存档</a>于2011-12-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Syria+releases+Iranian+prisoners+to+give+room+for+political+detainees%3A+Iranian+sources&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alarabiya.net%2Farticles%2F2011%2F12%2F25%2F184465.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-JENNIFER_PRESTON-397"><a href="#cite_ref-JENNIFER_PRESTON_397-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">PRESTON, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/10/world/middleeast/10syria.html?_r=1">Syria Restores Access to Facebook and YouTube</a>. The New York Times. 2011-02-09 [2011-04-10]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507085316/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/10/world/middleeast/10syria.html?_r=1">存档</a>于2011-05-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syria+Restores+Access+to+Facebook+and+YouTube&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.aulast=PRESTON&rft.date=2011-02-09&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F02%2F10%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F10syria.html%3F_r%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Jillian York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/02/2011212122746819907.html">Unblocking Syria's social media</a>. Al Jazeera English. [2011-02-13]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110213083218/http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/02/2011212122746819907.html">存档</a>于2011-02-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.au=Jillian+York&rft.btitle=Unblocking+Syria%27s+social+media&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Findepth%2Fopinion%2F2011%2F02%2F2011212122746819907.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703215932/https://freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=581&alert=107">Freedom Alert: Syrian Cartoonist Ali Ferzat Attacked</a>. August 2011 [2011-12-19]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=581&alert=107">原始内容</a>存档于2022-07-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Freedom+Alert%3A+Syrian+Cartoonist+Ali+Ferzat+Attacked&rft.date=2011-08&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Ftemplate.cfm%3Fpage%3D581%26alert%3D107&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.163.com/special/reviews/syriaparties.html">有名无实的多党制</a>. 网易. 2011年8月 [2012-02-06]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107223059/http://news.163.com/special/reviews/syriaparties.html">存档</a>于2012-01-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E6%9C%89%E5%90%8D%E6%97%A0%E5%AE%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6&rft.date=2011-08&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E7%BD%91%E6%98%93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.163.com%2Fspecial%2Freviews%2Fsyriaparties.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-06-21-syria-protest-deaths_n.htm">Seven die in Syria protest clashes</a>. [2014-06-06]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204101027/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-06-21-syria-protest-deaths_n.htm">存档</a>于2013-12-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Seven+die+in+Syria+protest+clashes&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2011-06-21-syria-protest-deaths_n.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Oweis, Khaled Yacoub. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154645/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/14/us-syria-idUSTRE77D0LP20110814">Tank, navy attack on Syria's Latakia kills 24-witnesses</a>. Reuters. 2011-08-14 [2011-08-14]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/14/us-syria-idUSTRE77D0LP20110814">原始内容</a>存档于2015-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Tank%2C+navy+attack+on+Syria%27s+Latakia+kills+24-witnesses&rft.aufirst=Khaled+Yacoub&rft.aulast=Oweis&rft.date=2011-08-14&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2011%2F08%2F14%2Fus-syria-idUSTRE77D0LP20110814&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2012/08-16/4110661.shtml">伊斯兰合作组织正式宣布暂停叙利亚成员国资格</a>. 中国新闻网. 2012年8月16日 [2012年8月16日]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120816031422/http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2012/08-16/4110661.shtml">存档</a>于2012年8月16日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E6%AD%A3%E5%BC%8F%E5%AE%A3%E5%B8%83%E6%9A%82%E5%81%9C%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%88%90%E5%91%98%E5%9B%BD%E8%B5%84%E6%A0%BC&rft.date=2012-08-16&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinanews.com%2Fgj%2F2012%2F08-16%2F4110661.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zaobao.com/gj/gj120817_004.shtml">伊斯兰合作组织终止叙利亚成员国资格</a>. 联合早报. 2012-08-17 [2012-08-17]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120817213058/http://www.zaobao.com/gj/gj120817_004.shtml">存档</a>于2012-08-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E7%BB%88%E6%AD%A2%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%88%90%E5%91%98%E5%9B%BD%E8%B5%84%E6%A0%BC&rft.date=2012-08-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E6%97%A9%E6%8A%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zaobao.com%2Fgj%2Fgj120817_004.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025132554/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/12/20/183676.html">存档副本</a>. [2014年10月25日]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/12/20/183676.html">原始内容</a>存档于2014年10月25日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Farticles%2F2011%2F12%2F20%2F183676.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Reporting by Brian Rohan, John Irish, Catherine Bremer; Editing by Elizabeth Fullerton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110328224054/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/24/us-syria-france-germany-idUSTRE72N49O20110324">Germany urges Syria to halt violence, launch talks</a>. Reuters. 2011-03-24 [2011-03-25]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/24/us-syria-france-germany-idUSTRE72N49O20110324">原始内容</a>存档于2011-03-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Germany+urges+Syria+to+halt+violence%2C+launch+talks&rft.au=Reporting+by+Brian+Rohan%2C+John+Irish%2C+Catherine+Bremer%3B+Editing+by+Elizabeth+Fullerton&rft.date=2011-03-24&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2011%2F03%2F24%2Fus-syria-france-germany-idUSTRE72N49O20110324&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> Al Jazeera Syria Live Blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/syria-aug-8-2011-1232%7CMonday,">August 8, 2011 - 12:32</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> Al Jazeera Syria Live Blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/syria-aug-8-2011-1428%7CMonday,">August 8, 2011 - 14:28 Entry</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Lebanon News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110421033000/http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?ID=251195">France condemns violence against protestors in Syria</a>. [2011-03-17]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?ID=251195">原始内容</a>存档于2011-04-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=France+condemns+violence+against+protestors+in+Syria&rft.au=Lebanon+News&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nowlebanon.com%2FNewsArchiveDetails.aspx%3FID%3D251195&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110326220759/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/23/us-france-syria-idUSTRE72M39920110323">France urges Syria to make immediate political reforms</a>. Reuters. 2011-03-23 [2011-03-23]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/23/us-france-syria-idUSTRE72M39920110323">原始内容</a>存档于2011-03-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=France+urges+Syria+to+make+immediate+political+reforms&rft.date=2011-03-23&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Reuters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2011%2F03%2F23%2Fus-france-syria-idUSTRE72M39920110323&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ifeng.com/world/special/xuliya/content-3/detail_2012_08/29/17184294_0.shtml">奥朗德要求叙反对派组建政府</a>. 新闻晚报. 2012年8月29日 [2012年9月1日]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829183316/http://news.ifeng.com/world/special/xuliya/content-3/detail_2012_08/29/17184294_0.shtml">存档</a>于2012年8月29日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%A5%A5%E6%9C%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%A6%81%E6%B1%82%E5%8F%99%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E6%B4%BE%E7%BB%84%E5%BB%BA%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&rft.date=2012-08-29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E6%99%9A%E6%8A%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ifeng.com%2Fworld%2Fspecial%2Fxuliya%2Fcontent-3%2Fdetail_2012_08%2F29%2F17184294_0.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511220026/http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?ID=258656">Russian president voices support for "Syrian reforms"</a>. NOW Lebanon. 2011-04-06 [2011-05-06]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?ID=258656">原始内容</a>存档于2011-05-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Russian+president+voices+support+for+%22Syrian+reforms%22&rft.date=2011-04-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=NOW+Lebanon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nowlebanon.com%2FNewsArchiveDetails.aspx%3FID%3D258656&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/08/201187213922184761.html">Saudi Arabia withdraws ambassador from Syria</a>. Al Jazeera English. 2011-08-08 [2011-08-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110808113731/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/08/201187213922184761.html">存档</a>于2011-08-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+withdraws+ambassador+from+Syria&rft.date=2011-08-08&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2011%2F08%2F201187213922184761.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-414"><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110823073302/http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?ID=299118">Syrian heading to "point of no return," Egyptian FM says</a>. NOW Lebanon. 2011-08-09 [2011-08-09]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=299118">原始内容</a>存档于2011-08-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syrian+heading+to+%22point+of+no+return%2C%22+Egyptian+FM+says&rft.date=2011-08-09&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nowlebanon.com%2FNewsArticleDetails.aspx%3FID%3D299118&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cn.reuters.com/article/CNTopGenNews/idCNCNE87U06B20120831">联合国秘书长和埃及总统抨击伊朗</a>. 路透社. 2012年8月31日 [2012年9月3日]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130318080754/http://cn.reuters.com/article/CNTopGenNews/idCNCNE87U06B20120831">存档</a>于2013年3月18日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%98%E4%B9%A6%E9%95%BF%E5%92%8C%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%8A%A8%E5%87%BB%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97&rft.date=2012-08-31&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%B7%AF%E9%80%8F%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcn.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FCNTopGenNews%2FidCNCNE87U06B20120831&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2015-10/16/c_128324140.htm">“俄强美弱”改变中东格局</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160215164533/http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2015-10/16/c_128324140.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），新华网 </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/IDIOMAS/9/Gobierno/News/2011/08082011RepressionInSyria.htm">Statement of condemnation against the repression in Syria</a>. La Moncloa. 2011-08-08 [2011-08-11]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811030129/http://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/IDIOMAS/9/Gobierno/News/2011/08082011RepressionInSyria.htm">存档</a>于2011-08-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Statement+of+condemnation+against+the+repression+in+Syria&rft.date=2011-08-08&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=La+Moncloa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lamoncloa.gob.es%2FIDIOMAS%2F9%2FGobierno%2FNews%2F2011%2F08082011RepressionInSyria.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-fm18july-418"><a href="#cite_ref-fm18july_418-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110829034313/http://en.trend.az/regions/met/arabicr/1906825.html">Sweden urges Syrian regime change as EU ministers meet in Brussels</a>. Trend News Agency. 2011-07-18 [2011-07-18]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.trend.az/regions/met/arabicr/1906825.html">原始内容</a>存档于2011-08-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Sweden+urges+Syrian+regime+change+as+EU+ministers+meet+in+Brussels&rft.date=2011-07-18&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.trend.az%2Fregions%2Fmet%2Farabicr%2F1906825.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/760866.html">México condena violencia contra civiles en Siria</a>. El Universal. 2011-04-23 [2011-08-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110924222445/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/760866.html">存档</a>于2011-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9xico+condena+violencia+contra+civiles+en+Siria&rft.date=2011-04-23&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=El+Universal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eluniversal.com.mx%2Fnotas%2F760866.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Christie, Sean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://panafricannews.blogspot.com/2011/05/south-africa-stance-on-syria-queried.html">SA's stance on Syria queried</a>. Pan-African News Wire. 2011-05-27 [2011-06-11]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722223801/http://panafricannews.blogspot.com/2011/05/south-africa-stance-on-syria-queried.html">存档</a>于2011-07-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=SA%27s+stance+on+Syria+queried&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.date=2011-05-27&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpanafricannews.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F05%2Fsouth-africa-stance-on-syria-queried.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2012-02/07/c_122669285.htm">外交部发言人就中国驻利比亚使馆遭冲击、叙利亚局势等答问</a>. [2012-12-05]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120210010603/http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2012-02/07/c_122669285.htm">存档</a>于2012-02-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E9%83%A8%E5%8F%91%E8%A8%80%E4%BA%BA%E5%B0%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%A9%BB%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E4%BD%BF%E9%A6%86%E9%81%AD%E5%86%B2%E5%87%BB%E3%80%81%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%B1%80%E5%8A%BF%E7%AD%89%E7%AD%94%E9%97%AE&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fmil%2F2012-02%2F07%2Fc_122669285.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.china.com.cn/live/2013-09/01/content_22063376.htm">韩国强烈谴责“叙利亚政府动用化武”</a>. [2013-09-01]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140524004235/http://news.china.com.cn/live/2013-09/01/content_22063376.htm">存档</a>于2014-05-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD%E5%BC%BA%E7%83%88%E8%B0%B4%E8%B4%A3%E2%80%9C%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%8A%A8%E7%94%A8%E5%8C%96%E6%AD%A6%E2%80%9D&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.china.com.cn%2Flive%2F2013-09%2F01%2Fcontent_22063376.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Naseem, Ahmed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120611163111/http://www.maldivesembassy.jp/jpn/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B4%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%AE%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9/2844">Maldives Calls for Immediate End to Violence in Syria and Full Implementation of UN Resolution S-16/1</a>. Embassy of the Maldives, Japan. 2011-08-09 [2011-08-15]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maldivesembassy.jp/jpn/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B4%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%AE%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9/2844">原始内容</a>存档于2012-06-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft.aulast=Naseem&rft.btitle=Maldives+Calls+for+Immediate+End+to+Violence+in+Syria+and+Full+Implementation+of+UN+Resolution+S-16%2F1&rft.date=2011-08-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Embassy+of+the+Maldives%2C+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maldivesembassy.jp%2Fjpn%2F%25E3%2583%25A2%25E3%2583%25AB%25E3%2583%2587%25E3%2582%25A3%25E3%2583%25B4%25E3%2581%258B%25E3%2582%2589%25E3%2581%25AE%25E3%2583%258B%25E3%2583%25A5%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2582%25B9%2F2844&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peacenewspaper.net/?p=983">RFD condemns Ould Abdel Aziz's support to Bashar Al-Assad regime</a>. Peace. 2011-07-01 [2011-08-16]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330204658/http://www.peacenewspaper.net/?p=983">存档</a>于2012-03-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=RFD+condemns+Ould+Abdel+Aziz%27s+support+to+Bashar+Al-Assad+regime&rft.date=2011-07-01&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peacenewspaper.net%2F%3Fp%3D983&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Albanian_reaction-425"><a href="#cite_ref-Albanian_reaction_425-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305195305/http://mfa.gov.al/index.php?id=8050&itemid=&lang=en&option=com_content&view=article">Minister Haxhinasto participates in the meeting of the "Friends of the Syrian People" Group</a>. Mfa.gov.al. 2012-04-01 [2012-10-06]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.al/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8050&Itemid=&lang=en">原始内容</a>存档于2016-03-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Minister+Haxhinasto+participates+in+the+meeting+of+the+%22Friends+of+the+Syrian+People%22+Group&rft.date=2012-04-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Mfa.gov.al&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.al%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D8050%26Itemid%3D%26lang%3Den&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> (In Spanish) <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/829952.html">Urge México a ONU actuar ante violencia en Siria</a>. El Universal. 2012-02-13 [2012-02-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217034231/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/829952.html">存档</a>于2012-02-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Urge+M%C3%A9xico+a+ONU+actuar+ante+violencia+en+Siria&rft.date=2012-02-13&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Universal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eluniversal.com.mx%2Fnotas%2F829952.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-427"><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gabzfm.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5107:syria-news&catid=39:news&Itemid=57">Botswana appalled by the continuing violence in Syria</a>. Gabz FM. 2011-05-11 [2011-06-11]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317171054/http://www.gabzfm.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5107:syria-news&catid=39:news&Itemid=57">存档</a>于2012-03-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Botswana+appalled+by+the+continuing+violence+in+Syria&rft.date=2011-05-11&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gabzfm.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D5107%3Asyria-news%26catid%3D39%3Anews%26Itemid%3D57&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-428"><a href="#cite_ref-428">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121231143340/http://bandnewstv.band.com.br/noticias/conteudo.asp?ID=608681&tc=brcsil-brcsil-refor%C3%A7c-posi%C3%A7%C3%A3o-contr%C3%A1ric-%C3%A0-interven%C3%A7%C3%A3o-nc-s%C3%ADric">Brazil is against a military intervention in Syria</a>. Band News. 2012-07-26 [2012-07-26]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bandnewstv.band.com.br/noticias/conteudo.asp?ID=608681&tc=brcsil-brcsil-refor%C3%A7c-posi%C3%A7%C3%A3o-contr%C3%A1ric-%C3%A0-interven%C3%A7%C3%A3o-nc-s%C3%ADric">原始内容</a>存档于2012-12-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Brazil+is+against+a+military+intervention+in+Syria&rft.date=2012-07-26&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbandnewstv.band.com.br%2Fnoticias%2Fconteudo.asp%3FID%3D608681%26tc%3Dbrcsil-brcsil-refor%25C3%25A7c-posi%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o-contr%25C3%25A1ric-%25C3%25A0-interven%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o-nc-s%25C3%25ADric&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-429"><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panorientnews.com/en/news.php?k=924">Japan Condemns Syrian Security Authorities' ``Use of Force Against Demonstrators</a>. PanOrient News. 2011-04-24 [2011-08-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140313001048/http://www.panorientnews.com/en/news.php?k=924">存档</a>于2014-03-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Japan+Condemns+Syrian+Security+Authorities%27+%60%60Use+of+Force+Against+Demonstrators&rft.date=2011-04-24&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panorientnews.com%2Fen%2Fnews.php%3Fk%3D924&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-india-430"><a href="#cite_ref-india_430-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Jacob, Jayanth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807134054/http://www.hindustantimes.com/With-India-at-helm-UNSC-to-push-for-Libya-Syria-peace/Article1-729033.aspx">With India at helm, UNSC to push for Libya, Syria peace</a>. Hindustan Times. 2011-08-03 [2013-09-01]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/With-India-at-helm-UNSC-to-push-for-Libya-Syria-peace/Article1-729033.aspx">原始内容</a>存档于2011-08-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=With+India+at+helm%2C+UNSC+to+push+for+Libya%2C+Syria+peace&rft.aufirst=Jayanth&rft.aulast=Jacob&rft.date=2011-08-03&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2FWith-India-at-helm-UNSC-to-push-for-Libya-Syria-peace%2FArticle1-729033.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-431"><a href="#cite_ref-431">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/10/201110168118442340.html">Arab League calls for Syria talks in Cairo - Middle East</a>. Al Jazeera English. [2012-10-06]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111029144747/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/10/201110168118442340.html">存档</a>于2011-10-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Arab+League+calls+for+Syria+talks+in+Cairo+-+Middle+East&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2011%2F10%2F201110168118442340.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-432"><a href="#cite_ref-432">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Adamrah, Mustaqim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/08/02/indonesia-urges-asaad-stop-violence.html">Indonesia urges Asaad to stop violence</a>. The Jakarta Post. 2011-08-02 [2011-08-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022320/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/08/02/indonesia-urges-asaad-stop-violence.html">存档</a>于2012-03-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Indonesia+urges+Asaad+to+stop+violence&rft.aufirst=Mustaqim&rft.aulast=Adamrah&rft.date=2011-08-02&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F08%2F02%2Findonesia-urges-asaad-stop-violence.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-433"><a href="#cite_ref-433">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110401202321/http://nowlebanon.com/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?ID=253955">Syria cannot ignore "wind of change", Greece says</a>. AFP /NOW Lebanon. 2011-03-24 [2011-03-25]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nowlebanon.com/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?ID=253955">原始内容</a>存档于2011-04-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Syria+cannot+ignore+%22wind+of+change%22%2C+Greece+says&rft.date=2011-03-24&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnowlebanon.com%2FNewsArchiveDetails.aspx%3FID%3D253955&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-434"><a href="#cite_ref-434">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Reuters/Yahoo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20110319202720/http://uk.news.yahoo.com/22/20110317/tpl-uk-syria-protest-amnesty-81f3b62.html">Amnesty condemns Syrian crackdown on protest</a>. [2011-03-17]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.news.yahoo.com/22/20110317/tpl-uk-syria-protest-amnesty-81f3b62.html">原始内容</a>存档于2011-03-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Amnesty+condemns+Syrian+crackdown+on+protest&rft.au=Reuters%2FYahoo&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.news.yahoo.com%2F22%2F20110317%2Ftpl-uk-syria-protest-amnesty-81f3b62.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-435"><a href="#cite_ref-435">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/rights_groups_condemn_syria/2345012.html">Rights Groups Condemn Syria's Violent Crackdown On Protesters</a>. RFE/RL. 2011-03-21 [2011-04-10]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110326111620/http://www.rferl.org/content/rights_groups_condemn_syria/2345012.html">存档</a>于2011-03-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Rights+Groups+Condemn+Syria%27s+Violent+Crackdown+On+Protesters&rft.date=2011-03-21&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=RFE%2FRL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fcontent%2Frights_groups_condemn_syria%2F2345012.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-436"><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2011/03/20/syria-government-crackdown-leads-protester-deaths">Syria: Government Crackdown Leads to Protester Deaths</a>. Human Rights Watch. 2011-03-20 [2011-04-10]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110410201807/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2011/03/20/syria-government-crackdown-leads-protester-deaths">存档</a>于2011-04-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Syria%3A+Government+Crackdown+Leads+to+Protester+Deaths&rft.date=2011-03-20&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2011%2F03%2F20%2Fsyria-government-crackdown-leads-protester-deaths&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-437"><a href="#cite_ref-437">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Nour Abuzant. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809141330/http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=424384&version=1&template_id=57&parent_id=56"><bdi lang="en">Qaradawi condemns ‘atrocities’ against protesters in Syria</bdi></a>. Gulf Times. Saturday26/3/2011March, 2011, 02:10 AM Doha Time [2011-03-26]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=424384&version=1&template_id=57&parent_id=56">原始内容</a>存档于2011-08-09） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Qaradawi+condemns+%E2%80%98atrocities%E2%80%99+against+protesters+in+Syria&rft.au=Nour+Abuzant&rft.chron=Saturday26%2F3%2F2011March%2C+2011%2C+02%3A10+AM+Doha+Time&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gulf+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gulf-times.com%2Fsite%2Ftopics%2Farticle.asp%3Fcu_no%3D2%26item_no%3D424384%26version%3D1%26template_id%3D57%26parent_id%3D56&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-438"><a href="#cite_ref-438">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512020612/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/middleeast/news/article_1628710.php/Protests-in-Syria-s-Daraa-city-journalists-banned">Protests in Syria's Daraa city, journalists banned</a>. Deutsche Presse-Agentur. 2011-03-25, 12:34 GMT [2011-03-26]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/middleeast/news/article_1628710.php/Protests-in-Syria-s-Daraa-city-journalists-banned">原始内容</a>存档于2011-05-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=Protests+in+Syria%27s+Daraa+city%2C+journalists+banned&rft.chron=2011-03-25%2C+12%3A34+GMT&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Presse-Agentur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monstersandcritics.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fnews%2Farticle_1628710.php%2FProtests-in-Syria-s-Daraa-city-journalists-banned&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debka.com/article/20803/">To survive, Assad must contain majority Sunni unrest before it infects army</a>. DEBKAfile. 2011-03-26, 1:45 PM (GMT+02:00) [2011-03-26]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110426012905/http://www.debka.com/article/20803/">存档</a>于2011-04-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=To+survive%2C+Assad+must+contain+majority+Sunni+unrest+before+it+infects+army&rft.chron=2011-03-26%2C+1%3A45+PM+%28GMT%2B02%3A00%29&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DEBKAfile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debka.com%2Farticle%2F20803%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-440"><a href="#cite_ref-440">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/605F9657-EC6C-4754-A38B-989C563CB129.htm?GoogleStatID=9">قوى المعارضة في سوريا</a>. Al Jazeera. [2011-03-10]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110313075326/http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/605F9657-EC6C-4754-A38B-989C563CB129.htm?GoogleStatID=9">存档</a>于2011-03-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%D9%82%D9%88%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2FNR%2Fexeres%2F605F9657-EC6C-4754-A38B-989C563CB129.htm%3FGoogleStatID%3D9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095708/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/concoughlin/100080948/now-lets-have-a-no-fly-zone-for-syria-and-yemen/">Now let's have a no-fly zone for Syria and Yemen</a>. The Telegraph. 2011-03-23 [2011-03-23]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/concoughlin/100080948/now-lets-have-a-no-fly-zone-for-syria-and-yemen/">原始内容</a>存档于2016-03-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Now+let%27s+have+a+no-fly+zone+for+Syria+and+Yemen&rft.date=2011-03-23&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Telegraph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fconcoughlin%2F100080948%2Fnow-lets-have-a-no-fly-zone-for-syria-and-yemen%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-442"><a href="#cite_ref-442">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2013-08/26/c_125248514.htm">美民眾反對干預敘利亞</a>. [2015-05-28]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150528222501/http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2013-08/26/c_125248514.htm">存档</a>于2015-05-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=%E7%BE%8E%E6%B0%91%E7%9C%BE%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%8D%E5%B9%B2%E9%A0%90%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fworld%2F2013-08%2F26%2Fc_125248514.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-443"><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/1601121">敘利亞內戰持續近5年高達47萬人死亡</a>. 自由時報電子報. 2016-02-12 [2018-06-08]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141740/http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/1601121">存档</a>于2018-06-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.atitle=%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E8%BF%915%E5%B9%B4+%E9%AB%98%E9%81%9447%E8%90%AC%E4%BA%BA%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1&rft.date=2016-02-12&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%99%82%E5%A0%B1%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%A0%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ltn.com.tw%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fbreakingnews%2F1601121&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-UN1-444"><a href="#cite_ref-UN1_444-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/staffan-de-mistura-400000-killed-syria-civil-war-160423055735629.html">Syria death toll: UN envoy estimates 400,000 killed</a>. Al Jazeera. [2016-04-23]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190902204127/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/staffan-de-mistura-400000-killed-syria-civil-war-160423055735629.html">存档</a>于2019-09-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&rft.btitle=Syria+death+toll%3A+UN+envoy+estimates+400%2C000+killed&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F04%2Fstaffan-de-mistura-400000-killed-syria-civil-war-160423055735629.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接">外部链接</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&section=68" title="编辑章节：外部链接">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Syrian_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Syrian Civil War">叙利亚内战</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sWLW_Oxi2Zg">央視-阿勒颇關鍵戰役</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220320124750/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sWLW_Oxi2Zg">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/zh/focus/northafrica/syria.shtml">联合国官网-叙利亚焦点新闻</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110503183430/http://www.un.org/zh/focus/northafrica/syria.shtml">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（简体中文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/Syrian.Revolution">The Syrian Revolution 2011 الثورة السورية ضد بشار الاسد</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120109212533/http://www.facebook.com/Syrian.Revolution">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Facebook page（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110410102640/http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/syria/">Syria Unrest</a> 和 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/middle-east/syria-live-blog-march-25">live blog</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20111117030230/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/middle-east/syria-live-blog-march-25">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a> English收集的报道（英文）</li> <li>來自《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E6%8A%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="卫报">卫报</a>》有關<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/syria">叙利亚内战</a>的新闻和评论</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120906140521/http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=253828">Live updates on Syria’s uprising</a>. NOW黎巴嫩（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/syria/index.html">Syria protests（2011）</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110511141803/http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/syria/index.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. 纽约时报（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216030626/http://www.mnd.gov.tw/Publish.aspx?cnid=2665&p=56025">國際調停後的「敘利亞危機」與發展</a>，戰略與評估期刊</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriacomment.com/">Syria Comment</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110416054859/http://syriacomment.com/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. Joshua Landis（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liveleak.com/c/2011_Syrian_uprising">叙利亚示威和冲突视频集</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110811233218/http://www.liveleak.com/c/2011_Syrian_uprising">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），liveleak.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guancha.cn/XuLiYaNeiZhan">敘利亞內戰</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160113000025/http://www.guancha.cn/XuLiYaNeiZhan">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E8%80%85%E7%B6%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="觀察者網">觀察者網</a></li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="叙利亚境内发生过的战争" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible =expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A2%83%E5%86%85%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E8%BF%87%E7%9A%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="Template:叙利亚境内发生过的战争"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A2%83%E5%86%85%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E8%BF%87%E7%9A%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:叙利亚境内发生过的战争（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A2%83%E5%86%85%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E8%BF%87%E7%9A%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:叙利亚境内发生过的战争"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="叙利亚境内发生过的战争" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">叙利亚境内发生过的战争</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">古代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%BF%AD%E7%9F%B3%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="卡迭石战役">卡迭石战役</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0" title="亚述">亚述</a>扩张战争 - <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="亚历山大大帝">亚历山大</a>东征 - <a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%BC%E6%A5%AD%E8%80%85" title="繼業者">继业者战争</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%90%89%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="塞琉古帝国">塞琉古</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="托勒密王朝">托勒密</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="敘利亞戰爭">敘利亞戰爭</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="古罗马">罗马</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%81%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="安息帝國">安息</a>的战争 - <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="東羅馬帝國">拜占庭</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%8F%8A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="萨珊王朝">萨珊波斯</a>的战争 - <a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E7%9A%84%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D" title="穆斯林的征服">阿拉伯扩张战争</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E8%8A%AC%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="隋芬之战">隋芬之战</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E8%BB%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%81" title="十字軍東征">十字軍東征</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%AD%E7%83%88%E5%85%80%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%81" title="旭烈兀西征">蒙古第三次西征</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%96%E6%9C%A8%E5%84%BF" title="帖木儿">帖木儿</a>扩张战争 - <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国">奥斯曼土耳其</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E7%A9%86%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B" title="马穆鲁克">马穆鲁克</a>的战争</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">现代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="阿拉伯起义">阿拉伯大起义</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">二战</a>盟军与<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="维希法国">维希法国</a>的冲突 - <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第三次中东战争">第三次中东战争</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%96%E7%BD%AA%E6%97%A5%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="贖罪日戰爭">第四次中东战争</a> - <a class="mw-selflink selflink">叙利亚内战</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="阿拉伯之春" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B9%8B%E6%98%A5" title="Template:阿拉伯之春"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B9%8B%E6%98%A5" title="Template talk:阿拉伯之春"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B9%8B%E6%98%A5" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:阿拉伯之春"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="阿拉伯之春" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B9%8B%E6%98%A5" title="阿拉伯之春">阿拉伯之春</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="阿拉伯世界">相關國家</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%89%E8%8E%89%E8%8A%B1%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="茉莉花革命">突尼西亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E5%B9%B4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="2011年埃及革命">埃及</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="第一次利比亞內戰">利比亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E5%B9%B4%E8%91%89%E9%96%80%E5%8F%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81" title="2011年葉門反政府示威">葉門</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">敘利亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E5%B9%B4%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="2019年阿尔及利亚示威">阿爾及利亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="2019年苏丹政变">蘇丹</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E5%B9%B4%E8%8C%85%E5%88%A9%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%8F%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011年茅利塔尼亞反政府示威（页面不存在）">茅利塔尼亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E5%B9%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%E6%8A%97%E8%AD%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="2019年黎巴嫩抗議">黎巴嫩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E5%B9%B4%E5%B7%B4%E6%9E%97%E5%8F%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81" title="2011年巴林反政府示威">巴林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E5%B9%B4-2012%E5%B9%B4%E7%B4%84%E6%97%A6%E5%8F%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81" title="2011年-2012年約旦反政府示威">約旦</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E5%B9%B4%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5%E5%8F%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011年摩洛哥反政府示威（页面不存在）">摩洛哥</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E5%B9%B4%E6%B2%99%E7%83%8F%E5%9C%B0%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%8F%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011年沙烏地阿拉伯反政府示威（页面不存在）">沙烏地阿拉伯</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E5%B9%B4%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC%E5%8F%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011年阿曼反政府示威（页面不存在）">阿曼</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E5%B9%B4%E7%B4%A2%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%8F%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011年索馬利亞反政府示威（页面不存在）">索馬利亞</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E5%B9%B4%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E5%9C%B0%E5%8F%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011年吉布地反政府示威（页面不存在）">吉布地</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E5%B9%B4%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E5%8F%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011年伊朗反政府示威（页面不存在）">伊朗</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%93%A6%E5%90%89%E5%90%89" title="穆罕默德·布瓦吉吉">穆罕默德·布瓦吉吉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B0%E5%9B%A0%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E7%8F%AD%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="宰因·阿比丁·班·阿里">宰因·阿比丁·班·阿里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="穆罕默德·胡斯尼·穆巴拉克">穆罕默德·胡斯尼·穆巴拉克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E9%98%BF%E8%BF%88%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%89%8E%E8%8F%B2" title="穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲">穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E5%88%A9%E8%B5%AB" title="阿里·阿卜杜拉·萨利赫">阿里·阿卜杜拉·萨利赫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" title="巴沙尔·阿萨德">巴沙尔·阿萨德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E5%8B%92-%E9%98%BF%E9%BD%90%E5%85%B9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%97%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%A1" title="阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹·布特弗利卡">阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲·布特弗利卡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94" title="奥马尔·巴希尔">奥马尔·巴希尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E5%8B%92-%E9%98%BF%E9%BD%90%E5%85%B9" title="穆罕默德·乌尔德·阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹">穆罕默德·乌尔德·阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E5%8B%92-%E9%98%BF%E9%BD%90%E5%85%B9%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9" title="阿卜杜拉·本·阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹·阿勒沙特">阿卜杜拉·本·阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹·阿勒沙特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E6%8B%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="阿卜杜拉二世">阿卜杜拉二世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E8%BF%AA" title="穆罕默德·巴拉迪">穆罕默德·巴拉迪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%8B%8F%E8%8E%B1%E6%9B%BC" title="奥马尔·苏莱曼">奧馬爾·蘇萊曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%8A" title="萨米尔·里法伊">萨米尔·里法伊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%B2%81%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9" title="马鲁夫·巴希特">馬魯夫·巴希特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE-%E6%B5%B7%E7%8F%8A%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E8%96%A9%E7%B6%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="米爾-海珊·穆薩維">米爾-海珊·穆薩維</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%A7%86%E6%89%8E%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%E8%B4%9D%E4%B9%8B%E6%AD%BB" title="哈姆扎·阿里·哈特贝之死">哈姆扎·阿里·哈特贝</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E7%93%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特瓦克爾·卡爾曼（页面不存在）">特瓦克爾·卡爾曼</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E7%8F%8A%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE-%E5%9C%96%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈珊·阿爾-圖拉比（页面不存在）">哈珊·阿爾-圖拉比</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%91%AA%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E8%B5%AB%E7%A6%8F%E8%8C%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿斯瑪·馬赫福茲（页面不存在）">阿斯瑪·馬赫福茲</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%93%88%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%96%A9%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海爾德·莫哈默德·薩伊德（页面不存在）">海爾德·莫哈默德·薩伊德</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關政黨</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE-%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿爾-伊斯拉（页面不存在）">阿爾-伊斯拉</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%B3%95%E9%9B%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可法雅（页面不存在）">可法雅</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%8F%E7%91%AA%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%BB%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="烏瑪伊斯蘭黨（页面不存在）">烏瑪伊斯蘭黨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E8%BF%87%E6%B8%A1%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="全国过渡委员会">全国过渡委员会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F%E6%9C%83" title="穆斯林兄弟會">穆斯林兄弟會</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F%E4%BC%9A" title="叙利亚穆斯林兄弟会">敘利亞</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%E6%9C%886%E6%97%A5%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="4月6日青年运动">4月6日青年運動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%80%85_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)" title="革命社会主义者 (埃及)">革命社會主義者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%86%B2%E6%94%BF%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="憲政民主聯盟">憲政民主聯盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)" title="民族民主党 (埃及)">民族民主党 (埃及)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A_(%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8)" class="mw-redirect" title="全国人民大会 (也门)">全国人民大会 (也门)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="叙利亚阿拉伯复兴社会党">叙利亚阿拉伯复兴社会党</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A_(%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9)" title="全国大会党 (苏丹)">全国大会党 (苏丹)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A_(%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E)" title="民族解放陣線 (阿爾及利亞)">民族解放阵线 (阿尔及利亚)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BC%9A%E7%AC%AC1970%E5%8F%B7%E5%86%B3%E8%AE%AE" title="联合国安全理事会第1970号决议">聯合國安理會1970號決議</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%89%E7%90%86%E6%9C%831973%E8%99%9F%E6%B1%BA%E8%AD%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國安理會1973號決議">聯合國安理會1973號決議</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E8%BF%87%E6%B8%A1%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="全国过渡委员会">全国过渡委员会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B9%8B%E5%86%AC" title="阿拉伯之冬">阿拉伯之冬</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B9%8B%E5%86%AC" title="Template:阿拉伯之冬">导航模板</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="阿拉伯之冬" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B9%8B%E5%86%AC" title="Template:阿拉伯之冬"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B9%8B%E5%86%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:阿拉伯之冬（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B9%8B%E5%86%AC" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:阿拉伯之冬"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="阿拉伯之冬" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B9%8B%E5%86%AC" title="阿拉伯之冬">阿拉伯之冬</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">持續中的事况</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">叙利亚内战</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98%E5%AF%B9%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D" title="叙利亚内战对黎巴嫩的影响">對黎巴嫩的影響</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" class="mw-disambig" title="也门内战">葉門內戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%88%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B%E5%8A%A8%E4%B9%B1" title="西奈半岛动乱">西奈半岛动乱</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%83%E5%8B%95%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬格里布動亂（页面不存在）">馬格里布動亂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" class="extiw" title="en:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%A7%91%E8%81%96%E5%9C%B0%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82" title="博科聖地叛亂">博科聖地叛亂</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="歐洲移民危機">歐洲移民危機</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">已結束的事况</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013%E5%B9%B4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="2013年埃及政变">埃及政變</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013%E5%B9%B4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A%E4%BA%8B%E5%BE%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%9B%AA" title="2013年埃及政變事後動盪">事後動亂</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%942015%E5%B9%B4%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="2014—2015年也门政变">葉門政變</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="马里北部冲突">马里北部冲突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="伊拉克内战">伊拉克内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="第二次利比亞內戰">第二次利比亞內戰</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BE%AF%E8%B5%9B%E5%9B%A0%C2%B7%E5%9D%A6%E5%A1%94%E7%BB%B4" title="穆罕默德·侯赛因·坦塔维">穆罕默德·侯赛因·坦塔维</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E8%BF%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%93%88%E8%8C%82%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%BA%B3%E9%BD%90%E5%A4%AB" title="艾哈迈德·马哈茂德·穆罕默德·纳齐夫">艾哈迈德·马哈茂德·穆罕默德·纳齐夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E8%BF%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E8%8F%B2%E5%85%8B" title="艾哈迈德·沙菲克">艾哈迈德·沙菲克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%AF%A7" title="威爾·戈寧">威爾·戈寧</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%BF%88%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E7%A5%96%E9%87%8C" title="卡迈勒·詹祖里">卡邁勒·詹祖里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%90%A8%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB" title="伊萨姆·沙拉夫">伊萨姆·沙拉夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E8%BF%AA" title="穆罕默德·巴拉迪">穆罕默德·巴拉迪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%B0%94%E8%A5%BF" title="穆罕默德·穆尔西">穆罕默德·穆尔西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E7%94%98%E8%BF%AA%E5%8B%92" title="希沙姆·甘迪勒">希沙姆·甘迪勒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC%E8%8B%8F%E5%B0%94" title="阿德利·曼苏尔">阿德利·曼苏尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E5%8B%92-%E6%B3%95%E5%A1%94%E8%B5%AB%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E8%A5%BF" title="阿卜杜勒-法塔赫·塞西">阿卜杜勒-法塔赫·塞西</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="利比亚">利比亚</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%B3%95%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E8%B4%BE%E5%88%A9%E5%8B%92" title="穆斯塔法·阿卜杜勒·贾利勒">穆斯塔法·阿卜杜勒·贾利勒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%93%88%E8%8C%82%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%8D%9C%E9%87%8C%E5%8B%92" title="马哈茂德·吉卜里勒">马哈茂德·吉卜里勒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%82%A3%E4%B8%8D%E6%96%AF" title="穆罕默德·那不斯">穆罕默德·那不斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%95%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%A4%AB%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="哈利法·贝加斯姆·哈夫塔尔">哈利法·贝加斯姆·哈夫塔尔</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚">叙利亚</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" title="巴沙尔·阿萨德">巴沙尔·阿萨德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E8%B4%BE%E5%8D%9C" title="里亚德·法里德·希贾卜">里亚德·法里德·希贾卜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%9F%83%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%8B%92%E5%90%89" title="瓦埃勒·纳德尔·哈勒吉">瓦埃勒·纳德尔·哈勒吉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" title="马希尔·阿萨德">马希尔·阿萨德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E6%98%82" title="伯翰·加利昂">伯翰·加利昂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E8%B5%AB%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E8%BF%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%9C" title="谢赫·艾哈迈德·莫阿兹·哈提卜">谢赫·艾哈迈德·莫阿兹·哈提卜</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E8%BF%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿卜杜拉耶·艾迪（页面不存在）">阿卜杜拉耶·艾迪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E9%87%8C%E6%8B%89" title="阿里夫·达里拉">阿里夫·達里拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E5%8B%92-%E5%93%88%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7" title="阿马尔·阿卜杜勒-哈米德">阿马尔·阿卜杜勒-哈米德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" title="里亚德·阿萨德">里亚德·阿萨德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E9%9B%85%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E8%B5%9B%E4%B9%89%E5%A4%AB" title="利雅得·赛义夫">利雅得·賽義夫</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E9%9B%85%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E9%82%81%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="利雅得·艾哈邁德·塔克（页面不存在）">利雅得·艾哈邁德·塔克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E8%90%A8%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%A9%E8%B5%AB" title="哈伊萨姆·马利赫">哈伊薩姆·馬利赫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E8%BF%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%BC" title="安瓦尔·艾哈迈德·布尼">安瓦爾·艾哈邁德·布尼</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%8E%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬赫爾·阿拉厄（页面不存在）">馬赫爾·阿拉厄</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E7%BD%95%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%B7%B4%E4%BB%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬罕·哈巴什（页面不存在）">馬罕·哈巴什</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%87%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E6%B4%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="米切爾·基洛（页面不存在）">米切爾·基洛</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E9%82%81%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡馬爾·艾哈邁德·拉巴馬尼（页面不存在）">卡馬爾·艾哈邁德·拉巴馬尼</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%91%AA%E7%BE%85%E8%A5%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塔爾·阿瑪羅西（页面不存在）">塔爾·阿瑪羅西</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E8%BE%9B%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%90%89%E8%96%A9%E5%88%A9%E8%B5%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞辛阿勒·哈吉薩利赫（页面不存在）">亞辛阿勒·哈吉薩利赫</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E8%BE%9B%E7%91%AA%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%BE%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴辛瑪·科德馬尼（页面不存在）">巴辛瑪·科德馬尼</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%AD%E9%81%94%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E8%BE%9B%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘭達·卡辛斯（页面不存在）">蘭達·卡辛斯</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%B7%E7%91%AA%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E5%88%A9%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法德瑪·索利曼（页面不存在）">法德瑪·索利曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%9E%C2%B7%E6%89%8E%E4%BC%8A%E5%9B%BE%E5%A8%9C" title="拉赞·扎伊图娜">拉赞·扎伊图娜</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E8%B4%8A%C2%B7%E5%93%A5%E5%93%88%E6%89%8E%E7%B6%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉贊·哥哈扎維（页面不存在）">拉贊·哥哈扎維</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8" title="也门">也门</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E5%88%A9%E8%B5%AB" title="阿里·阿卜杜拉·萨利赫">阿里·阿卜杜拉·萨利赫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC%E8%8B%8F%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E8%BF%AA" title="阿卜杜拉布·曼苏尔·哈迪">阿卜杜拉布·曼苏尔·哈迪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E7%93%A6%E5%BA%93%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%9B%BC" title="塔瓦库·卡曼">塔瓦库·卡曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E5%A1%9E" title="穆罕默德·阿里·胡塞">穆罕默德·阿里·胡塞</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="伊斯兰国">伊斯兰国</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E8%BE%BE%E8%BF%AA" title="阿布·贝克尔·巴格达迪">阿布·贝克尔·巴格达迪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E5%88%A9%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC" title="阿布·穆斯利姆·图尔克马尼">阿布·穆斯利姆·图尔克马尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C" title="阿布·阿里·安巴里">阿布·阿里·安巴里</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B9%E8%BF%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿布·巴拉·阿兹迪（页面不存在）">阿布·巴拉·阿兹迪</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Baraa_el-Azdi" class="extiw" title="en:Abu al-Baraa el-Azdi">Abu al-Baraa el-Azdi</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%90%89" title="阿布·阿伊曼·伊拉吉">阿布·阿伊曼·伊拉吉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%88%92%E6%96%AF%E5%93%88%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="阿布·奥马尔·舒斯哈尼">阿布·奥马尔·舒斯哈尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%BC" title="阿布·穆罕默德·阿德纳尼">阿布·穆罕默德·阿德纳尼</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關組織</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">埃及</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4%E6%9C%886%E6%97%A5%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="4月6日青年运动">4月6日青年运动</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%B3%95%E9%9B%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可法雅（页面不存在）">可法雅</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefaya" class="extiw" title="en:Kefaya">Kefaya</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F%E6%9C%83" title="穆斯林兄弟會">穆斯林兄弟會</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F%E4%BC%9A" title="叙利亚穆斯林兄弟会">敘利亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E6%AD%A3%E4%B9%89%E5%85%9A" title="自由与正义党">自由与正义党</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)" title="民族民主党 (埃及)">民族民主黨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%80%85_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)" title="革命社会主义者 (埃及)">革命社會主義者</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">利比亞</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%BB%8D" title="國民解放軍">國民解放軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E8%BF%87%E6%B8%A1%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="全国过渡委员会">全国过渡委员会</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">敘利亞</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A%E2%80%94%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="阿拉伯复兴社会党—叙利亚地区">阿拉伯复兴社会党—叙利亚地区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E6%B4%BE" title="叙利亚反对派">叙利亚反对派</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E6%B4%BE%E5%92%8C%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="叙利亚反对派和革命力量全国联盟">叙利亚反对派和革命力量全国联盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="叙利亚全国委员会">叙利亚全国委员会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E6%80%BB%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="叙利亚革命总委员会">叙利亚革命委员会</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="敘利亞國家民主委員會（页面不存在）">敘利亞國家民主委員會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F%E4%BC%9A" title="叙利亚穆斯林兄弟会">叙利亚穆斯林兄弟会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-disambig" title="民族民主联盟">民族民主联盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B" title="自由叙利亚军">自由叙利亚军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C%E7%83%88%E5%A3%AB%E6%97%85" title="伊德利卜烈士旅">敘利亞解放軍</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E9%A6%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大馬士革宣言（页面不存在）">大馬士革宣言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%8D%8F%E8%B0%83%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="地方协调委员会">地方协调委员会</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="敘利亞民主和世俗聯盟（页面不存在）">敘利亞民主和世俗聯盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%9A" title="叙利亚民主人民党">敘利亞民主人民黨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%89%E5%8F%96%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%8F%98%E9%9D%A9%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%8F%E8%B0%83%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="争取民主变革全国协调委员会">爭取民主變革力量全國協調委員會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E5%BE%B7%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="庫德最高委員會">庫爾德最高委員會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E5%85%9A_(%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A)" title="民主联盟党 (叙利亚)">民主聯盟黨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="庫德全國委員會">庫爾德全國委員會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%9D%E8%A1%9B%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-disambig" title="人民保衛軍">人民保卫军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%89%E5%8F%96%E5%8F%98%E9%9D%A9%E5%92%8C%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%98%B5%E7%BA%BF" title="争取变革和解放人民阵线">争取变革和解放人民阵线</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="叙利亚民族社会党">叙利亚民族社会党</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%85%9A" title="人民意志党">人民意願黨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%89%8E%E5%B8%83%E7%89%B9" title="伊扎布特">伊扎布特</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">葉門</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="胡塞运动">胡塞运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A_(%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8)" class="mw-redirect" title="全国人民大会 (也门)">全國人民大會</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A" title="真主党">真主党</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="基地组织">基地组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E7%8F%AD" title="塔利班">塔利班</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="伊斯兰国">伊斯兰国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%9C%A3%E5%9C%B0" title="博科圣地">博科圣地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A_(%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E)" title="伊斯蘭陣線 (敘利亞)">伊斯蘭陣線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A" title="征服沙姆陣線">征服沙姆陣線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E9%A9%AC%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%83%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="伊斯兰马格里布基地组织">伊斯兰马格里布基地组织</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A%E6%94%AF%E6%8F%B4%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教陣線支援者（页面不存在）">宗教陣線支援者</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporters_of_the_Religion_Front" class="extiw" title="en:Supporters of the Religion Front">Supporters of the Religion Front</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E8%BC%94%E5%A3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭輔士（页面不存在）">伊斯蘭輔士</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam" class="extiw" title="en:Ansar al-Islam">Ansar al-Islam</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關條目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B9%8B%E6%98%A5" title="阿拉伯之春">阿拉伯之春</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B9%8B%E6%98%A5" title="Template:阿拉伯之春">导航模板</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="伊斯蘭恐怖主義">伊斯蘭恐怖主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="伊斯蘭法西斯主義">伊斯蘭法西斯主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%88%B0%E8%80%85" title="聖戰者">聖戰者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%81%90%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="反恐战争">反恐战争</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="持續中武裝衝突" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%80%B2%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="Template:進行中的武裝衝突"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E9%80%B2%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="Template talk:進行中的武裝衝突"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%80%B2%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:進行中的武裝衝突"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="持續中武裝衝突" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="進行中武裝衝突列表">持續中武裝衝突</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">非洲</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">北非</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E5%8B%95%E4%BA%82_(2013%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃及動亂 (2013年至今)（页面不存在）">埃及動亂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%83%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1" title="马格里布叛乱">马格里布叛乱</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E8%B5%AB%E5%8B%92%E5%8B%95%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薩赫勒動亂（页面不存在）">薩赫勒動亂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Sahel" class="extiw" title="en:Insurgency in the Sahel">Insurgency in the Sahel</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AA%81%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="突尼西亞伊斯蘭國叛亂（页面不存在）">突尼西亞伊斯蘭國叛亂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Tunisia" class="extiw" title="en:Islamic State insurgency in Tunisia">Islamic State insurgency in Tunisia</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E5%90%89%E7%B4%8D%E6%B3%95%E7%B4%A2%E8%81%96%E6%88%B0%E5%A3%AB%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布吉納法索聖戰士叛亂（页面不存在）">布吉納法索聖戰士叛亂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadist_insurgency_in_Burkina_Faso" class="extiw" title="en:Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso">Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E8%81%96%E6%88%B0%E5%A3%AB%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼日聖戰士叛亂（页面不存在）">尼日聖戰士叛亂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadist_insurgency_in_Niger" class="extiw" title="en:Jihadist insurgency in Niger">Jihadist insurgency in Niger</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F_(2011%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="利比亞危機 (2011年至今)（页面不存在）">利比亞危機</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="extiw" title="en:Libyan Crisis (2011–present)">Libyan Crisis (2011–present)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%86%85%E6%88%98_(2023%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A)" title="苏丹内战 (2023年至今)">蘇丹衝突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E6%B8%B8%E7%89%A7%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="蘇丹游牧民族衝突">蘇丹游牧民族衝突</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E7%A8%AE%E6%97%8F%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南蘇丹種族暴力（页面不存在）">南蘇丹種族暴力</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" class="extiw" title="en:Ethnic violence in South Sudan">Ethnic violence in South Sudan</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西撒哈拉衝突（页面不存在）">西撒哈拉衝突</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81_(2020%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A)" title="西撒哈拉衝突 (2020年至今)">2020年至今衝突</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">西非</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%88%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%97%8F%E7%BE%A4%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奈及利亞族群衝突（页面不存在）">奈及利亞族群衝突</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communal_conflicts_in_Nigeria" class="extiw" title="en:Communal conflicts in Nigeria">Communal conflicts in Nigeria</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%A7%91%E8%81%96%E5%9C%B0%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82" title="博科聖地叛亂">博科聖地叛亂</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%88%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%BE%B2%E7%89%A7%E6%B0%91%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奈及利亞農牧民衝突（页面不存在）">農牧民衝突</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" class="extiw" title="en:Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%88%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%B9%AB%E6%B4%BE%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奈及利亞幫派衝突（页面不存在）">幫派衝突</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_bandit_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Nigerian bandit conflict">Nigerian bandit conflict</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%88%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奈及利亞宗教暴力（页面不存在）">宗教暴力</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" class="extiw" title="en:Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B4%B2%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼日河三角洲衝突（页面不存在）">尼日河三角洲衝突</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" class="extiw" title="en:Conflict in the Niger Delta">Conflict in the Niger Delta</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%88%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E5%8B%95%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奈及利亞東南部動亂（页面不存在）">東南部動亂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Southeastern_Nigeria" class="extiw" title="en:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria">Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="马里北部冲突">马里北部冲突</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%9C%AD%E7%93%A6%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%A7%E9%83%A8%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿札瓦德內部衝突（页面不存在）">阿札瓦德內部衝突</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Azawad" class="extiw" title="en:Internal conflict in Azawad">Internal conflict in Azawad</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%9A%E5%93%A5%E8%98%AD%E5%8B%95%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西多哥蘭動亂（页面不存在）">西多哥蘭動亂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Togoland_Rebellion" class="extiw" title="en:Western Togoland Rebellion">Western Togoland Rebellion</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">中非</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E8%BB%8D%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="民主同盟軍叛亂（页面不存在）">民主同盟軍叛亂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" class="extiw" title="en:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E9%BA%A5%E9%9A%86%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%8D%80%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="喀麥隆英語區危機">喀麥隆英語區危機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%B3%93%E9%81%94%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="卡賓達戰爭">卡賓達戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%9D%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0_(2012%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A)" title="中非內戰 (2012年至今)">中非內戰</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E5%8B%95%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="查德北部動亂（页面不存在）">查德北部動亂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northern_Chad" class="extiw" title="en:Insurgency in Northern Chad">Insurgency in Northern Chad</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%80%E5%9D%A6%E5%8A%A0%E5%8B%95%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="喀坦加動亂（页面不存在）">喀坦加動亂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanga_insurgency" class="extiw" title="en:Katanga insurgency">Katanga insurgency</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E5%9C%96%E5%88%A9%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊圖利衝突（页面不存在）">伊圖利衝突</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ituri_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E4%BC%8D%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="基伍衝突">基伍衝突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%81%B5%E6%8A%B5%E6%8A%97%E5%86%9B%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1" title="圣灵抵抗军叛乱">圣灵抵抗军叛乱</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">東非</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E8%BB%8D%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="民主同盟軍叛亂（页面不存在）">民主同盟軍叛亂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" class="extiw" title="en:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0_(2018%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A)" title="埃塞俄比亞內戰 (2018年至今)">衣索比亞內戰</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%95%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%9E-%E7%B4%A2%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="阿法爾州-索馬利亞州衝突">阿法爾—索馬利衝突</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E7%BE%85%E8%8E%AB%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%BB%8D%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧羅莫解放軍叛亂（页面不存在）">奧羅莫解放軍叛亂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLA_insurgency" class="extiw" title="en:OLA insurgency">OLA insurgency</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E7%BE%85%E8%8E%AB%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧羅莫衝突（页面不存在）">奧羅莫衝突</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安哈拉戰爭（页面不存在）">安哈拉戰爭</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Amhara" class="extiw" title="en:War in Amhara">War in Amhara</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E7%A8%AE%E6%97%8F%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南蘇丹種族暴力（页面不存在）">南蘇丹種族暴力</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" class="extiw" title="en:Ethnic violence in South Sudan">Ethnic violence in South Sudan</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E4%B8%89%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%8B%95%E4%BA%82" title="莫三比克伊斯蘭動亂">莫三比克伊斯蘭主義者叛亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="索马里内战">索马里内战</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0_(2009%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A)" title="索馬利亞內戰 (2009年至今)">2009年至今內戰</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">美洲</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">北美</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%99%E8%B2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="牙買加政治衝突（页面不存在）">牙買加政治衝突</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="墨西哥毒品戰爭">墨西哥毒品戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%9A%E6%89%93%E9%BB%91" title="萨尔瓦多打黑">薩爾瓦多打擊幫派</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%8F%E9%83%BD%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E6%89%93%E6%93%8A%E5%B9%AB%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宏都拉斯打擊幫派（页面不存在）">宏都拉斯打擊幫派</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Honduran_gang_crackdown" class="extiw" title="en:2022 Honduran gang crackdown">2022 Honduran gang crackdown</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E5%B8%AE%E6%B4%BE%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="海地帮派战争">海地幫派戰爭</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">南美</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="哥倫比亞內戰">哥倫比亞內戰</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%84%E7%93%9C%E5%A4%9A%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="厄瓜多安全危機（页面不存在）">厄瓜多安全危機</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorian_security_crisis" class="extiw" title="en:Ecuadorian security crisis">Ecuadorian security crisis</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024%E5%B9%B4%E5%8E%84%E7%93%9C%E5%A4%9A%E7%88%BE%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="2024年厄瓜多爾衝突">2024年衝突</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%AD%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E5%8B%95%E4%BA%82" title="巴拉圭東北部動亂">巴拉圭東北部動亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="秘鲁内部冲突">秘鲁内部冲突</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E6%99%AE%E5%88%87%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬普切衝突（页面不存在）">馬普切衝突</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">亞洲</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">西亞</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E8%8C%B2%E2%80%94%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿布哈茲—喬治亞衝突（页面不存在）">阿布哈茲—喬治亞衝突</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhaz%E2%80%93Georgian_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Abkhaz–Georgian conflict">Abkhaz–Georgian conflict</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E2%80%94%E5%A5%A7%E5%A1%9E%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9E%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="喬治亞—奧塞提亞衝突">喬治亞—奧塞提亞衝突</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8B%95%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北高加索伊斯蘭國動亂（页面不存在）">北高加索伊斯蘭國動亂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" class="extiw" title="en:Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus">Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E2%80%94%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E4%BA%BA%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="伊朗—以色列代理人冲突">伊朗—以色列衝突</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0%E6%9C%9F%E9%96%93%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E2%80%94%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="敘利亞內戰期間的伊朗—以色列衝突（页面不存在）">敘利亞內戰衝突</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="extiw" title="en:Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024%E5%B9%B4%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E2%80%94%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="2024年伊朗—以色列衝突">2024年衝突</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E2%80%94%E5%BA%AB%E5%BE%B7%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E9%BB%A8%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊朗—庫德自由生活黨衝突（页面不存在）">伊朗—庫德自由生活黨衝突</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Iran–PJAK conflict">Iran–PJAK conflict</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E2%80%94%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E4%BA%BA%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="伊朗—沙特阿拉伯代理人冲突">伊朗—沙烏地阿拉伯衝突</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E8%92%82%E5%A4%AB%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡蒂夫衝突（页面不存在）">卡蒂夫衝突</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatif_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A8%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81_(2016%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊朗西部衝突 (2016年至今)（页面不存在）">伊朗西部衝突</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Iran_clashes_(2016%E2%80%93present)" class="extiw" title="en:Western Iran clashes (2016–present)">Western Iran clashes (2016–present)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊拉克衝突（页面不存在）">伊拉克衝突</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Iraqi conflict">Iraqi conflict</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82_(2017%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊拉克伊斯蘭國叛亂 (2017年至今)（页面不存在）">伊斯蘭國叛亂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" class="extiw" title="en:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%B7%B4%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="以巴冲突">以色列—巴勒斯坦衝突</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E8%96%A9%E2%80%94%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="加薩—以色列衝突">加薩—以色列衝突</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E2%80%94%E5%93%88%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="以色列—哈馬斯戰爭">2023年10月至今戰爭</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E9%BB%8E%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="以黎冲突">以色列—黎巴嫩衝突</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E2%80%94%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="以色列—真主黨衝突（页面不存在）">以色列—真主黨衝突</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Hezbollah–Israel conflict">Hezbollah–Israel conflict</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E2%80%94%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81_(2023%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A)" class="mw-redirect" title="以色列—真主黨衝突 (2023年至今)">2023年10月至今衝突</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E2%80%94%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="土耳其—库尔德冲突">土耳其—库尔德冲突</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%AB%E5%BE%B7%E2%80%94%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81_(2015%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="庫德—土耳其衝突 (2015年至今)（页面不存在）">2015年至今衝突</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(2015%E2%80%93present)" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of the Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)">Timeline of the Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%AF%9B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1" title="土耳其毛主义叛乱">土耳其毛主义叛乱</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E9%BB%A8-%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="革命人民解放黨-陣線叛亂（页面不存在）">革命人民解放黨-陣線叛亂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHKP/C_insurgency_in_Turkey" class="extiw" title="en:DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey">DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%BA-%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫冲突">纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫冲突</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">叙利亚内战</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%8B%95%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德拉動亂（页面不存在）">德拉動亂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daraa_insurgency" class="extiw" title="en:Daraa insurgency">Daraa insurgency</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E6%B4%BE-%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="叙利亚反对派-伊斯兰国冲突">敘利亞反對派—伊斯蘭國衝突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E8%B4%BE%E7%93%A6%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="罗贾瓦冲突">罗贾瓦冲突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%A8%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0%E7%9A%84%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%8B%E5%85%A5" title="俄羅斯在敘利亞內戰的軍事介入">俄羅斯干涉</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%E7%A5%96%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德爾祖爾伊斯蘭國叛亂（页面不存在）">德爾祖爾伊斯蘭國叛亂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Deir_ez-Zor" class="extiw" title="en:Islamic State insurgency in Deir ez-Zor">Islamic State insurgency in Deir ez-Zor</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="也门危机">也门危机</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8%E5%86%85%E6%88%98_(2014%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A)" title="也门内战 (2014年至今)">2014年至今內戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%9C%B0%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E4%B9%9F%E9%96%80" title="沙地武裝干涉也門">沙烏地阿拉伯干涉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="紅海危機">2023年紅海危機</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">南亞</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="阿富汗衝突">阿富汗衝突</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E7%8F%AD%E2%80%94%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="塔利班—伊斯蘭國衝突">塔利班—伊斯蘭國衝突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%98%E6%9D%B0%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="潘杰希尔冲突">潘杰希尔冲突</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BE%E8%B7%AF%E6%94%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="俾路支斯坦衝突">俾路支斯坦衝突</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%8C%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E2%80%94%E4%BF%BE%E8%B7%AF%E6%94%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%8B%95%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="錫斯坦—俾路支斯坦動亂（页面不存在）">錫斯坦—俾路支斯坦動亂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" class="extiw" title="en:Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="印度东北部冲突">印度东北部冲突</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E9%AD%AF%E7%B4%8D%E6%9F%A5%E5%8B%95%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿魯納查動亂（页面不存在）">阿魯納查</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Arunachal_Pradesh" class="extiw" title="en:Insurgency in Arunachal Pradesh">Insurgency in Arunachal Pradesh</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%85%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E4%BA%9E%E5%8B%95%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梅加拉亞動亂（页面不存在）">梅加拉亞</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Meghalaya" class="extiw" title="en:Insurgency in Meghalaya">Insurgency in Meghalaya</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E6%99%AE%E7%88%BE%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="曼尼普爾獨立運動">曼尼普爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E5%8A%A0%E5%85%B0%E9%82%A6%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="那加兰邦种族冲突">那加蘭</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8" title="孟加拉恐怖主义活动">孟加拉內部衝突</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%AF%E5%B1%B1%E5%8D%80%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="吉大港山區衝突">吉大港山區衝突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD%E6%AF%9B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1" title="孟加拉国毛主义叛乱">孟加拉毛主義叛亂</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%80%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="克什米爾衝突">克什米爾衝突</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E8%AC%A8%E5%92%8C%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%80%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82" title="查謨和克什米爾叛亂">查謨及喀什米爾動亂</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E6%AF%9B%E6%B4%BE%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82" title="納薩爾毛派叛亂">納薩爾毛派叛亂</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%8B%95%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴基斯坦動亂（页面不存在）">巴基斯坦動亂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Pakistan" class="extiw" title="en:Insurgency in Pakistan">Insurgency in Pakistan</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="巴基斯坦西北部战争">開伯爾-普什圖動亂</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%A1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%95%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="信德動亂（页面不存在）">信德動亂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Sindh" class="extiw" title="en:Insurgency in Sindh">Insurgency in Sindh</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%B4%BE%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴基斯坦宗派主義暴力（页面不存在）">宗派主義暴力</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectarian_violence_in_Pakistan" class="extiw" title="en:Sectarian violence in Pakistan">Sectarian violence in Pakistan</a>）</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">東亞 及東南亞</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="朝鮮半島衝突">朝鮮半島衝突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="缅甸冲突">缅甸内战</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E5%86%85%E6%88%98_(2021%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A)" title="缅甸内战 (2021年至今)">2021年至今戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%92%A6%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="克钦冲突">克钦冲突</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E8%90%8A%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡萊衝突（页面不存在）">卡萊衝突</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kalay_clashes" class="extiw" title="en:2021 Kalay clashes">2021 Kalay clashes</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%80%AB%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="克倫衝突">克倫衝突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%80%AB%E6%97%8F%E2%80%94%E5%AD%9F%E6%97%8F%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="克倫族—孟族衝突">克倫—孟衝突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1107%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" title="1107行动">克耶冲突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E8%88%88%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="羅興亞人衝突">羅興亞衝突</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93%E5%85%A7%E9%83%A8%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菲律賓內部衝突（页面不存在）">菲律賓內部衝突</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_conflict_in_the_Philippines" class="extiw" title="en:Civil conflict in the Philippines">Civil conflict in the Philippines</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1" title="菲律宾共产主义叛乱">共產主義者叛亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%B4%9B%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="莫洛衝突">莫洛衝突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="菲律宾毒品战争">毒品戰爭</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9E%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="巴布亞衝突">巴布亞衝突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E5%8B%95%E4%BA%82" title="泰國南部動亂">泰國南部動亂</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">歐洲</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">西歐</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%81%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%8C%E6%94%BF%E8%A6%8B%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%80%85%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="持不同政見愛爾蘭共和主義者運動（页面不存在）">持不同政見愛爾蘭共和主義者運動</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissident_Irish_republican_campaign" class="extiw" title="en:Dissident Irish republican campaign">Dissident Irish republican campaign</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">東歐</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E4%B9%8C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="俄乌战争">俄羅斯—烏克蘭戰爭</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD" title="俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭">2022年至今戰爭</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="伊朗—以色列代理人衝突" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E2%80%94%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E4%BA%BA%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="Template:伊朗—以色列代理人衝突"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E2%80%94%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E4%BA%BA%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="Template talk:伊朗—以色列代理人衝突"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E2%80%94%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E4%BA%BA%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:伊朗—以色列代理人衝突"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="伊朗—以色列代理人衝突" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E2%80%94%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E4%BA%BA%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="伊朗—以色列代理人冲突">伊朗—以色列代理人衝突</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2024%E5%B9%B4%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E2%80%94%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="2024年伊朗—以色列衝突">伊朗—以色列衝突</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E8%BD%B0%E7%82%B8%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E9%A9%BB%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%BF%E9%A6%86" title="2024年以色列轰炸伊朗驻叙利亚大使馆">以色列轰炸伊朗驻叙利亚大使馆</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="国际社会对以色列轰炸伊朗驻叙利亚大使馆的反应" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="International reactions to the Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AF%B9%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E8%BD%B0%E7%82%B8%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E9%A9%BB%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%BF%E9%A6%86%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国际社会对以色列轰炸伊朗驻叙利亚大使馆的反应（页面不存在）">国际反应</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Israeli_airstrike_on_the_Iranian_consulate_in_Damascus" class="extiw" title="en:International reactions to the Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus">International reactions to the Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E6%89%A3%E6%8A%BCMSC%E7%89%A1%E7%BE%8A%E5%BA%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊朗扣押MSC牡羊座（页面不存在）">伊朗扣押MSC牡羊座</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_seizure_of_the_MSC_Aries" class="extiw" title="en:Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries">Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries</a>）</li> <li>伊朗空袭以色列 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%88%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="2024年4月伊朗空袭以色列">2024年4月</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024%E5%B9%B410%E6%9C%88%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="2024年10月伊朗空袭以色列">2024年10月</a></li></ul></li> <li>以色列空袭伊朗 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%88%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="2024年4月以色列空袭伊朗">2024年4月</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024%E5%B9%B410%E6%9C%88%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E7%A9%BA%E8%A5%B2%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="2024年10月以色列空襲伊朗">2024年10月</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E5%A0%B1%E5%BE%A9%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83%E6%B4%A9%E9%9C%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="以色列報復伊朗計劃洩露事件">以色列報復伊朗計劃洩露事件</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2006%E5%B9%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="2006年黎巴嫩戰爭">以黎戰爭</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="黎巴嫩內戰">黎巴嫩內戰</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1982%E5%B9%B4%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%AE%98%E7%B6%81%E6%9E%B6%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982年伊朗外交官綁架事件（页面不存在）">1982年伊朗外交官綁架事件</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_kidnapping_of_Iranian_diplomats" class="extiw" title="en:1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats">1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81_(1985-2000%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南黎巴嫩衝突 (1985-2000年)（页面不存在）">南黎巴嫩衝突</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" class="extiw" title="en:South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E9%A7%90%E5%B8%83%E5%AE%9C%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%89%BE%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%BF%E9%A4%A8%E9%81%87%E8%A5%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992年以色列駐布宜諾斯艾利斯大使館遇襲事件（页面不存在）">1992年以色列駐布宜諾斯艾利斯大使館遇襲事件</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_attack_on_Israeli_embassy_in_Buenos_Aires" class="extiw" title="en:1992 attack on Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires">1992 attack on Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994%E5%B9%B4%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7-%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="1994年阿根廷-以色列互助协会爆炸事件">AMIA襲擊案</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">真主黨—以色列衝突</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000-06%E5%B9%B4%E8%88%8D%E5%B7%B4%E8%BE%B2%E5%A0%B4%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2000-06年舍巴農場衝突（页面不存在）">2000-06年舍巴農場衝突</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%932006_Shebaa_Farms_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict">2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000%E5%B9%B4%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8%E8%B7%A8%E5%9C%8B%E7%AA%81%E6%93%8A%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2000年真主黨跨國突擊事件（页面不存在）">2000年真主黨跨國突擊事件</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid" class="extiw" title="en:2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid">2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2005%E5%B9%B4%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8%E8%B7%A8%E5%9C%8B%E7%AA%81%E6%93%8A%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2005年真主黨跨國突擊事件（页面不存在）">2005年真主黨跨國突擊事件</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid" class="extiw" title="en:2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid">2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006%E5%B9%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="2006年黎巴嫩戰爭">2006年黎巴嫩戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E2%80%94%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8%E6%88%B0%E4%BF%98%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008年以色列—真主黨戰俘交換（页面不存在）">2008年以色列—真主黨戰俘交換</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_prisoner_exchange" class="extiw" title="en:2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange">2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8%E5%9C%A8%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%99%B0%E8%AC%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009真主黨在埃及的陰謀（页面不存在）">2009真主黨在埃及的陰謀</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Hezbollah_plot_in_Egypt" class="extiw" title="en:2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt">2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E8%98%AD%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗蘭科普事件（页面不存在）">弗蘭科普事件</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francop_Affair" class="extiw" title="en:Francop Affair">Francop Affair</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2015%E5%B9%B41%E6%9C%88%E8%88%8D%E5%B7%B4%E8%BE%B2%E5%A0%B4%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015年1月舍巴農場事件（页面不存在）">2015年1月舍巴農場事件</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2015_Shebaa_Farms_incident" class="extiw" title="en:January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident">January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%9B%BE%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95" title="北盾行動">北盾行動</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019%E5%B9%B4%E8%B2%9D%E9%AD%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%84%A1%E4%BA%BA%E6%A9%9F%E5%A2%9C%E6%AF%80%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019年貝魯特無人機墜毀事件（页面不存在）">2019年貝魯特無人機墜毀事件</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Beirut_drone_crash" class="extiw" title="en:2019 Beirut drone crash">2019 Beirut drone crash</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%E5%B0%8D%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E4%B9%8B%E7%81%AB%E7%AE%AD%E6%94%BB%E6%93%8A%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黎巴嫩對以色列之火箭攻擊列表（页面不存在）">來自黎巴嫩的火箭攻擊</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rocket_attacks_from_Lebanon_on_Israel" class="extiw" title="en:List of rocket attacks from Lebanon on Israel">List of rocket attacks from Lebanon on Israel</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E2%80%94%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81_(2023%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A)" class="mw-redirect" title="以色列—真主黨衝突 (2023年至今)">以色列—真主黨衝突 (2023年至今)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%E4%BC%A0%E5%91%BC%E6%9C%BA%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8%E6%A1%88" title="黎巴嫩传呼机爆炸案">2024年黎巴嫩無線設備爆炸事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024%E5%B9%B4%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8%E7%B8%BD%E9%83%A8%E7%A9%BA%E8%A5%B2" title="2024年真主黨總部空襲">2024年真主黨總部空襲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="2024年以色列入侵黎巴嫩">2024年以色列入侵黎巴嫩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E2%80%94%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%E5%81%9C%E6%88%B0%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="以色列—黎巴嫩停戰協定">以色列—真主黨停戰協定</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%B7%B4%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="以巴冲突">以巴冲突</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E7%90%B3%E4%B8%80%E8%99%9F%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡琳一號事件（页面不存在）">卡琳一號事件</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karine_A_affair" class="extiw" title="en:Karine A affair">Karine A affair</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E6%A1%91%E8%99%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿布哈桑號（页面不存在）">阿布哈桑號</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hasan_(boat)" class="extiw" title="en:Abu Hasan (boat)">Abu Hasan (boat)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="维多利亚事件">維多利亞事件</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E9%9D%A2%E6%8A%AB%E9%9C%B2%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全面披露行動（页面不存在）">全面披露行動</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Full_Disclosure" class="extiw" title="en:Operation Full Disclosure">Operation Full Disclosure</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E8%96%A9%E2%80%94%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="加薩—以色列衝突">加沙—以色列衝突</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008%E8%87%B32009%E5%B9%B4%E5%8A%A0%E6%B2%99%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="2008至2009年加沙戰爭">2008至2009年加沙戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E5%B9%B4%E5%8A%A0%E6%B2%99%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="2014年加沙戰爭">2014年加沙戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E2%80%94%E5%93%88%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="以色列—哈馬斯戰爭">以色列—哈馬斯戰爭</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0%E6%9C%9F%E9%96%93%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E2%80%94%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E4%BA%BA%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="敘利亞內戰期間的伊朗—以色列代理人衝突（页面不存在）">敘利亞內戰</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="extiw" title="en:Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">叙利亚内战</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013%E5%B9%B41%E6%9C%88%E5%A4%A7%E9%A6%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9%E9%83%8A%E5%8D%80%E7%A9%BA%E8%A5%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013年1月大馬士革郊區空襲（页面不存在）">2013年1月大馬士革郊區空襲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2013_Rif_Dimashq_airstrike" class="extiw" title="en:January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike">January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013%E5%B9%B45%E6%9C%88%E5%A4%A7%E9%A6%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9%E9%83%8A%E5%8D%80%E7%A9%BA%E8%A5%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013年5月大馬士革郊區空襲（页面不存在）">2013年5月大馬士革郊區空襲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2013_Rif_Dimashq_airstrikes" class="extiw" title="en:May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes">May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2014%E5%B9%B412%E6%9C%88%E5%A4%A7%E9%A6%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9%E9%83%8A%E5%8D%80%E7%A9%BA%E8%A5%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2014年12月大馬士革郊區空襲（页面不存在）">2014年12月大馬士革郊區空襲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2014_Rif_Dimashq_airstrikes" class="extiw" title="en:December 2014 Rif Dimashq airstrikes">December 2014 Rif Dimashq airstrikes</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2015%E5%B9%B41%E6%9C%88%E5%B8%8C%E6%9C%9B%E8%BE%B2%E5%A0%B4%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015年1月希望農場事件（页面不存在）">2015年1月希望農場事件</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2015_Mazraat_Amal_incident" class="extiw" title="en:January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident">January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2015%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%88%E8%93%8B%E8%90%8A%E8%92%99%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015年4月蓋萊蒙事件（页面不存在）">2015年4月蓋萊蒙事件</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2015_Qalamoun_incident" class="extiw" title="en:April 2015 Qalamoun incident">April 2015 Qalamoun incident</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2017%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%88%E4%BB%A5%E6%95%98%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2017年3月以敘事件（页面不存在）">2017年3月以敘事件</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2017_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" class="extiw" title="en:March 2017 Israel–Syria incident">March 2017 Israel–Syria incident</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2018%E5%B9%B42%E6%9C%88%E4%BB%A5%E6%95%98%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2018年2月以敘事件（页面不存在）">2018年2月以敘事件</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" class="extiw" title="en:February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 Israel–Syria incident</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%99%E7%89%8C%E5%B1%8B%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="紙牌屋行動（页面不存在）">紙牌屋行動</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" class="extiw" title="en:Operation House of Cards">Operation House of Cards</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%A3%9B%E5%BD%88%E6%94%BB%E6%93%8A%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6_(2018%E5%B9%B49%E6%9C%88)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="敘利亞飛彈攻擊事件 (2018年9月)（页面不存在）">2018年9月敘利亞飛彈攻擊</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" class="extiw" title="en:Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">Syria missile strikes (September 2018)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%A3%9B%E5%BD%88%E6%94%BB%E6%93%8A%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6_(2019%E5%B9%B48%E6%9C%88)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="敘利亞飛彈攻擊事件 (2019年8月)（页面不存在）">2019年8月敘利亞飛彈攻擊</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" class="extiw" title="en:Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">Syria missile strikes (August 2019)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%A3%9B%E5%BD%88%E6%94%BB%E6%93%8A%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6_(2019%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="敘利亞飛彈攻擊事件 (2019年11月)（页面不存在）">2019年11月敘利亞飛彈攻擊</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(November_2019)" class="extiw" title="en:Syria missile strikes (November 2019)">Syria missile strikes (November 2019)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%A3%9B%E5%BD%88%E6%94%BB%E6%93%8A%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6_(2021%E5%B9%B41%E6%9C%88)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="敘利亞飛彈攻擊事件 (2021年1月)（页面不存在）">2021年1月敘利亞飛彈攻擊</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" class="extiw" title="en:Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">Syria missile strikes (January 2021)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%A3%9B%E5%BD%88%E6%94%BB%E6%93%8A%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6_(2021%E5%B9%B42%E6%9C%88)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="敘利亞飛彈攻擊事件 (2021年2月)（页面不存在）">2021年2月敘利亞飛彈攻擊</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2021_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" class="extiw" title="en:February 2021 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">February 2021 Israeli missile strikes in Syria</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0%E6%9C%9F%E9%96%93%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E2%80%94%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%81%9C%E7%81%AB%E7%B7%9A%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="敘利亞內戰期間以色列—敘利亞停火線事件（页面不存在）">以色列—敘利亞停火線事件</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="extiw" title="en:Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真主黨干涉敘利亞內戰（页面不存在）">真主黨干涉敘利亞內戰</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="extiw" title="en:Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%B5%E6%8A%97%E8%BB%B8%E5%BF%83" title="抵抗軸心">抵抗軸心</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">國際事件</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%8B%E7%AE%B1%E5%8D%B3%E7%94%A8%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="開箱即用行動（页面不存在）">開箱即用行動</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Outside_the_Box" class="extiw" title="en:Operation Outside the Box">Operation Outside the Box</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E7%A9%BA%E8%A2%AD" title="2009年苏丹空袭">2009年蘇丹空襲</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E5%B9%B4%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E6%B6%89%E6%9A%97%E6%AE%BA%E9%99%B0%E8%AC%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011年伊朗涉暗殺陰謀（页面不存在）">2011年伊朗涉暗殺陰謀</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" class="extiw" title="en:2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012%E5%B9%B4%E5%B0%8D%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BB%E6%93%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012年對以色列外交官的攻擊（页面不存在）">2012年對以色列外交官的攻擊</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_attacks_on_Israeli_diplomats" class="extiw" title="en:2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats">2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012%E5%B9%B4%E6%9B%BC%E8%B0%B7%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012年曼谷爆炸事件（页面不存在）">2012年曼谷爆炸事件</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Bangkok_bombings" class="extiw" title="en:2012 Bangkok bombings">2012 Bangkok bombings</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012%E5%B9%B4%E8%B3%BD%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E9%99%B0%E8%AC%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012年賽普勒斯恐怖陰謀（页面不存在）">2012年賽普勒斯恐怖陰謀</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Cyprus_terrorist_plot" class="extiw" title="en:2012 Cyprus terrorist plot">2012 Cyprus terrorist plot</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E5%B9%B4%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E6%B1%BD%E8%BD%A6%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="2012年布尔加斯汽车爆炸事件">2012年布爾加斯汽車爆炸事件</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%B6%E7%88%BE%E7%A9%86%E5%85%8B%E5%BD%88%E8%97%A5%E5%BB%A0%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="耶爾穆克彈藥廠爆炸事件（页面不存在）">耶爾穆克彈藥廠爆炸事件</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarmouk_munitions_factory_explosion" class="extiw" title="en:Yarmouk munitions factory explosion">Yarmouk munitions factory explosion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E7%A9%BA%E8%A5%B2%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019年以色列空襲伊拉克（页面不存在）">2019年以色列空襲伊拉克</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Israeli_airstrikes_in_Iraq" class="extiw" title="en:2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq">2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%942022%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E7%81%A3%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="2019年—2022年波斯灣危機">2019年—2022年波斯灣危機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E5%B9%B4%E5%9F%83%E7%88%BE%E6%AF%94%E5%8B%92%E7%81%AB%E7%AE%AD%E5%BD%88%E8%A5%B2%E6%93%8A" title="2022年埃爾比勒火箭彈襲擊">2022年埃爾比勒火箭彈襲擊</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E6%A0%B8%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="伊朗核问题">伊朗核问题</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E6%9A%97%E6%AE%BA%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="伊朗核物理學家暗殺事件">伊朗核物理學家暗殺事件</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E4%BE%AF%E8%B3%BD%E5%9B%A0%E6%99%AE%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿德希爾·侯賽因普爾（页面不存在）">阿德希爾·侯賽因普爾</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeshir_Hosseinpour" class="extiw" title="en:Ardeshir Hosseinpour">Ardeshir Hosseinpour</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%98%87%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C-%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E8%BF%AA" title="馬蘇德·阿里-穆罕默迪">馬蘇德·阿里-穆罕默迪</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%90%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E8%B5%AB%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬吉德·沙赫里亞里（页面不存在）">馬吉德·沙赫里亞里</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majid_Shahriari" class="extiw" title="en:Majid Shahriari">Majid Shahriari</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%BB%E9%9B%B7%E7%99%BB%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="費雷登·阿巴西（页面不存在）">費雷登·阿巴西</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fereydoon_Abbasi" class="extiw" title="en:Fereydoon Abbasi">Fereydoon Abbasi</a>）（倖存）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%B3%95%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E9%82%81%E8%BF%AA%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E6%BC%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莫斯塔法·艾哈邁迪·羅斯漢（页面不存在）">莫斯塔法·艾哈邁迪·羅斯漢</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostafa_Ahmadi_Roshan" class="extiw" title="en:Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan">Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E8%B5%AB%E8%BE%9B%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%89%8E%E5%BE%B7" title="穆赫辛·法克里扎德">穆赫辛·法克里扎德</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AMAD%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AMAD計劃（页面不存在）">AMAD計劃</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMAD_Project" class="extiw" title="en:AMAD Project">AMAD Project</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%8A%A0%E7%BA%B3%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="比德加纳爆炸事件">比德加納爆炸事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%87%E7%BD%91" title="震网">震網</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2020%E5%B9%B4%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2020年伊朗爆炸事件（页面不存在）">2020年伊朗爆炸事件</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Iran_explosions" class="extiw" title="en:2020 Iran explosions">2020 Iran explosions</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021%E5%B9%B4%E7%B4%8D%E5%9D%A6%E8%8C%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021年納坦茲事件（页面不存在）">2021年納坦茲事件</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Natanz_incident" class="extiw" title="en:2021 Natanz incident">2021 Natanz incident</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關條目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%88%87%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E2%80%94%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E4%BA%BA%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="俄羅斯與伊朗—以色列代理人衝突（页面不存在）">俄羅斯與伊朗—以色列代理人衝突</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_and_the_Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E2%80%94%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E4%BA%BA%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="伊朗—沙特阿拉伯代理人冲突">伊朗—沙特阿拉伯代理人冲突</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E9%82%81%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%A6%AE%E8%96%A9%C2%B7%E8%B3%88%E6%8B%89%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾哈邁德·禮薩·賈拉利（页面不存在）">艾哈邁德·禮薩·賈拉利</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Reza_Djalali" class="extiw" title="en:Ahmad Reza Djalali">Ahmad Reza Djalali</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%8D%E4%BC%8A%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="阿以反伊联盟">阿以反伊聯盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="亚伯拉罕协议">亞伯拉罕協議</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019%E5%B9%B42%E6%9C%88%E8%8F%AF%E6%B2%99%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019年2月華沙會議（页面不存在）">華沙中東會議</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" class="extiw" title="en:February 2019 Warsaw Conference">February 2019 Warsaw Conference</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%81%96%E6%88%B0%E8%80%85%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="伊朗人民聖戰者組織">伊朗人民聖戰者組織</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E6%92%92%E6%97%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小撒旦（页面不存在）">小撒旦</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Satan" class="extiw" title="en:Little Satan">Little Satan</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E5%A4%8D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%AE%9E%E4%BD%93" title="犹太复国主义实体">猶太復國主義實體</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%93%88%E8%8C%82%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%B5%AB%E7%91%AA%E8%BF%AA%E5%85%A7%E8%B3%88%E5%BE%B7%E8%88%87%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬哈茂德·阿赫瑪迪內賈德與以色列（页面不存在）">馬哈茂德·阿赫瑪迪內賈德與以色列</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_and_Israel" class="extiw" title="en:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%8D%E5%B0%8D%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E6%8E%A1%E5%8F%96%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反對對伊朗採取軍事行動（页面不存在）">反對對伊朗採取軍事行動</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="extiw" title="en:Opposition to military action against Iran">Opposition to military action against Iran</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊朗國家恐怖主義（页面不存在）">伊朗國家恐怖主義</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" class="extiw" title="en:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="以色列国家恐怖主义">以色列國家恐怖主義</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E5%9F%8E%E6%97%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聖城日（页面不存在）">聖城日</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quds_Day" class="extiw" title="en:Quds Day">Quds Day</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B0%E4%BF%98_X2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戰俘 X2（页面不存在）">戰俘 X2</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_X2" class="extiw" title="en:Prisoner X2">Prisoner X2</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%BB%91%E5%85%B0_(%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E5%89%A7)" title="德黑兰 (电视剧)">《德黑蘭》</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E2%80%94%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E4%BA%BA%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="Category:伊朗—以色列代理人衝突">分類:伊朗—以色列代理人衝突</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=叙利亚内战&oldid=85946290">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=叙利亚内战&oldid=85946290</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="Category:叙利亚内战">叙利亚内战</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B9%8B%E6%98%A5" title="Category:阿拉伯之春">阿拉伯之春</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E2%80%94%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="Category:俄羅斯—美國關係">俄羅斯—美國關係</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2011%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="Category:2011年叙利亚">2011年叙利亚</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2012%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="Category:2012年叙利亚">2012年叙利亚</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2013%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="Category:2013年叙利亚">2013年叙利亚</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2014%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="Category:2014年叙利亚">2014年叙利亚</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2015%E5%B9%B4%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="Category:2015年敘利亞">2015年敘利亞</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2016%E5%B9%B4%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="Category:2016年敘利亞">2016年敘利亞</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2017%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="Category:2017年叙利亚">2017年叙利亚</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2018%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="Category:2018年叙利亚">2018年叙利亚</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2019%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="Category:2019年叙利亚">2019年叙利亚</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2020%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="Category:2020年叙利亚">2020年叙利亚</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2021%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="Category:2021年叙利亚">2021年叙利亚</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2022%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="Category:2022年叙利亚">2022年叙利亚</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2023%E5%B9%B4%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="Category:2023年敘利亞">2023年敘利亞</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2024%E5%B9%B4%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="Category:2024年敘利亞">2024年敘利亞</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%A6%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="Category:约旦战争">约旦战争</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="Category:混合战争">混合战争</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%89%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:有参考文献错误的页面">有参考文献错误的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%96%E6%96%87%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:CS1含有外文文本">CS1含有外文文本</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(de)" title="Category:CS1德语来源 (de)">CS1德语来源 (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(en-gb)" title="Category:CS1英国英语来源 (en-gb)">CS1英国英语来源 (en-gb)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(en)" title="Category:CS1英语来源 (en)">CS1英语来源 (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BFarchiveis%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Category:Webarchive模板archiveis链接">Webarchive模板archiveis链接</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(en-us)" title="Category:CS1美国英语来源 (en-us)">CS1美国英语来源 (en-us)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E6%9C%AA%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%87%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" title="Category:引文格式1维护：未识别语文类型">引文格式1维护：未识别语文类型</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2025%E5%B9%B42%E6%9C%88%E5%B8%A6%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:自2025年2月带有失效链接的条目">自2025年2月带有失效链接的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2017%E5%B9%B412%E6%9C%88%E5%B8%A6%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:自2017年12月带有失效链接的条目">自2017年12月带有失效链接的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%85%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Category:条目有永久失效的外部链接">条目有永久失效的外部链接</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%EF%BC%9A%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%9F" title="Category:引文格式1错误：日期">引文格式1错误：日期</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8ISBN%E9%AD%94%E6%9C%AF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用ISBN魔术链接的页面">使用ISBN魔术链接的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2019%E5%B9%B41%E6%9C%88%E5%8C%85%E5%90%AB%E9%81%8E%E5%A4%9A%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%90%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:自2019年1月包含過多連結的條目">自2019年1月包含過多連結的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%8B%92%E7%BB%9D%E5%BD%93%E9%80%89%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5%E6%96%B0%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%E6%8E%A8%E8%8D%90%E6%A0%8F%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:拒绝当选首页新条目推荐栏目的条目">拒绝当选首页新条目推荐栏目的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%85%E5%90%AB%E9%81%8E%E5%A4%9A%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%90%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:所有包含過多連結的條目">所有包含過多連結的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%89%A9%E5%85%85%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:扩充中的条目">扩充中的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E6%89%A9%E5%85%85%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:所有扩充中的条目">所有扩充中的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E5%B0%8F%E5%9E%8B%E8%A8%8A%E6%81%AF%E6%A1%86%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用小型訊息框的頁面">使用小型訊息框的頁面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2016%E5%B9%B49%E6%9C%88%E6%9C%89%E9%9D%9E%E5%B8%B8%E6%A8%A1%E6%A3%B1%E4%B8%A4%E5%8F%AF%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E5%8D%81%E5%88%86%E7%A9%BA%E6%B3%9B%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:自2016年9月有非常模棱两可或者十分空泛语句的条目">自2016年9月有非常模棱两可或者十分空泛语句的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E5%8C%B9%E9%85%8D%E9%A1%B9" title="Category:维基共享资源分类链接使用了维基数据上的匹配项">维基共享资源分类链接使用了维基数据上的匹配项</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2025年2月3日 (星期一) 13:51。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CC_BY-SA_4.0%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Wikipedia:CC BY-SA 4.0协议文本">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>） Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。 </li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> 搜索 </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >叙利亚内战</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 94种语言 </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> 添加话题 </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-fzwz8","wgBackendResponseTime":248,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.587","walltime":"4.060","ppvisitednodes":{"value":28842,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1572241,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":40643,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":691896,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3229.405 1 -total"," 55.18% 1781.826 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.24% 782.945 230 Template:Cite_web"," 18.55% 599.090 172 Template:Cite_news"," 9.54% 308.111 6 Template:Navbox"," 8.56% 276.300 1 Template:敘利亞内戰資訊框"," 8.43% 272.097 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 8.09% 261.190 71 Template:Le"," 7.58% 244.783 1 Template:伊朗－以色列代理人衝突"," 6.95% 224.388 1 Template:Ongoing_military_conflicts"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.931","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8970356,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","440","20.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","380","17.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","360","16.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","11.2"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","3.7"],["newFrame \u003Cmw.lua:153\u003E","80","3.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","3.7"],["(for generator) \u003Cmw.lua:684\u003E","60","2.8"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1\u003E","40","1.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityId","40","1.9"],["[others]","340","15.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-zwrkg","timestamp":"20250215082246","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u5185\u6218","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q178810","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q178810","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2011-04-09T02:41:19Z","dateModified":"2025-02-03T13:51:37Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f4\/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28ISW-CTP%29.svg","headline":"\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u81ea2011\u5e743\u6708\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u5185\u6218"}</script> </body> </html>