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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Efforts during the Holocaust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efforts_during_the_Holocaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Relations with Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuncio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuncio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Nuncio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuncio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardinal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardinal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cardinal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardinal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Papacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Papacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Papacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Papacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Papal_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papal_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Papal election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papal_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visits_around_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visits_around_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Visits around Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visits_around_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Ostpolitik"_and_Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Ostpolitik"_and_Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>"Ostpolitik" and Eastern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Ostpolitik"_and_Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Relations with Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calling_the_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calling_the_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Calling the Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calling_the_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moral_and_doctrinal_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moral_and_doctrinal_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Moral and doctrinal theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moral_and_doctrinal_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contraception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>Contraception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divorce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divorce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.3</span> <span>Divorce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divorce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pope_John_XXIII_and_papal_ceremonial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pope_John_XXIII_and_papal_ceremonial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Pope John XXIII and papal ceremonial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pope_John_XXIII_and_papal_ceremonial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liturgical_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgical_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Liturgical reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liturgical_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beatifications_and_canonization_ceremonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beatifications_and_canonization_ceremonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Beatifications and canonization ceremonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beatifications_and_canonization_ceremonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Doctor_of_the_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctor_of_the_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.1</span> <span>Doctor of the Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctor_of_the_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consistories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consistories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Consistories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consistories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vatican_II:_The_first_session" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vatican_II:_The_first_session"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Vatican II: The first session</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vatican_II:_The_first_session-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_months_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_months_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Final months and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_months_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beatification_and_canonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beatification_and_canonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Beatification and canonization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beatification_and_canonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 108 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">108 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Yohanes_XXIII" title="Paus Yohanes XXIII – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Paus Yohanes XXIII" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pous_Johannes_XXIII" title="Pous Johannes XXIII – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pous Johannes XXIII" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_XXIII." title="Johannes XXIII. – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Johannes XXIII." data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%93%E1%8D%93_%E1%8B%AE%E1%8B%93%E1%8A%90%E1%88%B5_23%E1%8A%9B" title="ፓፓ ዮዓነስ 23ኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፓፓ ዮዓነስ 23ኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="يوحنا الثالث والعشرون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوحنا الثالث والعشرون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuan_XXIII" title="Chuan XXIII – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chuan XXIII" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Xuan_XXIII" title="Papa Xuan XXIII – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Papa Xuan XXIII" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A3_XXIII" title="Huã XXIII – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Huã XXIII" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_XXIII" title="Juan XXIII – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Juan XXIII" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXIII_%C4%B0oann" title="XXIII İoann – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="XXIII İoann" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0u-h%C3%B4ng_Ioannes_23-s%C3%A8" title="Kàu-hông Ioannes 23-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kàu-hông Ioannes 23-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_XXIII" title="Ян XXIII – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ян XXIII" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_XXIII" title="Ян XXIII – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ян XXIII" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD_XXIII" title="Йоан XXIII – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йоан XXIII" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_XXIII." title="Johannes XXIII. – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Johannes XXIII." data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yann_XXIII" title="Yann XXIII – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yann XXIII" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_XXIII" title="Joan XXIII – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joan XXIII" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Juan_XXIII" title="Papa Juan XXIII – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Papa Juan XXIII" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_XXIII." title="Jan XXIII. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jan XXIII." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pab_Ioan_XXIII" title="Pab Ioan XXIII – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pab Ioan XXIII" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_Johannes_23." title="Pave Johannes 23. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pave Johannes 23." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_XXIII." title="Johannes XXIII. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Johannes XXIII." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_XXIII." title="Jan XXIII. – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Jan XXIII." data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_XXIII" title="Johannes XXIII – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Johannes XXIII" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%93%CE%84" title="Πάπας Ιωάννης ΚΓ΄ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάπας Ιωάννης ΚΓ΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giu%C3%A0nn_XXIII" title="Giuànn XXIII – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Giuànn XXIII" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_XXIII" title="Juan XXIII – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Juan XXIII" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johano_la_23-a" title="Johano la 23-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Johano la 23-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_XXIII.a" title="Joan XXIII.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Joan XXIII.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="ژان بیست‌وسوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژان بیست‌وسوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_XXIII" title="Jean XXIII – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jean XXIII" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Zuan_XXIII" title="Pape Zuan XXIII – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Pape Zuan XXIII" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_Eoin_XXIII" title="Pápa Eoin XXIII – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pápa Eoin XXIII" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0pa_Iain_XXIII" title="Pàpa Iain XXIII – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pàpa Iain XXIII" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xo%C3%A1n_XXIII,_papa" title="Xoán XXIII, papa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xoán XXIII, papa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau-f%C3%B2ng_Ioannes_23-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Kau-fòng Ioannes 23-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kau-fòng Ioannes 23-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%99%A9_%EC%9A%94%ED%95%9C_23%EC%84%B8" title="교황 요한 23세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교황 요한 23세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_XXIII." title="Jan XXIII. – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Jan XXIII." data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_XXIII." title="Ivan XXIII. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ivan XXIII." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papo_Ioannes_la_23ma" title="Papo Ioannes la 23ma – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Papo Ioannes la 23ma" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Juan_XXIII" title="Papa Juan XXIII – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Papa Juan XXIII" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Yohanes_XXIII" title="Paus Yohanes XXIII – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paus Yohanes XXIII" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3hannes_23." title="Jóhannes 23. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jóhannes 23." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Giovanni_XXIII" title="Papa Giovanni XXIII – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Papa Giovanni XXIII" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%94" title="יוחנן העשרים ושלושה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוחנן העשרים ושלושה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Yohanes_XXIII" title="Paus Yohanes XXIII – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paus Yohanes XXIII" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Juan_XXIII" title="Papa Juan XXIII – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Papa Juan XXIII" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_XXIII" title="იოანე XXIII – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იოანე XXIII" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papi%C3%A9%C5%BC_J%C3%B3n_XXIII" title="Papiéż Jón XXIII – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Papiéż Jón XXIII" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXIII_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD" title="XXIII Иоанн – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="XXIII Иоанн" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Yohane_XXIII" title="Papa Yohane XXIII – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Papa Yohane XXIII" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_XXIII" title="Ioannes XXIII – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes XXIII" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81nis_XXIII" title="Jānis XXIII – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jānis XXIII" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_XXIII" title="Jonas XXIII – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jonas XXIII" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_Yoane_XXIII" title="Pápa Yoane XXIII – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Pápa Yoane XXIII" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Giu%C3%A0nn_XXIII" title="Papa Giuànn XXIII – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Papa Giuànn XXIII" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXIII._J%C3%A1nos_p%C3%A1pa" title="XXIII. János pápa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="XXIII. János pápa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_XXIII" title="Папа Јован XXIII – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Папа Јован XXIII" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA" title="ജോൺ ഇരുപത്തിമൂന്നാമൻ മാർപ്പാപ്പ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോൺ ഇരുപത്തിമൂന്നാമൻ മാർപ്പാപ്പ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_%C4%A0wanni_XXIII" title="Papa Ġwanni XXIII – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Papa Ġwanni XXIII" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="पोप जॉन तेविसावा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोप जॉन तेविसावा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="يوحنا التالت و العشرين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يوحنا التالت و العشرين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Ioannes_XXIII" title="Paus Ioannes XXIII – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paus Ioannes XXIII" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1u-hu%C3%B2ng_Ioannes_23-si%C3%A9" title="Gáu-huòng Ioannes 23-sié – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gáu-huòng Ioannes 23-sié" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXIII_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="XXIII Иохан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="XXIII Иохан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Johannes_XXIII" title="Paus Johannes XXIII – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paus Johannes XXIII" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%8F%E3%83%8D23%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E6%95%99%E7%9A%87)" title="ヨハネ23世 (ローマ教皇) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨハネ23世 (ローマ教皇)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Giuvanne_XXIII" title="Papa Giuvanne XXIII – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Papa Giuvanne XXIII" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_XXIII" title="Johannes XXIII – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Johannes XXIII" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_Johannes_XXIII" title="Pave Johannes XXIII – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pave Johannes XXIII" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_XXIII" title="Joan XXIII – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Joan XXIII" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%85_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاپ درویشتم ژان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پاپ درویشتم ژان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94_%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93_%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9F%A2%E1%9F%A3" title="សម្ដេចប៉ាប យូហាន ទី២៣ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សម្ដេចប៉ាប យូហាន ទី២៣" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioann_XXIII" title="Gioann XXIII – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Gioann XXIII" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_XXIII." title="Johannes XXIII. – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Johannes XXIII." data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_XXIII" title="Jan XXIII – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jan XXIII" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Jo%C3%A3o_XXIII" title="Papa João XXIII – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papa João XXIII" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_XXIII." title="Johannes XXIII. – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Johannes XXIII." data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Ioan_al_XXIII-lea" title="Papa Ioan al XXIII-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Papa Ioan al XXIII-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huwan_XXIII" title="Huwan XXIII – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Huwan XXIII" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_XXIII" title="Иоанн XXIII – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иоанн XXIII" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Giuseppe_Roncalli" title="Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_John_XXIII" title="Pape John XXIII – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pape John XXIII" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhovani_XXIII" title="Xhovani XXIII – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhovani XXIII" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuvanni_XXIII" title="Giuvanni XXIII – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Giuvanni XXIII" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9A" title="විසිතුන්වන ජුවාම් පාප්වහන්සේ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විසිතුන්වන ජුවාම් පාප්වහන්සේ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pope John XXIII" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1n_XXIII._(p%C3%A1pe%C5%BE)" title="Ján XXIII. (pápež) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ján XXIII. (pápež)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape%C5%BE_Janez_XXIII." title="Papež Janez XXIII. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Papež Janez XXIII." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_XXIII" title="Папа Јован XXIII – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папа Јован XXIII" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_XXIII." title="Ivan XXIII. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ivan XXIII." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_XXIII" title="Johannes XXIII – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Johannes XXIII" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_XXIII" title="Johannes XXIII – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Johannes XXIII" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Juan_XXIII" title="Papa Juan XXIII – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Papa Juan XXIII" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88)" title="இருபத்திமூன்றாம் யோவான் (திருத்தந்தை) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இருபத்திமூன்றாம் யோவான் (திருத்தந்தை)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_XXIII" title="Иоанн XXIII – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Иоанн XXIII" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_23" title="สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปายอห์นที่ 23 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปายอห์นที่ 23" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXIII._Ioannes" title="XXIII. Ioannes – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="XXIII. Ioannes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_XXIII" title="Іван XXIII – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іван XXIII" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="جان بیست و سوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جان بیست و سوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Giovani_XXIII" title="Papa Giovani XXIII – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Papa Giovani XXIII" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_ho%C3%A0ng_Gioan_XXIII" title="Giáo hoàng Gioan XXIII – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo hoàng Gioan XXIII" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Juan_XXIII" title="Papa Juan XXIII – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Papa Juan XXIII" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%9C%9B%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="若望二十三世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="若望二十三世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3p%C3%B9_J%C3%B2h%C3%A1n%C3%B9_23k" title="Pópù Jòhánù 23k – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pópù Jòhánù 23k" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%8B%A5%E6%9C%9B%E5%BB%BF%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="聖若望廿三世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖若望廿三世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_XXIII" title="Johannes XXIII – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Johannes XXIII" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%9C%9B%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="若望二十三世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="若望二十三世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23873#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Head of the Catholic Church from 1958 to 1963</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 15th-century Pisan antipope, see <a href="/wiki/Antipope_John_XXIII" title="Antipope John XXIII">Antipope John XXIII</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #F7D79C;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_canonised_popes" title="List of canonised popes">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline" class="fn">John XXIII</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ioannes_XXIII,_by_De_Agostini,_1958%E2%80%931963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ioannes_XXIII%2C_by_De_Agostini%2C_1958%E2%80%931963.jpg/220px-Ioannes_XXIII%2C_by_De_Agostini%2C_1958%E2%80%931963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ioannes_XXIII%2C_by_De_Agostini%2C_1958%E2%80%931963.jpg/330px-Ioannes_XXIII%2C_by_De_Agostini%2C_1958%E2%80%931963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ioannes_XXIII%2C_by_De_Agostini%2C_1958%E2%80%931963.jpg/440px-Ioannes_XXIII%2C_by_De_Agostini%2C_1958%E2%80%931963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="2334" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Official photograph, 1958–1963</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy began</th><td class="infobox-data">28 October 1958</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy ended</th><td class="infobox-data">3 June 1963</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul VI">Paul VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Previous post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>Titular Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Rabba" title="Rabba">Areopolis</a> (1925‍–‍1934)</li> <li>Official to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (1925‍–‍1931)</li> <li>Apostolic Delegate to Bulgaria (1931‍–‍1934)</li> <li>Titular Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesembria</a> (1934‍–‍1953)</li> <li>Apostolic Delegate to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (1934‍–‍1944)</li> <li>Apostolic Delegate to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a> (1934‍–‍1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nuncio_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Nuncio to France">Apostolic Nuncio to France</a> (1944‍–‍1953)</li> <li>Cardinal-Priest of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Prisca" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Prisca">Santa Prisca</a> (1953‍–‍1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Venice" title="Patriarch of Venice">Patriarch of Venice</a> (1953‍–‍1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data">10 August 1904<br />by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ceppetelli" title="Giuseppe Ceppetelli">Giuseppe Ceppetelli</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">19 March 1925<br />by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Tacci_Porcelli" title="Giovanni Tacci Porcelli">Giovanni Tacci Porcelli</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created cardinal</th><td class="infobox-data">12 January 1953<br />by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pius XII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal-Priest">Cardinal-Priest</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1881-11-25</span>)</span>25 November 1881<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Sotto_il_Monte_Giovanni_XXIII" title="Sotto il Monte Giovanni XXIII">Sotto il Monte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Bergamo" title="Province of Bergamo">Bergamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">3 June 1963<span style="display:none">(1963-06-03)</span> (aged 81)<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Roman_Athenaeum_Saint_Apollinare" title="Pontifical Roman Athenaeum Saint Apollinare">Pontifical Roman Athenaeum Saint Apollinare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Theology" title="Doctor of Theology">ThD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Roman_Major_Seminary" title="Pontifical Roman Major Seminary">Pontifical Roman Major Seminary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Canon_Law_(Catholic_Church)" title="Doctor of Canon Law (Catholic Church)">JCD</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Oboedientia et Pax</i></span><br />(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for 'Obedience and Peace')</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_XXIII_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="John XXIII's signature"><img alt="John XXIII's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/John_XXIII_signature.svg/130px-John_XXIII_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/John_XXIII_signature.svg/195px-John_XXIII_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/John_XXIII_signature.svg/260px-John_XXIII_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="147" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coat of arms</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:C_o_a_John_XXIII.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="John XXIII's coat of arms"><img alt="John XXIII's coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/C_o_a_John_XXIII.svg/50px-C_o_a_John_XXIII.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/C_o_a_John_XXIII.svg/75px-C_o_a_John_XXIII.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/C_o_a_John_XXIII.svg/100px-C_o_a_John_XXIII.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="1297" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Sainthood</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Feast day</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>11 October (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>)</li><li>3 June (<a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia" title="Anglican Church of Australia">Anglican Church of Australia</a>)</li><li>4 June (<a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Anglican_Church_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Anglican Church of Brazil">Episcopal Anglican Church of Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican Church of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church (USA)</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmarian Church">Palmarian Church</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Beatified</th><td class="infobox-data">3 September 2000<br /><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Square">Saint Peter's Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a><br />by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Canonized</th><td class="infobox-data">27 April 2014<br />Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City<br />by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Attributes</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Papal vestments</li><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">Papal tiara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Camauro" title="Camauro">Camauro</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Patronage</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Papal delegates</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Venice" title="Patriarch of Venice">Patriarchy of Venice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Christian unity</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Bergamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Bergamo">Diocese of Bergamo</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sotto_il_Monte_Giovanni_XXIII" title="Sotto il Monte Giovanni XXIII">Sotto il Monte</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Valsamoggia" title="Valsamoggia">Valsamoggia</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Army" title="Italian Army">Italian Army</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Mensagem_do_Papa_Jo%C3%A3o_XXIII_ao_povo_brasileiro_%E2%80%93_edited.wav" title="File:Mensagem do Papa João XXIII ao povo brasileiro – edited.wav">Pope John XXIII's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="431" data-mwtitle="Mensagem_do_Papa_João_XXIII_ao_povo_brasileiro_–_edited.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/Mensagem_do_Papa_Jo%C3%A3o_XXIII_ao_povo_brasileiro_%E2%80%93_edited.wav/Mensagem_do_Papa_Jo%C3%A3o_XXIII_ao_povo_brasileiro_%E2%80%93_edited.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/Mensagem_do_Papa_Jo%C3%A3o_XXIII_ao_povo_brasileiro_%E2%80%93_edited.wav/Mensagem_do_Papa_Jo%C3%A3o_XXIII_ao_povo_brasileiro_%E2%80%93_edited.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Mensagem_do_Papa_Jo%C3%A3o_XXIII_ao_povo_brasileiro_%E2%80%93_edited.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Message of Pope John XXIII at the inauguration of <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a> as the new capital of Brazil<br />Recorded 1960</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pope John (disambiguation)">Other popes named John</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pope John XXIII</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Ioannes XXIII</i>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Giovanni XXIII</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[dʒoˈvanni<span class="wrap"> </span>ventitreˈɛːzimo]</a></span>; born <b>Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli</b>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈandʒelo<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒuˈzɛppe<span class="wrap"> </span>roŋˈkalli]</a></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 25 November 1881 – 3 June 1963) was head of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> State from 28 October 1958 until his death in June 1963. </p><p>Roncalli was among 13 children born to Marianna Mazzola and Giovanni Battista Roncalli in a family of <a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">sharecroppers</a> who lived in <a href="/wiki/Sotto_il_Monte_Giovanni_XXIII" title="Sotto il Monte Giovanni XXIII">Sotto il Monte</a>, a village in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Bergamo" title="Province of Bergamo">province of Bergamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was ordained to the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Catholic Church)">priesthood</a> on 10 August 1904 and served in a number of posts, as <a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">nuncio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_France" title="Apostolic Nunciature to France">France</a> and a delegate to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_Turkey" title="Apostolic Nunciature to Turkey">Turkey</a>. In a <a href="/wiki/Papal_consistory" title="Papal consistory">consistory</a> on 12 January 1953 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> made Roncalli a cardinal as the Cardinal-priest of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Prisca" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Prisca">Santa Prisca</a> in addition to naming him as the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Venice" title="Patriarch of Venice">Patriarch of Venice</a>. Roncalli was unexpectedly elected <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> on 28 October 1958 at age 76 after eleven ballots. Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling the historic <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> (1962–1965), the first session opening on 11 October 1962, which is now his <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">feast</a>. </p><p>John XXIII made many passionate speeches during his pontificate. His views on equality were summed up in his statement, "We were all made in God's image, and thus, we are all Godly alike."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made a major impact on the Catholic Church, opening it up to dramatic unexpected changes promulgated at the Second Vatican Council and by his own dealings with other churches and nations. In Italian politics, he prohibited bishops from interfering with local elections, and he helped the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a> party to cooperate with the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a>. In international affairs, his <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></i></span> engaged in dialogue with the communist countries of Eastern Europe. He especially reached out to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox churches</a>. </p><p>His overall goal was to modernize the Church by emphasizing its <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_role" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral role">pastoral role</a>, and its necessary involvement with affairs of state. He dropped the traditional rule of 70 cardinals, increasing the size to 85. He used the opportunity to name the first cardinals from Africa, Japan, and the Philippines. He promoted <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenical</a> movements in cooperation with other Christian faiths. In doctrinal matters, he was a traditionalist, but he ended the practice of automatically formulating social and political policies on the basis of old theological propositions.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He did not live to see the Second Vatican Council to completion. In September 1962, he was diagnosed with stomach cancer and died eight months later on June 3, 1963. His cause for <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a> was opened on 18 November 1965 by his successor, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a>, who declared him a <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>. He was beatified by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> in 2000. On 5 July 2013, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> – bypassing the traditionally required second miracle – declared John XXIII a saint, based on his virtuous, model lifestyle, and because of the good which had come from his opening of the Second Vatican Council. He was canonized alongside Pope John Paul II himself on 27 April 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John XXIII today is affectionately known as "<b>the Good Pope</b>" (Italian: <i lang="it">il papa buono</i>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Pope_John_XXIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Young_Pope_John_XXIII.jpg/220px-Young_Pope_John_XXIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Young_Pope_John_XXIII.jpg/330px-Young_Pope_John_XXIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Young_Pope_John_XXIII.jpg/440px-Young_Pope_John_XXIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>The young Roncalli</figcaption></figure> <p>Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was born on 25 November 1881 in <a href="/wiki/Sotto_il_Monte_Giovanni_XXIII" title="Sotto il Monte Giovanni XXIII">Sotto il Monte</a>, a small country village in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Bergamo" title="Province of Bergamo">Bergamo</a> province of the <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the eldest son of Giovanni Battista Roncalli (1854–1935) and his wife Marianna Giulia Mazzola (1855–1939), and fourth in a family of thirteen. His siblings were:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Maria Caterina (1877–1883)</li> <li>Teresa (1879–1954), who married Michele Ghisleni in 1899</li> <li>Ancilla (1880–1953)</li> <li>Francesco Saverio (1883–1976), who married Maria Carrara in 1907</li> <li>Maria Elisa (1884–1955)</li> <li>Assunta Casilda (1886–1980),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who married Giovanni Battista Marchesi in 1907</li> <li>Domenico Giuseppe (1888–1888)</li> <li>Alfredo (1889–1972)</li> <li>Giovanni Francesco (1891–1956), who married Caterina Formenti in 1919</li> <li>Enrica (1893–1918)</li> <li>Giuseppe Luigi (1894–1981),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who married Ida Biffi in 1922</li> <li>Luigi (1896–1898)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>His family worked as <a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">sharecroppers</a>, as did most of the people of Sotto il Monte – a striking contrast to that of his predecessor, Eugenio Pacelli (<a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>), who came from a family established in senior roles in the Papal administration. Roncalli was nonetheless a descendant of an Italian noble family, albeit from a secondary and impoverished branch;<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "(he) derived from no mean origins but from worthy and respected folk who can be traced right back to the beginning of the fifteenth century". The Roncallis maintained a vineyard and cornfields, and kept cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1889, Roncalli received both his <a href="/wiki/First_Communion" title="First Communion">First Communion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a> at the age of 8.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 March 1896, Luigi Isacchi, the spiritual director of his seminary, enrolled him into the <a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular Franciscan Order</a>. He professed his vows as a member of that order on 23 May 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1904, Roncalli completed his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Canon Law">doctorate in canon law</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordained</a> a <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">priest</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Montesanto_(Rome)" title="Santa Maria in Montesanto (Rome)">Church of Santa Maria in Montesanto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Popolo" title="Piazza del Popolo">Piazza del Popolo</a> in Rome on 10 August. Shortly after that, while still in Rome, Roncalli was taken to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a> to meet <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a>. After this, he would return to his town to celebrate Mass for the Assumption.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Priesthood">Priesthood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Priesthood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1905, <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Radini-Tedeschi" title="Giacomo Radini-Tedeschi">Giacomo Radini-Tedeschi</a>, the new <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Bergamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Bergamo">Bishop of Bergamo</a>, appointed Roncalli as his secretary. Roncalli worked for Radini-Tedeschi until the bishop's death on 22 August 1914, two days after the death of Pius X. Radini-Tedeschi's last words to Roncalli were "Angelo, pray for peace". The death of Radini-Tedeschi had a deep effect on Roncalli.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period Roncalli was also a lecturer in the diocesan <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a>. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Roncalli was drafted into the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Royal Italian Army</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant">sergeant</a>, serving in the medical corps as a stretcher-bearer and as a <a href="/wiki/Military_Chaplain" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Chaplain">chaplain</a>. After being honorably discharged from the army in early 1919, he was named <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_direction" title="Spiritual direction">spiritual director</a> of the seminary.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 May 1921, Roncalli was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Prelate_of_Honour_of_His_Holiness" title="Prelate of Honour of His Holiness">Domestic Prelate of His Holiness</a>, which gave him the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Monsignor" title="Monsignor">Monsignor</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 November, he travelled to Rome where he was scheduled to meet the Pope. After their meeting, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Pope Benedict XV</a> appointed him as the Italian president of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Faith" title="Society for the Propagation of the Faith">Society for the Propagation of the Faith</a>. Roncalli would recall Benedict XV as being the most sympathetic of the popes he had met.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Episcopate">Episcopate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Episcopate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 1925, the Cardinal Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Gasparri" title="Pietro Gasparri">Pietro Gasparri</a> summoned him to the Vatican and informed him of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a>'s decision to appoint him the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_visitor" title="Apostolic visitor">Apostolic Visitor</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (1925–1935). On 3 March, Pius XI also appointed him <a href="/wiki/Titular_archbishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Titular archbishop">titular archbishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rabba" title="Rabba">Areopolis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roncalli was initially reluctant about a mission to Bulgaria, but he soon relented. His nomination as apostolic visitor was made official on 19 March.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roncalli was consecrated a bishop by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Tacci_Porcelli" title="Giovanni Tacci Porcelli">Giovanni Tacci Porcelli</a> in the church of <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Ambrogio_e_Carlo_al_Corso" title="Sant'Ambrogio e Carlo al Corso">San Carlo al Corso</a> in Rome, on 25 March 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 November 1934, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_Turkey" title="Apostolic Nunciature to Turkey">Apostolic Delegate to Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_Greece" title="Apostolic Nunciature to Greece">Greece</a> and titular archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesembria</a>, Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became known in Turkey's predominantly Muslim society as "the <a href="/wiki/Turkophilia" title="Turkophilia">Turcophile</a> Pope".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roncalli took up this post in 1935 and used his office to help the Jewish underground in saving thousands of refugees in Europe, leading some to consider him to be a <a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Gentile</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII_and_Judaism" title="Pope John XXIII and Judaism">Pope John XXIII and Judaism</a>). In October 1935, he led Bulgarian pilgrims to Rome and introduced them to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> on 14 October.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1939, he received news from his sisters that his mother was dying. On 10 February 1939, Pope Pius XI died. Roncalli was unable to see his mother for the end as the death of a pontiff meant that he would have to stay at his post until the election of a new pontiff: she died on 20 February 1939, during the nine days of mourning for the late Pius XI. He was sent a letter by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, and Roncalli later recalled that it was probably the last letter Pacelli sent until his election as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> on 2 March 1939. Roncalli expressed happiness that Pacelli was elected, and, on radio, listened to the <a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">coronation</a> of the new pontiff.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roncalli remained in Bulgaria at the time that World War II commenced, optimistically writing in his journal in April 1939, "I don't believe we will have a war". When the war began, he was in Rome, meeting with Pope Pius XII on 5 September 1939. In 1940, Roncalli was asked by the Vatican to devote more of his time to Greece; therefore, he made several visits in January and May of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He maintained close relations with the Jews and also intervened to convince Bulgaria's King <a href="/wiki/Boris_III_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris III of Bulgaria">Boris III</a> to cancel deportations of Greek Jews during the <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Nazi occupation of Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-xxiiijews_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xxiiijews-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efforts_during_the_Holocaust">Efforts during the Holocaust</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Efforts during the Holocaust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As nuncio, Roncalli made efforts during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> to save refugees, mostly Jewish people, from the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a>. Among his efforts were: </p> <ul><li>Delivery of "immigration certificates" to <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Nunciature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunciature">Nunciature</a> diplomatic courier.<sup id="cite_ref-Raoul_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raoul-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rescue of Jews by means of certificates of "baptism of convenience" sent by Monsignor Roncalli to priests in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Raoul_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raoul-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Children managed to leave <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a> due to his interventions.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jewish refugees whose names were included on a list submitted by Rabbi Markus of Istanbul to Nuncio Roncalli.</li> <li>Jews held at <a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_concentration_camp" title="Jasenovac concentration camp">Jasenovac concentration camp</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Stara_Gradi%C5%A1ka" title="Stara Gradiška">Stara Gradiška</a>, were liberated as a result of his intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bulgarian Jews who left <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, a result of his request to King <a href="/wiki/Boris_III_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris III of Bulgaria">Boris III of Bulgaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romanian</a> Jews from <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> left Romania as a result of his intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-Raoul_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raoul-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Italian Jews helped by the Vatican as a result of his interventions.<sup id="cite_ref-Raoul_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raoul-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Orphaned children of Transnistria on board a refugee ship that weighed anchor from <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a> to Istanbul, and later arriving in Palestine as a result of his interventions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jews held at the <a href="/wiki/Sere%C4%8F_concentration_camp" title="Sereď concentration camp">Sereď concentration camp</a> who were spared from being deported to German death camps as a result of his intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920-1946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1946)">Hungarian</a> Jews who saved themselves through their conversions to Christianity through the baptismal certificates sent by Nuncio Roncalli to the Hungarian Nuncio, Monsignor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angelo_Rota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angelo Rota (page does not exist)">Angelo Rota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Raoul_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raoul-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In 1965, the <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Herald" title="Catholic Herald">Catholic Herald</a></i> newspaper quoted Pope John XXIII as saying: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> We are conscious today that many, many centuries of blindness have cloaked our eyes so that we can no longer see the beauty of Thy chosen people nor recognise in their faces the features of our privileged brethren. We realize that the mark of Cain stands upon our foreheads. Across the centuries our brother Abel has lain in blood which we drew, or shed tears we caused by forgetting Thy love. Forgive us for the curse we falsely attached to their name as Jews. Forgive us for crucifying Thee a second time in their flesh. For we know not what we did.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On 7 September 2000, the <a href="/wiki/International_Raoul_Wallenberg_Foundation" title="International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation">International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation</a> launched the International Campaign for the Acknowledgement of the humanitarian actions undertaken by Vatican Nuncio Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli for people, most of whom were Jewish, persecuted by the Nazi regime. The launching took place at the Permanent Observation Mission of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See_and_the_United_Nations" title="Holy See and the United Nations">Vatican to the United Nations</a>, in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Secretary of State">Vatican State Secretary</a> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Sodano" title="Angelo Sodano">Angelo Sodano</a>. </p><p>The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation has carried out exhaustive historical research related to different events connected with interventions of Nuncio Roncalli in favour of Jewish refugees during the Holocaust. As of September 2000 three reports have been published compiling different studies and materials of historical research about the humanitarian actions carried out by Roncalli when he was nuncio.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation submitted a massive file (the Roncalli Dossier) to <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a>, with a strong petition and recommendation to bestow upon him the title of <a href="/wiki/Righteous_among_the_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Righteous among the Nations">Righteous among the Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_Israel">Relations with Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relations with Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1944, he played an active role in gaining Catholic Church support for the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a>. His support for <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the establishment of Israel was the result of his cultural and religious openness toward other faiths and cultures, and especially concern with the fate of Jews after the war. He was one of the Vatican's most sympathetic diplomats toward Jewish immigration to Palestine, which he saw as a humanitarian issue, and not a matter of biblical theology.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuncio">Nuncio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nuncio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 22 December 1944, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> named him to be the new <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nuncio_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Nuncio to France">Apostolic Nuncio to recently liberated France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this capacity he had to negotiate the retirement of <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Catholic Church)">bishops</a> who had collaborated with the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_France_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of France during World War II">German occupying power</a>. </p><p>Roncalli was chosen among several other candidates, one of whom was Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Fietta" title="Giuseppe Fietta">Giuseppe Fietta</a>. Roncalli met with <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Tardini" title="Domenico Tardini">Domenico Tardini</a> to discuss his new appointment, and their conversation suggested that Tardini did not approve of it. One curial prelate referred to Roncalli as an "old fogey" while speaking with a journalist.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roncalli left Ankara on 27 December 1944 on a series of short-haul flights that took him to several places, such as <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> and Naples. He ventured to Rome on 28 December and met with both Tardini and his friend <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Giovanni Battista Montini</a>. He left for France the next day to commence his newest role.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1948, he went for his yearly retreat to the <a href="/wiki/En-Calcat_Abbey" title="En-Calcat Abbey">En-Calcat Abbey</a> in Southern France.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cardinal">Cardinal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cardinal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Special:EditPage/Pope John XXIII">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/170px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/255px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/340px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a><figcaption>Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> received in 1953</figcaption></figure> <p>Roncalli received a message from Montini on 14 November 1952 asking him if he would want to become the new <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Venice" title="Patriarch of Venice">Patriarch of Venice</a> in light of the nearing death of <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Agostini" title="Carlo Agostini">Carlo Agostini</a>. Furthermore, Montini said to him via letter on 29 November 1952 that Pius XII had decided to raise him to the cardinalate. Roncalli knew that he would be appointed to lead the patriarchy of Venice due to the death of Agostini, who was to have been raised to the rank of cardinal.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paus_Johannes_XXIII,_Bestanddeelnr,_254-7064.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Paus_Johannes_XXIII%2C_Bestanddeelnr%2C_254-7064.jpg/220px-Paus_Johannes_XXIII%2C_Bestanddeelnr%2C_254-7064.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Paus_Johannes_XXIII%2C_Bestanddeelnr%2C_254-7064.jpg/330px-Paus_Johannes_XXIII%2C_Bestanddeelnr%2C_254-7064.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Paus_Johannes_XXIII%2C_Bestanddeelnr%2C_254-7064.jpg/440px-Paus_Johannes_XXIII%2C_Bestanddeelnr%2C_254-7064.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2558" data-file-height="3524" /></a><figcaption>Roncalli as <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Venice" title="Patriarch of Venice">Patriarch of Venice</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 12 January 1953, he was appointed Patriarch of Venice and raised to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">Cardinal-Priest</a> of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Prisca" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Prisca">Santa Prisca</a> by Pope Pius XII. Before departing Paris he invited to dinner the eight men who had served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">prime minister</a> during Roncalli's term as nuncio.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roncalli left France for Venice on 23 February 1953 stopping briefly in Milan and then to Rome. On 15 March 1953, he took possession of his new diocese in Venice. As a sign of his esteem, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Auriol" title="Vincent Auriol">Vincent Auriol</a>, claimed the ancient privilege possessed by French monarchs and bestowed the red <a href="/wiki/Biretta" title="Biretta">biretta</a> on Roncalli at a ceremony in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace" title="Élysée Palace">Élysée Palace</a>. It was around this time that he, with the aid of Monsignor <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Heim" title="Bruno Heim">Bruno Heim</a>, formed his coat of arms with a <a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Saint_Mark" title="Lion of Saint Mark">lion of Saint Mark</a> on a white ground. Auriol also awarded Roncalli three months later with the award of Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>. </p><p>Roncalli decided to live on the second floor of the residence reserved for the patriarch, choosing not to live in the first floor room once resided in by Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, who later became <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a>. On 29 May 1954, the late Pius X was canonized and Roncalli ensured that the late pontiff's patriarchal room was remodelled into a 1903 (the year of the new saint's papal election) look in his honor. With Pius X's few surviving relatives, Roncalli celebrated a Mass in his honor. </p><p>His sister Ancilla would soon be diagnosed with stomach cancer in the early 1950s. Roncalli's last letter to her was dated on 8 November 1953 where he promised to visit her within the next week. He could not keep that promise, as Ancilla died on 11 November 1953 at the time when he was consecrating a new church in Venice. He attended her funeral back in his hometown. In his will around this time, he mentioned that he wished to be buried in the crypt of <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica" title="St Mark's Basilica">St Mark's Basilica</a> in Venice with some of his predecessors rather than with the family in Sotto il Monte. </p><p>In 1958, he held a diocesan synod.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Papacy">Papacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Papacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: gold;"><span style="font-size:80%">Papal styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">Pope John XXIII</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C_o_a_John_XXIII.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/C_o_a_John_XXIII.svg/60px-C_o_a_John_XXIII.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/C_o_a_John_XXIII.svg/90px-C_o_a_John_XXIII.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/C_o_a_John_XXIII.svg/120px-C_o_a_John_XXIII.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="1297" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Holiness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Holiness">His Holiness</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Holiness</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religious style</th><td class="infobox-data">Holy Father</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Posthumous style</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Saint</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-weight:bold; background-color: #FFCF00 ;"> <span style="font-size:100%">Ordination history of</span><br /><span style="font-size:125%;">Pope John XXIII</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; background-color:#eee"><span style="font-size:100%;">History</span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #333; border-top: 3px solid #333">Priestly ordination</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Ordained by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ceppetelli" title="Giuseppe Ceppetelli">Giuseppe Ceppetelli</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">10 August 1904</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Place</th><td class="infobox-data">Santa Maria in Monte Santo in Piazza del Popolo, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #800080; border-top: 3px solid #800080">Episcopal consecration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Principal consecrator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Tacci_Porcelli" title="Giovanni Tacci Porcelli">Giovanni Tacci Card. Porcelli</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Co-consecrators</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Palica" title="Giuseppe Palica">Giuseppe Palica</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Marchetti_Selvaggiani" title="Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani">Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">19 March 1925</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Place</th><td class="infobox-data">San Carlo alla Corso, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #FF2400; border-top: 3px solid #FF2400">Cardinalate</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Elevated by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">12 January 1953</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; background-color:#eee"><span style="font-size:100%;">Episcopal succession</span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #800080; border-top: 3px solid #800080">Bishops consecrated by Pope John XXIII as principal consecrator</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gregorio_Vuccino" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Gregorio Vuccino">Antonio Gregorio Vuccino</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25 July 1937</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Pacini" title="Alfredo Pacini">Alfredo Pacini</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11 June 1946</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Testa" title="Giacomo Testa">Giacomo Testa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26 August 1953</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Oddi" title="Silvio Oddi">Silvio Angelo Pio Oddi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27 September 1953</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Dell%27Acqua" title="Angelo Dell'Acqua">Angelo Dell'Acqua</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27 December 1958</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Albino Luciani</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27 December 1958</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Tardini" title="Domenico Tardini">Domenico Tardini</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27 December 1958</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Msakila" title="Charles Msakila">Charles Msakila</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27 December 1958</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/James_Hagan_(bishop)" title="James Hagan (bishop)">James Hagan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8 May 1960</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pericle_Felici" title="Pericle Felici">Pericle Felici</a></th><td class="infobox-data">28 October 1960</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Ottaviani" title="Alfredo Ottaviani">Alfredo Ottaviani</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19 April 1962</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_di_Jorio" title="Alberto di Jorio">Alberto di Jorio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19 April 1962</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea">Augustin Bea</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19 April 1962</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Dante" title="Enrico Dante">Enrico Dante</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21 September 1962</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Palazzini" title="Pietro Palazzini">Pietro Palazzini</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21 September 1962</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Paul-Pierre_Philippe" title="Paul-Pierre Philippe">Paul-Pierre Philippe</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21 September 1962</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papal_election">Papal election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Papal election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1958_papal_conclave" title="1958 papal conclave">1958 papal conclave</a></div> <p>Following the death of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> on 9 October 1958, Roncalli watched the live funeral on his last full day in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> on 11 October. His journal was specifically concerned with the funeral and the abused state of the late pontiff's corpse. Roncalli left Venice for the conclave in Rome well aware that he was <i><a href="/wiki/Papabile" title="Papabile">papabile</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after eleven ballots, was elected to succeed the late Pius XII, so it came as no surprise to him, though he had arrived at the Vatican with a return train ticket to Venice.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many had considered <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Giovanni Battista Montini</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Milan">Archbishop of Milan</a>, a possible candidate, but, although he was the archbishop of one of the most ancient and prominent <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">sees</a> in Italy, he had not yet been made a cardinal.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though his absence from the 1958 conclave did not make him ineligible – under <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">Canon Law</a> any Catholic male who is capable of receiving priestly ordination and episcopal consecration may be elected – the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> usually chose the new pontiff from among the Cardinals who attend the papal conclave. At the time, as opposed to modern practice, the participating Cardinals did not have to be below age 80 to vote, there were few Eastern-rite Cardinals,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some Cardinals were just priests at the time of their elevation.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roncalli was summoned to the final ballot of the conclave at 4:00 pm. He was elected pope at 4:30 pm with a total of 38 votes. After the long pontificate of Pope Pius XII, the cardinals chose a man who – it was presumed because of his advanced age – would be a short-term or "stop-gap" pope. They wished to choose a candidate who would do little during the new pontificate. Upon his election, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Tisserant" title="Eugène Tisserant">Eugène Tisserant</a> asked him the ritual questions of whether he would accept and if so, what name he would take for himself. Roncalli gave the first of his many surprises when he chose "John" as his <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal name</a>. Roncalli's exact words were "I will be called John". This was the first time in over 500 years that this name had been chosen; previous popes had avoided its use since the time of the <a href="/wiki/Antipope_John_XXIII" title="Antipope John XXIII">Antipope John XXIII</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> several centuries before. </p><p>On the choice of his papal name, Pope John XXIII said to the cardinals: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I will be called John... a name sweet to <a href="/wiki/Royal_we" title="Royal we">us</a> because it is the name of our father, dear to us because it is the name of the humble parish church where we were baptized, the solemn name of numberless cathedrals scattered throughout the world, including our own basilica [St. John Lateran]. <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_(numbering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope John (numbering)">Twenty-two Johns</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">indisputable legitimacy</a> have [been Pope], and almost all had a brief pontificate. We have preferred to hide the smallness of our name behind this magnificent succession of Roman Pontiffs.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Upon his choosing the name, there was some confusion as to whether he would be known as John XXIII or John XXIV; in response, he declared that he was John XXIII, thus affirming the antipapal status of <a href="/wiki/Antipope_John_XXIII" title="Antipope John XXIII">antipope John XXIII</a>. </p><p>Before this antipope, the most recent popes called John were <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">John XXII</a> (1316–1334) and <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXI" title="Pope John XXI">John XXI</a> (1276–1277). No <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XX" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope John XX">Pope John XX</a> existed, owing to confusion caused by medieval historians misreading the <a href="/wiki/Liber_Pontificalis" title="Liber Pontificalis">Liber Pontificalis</a> to refer to another Pope John between <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV" title="Pope John XIV">John XIV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XV" title="Pope John XV">John XV</a>. </p><p>After his election, he confided in Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Feltin" title="Maurice Feltin">Maurice Feltin</a> that he had chosen the name "in memory of France and in the memory of John XXII who continued the history of the papacy in France".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After he answered the two ritual questions, the traditional <a href="/wiki/Habemus_Papam" class="mw-redirect" title="Habemus Papam">Habemus Papam</a> announcement was delivered by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Canali" title="Nicola Canali">Nicola Canali</a> to the people at 6:08 pm, an exact hour after the white smoke appeared. A short while later, he appeared on the balcony and gave his first <a href="/wiki/Urbi_et_Orbi" title="Urbi et Orbi">Urbi et Orbi</a> blessing to the crowds of the faithful below in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Square">Saint Peter's Square</a>. That same night, he appointed <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Tardini" title="Domenico Tardini">Domenico Tardini</a> as his <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a>. Of the three cassocks prepared for whoever the new pope was, even the largest was not enough to fit his obese frame, which had to be let out in certain places and only to be held together with great effort by bobby pins. When he first saw himself in the mirror in his new vestments, he said with an apprising and critical look that "this man will be a disaster on television!", while later saying he felt his first appearance before the globe was as if he were a "newborn babe in swaddling clothes".<sup id="cite_ref-ALL_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALL-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His <a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">coronation</a> took place on 4 November 1958, on the feast of Saint <a href="/wiki/Charles_Borromeo" title="Charles Borromeo">Charles Borromeo</a>, and it occurred on the central loggia of the Vatican. He was crowned with the 1877 <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Tiara" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine Tiara">Palatine Tiara</a>. His coronation ran for the traditional five hours. </p><p>In John XXIII's first <a href="/wiki/Papal_consistory" title="Papal consistory">consistory</a> on 15 December of that same year, Montini was created a cardinal and would become John XXIII's successor in 1963, taking the name of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a>. That consistory was notable for being the first to expand the Sacred College membership beyond the then-traditional 70. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_John_XXIII_blessing_the_Crowd_(1958).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Pope_John_XXIII_blessing_the_Crowd_%281958%29.jpg/220px-Pope_John_XXIII_blessing_the_Crowd_%281958%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Pope_John_XXIII_blessing_the_Crowd_%281958%29.jpg/330px-Pope_John_XXIII_blessing_the_Crowd_%281958%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Pope_John_XXIII_blessing_the_Crowd_%281958%29.jpg/440px-Pope_John_XXIII_blessing_the_Crowd_%281958%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2173" /></a><figcaption>Pope John XXIII's coronation on 4 November 1958. He was crowned wearing the 1877 <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Tiara" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine Tiara">Palatine Tiara</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following his election the new pope told the tale of how in his first weeks he was walking when he heard a woman exclaim in a loud voice: "My God, he's so fat!" The new pope casually remarked: "Madame, the holy conclave isn't exactly a beauty contest!"<sup id="cite_ref-ALL_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALL-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visits_around_Rome">Visits around Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Visits around Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_John_XXIII_-_Porto_Viro_-_Rovigo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Pope_John_XXIII_-_Porto_Viro_-_Rovigo.jpg/220px-Pope_John_XXIII_-_Porto_Viro_-_Rovigo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Pope_John_XXIII_-_Porto_Viro_-_Rovigo.jpg/330px-Pope_John_XXIII_-_Porto_Viro_-_Rovigo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Pope_John_XXIII_-_Porto_Viro_-_Rovigo.jpg/440px-Pope_John_XXIII_-_Porto_Viro_-_Rovigo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Monument to Pope John XXIII in <a href="/wiki/Porto_Viro" title="Porto Viro">Porto Viro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rovigo" title="Rovigo">Rovigo</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_John_XXIII_-_1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pope_John_XXIII_-_1959.jpg/220px-Pope_John_XXIII_-_1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pope_John_XXIII_-_1959.jpg/330px-Pope_John_XXIII_-_1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pope_John_XXIII_-_1959.jpg/440px-Pope_John_XXIII_-_1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption>Pope John XXIII in 1959</figcaption></figure> <p>On 25 December 1958, he became the first pope since 1870 to make pastoral visits in his <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a>, when he visited children infected with <a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">polio</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bambino_Ges%C3%B9_Hospital" title="Bambino Gesù Hospital">Bambino Gesù Hospital</a> and then visited <a href="/wiki/Ospedale_di_Santo_Spirito_in_Sassia" title="Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia">Santo Spirito Hospital</a>. The following day, he visited Rome's <a href="/wiki/Regina_Coeli_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Regina Coeli prison">Regina Coeli prison</a>, where he told the inmates: "You could not come to me, so I came to you." These gestures created a sensation, and he wrote in his diary: "... great astonishment in the Roman, Italian and international press. I was hemmed in on all sides: authorities, photographers, prisoners, warders..."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During these visits, John XXIII put aside the normal papal use of the <a href="/wiki/Majestic_plural" class="mw-redirect" title="Majestic plural">formal "we"</a> when referring to himself, such as when he visited a reformatory school for juvenile delinquents in Rome telling them "I have wanted to come here for some time". The media noticed this and reported that "He talked to the youths in their own language".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Ostpolitik"_and_Eastern_Europe"><span id=".22Ostpolitik.22_and_Eastern_Europe"></span>"Ostpolitik" and Eastern Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: "Ostpolitik" and Eastern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In international affairs, his "Ostpolitik" ["Eastern policy"] engaged in dialogue with the Communist countries of Eastern Europe. He worked to reconcile the Vatican with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> to settle tensions between the local churches. The Second Vatican Council did not condemn Communism and did not even mention it, in what some have called a secret agreement between the Holy See and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i>, John XXIII also sought to prevent nuclear war and tried to improve relations between the Soviet Union and the United States. He began a policy of dialogue with Soviet leaders in order to seek conditions in which Eastern Catholics could find relief from persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_Jews">Relations with Jews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Relations with Jews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII_and_Judaism" title="Pope John XXIII and Judaism">Pope John XXIII and Judaism</a></div> <p>One of the first acts of Pope John XXIII, in 1960, was to eliminate the description of Jews as <i>perfidius</i> (Latin for "perfidious" or "faithless") in the prayer for the <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_the_Jews_(future_event)" title="Conversion of the Jews (future event)">conversion of the Jews</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_prayer_for_the_Jews" title="Good Friday prayer for the Jews">Good Friday liturgy</a>. He interrupted the first Good Friday liturgy in his pontificate to address this issue when he first heard a celebrant refer to the Jews with that word. He also made a confession for the Church for <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> through the centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Vatican II was being held, John XXIII tasked Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea">Augustin Bea</a> with the creation of several important documents that pertained to reconciliation with Jewish people. </p><p>These words and actions endeared him to the Jewish people. The <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Rabbi of Israel">Chief Rabbi of Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Nissim" title="Yitzhak Nissim">Yitzhak Nissim</a>, later mourned his death as "A loss that saddens all those who seek peace and human love".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calling_the_Council">Calling the Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Calling the Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_John_XXIII_and_Sami_as-Solh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pope_John_XXIII_and_Sami_as-Solh.png/220px-Pope_John_XXIII_and_Sami_as-Solh.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pope_John_XXIII_and_Sami_as-Solh.png/330px-Pope_John_XXIII_and_Sami_as-Solh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pope_John_XXIII_and_Sami_as-Solh.png/440px-Pope_John_XXIII_and_Sami_as-Solh.png 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption>John XXIII with Prime Minister of Lebanon <a href="/wiki/Sami_as-Solh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami as-Solh">Sami as-Solh</a> in 1959</figcaption></figure> <p>Far from being a mere "stopgap" pope, to great excitement, John XXIII called for an <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical council</a> fewer than ninety years after the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a> (Vatican I's predecessor, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>, had been held in the 16th century). This decision was announced on 25 January 1959 at the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a>. Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, who later became <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a>, remarked to <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Bevilacqua" title="Giulio Bevilacqua">Giulio Bevilacqua</a> that "this holy old boy doesn't realise what a hornet's nest he's stirring up".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> came changes that reshaped the face of Catholicism: a <a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">comprehensively revised liturgy</a>, a stronger emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenism</a>, and a new approach to the world. </p><p>Prior to the first session of the council, John XXIII visited <a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loreto,_Marche" title="Loreto, Marche">Loreto</a> on 4 October 1962 to pray for the new upcoming council as well as to mark the feast day of Saint <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a>. He was the first pope to travel outside of Rome since <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>. Along the way, there were several halts at <a href="/wiki/Orte" title="Orte">Orte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narni" title="Narni">Narni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terni" title="Terni">Terni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spoleto" title="Spoleto">Spoleto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foligno" title="Foligno">Foligno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabriano" title="Fabriano">Fabriano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iesi">Iesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falconara_Marittima" title="Falconara Marittima">Falconara Marittima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a> where the crowds greeted him.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moral_and_doctrinal_theology">Moral and doctrinal theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Moral and doctrinal theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moral_theology_of_John_XXIII" title="Moral theology of John XXIII">Moral theology of John XXIII</a></div> <p>In matters of <a href="/wiki/Doctrinal_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrinal theology">doctrinal theology</a>, John XXIII has been considered to be a traditionalist. Stravinskas notes his "determination ... to ensure doctrinal fidelity" with past church teaching, while ensuring that there was a contemporary tone in how such teaching was communicated.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contraception">Contraception</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Contraception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympische_Spelen_te_Rome,_Paus_Johannes_XXIII_zegent_de_deelnemers_aan_de_Spele,_Bestanddeelnr_911-5390.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Olympische_Spelen_te_Rome%2C_Paus_Johannes_XXIII_zegent_de_deelnemers_aan_de_Spele%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-5390.jpg/220px-Olympische_Spelen_te_Rome%2C_Paus_Johannes_XXIII_zegent_de_deelnemers_aan_de_Spele%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-5390.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Olympische_Spelen_te_Rome%2C_Paus_Johannes_XXIII_zegent_de_deelnemers_aan_de_Spele%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-5390.jpg/330px-Olympische_Spelen_te_Rome%2C_Paus_Johannes_XXIII_zegent_de_deelnemers_aan_de_Spele%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-5390.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Olympische_Spelen_te_Rome%2C_Paus_Johannes_XXIII_zegent_de_deelnemers_aan_de_Spele%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-5390.jpg/440px-Olympische_Spelen_te_Rome%2C_Paus_Johannes_XXIII_zegent_de_deelnemers_aan_de_Spele%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-5390.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2406" /></a><figcaption>John XXIII greets sportsmen for the <a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics" title="1960 Summer Olympics">1960 Summer Olympics</a> on 28 August 1960.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1963, John XXIII established a <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_on_Birth_Control" title="Pontifical Commission on Birth Control">commission</a> of six non-theologians to investigate questions of <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shannon_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shannon-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcclory_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcclory-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John XXIII was an advocate for human rights which included the unborn and the elderly. He wrote about human rights in his <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i>. He wrote, "Man has the right to live. He has the right to bodily integrity and to the means necessary for the proper development of life, particularly food, clothing, shelter, medical care, rest, and, finally, the necessary social services. In consequence, he has the right to be looked after in the event of ill health; disability stemming from his work; widowhood; old age; enforced unemployment; or whenever through no fault of his own he is deprived of the means of livelihood."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Divorce">Divorce</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Divorce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John XXIII said that human life is transmitted through the family which is founded on the sacrament of marriage and is both one and indissoluble as a union in God, therefore, it is against the teachings of the Church for a married couple to <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mater_et_magistra,_193_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mater_et_magistra,_193-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pope_John_XXIII_and_papal_ceremonial">Pope John XXIII and papal ceremonial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pope John XXIII and papal ceremonial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_of_John_XXIII" title="Ceremonial of John XXIII">Ceremonial of John XXIII</a></div> <p>Pope John XXIII was the last pope to use <a href="/wiki/Papal_inauguration" title="Papal inauguration">full papal ceremony</a>, some of which was abolished after <a href="/wiki/Vatican_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican II">Vatican II</a>, while the rest fell into disuse. His <a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">papal coronation</a> ran for the traditional five hours (Pope Paul VI, by contrast, opted for a shorter ceremony, while later popes declined to be crowned). Pope John XXIII, like his predecessor Pius XII, chose to have the coronation itself take place on the balcony of <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, in view of the crowds assembled in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Square">Saint Peter's Square</a> below. </p><p>He wore a number of papal tiaras during his papacy. On the most formal of occasions would he don the 1877 Palatine <a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">tiara</a> he received at his coronation, but on other occasions, he used the 1922 tiara of Pope Pius XI, which was used so often that it was associated with him quite strongly. The people of Bergamo gave him an expensive silver <a href="/wiki/Tiara_of_Pope_John_XXIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiara of Pope John XXIII">tiara</a>, but he requested that the number of jewels used be halved and that the money be given to the poor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liturgical_reform">Liturgical reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Liturgical reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maintaining continuity with his predecessors, John XXIII continued the gradual reform of the Roman liturgy, and published changes that resulted in the <a href="/wiki/1962_Roman_Missal" class="mw-redirect" title="1962 Roman Missal">1962 Roman Missal</a>, the last typical edition containing the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> codified in 1570 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>. It inserted into the <a href="/wiki/Canon_of_the_Mass" title="Canon of the Mass">canon of the Mass</a> the name of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Saint Joseph</a>, the first change for centuries in the canon of the Mass.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Catholicism">traditionalist Catholics</a>, today, continue to use the 1962 Roman Missal, to celebrate Mass. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beatifications_and_canonization_ceremonies">Beatifications and canonization ceremonies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Beatifications and canonization ceremonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_canonized_by_Pope_John_XXIII" title="List of saints canonized by Pope John XXIII">List of saints canonized by Pope John XXIII</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_John_XXIII_-_Time_Magazine_Cover_-_January_4,_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pope_John_XXIII_-_Time_Magazine_Cover_-_January_4%2C_1963.jpg/220px-Pope_John_XXIII_-_Time_Magazine_Cover_-_January_4%2C_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pope_John_XXIII_-_Time_Magazine_Cover_-_January_4%2C_1963.jpg/330px-Pope_John_XXIII_-_Time_Magazine_Cover_-_January_4%2C_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Pope_John_XXIII_-_Time_Magazine_Cover_-_January_4%2C_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Pope John XXIII on <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine cover of 4 January 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>John XXIII <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">beatified</a> four individuals in his reign: <a href="/wiki/Elena_Guerra" title="Elena Guerra">Elena Guerra</a> (26 April 1959), <a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_da_Berzo" title="Innocenzo da Berzo">Innocenzo da Berzo</a> (12 November 1961), <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Seton" title="Elizabeth Ann Seton">Elizabeth Ann Seton</a> (17 March 1963) and <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Maria_Palazzolo" title="Luigi Maria Palazzolo">Luigi Maria Palazzolo</a> (19 March 1963). </p><p>He also <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonized</a> a small number of individuals: he canonized <a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Sezze" title="Charles of Sezze">Charles of Sezze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joaquina_Vedruna_de_Mas" title="Joaquina Vedruna de Mas">Joaquina Vedruna de Mas</a> on 12 April 1959, <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Barbarigo" title="Gregorio Barbarigo">Gregorio Barbarigo</a> on 26 May 1960, <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ribera" title="Juan de Ribera">Juan de Ribera</a> on 12 June 1960, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Bertilla_Boscardin" title="Maria Bertilla Boscardin">Maria Bertilla Boscardin</a> on 11 May 1961, <a href="/wiki/Martin_de_Porres" title="Martin de Porres">Martin de Porres</a> on 6 May 1962, and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maria_Pucci" title="Antonio Maria Pucci">Antonio Maria Pucci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Mary_of_Camporosso" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Mary of Camporosso">Francis Mary of Camporosso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Julian_Eymard" title="Peter Julian Eymard">Peter Julian Eymard</a> on 9 December 1962. His final canonization was that of <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Pallotti" title="Vincent Pallotti">Vincent Pallotti</a> on 20 January 1963. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Doctor_of_the_Church">Doctor of the Church</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Doctor of the Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John XXIII proclaimed Saint <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a> on 19 March 1959 and conferred upon him the title "<i>Doctor apostolicus</i>" ("Apostolic Doctor"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consistories">Consistories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Consistories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_John_XXIII" title="Cardinals created by John XXIII">Cardinals created by John XXIII</a></div> <p>The pope created 52 cardinals in five consistories, including his successor who would become Pope Paul VI. John XXIII decided to expand the size of the College of Cardinals beyond its limit of seventy that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Pope Sixtus V</a> established in 1586.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pope also reserved three additional cardinals "<i><a href="/wiki/In_pectore" title="In pectore">in pectore</a></i>" in 1960 which meant he secretly named cardinals without revealing their identities. The pope died before he could reveal these names, therefore meaning that these appointments were never legitimized. John XXIII also sought to further internationalize the College of Cardinals like Pius XII attempted, while also naming the first ever cardinals from countries such as <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peter_Doi" title="Peter Doi">Peter Doi</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Laurean_Rugambwa" title="Laurean Rugambwa">Laurean Rugambwa</a>). Unlike his predecessor, John XXIII held frequent consistories in a marked departure from Pius XII, returning to the frequency seen in the earlier 20th century. </p><p>John XXIII also issued a rule in 1962 mandating that all cardinals should be bishops; he himself ordained as bishops the twelve non-bishop cardinals in April 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a June 2007 interview, <a href="/wiki/Loris_Francesco_Capovilla" title="Loris Francesco Capovilla">Loris Francesco Capovilla</a> revealed that <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Lardone" title="Francesco Lardone">Francesco Lardone</a> was one of the cardinals that John XXIII had reserved <i>in pectore</i> in 1960. According to Capovilla, Lardone's precarious position in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> meant that he would have to abandon his position if he were named to the cardinalate. Lardone was of the opinion that he could assist bishops in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a> from his posting which he would be unable to do if he was relocated to accept a position in Rome. In November 1960, in preparation for the next consistory, John XXIII offered the cardinalate to Diego Venini who declined the offer.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vatican_II:_The_first_session">Vatican II: The first session</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Vatican II: The first session"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_XXIII_durante_il_Concilio_Vaticano_II_(Lothar_Wolleh).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Giovanni_XXIII_durante_il_Concilio_Vaticano_II_%28Lothar_Wolleh%29.jpg/220px-Giovanni_XXIII_durante_il_Concilio_Vaticano_II_%28Lothar_Wolleh%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Giovanni_XXIII_durante_il_Concilio_Vaticano_II_%28Lothar_Wolleh%29.jpg/330px-Giovanni_XXIII_durante_il_Concilio_Vaticano_II_%28Lothar_Wolleh%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Giovanni_XXIII_durante_il_Concilio_Vaticano_II_%28Lothar_Wolleh%29.jpg/440px-Giovanni_XXIII_durante_il_Concilio_Vaticano_II_%28Lothar_Wolleh%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2631" data-file-height="1470" /></a><figcaption>John XXIII presiding the opening Mass of the Second Vatican Council</figcaption></figure> <p>On 11 October 1962, the first session of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> was held in the Vatican. He gave the <a href="/wiki/Gaudet_Mater_Ecclesia" title="Gaudet Mater Ecclesia">Gaudet Mater Ecclesia</a> speech, which served as the opening address for the council. The day consisted of electing members for several council commissions that would work on the issues presented in the council.<sup id="cite_ref-S1-1_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S1-1-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the night following the conclusion of the first session, the people in Saint Peter's Square chanted and yelled with the objective of having John XXIII appear at the window to address them. </p><p>Pope John XXIII appeared at the window and delivered a speech to the people below, and told them to return home and hug their children, telling them that the hug came from the pope. This speech would later become known as the so-called 'Speech of the Moon'.<sup id="cite_ref-Speech2012_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speech2012-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first session ended in a solemn ceremony on 8 December 1962 with the next session scheduled to occur in 1963 from 12 May to 29 June – this was announced on 12 November 1962. John XXIII's closing speech made subtle references to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>, and he had expressed the desire to see Pius IX beatified and eventually canonized. In his journal in 1959 during a spiritual retreat, John XXIII made this remark: "I always think of Pius IX of holy and glorious memory, and by imitating him in his sacrifices, I would like to be worthy to celebrate his canonization". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_months_and_death">Final months and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Final months and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Peter%27s_Basilica_-_Tomb_of_Pope_John_XXIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St._Peter%27s_Basilica_-_Tomb_of_Pope_John_XXIII.jpg/220px-St._Peter%27s_Basilica_-_Tomb_of_Pope_John_XXIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St._Peter%27s_Basilica_-_Tomb_of_Pope_John_XXIII.jpg/330px-St._Peter%27s_Basilica_-_Tomb_of_Pope_John_XXIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St._Peter%27s_Basilica_-_Tomb_of_Pope_John_XXIII.jpg/440px-St._Peter%27s_Basilica_-_Tomb_of_Pope_John_XXIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="1163" /></a><figcaption>The original tomb of John XXIII (until 2000) in the Vatican necropolis.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 23 September 1962, Pope John XXIII was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Stomach_cancer" title="Stomach cancer">stomach cancer</a>. The diagnosis, which was kept from the public, followed nearly eight months of occasional stomach hemorrhages, and reduced the pontiff's appearances. Looking pale and drawn during these events, he gave a hint to his ultimate fate in April 1963, when he said to visitors, "That which happens to all men perhaps will happen soon to the Pope who speaks to you today." </p><p>Pope John XXIII offered to mediate between US President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> in October 1962. Both men applauded the pope for his deep commitment to peace. Khrushchev would later send a message via <a href="/wiki/Norman_Cousins" title="Norman Cousins">Norman Cousins</a> and the letter expressed his best wishes for the pontiff's ailing health. John XXIII personally typed and sent a message back to him, thanking him for his letter. Cousins, meanwhile, travelled to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and ensured that John would become <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)"><i>Time</i> magazine's</a> '<a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Man of the Year</a>'. John XXIII became the first Pope to receive the title, followed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a> in 1994 and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a> in 2013. </p><p>On 10 February 1963, John XXIII officially opened the process of beatification for the late Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Carlo_Ferrari" title="Andrea Carlo Ferrari">Andrea Carlo Ferrari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Milan">Archbishop of Milan</a> from 1894 to 1921. This conferred upon him the title of <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>. </p><p>On 7 March 1963, the feast of the university's patron Saint <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, Pope John XXIII visited the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas">Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas</a> <i>Angelicum</i> and with the <i><a href="/wiki/Motu_proprio" title="Motu proprio">motu proprio</a></i> <i>Dominicanus Ordo</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> raised the <i>Angelicum</i> to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical University">Pontifical University</a>. Thereafter it would be known as the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 May 1963, John XXIII received the <a href="/wiki/Balzan_Prize" title="Balzan Prize">Balzan Prize</a> in private at the Vatican but deflected achievements of himself to the five popes of his lifetime, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> to Pius XII. On 11 May, the Italian President <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Segni" title="Antonio Segni">Antonio Segni</a> officially awarded Pope John XXIII with the Balzan Prize for his engagement for peace. While in the car en route to the official ceremony, he suffered great stomach pains but insisted on meeting with Segni to receive the award in the <a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Palace" title="Quirinal Palace">Quirinal Palace</a>, refusing to do so within the Vatican. He stated that it would have been an insult to honour a pontiff on the remains of the crucified <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hebblethwaite_1994_502_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebblethwaite_1994_502-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the pope's last public appearance. </p><p>On 25 May 1963, the pope suffered another haemorrhage and required several blood transfusions, but the cancer had perforated the stomach wall and <a href="/wiki/Peritonitis" title="Peritonitis">peritonitis</a> soon set in. The doctors conferred in a decision regarding this matter and John XXIII's aide <a href="/wiki/Loris_F._Capovilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Loris F. Capovilla">Loris F. Capovilla</a> broke the news to him saying that the cancer had done its work and nothing could be done for him. Around this time, his remaining siblings arrived to be with him. By 31 May, it had become clear that the cancer had overcome the resistance of John XXIII – it had left him confined to his bed. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At 11 am <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Canisius_van_Lierde" title="Petrus Canisius van Lierde">Petrus Canisius van Lierde</a> as Papal Sacristan was at the bedside of the dying pope, ready to <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)">anoint</a> him. The pope began to speak for the last time: "I had the great grace to be born into a Christian family, modest and poor, but with the fear of the Lord. My time on Earth is drawing to a close. But Christ lives on and continues his work in the Church. Souls, souls, <i><a href="/wiki/That_they_all_may_be_one" title="That they all may be one">ut omnes unum sint</a></i>."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Lierde then anointed his eyes, ears, mouth, hands and feet. Overcome by emotion, van Lierde forgot the right order of anointing. John XXIII gently helped him before bidding those present a last farewell.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Peter Hebblethwaite, <i>John XXIII, Pope of the Council</i> (1994), page 502<sup id="cite_ref-Hebblethwaite_1994_502_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebblethwaite_1994_502-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>John XXIII died of peritonitis caused by a perforated stomach at 19:49 local time on 3 June 1963 at the age of 81, ending a historic pontificate of four years and seven months. He died just as a Mass for him finished in Saint Peter's Square below, celebrated by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Traglia" title="Luigi Traglia">Luigi Traglia</a>. After he died, his brow was ritually tapped to see if he was dead, and those with him in the room said prayers. Then the room was illuminated, thus informing the people of what had happened. The Italian government announced three days of mourning with flags half-masted and the closure of offices and schools.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain</a> announced ten days of mourning with flags half-masted;<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> announced nine days of mourning with flags half-masted;<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> announced three days of mourning;<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a> declared one day of mourning.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried on 6 June in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Grottoes" title="Vatican Grottoes">Vatican Grottoes</a>. Two <a href="/wiki/Wreath" title="Wreath">wreaths</a>, placed on the two sides of his tomb, were donated by the prisoners of the Regina Coeli prison and the Mantova jail in Verona. On 22 June 1963, one day after his friend and successor <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> was elected, the latter prayed at his tomb. John XXIII's tomb is located near the tombs of both <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beatification_and_canonization">Beatification and canonization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Beatification and canonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">John XXIII</div><br /><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_John_XXIII,_1958%E2%80%931963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pope_John_XXIII%2C_1958%E2%80%931963.jpg/220px-Pope_John_XXIII%2C_1958%E2%80%931963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pope_John_XXIII%2C_1958%E2%80%931963.jpg/330px-Pope_John_XXIII%2C_1958%E2%80%931963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pope_John_XXIII%2C_1958%E2%80%931963.jpg/440px-Pope_John_XXIII%2C_1958%E2%80%931963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1370" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confessor" title="Confessor">Confessor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">25 November 1881<br />Sotto il Monte, Bergamo, Kingdom of Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">3 June 1963 (aged 81)<br />Apostolic Palace, Vatican City</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Beatified</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3 September 2000, <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonized</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27 April 2014, St. Peter's Square, Vatican City by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11 October</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Attributes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Papal Vestments, Papal Tiara, Camauro</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Patriarchy of Venice, Papal Delegates, Second Vatican Council, Christian Unity, Diocese of Bergamo, Sotto il Monte, Valsamoggia, Italian Army</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canonization_of_Pope_John_XXIII_and_Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Canonization of Pope John XXIII and Pope John Paul II">Canonization of Pope John XXIII and Pope John Paul II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reliquienschrein_Papst_Johannes_XXIII._-_Petersdom_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Reliquienschrein_Papst_Johannes_XXIII._-_Petersdom_1.JPG/220px-Reliquienschrein_Papst_Johannes_XXIII._-_Petersdom_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Reliquienschrein_Papst_Johannes_XXIII._-_Petersdom_1.JPG/330px-Reliquienschrein_Papst_Johannes_XXIII._-_Petersdom_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Reliquienschrein_Papst_Johannes_XXIII._-_Petersdom_1.JPG/440px-Reliquienschrein_Papst_Johannes_XXIII._-_Petersdom_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The body of John XXIII in the altar of Saint Jerome</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canonization_2014-_The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_(14036819834).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Canonization_2014-_The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036819834%29.jpg/220px-Canonization_2014-_The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036819834%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Canonization_2014-_The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036819834%29.jpg/330px-Canonization_2014-_The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036819834%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Canonization_2014-_The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036819834%29.jpg/440px-Canonization_2014-_The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036819834%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>The canonization ceremony of John XXIII and John Paul II</figcaption></figure> <p>He was known affectionately as the "Good Pope".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His cause for canonization was opened under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> during the final session of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> on 18 November 1965,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the cause of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>. On 3 September 2000, John XXIII was declared "Blessed" alongside <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, the penultimate step on the road to <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">sainthood</a>, after a miracle of curing an ill woman was discovered. He was the first pope since <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> to receive this honour. Following his beatification, his body was moved from its original burial place in the grottoes below the <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's Basilica">Vatican</a> to the altar of <a href="/wiki/St._Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Jerome">St. Jerome</a> and displayed for the <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">veneration</a> of the faithful.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time, the body was observed to be extremely well preserved – a condition which the Church ascribes to embalming<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the lack of air flow in his sealed triple coffin rather than a <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracle</a>. When John XXIII's body was moved in 2001, it was once again treated to prevent deterioration.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original vault above the floor was removed and a new one built beneath the ground; it was here that the body of Pope John Paul II was entombed from 9 April 2005 to April 2011, before being moved for his beatification on 1 May 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 50th anniversary of his death was celebrated on 3 June 2013 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, who visited his tomb and prayed there, then addressing the gathered crowd and spoke about the late pope. The people that gathered there at the tomb were from Bergamo, the province where the late pope came from. A month later, on 5 July 2013, Francis approved Pope John XXIII for canonization, along with Pope John Paul II without the traditional second miracle required. Instead, Francis based this decision on John XXIII's merits for the Second Vatican Council.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Sunday, 27 April 2014, John XXIII and Pope John Paul II were declared saints on <a href="/wiki/Divine_Mercy_Sunday" title="Divine Mercy Sunday">Divine Mercy Sunday</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The date assigned for the liturgical celebration of John XXIII is not 3 June, the anniversary of his death, as would be usual (due to the obligatory memorial of saints <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lwanga" title="Charles Lwanga">Charles Lwanga</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">companion martyrs</a>), but 11 October, the anniversary of his opening of the Second Vatican Council.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also commemorated in the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican Church of Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a>, and some other organizations with a feast day of 3 June or 4 June.<sup id="cite_ref-justus.anglican.org_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-justus.anglican.org-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lutheran_Book_of_Worship_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lutheran_Book_of_Worship-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tributes">Tributes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Tributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> On 3 December 1963, US President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> posthumously awarded him the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>, the United States' highest civilian award, in recognition of the good relationship between Pope John XXIII and the United States of America. The citation for the medal reads:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"His Holiness Pope John XXIII, dedicated servant of God. He brought to all citizens of the planet a heightened sense of the dignity of the individual, of the brotherhood of man, and of the common duty to build an environment of peace for all human kind."</p></blockquote> <p>Paul VI wrote in his first encyclical letter, <i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiam_Suam" title="Ecclesiam Suam">Ecclesiam Suam</a></i>, that John had "labored with masterly assurance to bring divine truths as far as may be within the reach of the experience and understanding of modern man".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Est%C3%A1tua_do_Papa_Jo%C3%A3o_XXIII_na_Lourinh%C3%A3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Est%C3%A1tua_do_Papa_Jo%C3%A3o_XXIII_na_Lourinh%C3%A3.jpg/170px-Est%C3%A1tua_do_Papa_Jo%C3%A3o_XXIII_na_Lourinh%C3%A3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Est%C3%A1tua_do_Papa_Jo%C3%A3o_XXIII_na_Lourinh%C3%A3.jpg/255px-Est%C3%A1tua_do_Papa_Jo%C3%A3o_XXIII_na_Lourinh%C3%A3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Est%C3%A1tua_do_Papa_Jo%C3%A3o_XXIII_na_Lourinh%C3%A3.jpg/340px-Est%C3%A1tua_do_Papa_Jo%C3%A3o_XXIII_na_Lourinh%C3%A3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Statue of John XXIII in Portugal</figcaption></figure> <p>From his teens when he entered the seminary, he maintained a diary of spiritual reflections that was subsequently published as the <i>Journal of a Soul</i>. The collection of writings charts Roncalli's goals and his efforts as a young man to "grow in holiness" and continues after his election to the papacy; it remains widely read.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The opening titles of <a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pier Paolo Pasolini</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_According_to_St._Matthew_(film)" title="The Gospel According to St. Matthew (film)">The Gospel According to St. Matthew</a></i> (1964) dedicate the film to the memory of John XXIII.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Institutions named after John XXIII include: <a href="/wiki/John_XXIII_College_(Perth)" class="mw-redirect" title="John XXIII College (Perth)">John XXIII College (Perth)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>; Pope John Senior High School and Junior Seminary in Koforidua, Ghana; the Catholic Learning Community of John XXIII, a primary school in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roncalli_College" title="Roncalli College">Roncalli College</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Timaru" title="Timaru">Timaru</a>, New Zealand; Roncalli High Schools in <a href="/wiki/Roncalli_High_School_(Indiana)" title="Roncalli High School (Indiana)">Indianapolis, Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roncalli_High_School_(Aberdeen,_South_Dakota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roncalli High School (Aberdeen, South Dakota)">Aberdeen, South Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitowoc,_Wisconsin" title="Manitowoc, Wisconsin">Manitowoc, Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sparta,_New_Jersey" title="Sparta, New Jersey">Sparta, New Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>; <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_XXIII_College_Preparatory" title="Saint John XXIII College Preparatory">Saint John XXIII College Preparatory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Katy,_Texas" title="Katy, Texas">Katy, Texas</a>, John XXIII School in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jean-XXIII High School in <a href="/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al,_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Montréal, Québec">Montréal, Québec</a>; St. John XXIII Catholic School in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a>, St. John XXIII College Seminary in Pal-ing, <a href="/wiki/Malaybalay" title="Malaybalay">Malaybalay</a> City, Bukidnon in the Philippines, and The Diocese of St John XXIII - Reformed Catholic Church. </p><p>Parishes named after John XXIII are located in <a href="/wiki/Evanston,_IL" class="mw-redirect" title="Evanston, IL">Evanston, IL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Collins,_CO" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Collins, CO">Fort Collins, CO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Myers,_FL" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Myers, FL">Fort Myers, FL</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Winchester,_OH" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester, OH">Winchester, OH</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Pope_John_XXIII" title="Statue of Pope John XXIII">statue of Pope John XXIII</a> in Istanbul, Turkey. </p><p>During an event held on 6 May 2019 in Bulgaria, Pope Francis invoked John XXIII's encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i> as a "code of conduct" for peace between Catholics and other religions.<sup id="cite_ref-bulgariaprotect_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bulgariaprotect-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aggiornamento" title="Aggiornamento">Aggiornamento</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_John_XXIII" title="Cardinals created by John XXIII">Cardinals created by John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Preparatory_Commission" title="Central Preparatory Commission">Central Preparatory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">List of Catholic saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_encyclicals_of_Pope_John_XXIII" title="List of encyclicals of Pope John XXIII">List of encyclicals of Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meetings_between_the_pope_and_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of meetings between the pope and the president of the United States">List of meetings between the pope and the president of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Righteous_Among_the_Nations_by_country" title="List of Righteous Among the Nations by country">List of Righteous Among the Nations by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In his native <a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque dialect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard language</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">papal name</a> is rendered <span title="Lombard-language text"><i lang="lmo">Gioàn XXIII</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="lmo-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lombard" title="Help:IPA/Lombard">[dʒoˈaɱ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˌʋintɛˈtri,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span class="wrap"> </span>ˌʋen-]</a></span>); his birth name as <span title="Lombard-language text"><i lang="lmo">Àngel Giózep Roncàli</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="lmo-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lombard" title="Help:IPA/Lombard">[ˈandʒɛl<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈdʒozɛp<span class="wrap"> </span>roŋˈkali]</a></span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Doino is one of the commentators who claim that Roncalli was <i>papabile</i> and argue that "[b]y the time of Pius XII’s death, in 1958, Cardinal Roncalli 'contrary to the idea he came out of nowhere to become pope' was actually one of those favored to be elected. He was well known, well liked and trusted."<sup id="cite_ref-FirstThings_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FirstThings-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At the 1958 conclave, the two Eastern Catholic cardinal-electors were <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Pietro_Agagianian" title="Gregorio Pietro Agagianian">Gregorio Pietro Agagianian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Cilicia" title="Patriarchate of Cilicia">Patriarch of Cilicia</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Gabriel_I_Tappouni" title="Ignatius Gabriel I Tappouni">Ignatius Gabriel I Tappouni</a>, Patriarch of Antioch of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At the 1958 conclave, <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Canali" title="Nicola Canali">Nicola Canali</a> the Cardinal protodeacon was only an ordained priest and <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Ottaviani" title="Alfredo Ottaviani">Alfredo Ottaviani</a>, the Cardinal-Deacon of <i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Domnica" title="Santa Maria in Domnica">Santa Maria in Domnica</a></i> had not yet been consecrated as a bishop.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'...that all may be one.'</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bEq7DwAAQBAJ"><i>Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018</i></a>. Church Publishing, Inc. 17 December 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-235-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-235-4"><bdi>978-1-64065-235-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lesser+Feasts+and+Fasts+2018&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2019-12-17&rft.isbn=978-1-64065-235-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbEq7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f66TtwEACAAJ"><i>Lutheran Book of Worship</i></a>. Augsburg Fortress, Publishers. 26 March 1978. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3360-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3360-8"><bdi>978-0-8006-3360-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lutheran+Book+of+Worship&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Augsburg+Fortress%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1978-03-26&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-3360-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df66TtwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saints.sqpn.com/patrons-of-papal-delegates/">"Patrons of Papal Delegates"</a>, <i>Saints</i>, SQPN</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patrons+of+Papal+Delegates&rft.btitle=Saints&rft.pub=SQPN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaints.sqpn.com%2Fpatrons-of-papal-delegates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/reviews/detail/articolo/giovanni-xxiii-juan-xxiii-john-xxiii-falasca-32938/">"St. John XXIII, patron saint of Christian unity?"</a>. <i>Vatican Insider</i>. 24 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican+Insider&rft.atitle=St.+John+XXIII%2C+patron+saint+of+Christian+unity%3F&rft.date=2014-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaticaninsider.lastampa.it%2Fen%2Freviews%2Fdetail%2Farticolo%2Fgiovanni-xxiii-juan-xxiii-john-xxiii-falasca-32938%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082837/http://www.diocesibg.it/home_page/notizie/00002649_Il_12_ottobre_nella_memoria_di_S._Giovanni_XXIII_dedicazione_della_chiesa_all_ospedale..html">"On October 12, in memory of St. John XXIII dedication of the church hospital"</a>. Diocese of Bergamo. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diocesibg.it/home_page/notizie/00002649_Il_12_ottobre_nella_memoria_di_S._Giovanni_XXIII_dedicazione_della_chiesa_all_ospedale..html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+October+12%2C+in+memory+of+St.+John+XXIII+dedication+of+the+church+hospital&rft.pub=Diocese+of+Bergamo&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diocesibg.it%2Fhome_page%2Fnotizie%2F00002649_Il_12_ottobre_nella_memoria_di_S._Giovanni_XXIII_dedicazione_della_chiesa_all_ospedale..html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famigliacristiana.it/articolo/papa-buono.aspx">"Saint John XXIII for the first time becomes the patron"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+John+XXIII+for+the+first+time+becomes+the+patron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.famigliacristiana.it%2Farticolo%2Fpapa-buono.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarco_Roncalli2017" class="citation news cs1">Marco Roncalli (6 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lastampa.it/2017/09/06/vaticaninsider/ita/news/san-giovanni-xxiii-sar-patrono-dellesercito-LCfCqLz5bD5RtxZiJXEDvL/pagina.html">"San Giovanni XXIII sarà patrono dell'Esercito"</a>. <i>La Stampa</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Stampa&rft.atitle=San+Giovanni+XXIII+sar%C3%A0+patrono+dell%27Esercito&rft.date=2017-09-06&rft.au=Marco+Roncalli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lastampa.it%2F2017%2F09%2F06%2Fvaticaninsider%2Fita%2Fnews%2Fsan-giovanni-xxiii-sar-patrono-dellesercito-LCfCqLz5bD5RtxZiJXEDvL%2Fpagina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605050817/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20000903_john-xxiii_en.html">"Pope John XXIII"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">IT</a>: Vatican. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20000903_john-xxiii_en.html">the original</a> on 5 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+John+XXIII&rft.place=IT&rft.pub=Vatican&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fnews_services%2Fliturgy%2Fsaints%2Fns_lit_doc_20000903_john-xxiii_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075746/http://nationalcatholic.org.uk/2013/07/05/canonisation-of-blessed-john-paul-ii-and-blessed-john-xxiii/"><i>Canonisation of Blessed John Paul II and Blessed John XXIII</i></a>, The National Catholic Church of the United Kingdom and Ireland, 4 July 2013, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalcatholic.org.uk/2013/07/05/canonisation-of-blessed-john-paul-ii-and-blessed-john-xxiii/">the original</a> on 7 April 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canonisation+of+Blessed+John+Paul+II+and+Blessed+John+XXIII&rft.pub=The+National+Catholic+Church+of+the+United+Kingdom+and+Ireland&rft.date=2013-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalcatholic.org.uk%2F2013%2F07%2F05%2Fcanonisation-of-blessed-john-paul-ii-and-blessed-john-xxiii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGormley2017" class="citation book cs1">Gormley, Beatrice (2017). <i>Pope Francis : the people's pope</i>. 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Session Suspended Spain Displays Black Portuguese Flags at Half-Staff Prayers Offered in Britain Macapagal Declares Mourning 3 Days of Mourning in Cuba Bells to Toll in Mexico Episcopal Bishop in Tribute"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 5 June 1963.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=WORLD+MOURNING+DEATH+OF+PONTIFF%3B+Periods+of+Grief+Declared--+Italy+Closes+Schools+Newspaper+Reports+Home+Town+Draped+in+Black+French+of+All+Faiths+Grieve+W.E.U.+Session+Suspended+Spain+Displays+Black+Portuguese+Flags+at+Half-Staff+Prayers+Offered+in+Britain+Macapagal+Declares+Mourning+3+Days+of+Mourning+in+Cuba+Bells+to+Toll+in+Mexico+Episcopal+Bishop+in+Tribute&rft.date=1963-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1963%2F06%2F05%2Farchives%2Fworld-mourning-death-of-pontiff-periods-of-grief-declared-italy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1963/06/04/index.php?s=1">"BOE.es - Sumario del día 04/06/1963"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BOE.es+-+Sumario+del+d%C3%ADa+04%2F06%2F1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fboe%2Fdias%2F1963%2F06%2F04%2Findex.php%3Fs%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831153202/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1963/06/04/proclamation-no-116-s-1963/">"Proclamation No. 116, s. 1963 | GOVPH"</a>. 4 June 1963. 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reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bonnot, Bernard R. <i>Pope John XXIII. An Astute, Pastoral Leader</i> (1980), 316pp.</li> <li>Cahill, Thomas. <i>Pope John XXIII: A Penguin Life</i> (2002), 241pp.</li> <li>Dunn, Dennis J. "The Vatican's Ostpolitik: Past and Present." <i>Journal of International Affairs</i> (1982) 36#2 : 247–255. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24356438">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairweather1963" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/E.R._Fairweather" title="E.R. Fairweather">Fairweather, E.R.</a> (1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/cjt/09-3_147.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"A Man Sent from God"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Theology" title="Canadian Journal of Theology">Canadian Journal of Theology</a></i>, <b>IX</b> (3): 147–148</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Theology&rft.atitle=%22A+Man+Sent+from+God%22&rft.volume=IX&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=147-148&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Fairweather&rft.aufirst=E.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblicalstudies.org.uk%2Fpdf%2Fcjt%2F09-3_147.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hebblethwaite, Peter. <i>Pope John XXIII, Shepherd of the Modern World</i> (1985). 550pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebblethwaiteHebblethwaite2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hebblethwaite" title="Peter Hebblethwaite">Hebblethwaite, Peter</a> & <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hebblethwaite" title="Margaret Hebblethwaite">Hebblethwaite, Margaret</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnxxiiipopeof00hebb"><i>John XXIII: Pope of the Council</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuum International">Continuum International</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4995-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4995-5"><bdi>978-0-8264-4995-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+XXIII%3A+Pope+of+the+Council&rft.pub=Continuum+International&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-4995-5&rft.aulast=Hebblethwaite&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Hebblethwaite%2C+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnxxiiipopeof00hebb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiebs2011" class="citation book cs1">Riebs, Gunnar (2011). <i>John XXIII Simple and Humble A Blessed Man. Privileged testimonies</i>. St Pauls. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5015-077-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5015-077-1"><bdi>978-93-5015-077-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+XXIII+Simple+and+Humble+A+Blessed+Man.+Privileged+testimonies&rft.pub=St+Pauls&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-93-5015-077-1&rft.aulast=Riebs&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wilsford, David. ed., <i>Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: A Biographical Dictionary</i> (Greenwood, 1995) pp 203–207.</li> <li>Zizola, Giancarlo; Barolini, Helen. <i>Utopia of Pope John XXIII</i> (1979), 379pp.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Coppa, Frank J. "The National Edition of the Diaries of Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli/Pope John XXIII: A Bibliographical Essay." <i>The Catholic Historical Review</i> 97#1 (2011), pp. 81–92 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23052742">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoncalli1965" class="citation cs2"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roncalli, Angelo Giuseppe</a> (1965), <i>Giovanni XXIII Il Giornale dell' Anima</i> [<i>Journal of a Soul</i>], White, Dorothy trans, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chapman" title="Geoffrey Chapman">Geoffrey Chapman</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-225-66895-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-225-66895-7"><bdi>978-0-225-66895-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giovanni+XXIII+Il+Giornale+dell%27+Anima&rft.pub=Geoffrey+Chapman&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-225-66895-7&rft.aulast=Roncalli&rft.aufirst=Angelo+Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Journal-Soul-Pope-John-XXIII/dp/0225668955/">excerpt</a>; his spiritual diary.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_XXIII&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Pope John XXIII</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pope_John_XXIII" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Pope John XXIII">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_XXIII" class="extiw" title="c:Ioannes XXIII">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pope_John_XXIII" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Pope John XXIII">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" 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/></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Pope_John_XXIII" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Pope John XXIII">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pope_John_XXIII" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Pope John XXIII">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pope_John_XXIII" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Pope John XXIII">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22XXIII%2C%20Pope%20John%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22XXIII%2C%20Pope%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22XXIII%2C%20P%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Pope%20John%20XXIII%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Pope%20J%2E%20XXIII%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22P%2E%20J%2E%20XXIII%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pope%20John%20XXIII%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pope%20J%2E%20XXIII%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22P%2E%20J%2E%20XXIII%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22P%2E%20John%20XXIII%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22XXIII%2C%20Pope%20John%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22XXIII%2C%20Pope%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22XXIII%2C%20P%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22XXIII%2C%20P%2E%20John%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Pope%20John%20XXIII%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Pope%20J%2E%20XXIII%22%20OR%20title%3A%22P%2E%20J%2E%20XXIII%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pope%20John%20XXIII%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pope%20J%2E%20XXIII%22%20OR%20description%3A%22P%2E%20J%2E%20XXIII%22%20OR%20description%3A%22XXIII%2C%20Pope%20John%22%20OR%20description%3A%22XXIII%2C%20Pope%20J%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221881-1963%22%20AND%20XXIII%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Pope John XXIII</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoncalli" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roncalli, Angelo Giuseppe</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_1958-1963-_Ioannes_XXIII,_Beatus.html"><i>Opera Omnia</i></a> [<i>Complete works</i>] (in Latin), <a href="/wiki/European_union" class="mw-redirect" title="European union">EU</a>: Documenta catholica omnia</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera+Omnia&rft.place=EU&rft.pub=Documenta+catholica+omnia&rft.aulast=Roncalli&rft.aufirst=Angelo+Giuseppe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentacatholicaomnia.eu%2F01_01_1958-1963-_Ioannes_XXIII%2C_Beatus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRockwell" class="citation cs2">Rockwell, Lew, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lewrockwell.com/orig/vennari2.html"><i>John XXIII was embalmed; Vatican denies he is subject of miracle of incorruptibility</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+XXIII+was+embalmed%3B+Vatican+denies+he+is+subject+of+miracle+of+incorruptibility&rft.aulast=Rockwell&rft.aufirst=Lew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.lewrockwell.com%2Forig%2Fvennari2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWojtyła2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Wojtyła, Karol Józef</a> (3 September 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061026235324/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/2000/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20000903_beatification_en.html"><i>Beatification of Pius IX, John XXIII, Tommaso Reggio, William Chaminade and Columba Marmion: Homily of His Holiness John Paul II</i></a> (homily), Rome, IT: Vatican, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/2000/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20000903_beatification_en.html">the original</a> on 26 October 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beatification+of+Pius+IX%2C+John+XXIII%2C+Tommaso+Reggio%2C+William+Chaminade+and+Columba+Marmion%3A+Homily+of+His+Holiness+John+Paul+II&rft.place=Rome%2C+IT&rft.pub=Vatican&rft.date=2000-09-03&rft.aulast=Wojty%C5%82a&rft.aufirst=Karol+J%C3%B3zef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fhomilies%2F2000%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_hom_20000903_beatification_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20000903_john-xxiii_en.html">"John XXIII"</a>, <i>Pope John XXIII</i> (biography), <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">IT</a>: Vatican</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+XXIII&rft.btitle=Pope+John+XXIII&rft.place=Rome%2C+IT&rft.pub=Vatican&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fnews_services%2Fliturgy%2Fsaints%2Fns_lit_doc_20000903_john-xxiii_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://everything2.com/title/John+XXIII">"John XXIII"</a>, <i>Everything2</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+XXIII&rft.btitle=Everything2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feverything2.com%2Ftitle%2FJohn%2BXXIII&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414064700/http://atheism.about.com/library/glossary/western/bldef_johnxxiii.htm">"Pope John XXIII"</a>, <i>Atheism</i> (biography), About, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atheism.about.com/library/glossary/western/bldef_johnxxiii.htm">the original</a> on 14 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+John+XXIII&rft.btitle=Atheism&rft.pub=About&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatheism.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fglossary%2Fwestern%2Fbldef_johnxxiii.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/304923/John-XXIII">"John XXIII (pope)"</a>, <i>Britannica</i> (encyclopedia) (online ed.)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+XXIII+%28pope%29&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft.edition=online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F304923%2FJohn-XXIII&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/?en/news/760.htm"><i>Advocating John XXIII as Righteous Among the Nations</i></a>, Raoul Wallenberg</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advocating+John+XXIII+as+Righteous+Among+the+Nations&rft.pub=Raoul+Wallenberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raoulwallenberg.net%2F%3Fen%2Fnews%2F760.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stpetersbasilica.org/Monuments/JohnXXIII/JohnXXIII.htm">"John XXIII"</a>, <i>Monuments</i>, St Peter’s basilica</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+XXIII&rft.btitle=Monuments&rft.pub=St+Peter%E2%80%99s+basilica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stpetersbasilica.org%2FMonuments%2FJohnXXIII%2FJohnXXIII.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT198.HTM"><i>Pope John XXIII</i></a>, Intra text</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pope+John+XXIII&rft.pub=Intra+text&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FCatalogo%2FAutori%2FAUT198.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span>: text with concordances and frequency list.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/Saint.aspx?id=1165">"Saint of the Day"</a>, <i>American Catholic</i>, 11 October 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Catholic&rft.atitle=Saint+of+the+Day&rft.date=2016-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americancatholic.org%2FFeatures%2FSaints%2FSaint.aspx%3Fid%3D1165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/BritishPathe/YWirLPR5"><i>Pope John XXIII</i></a> (news archive), UK: Pathé</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pope+John+XXIII&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Path%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishpathe.com%2Fworkspaces%2FBritishPathe%2FYWirLPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060821235039/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19630104,00.html">"Pope John XXIII"</a>, <i>Time</i>, 4 January 1963, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19630104,00.html">the original</a> on 21 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Pope+John+XXIII&rft.date=1963-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fcovers%2F0%2C16641%2C19630104%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20140912_testi-liturgici-gxxiii_lt.html"><i>Texts for the Liturgy of the Hours for the Optional Memorial of St. John XXIII</i></a> (Latin – English tr. still not published)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texts+for+the+Liturgy+of+the+Hours+for+the+Optional+Memorial+of+St.+John+XXIII&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fccdds%2Fdocuments%2Frc_con_ccdds_doc_20140912_testi-liturgici-gxxiii_lt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+John+XXIII" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Position created </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_Bulgaria" title="Apostolic Nunciature to Bulgaria">Apostolic Delegate to Bulgaria</a> </b><br />16 October 1931 – 12 January 1935 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzoli" title="Giuseppe Mazzoli">Giuseppe Mazzoli</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Margotti" title="Carlo Margotti">Carlo Margotti</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_Greece" title="Apostolic Nunciature to Greece">Apostolic Delegate to Greece</a> </b><br />12 January 1935 – 23 December 1944 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Nunciature established </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_Turkey" title="Apostolic Nunciature to Turkey">Apostolic Delegate to Turkey</a> </b><br />12 January 1935 – 23 December 1944 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alcide_Marina" title="Alcide Marina">Alcide Giuseppe Marina</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Valerio_Valeri" title="Valerio Valeri">Valerio Valeri</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nuncio_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Nuncio to France">Apostolic Nuncio to France</a> </b><br />23 December 1944 – 12 January 1953 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Marella" title="Paolo Marella">Paolo Marella</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Paolo Emio Bergamaschi</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><small><b>— TITULAR —</b></small><br /><i><b> <a href="/wiki/Areopolis,_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Areopolis, Greece">Titular Archbishop of Areopolis</a> </b></i><br />3 March 1925 – 30 November 1934 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Keyes" title="Michael Joseph Keyes">Michael Joseph Keyes</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Margotti" title="Carlo Margotti">Carlo Margotti</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><small><b>— TITULAR —</b></small><br /><i><b> Titular Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Mesembria" title="Mesembria">Mesembria</a> </b></i><br />30 November 1934 – 12 January 1953 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Oddi" title="Silvio Oddi">Silvio Oddi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Istanbul" title="Apostolic Vicariate of Istanbul">Apostolic Administrator of Constantinople</a> </b><br />12 January 1935 – 23 December 1944 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alcide_Marina" title="Alcide Marina">Alcide Marina</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Agostini" title="Carlo Agostini">Carlo Agostini</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Venice" title="Patriarch of Venice">Patriarch of Venice</a> </b><br />15 January 1953 – 28 October 1958 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Urbani" title="Giovanni Urbani">Giovanni Urbani</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Adeodato_Giovanni_Piazza" title="Adeodato Giovanni Piazza">Adeodato Giovanni Piazza</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Cardinal-Priest of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Prisca" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Prisca">Santa Prisca</a> </b><br />29 October 1953 – 28 October 1958 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pius XII</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> </b><br />28 October 1958 – 3 June 1963 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Pius XII</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sovereigns_of_the_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sovereigns of the Vatican City State">Sovereign of the State of Vatican City</a> </b><br />28 October 1958 – 3 June 1963 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Paul VI</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Popes" title="Template:Popes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Popes" title="Template talk:Popes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Popes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Popes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Popes_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes_(graphical)" title="List of popes (graphical)">graphical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonised_popes" title="List of canonised popes">canonised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal names</a></li> <li>Tombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">extant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-extant_papal_tombs" title="List of non-extant papal tombs">non-extant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Pope emeritus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">papal resignation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope-elect_Stephen" title="Pope-elect Stephen">Pope-elect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">1st–4th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleutherius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Liberius" title="Pope Liberius">Liberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">5th–8th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_II" title="Pope Anastasius II">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_II" title="Pope Boniface II">Boniface II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_II" title="Pope John II">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vigilius" title="Pope Vigilius">Vigilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_I" title="Pope Pelagius I">Pelagius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_III" title="Pope John III">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_I" title="Pope Benedict I">Benedict I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_II" title="Pope Pelagius II">Pelagius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sabinian" title="Pope Sabinian">Sabinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_III" title="Pope Boniface III">Boniface III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_V" title="Pope Boniface V">Boniface V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_I" title="Pope Honorius I">Honorius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Severinus" title="Pope Severinus">Severinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IV" title="Pope John IV">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_I" title="Pope Theodore I">Theodore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Donus" title="Pope Donus">Donus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_V" title="Pope John V">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Conon" title="Pope Conon">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VI" title="Pope John VI">John VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VII" title="Pope John VII">John VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sisinnius" title="Pope Sisinnius">Sisinnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Constantine" title="Pope Constantine">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II" title="Pope Stephen II">Stephen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_III" title="Pope Stephen III">Stephen III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Adrian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">9th–12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_II" title="Pope Eugene II">Eugene II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Valentine" title="Pope Valentine">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IV" title="Pope Gregory IV">Gregory IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_II" title="Pope Sergius II">Sergius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_III" title="Pope Benedict III">Benedict III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_II" title="Pope Adrian II">Adrian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">John VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_I" title="Pope Marinus I">Marinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_V" title="Pope Stephen V">Stephen V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Formosus" title="Pope Formosus">Formosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VI" title="Pope Boniface VI">Boniface VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VI" title="Pope Stephen VI">Stephen VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Romanus" title="Pope Romanus">Romanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_II" title="Pope Theodore II">Theodore II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IX" title="Pope John IX">John IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IV" title="Pope Benedict IV">Benedict IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_V" title="Pope Leo V">Leo V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_III" title="Pope Sergius III">Sergius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_III" title="Pope Anastasius III">Anastasius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lando" title="Pope Lando">Lando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_X" title="Pope John X">John X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VI" title="Pope Leo VI">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VII" title="Pope Stephen VII">Stephen VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XI" title="Pope John XI">John XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VII" title="Pope Leo VII">Leo VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VIII" title="Pope Stephen VIII">Stephen VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_II" title="Pope Marinus II">Marinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_II" title="Pope Agapetus II">Agapetus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XII" title="Pope John XII">John XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_V" title="Pope Benedict V">Benedict V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VIII" title="Pope Leo VIII">Leo VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIII" title="Pope John XIII">John XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VI" title="Pope Benedict VI">Benedict VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VII" title="Pope Benedict VII">Benedict VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV" title="Pope John XIV">John XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XV" title="Pope John XV">John XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_V" title="Pope Gregory V">Gregory V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Sylvester II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVII" title="Pope John XVII">John XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVIII" title="Pope John XVIII">John XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_IV" title="Pope Sergius IV">Sergius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VIII" title="Pope Benedict VIII">Benedict VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIX" title="Pope John XIX">John XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IX" title="Pope Benedict IX">Benedict IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_III" title="Pope Sylvester III">Sylvester III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VI" title="Pope Gregory VI">Gregory VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_II" title="Pope Clement II">Clement II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_II" title="Pope Damasus II">Damasus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_II" title="Pope Victor II">Victor II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IX" title="Pope Stephen IX">Stephen IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II" title="Pope Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II" title="Pope Alexander II">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_III" title="Pope Victor III">Victor III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Paschal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_II" title="Pope Gelasius II">Gelasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_II" title="Pope Callixtus II">Callixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_II" title="Pope Honorius II">Honorius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Innocent II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_II" title="Pope Celestine II">Celestine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_II" title="Pope Lucius II">Lucius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Eugene III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_IV" title="Pope Anastasius IV">Anastasius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Adrian IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III" title="Pope Lucius III">Lucius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_III" title="Pope Urban III">Urban III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VIII" title="Pope Gregory VIII">Gregory VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_III" title="Pope Clement III">Clement III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Celestine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">13th–16th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Honorius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_IV" title="Pope Celestine IV">Celestine IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Innocent IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV" title="Pope Urban IV">Urban IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IV" title="Pope Clement IV">Clement IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Gregory X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_V" title="Pope Innocent V">Innocent V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_V" title="Pope Adrian V">Adrian V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXI" title="Pope John XXI">John XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Nicholas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Martin IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_IV" title="Pope Honorius IV">Honorius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Nicholas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI" title="Pope Benedict XI">Benedict XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">John XXII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XII" title="Pope Benedict XII">Benedict XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Clement VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VI" title="Pope Innocent VI">Innocent VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_V" title="Pope Urban V">Urban V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI" title="Pope Gregory XI">Gregory XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VI" title="Pope Urban VI">Urban VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IX" title="Pope Boniface IX">Boniface IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VII" title="Pope Innocent VII">Innocent VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XII" title="Pope Gregory XII">Gregory XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Martin V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Eugene IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Nicholas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Callixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Innocent VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_III" title="Pope Pius III">Pius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Adrian VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Clement VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Paul III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Julius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_II" title="Pope Marcellus II">Marcellus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Paul IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Gregory XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VII" title="Pope Urban VII">Urban VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIV" title="Pope Gregory XIV">Gregory XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IX" title="Pope Innocent IX">Innocent IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Clement VIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">17th–21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI" title="Pope Leo XI">Leo XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Paul V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV" title="Pope Gregory XV">Gregory XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Urban VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X" title="Pope Innocent X">Innocent X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII" title="Pope Alexander VII">Alexander VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IX" title="Pope Clement IX">Clement IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_X" title="Pope Clement X">Clement X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIII" title="Pope Alexander VIII">Alexander VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII" title="Pope Innocent XII">Innocent XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Clement XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XIII" title="Pope Innocent XIII">Innocent XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII" title="Pope Benedict XIII">Benedict XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII" title="Pope Clement XII">Clement XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII" title="Pope Clement XIII">Clement XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Clement XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XII" title="Pope Leo XII">Leo XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VIII" title="Pope Pius VIII">Pius VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Gregory XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pius XII</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059" title="Papal selection before 1059">Antiquity and Early<br /> Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059#During_the_Roman_Empire" title="Papal selection before 1059">During the Roman Empire</a> (until 493) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_of_Rome_under_Constantine_the_Great" title="Bishops of Rome under Constantine the Great">Under Constantine</a> (312–337)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Papacy" title="Ostrogothic Papacy">Ostrogothic Papacy</a> (493–537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Papacy" title="Byzantine Papacy">Byzantine Papacy</a> (537–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_Papacy" title="Frankish Papacy">Frankish Papacy</a> (756–857)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saeculum_obscurum" title="Saeculum obscurum">Saeculum obscurum</a></i> (904–964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescentii" title="Crescentii">Crescentii era</a> (974–1012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">High and Late<br />Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tusculan_Papacy" title="Tusculan Papacy">Tusculan Papacy</a> (1012–1044 / 1048)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy_(1048%E2%80%931257)" title="History of the papacy (1048–1257)">Conflicts with the HRE</a> (1048–1257)</li> <li>Wandering Papacy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viterbo_Papacy" title="Viterbo Papacy">Viterbo</a>, 1257–1281</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Orvieto Papacy">Orvieto</a>, 1262–1297</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perugia_Papacy" title="Perugia Papacy">Perugia</a>, 1228–1304</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a> (1309–1378)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> (1378–1417)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Early Modern and<br /> Modern Era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy" title="Renaissance Papacy">Renaissance Papacy</a> (1417–1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Papacy" title="Reformation Papacy">Reformation Papacy</a> (1534–1585)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque Papacy">Baroque Papacy</a> (1585–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church#Baroque,_Enlightenment_and_revolutions" title="History of the Catholic Church">Age of Enlightenment</a> (c. 1640–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popes_during_the_Age_of_Revolution" title="Popes during the Age of Revolution">Revolutionary Papacy</a> (1775–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a> (1870–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (1929–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City in World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Cold War</a> (1945–1991)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Popes" title="Category:Popes">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Second_Vatican_Council" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Second_Vatican_Council" title="Template:Second Vatican Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Second_Vatican_Council" title="Template talk:Second Vatican Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Second_Vatican_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Second Vatican Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Second_Vatican_Council" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Constitutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacrosanctum_Concilium" title="Sacrosanctum Concilium"><i>Sacrosanctum concilium</i> (Sacred Liturgy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium"><i>Lumen gentium</i> (The Church)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dei_verbum" title="Dei verbum"><i>Dei verbum</i> (Divine Revelation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudium_et_spes" title="Gaudium et spes"><i>Gaudium et spes</i> (The Church and the World)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Decrees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter_mirifica" title="Inter mirifica"><i>Inter mirifica</i> (Media)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalium_Ecclesiarum" title="Orientalium Ecclesiarum"><i>Orientalium Ecclesiarum</i> (Eastern Catholics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitatis_redintegratio" title="Unitatis redintegratio"><i>Unitatis redintegratio</i> (Ecumenism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christus_Dominus" title="Christus Dominus"><i>Christus Dominus</i> (Role of Bishops)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfectae_Caritatis" title="Perfectae Caritatis"><i>Perfectae cartatis</i> (Renewal of Religious Life)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optatam_Totius" title="Optatam Totius"><i>Optatam totius</i> (Formation of Priests)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolicam_Actuositatem" title="Apostolicam Actuositatem"><i>Apostolicam actuositatem</i> (Role of the Laity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_gentes" title="Ad gentes"><i>Ad gentes</i> (Missions)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterorum_Ordinis" title="Presbyterorum Ordinis"><i>Presbyterorum ordinis</i> (Role of Priests)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravissimum_educationis" title="Gravissimum educationis"><i>Gravissimum educationis</i> (Christian Education)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostra_aetate" title="Nostra aetate"><i>Nostra aetate</i> (Relations with non-Christians)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignitatis_humanae" title="Dignitatis humanae"><i>Dignitatis humanae</i> (Religious Liberty)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Popes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Moderators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Joseph_Suenens" title="Leo Joseph Suenens">Leo Joseph Suenens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Pietro_Agagianian" title="Gregorio Pietro Agagianian">Gregorio Pietro Agagianian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_D%C3%B6pfner" title="Julius Döpfner">Julius Döpfner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Lercaro" title="Giacomo Lercaro">Giacomo Lercaro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Council of Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Tisserant" title="Eugène Tisserant">Eugène Tisserant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Li%C3%A9nart" title="Achille Liénart">Achille Liénart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Gabriel_I_Tappouni" title="Ignatius Gabriel I Tappouni">Ignatius Gabriel I Tappouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Gilroy" title="Norman Gilroy">Norman Gilroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Spellman" title="Francis Spellman">Francis Spellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pla_y_Deniel" title="Enrique Pla y Deniel">Enrique Pla y Deniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Frings" title="Josef Frings">Josef Frings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Ruffini" title="Ernesto Ruffini">Ernesto Ruffini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Caggiano" title="Antonio Caggiano">Antonio Caggiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardus_Johannes_Alfrink" title="Bernardus Johannes Alfrink">Bernardus Johannes Alfrink</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Cardinal Presidents<br /> of commissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Ottaviani" title="Alfredo Ottaviani">Alfredo Ottaviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Marella" title="Paolo Marella">Paolo Marella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amleto_Giovanni_Cicognani" title="Amleto Giovanni Cicognani">Amleto Giovanni Cicognani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Aloisi_Masella" title="Benedetto Aloisi Masella">Benedetto Aloisi Masella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Ciriaci" title="Pietro Ciriaci">Pietro Ciriaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerio_Valeri" title="Valerio Valeri">Valerio Valeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Pietro_Agagianian" title="Gregorio Pietro Agagianian">Gregorio Pietro Agagianian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadio_Larraona_Saralegui" title="Arcadio Larraona Saralegui">Arcadio Larraona Saralegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pizzardo" title="Giuseppe Pizzardo">Giuseppe Pizzardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Cento" title="Fernando Cento">Fernando Cento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other council leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea">Augustin Bea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Testa" title="Gustavo Testa">Gustavo Testa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_di_Jorio" title="Alberto di Jorio">Alberto di Jorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericle_Felici" title="Pericle Felici">Pericle Felici</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Preparatory_Commission" title="Central Preparatory Commission">Central Preparatory Commission</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aggiornamento" title="Aggiornamento">Aggiornamento</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_times_(Catholic_Church)" title="Sign of the times (Catholic Church)">Sign of the times</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaudet_Mater_Ecclesia" title="Gaudet Mater Ecclesia">Gaudet Mater Ecclesia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peritus" title="Peritus">Peritus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coetus_Internationalis_Patrum" title="Coetus Internationalis Patrum">Coetus Internationalis Patrum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_since_1962" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Catholic Church since 1962">History of the Catholic Church since 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Catholic Church and ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bologna_School_(Vatican_II)" title="Bologna School (Vatican II)">Bologna School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_Vatican_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit of Vatican II">Spirit of Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_the_catacombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pact of the catacombs">Pact of the catacombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI#Continuity_of_Vatican_II" title="Theology of Pope Benedict XVI">Theology of Pope Benedict XVI § Continuity of Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Orthodox_Joint_Declaration_of_1965" title="Catholic–Orthodox Joint Declaration of 1965">Catholic–Orthodox Joint Declaration of 1965</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Christian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmarian Christian Church">Palmarian Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreckovation" title="Wreckovation">Wreckovation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Name_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of the Catholic Church">Name</a></dd> <dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Catholic Church">Media</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Catholicism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Catholicism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_saints" title="Template talk:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints of the Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a><br />Stages of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>  <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church<br />Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdisho" title="Abda and Abdisho">Abda and Abdisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Damascus" title="Martyrs of Damascus">Martyrs of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasian_Martyrs" title="Thomasian Martyrs">17 Thomasian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_family" title="Ulma family">Ulma Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nino of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_and_Liberata_of_Como" title="Faustina and Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldesca_Taccini" title="Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_of_charity" title="Martyr of charity">Martyr of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/16px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/24px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a><br />(30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a><br />(180–451)<br /><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman<br />state church</a><br />(380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year"><i>Time</i> Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> </span> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> </span> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> </span> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> </span> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> </span> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> </span> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> </span> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a></i> </span> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Franciscans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #A0522D; color: white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Franciscans" title="Template:Franciscans"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Franciscans" title="Template talk:Franciscans"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Franciscans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Franciscans"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Franciscans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Franciscans</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #A0522D; color: white;"><div>Organisations founded or inspired by <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Saint Francis</span></b></a> (1181–1226)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #A0522D; color: white;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Francis" title="Rule of Saint Francis">Rule of Saint Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Rule of Saint Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_cross" title="Tau cross">Tau Cross</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Crown" title="Franciscan Crown">Franciscan Crown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custos_(Franciscans)" title="Custos (Franciscans)">Custos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Custody_of_the_Holy_Land" title="Custody of the Holy Land">Custodian of the Holy Land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_General_(Franciscan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister General (Franciscan)">Minister General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_general_of_the_Order_of_Friars_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ministers general of the Order of Friars Minor">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" title="Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi">Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mount_of_piety" title="Mount of piety">Monte di Pietá</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_missions_to_the_Maya" title="Franciscan missions to the Maya">Franciscan missions to the Maya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Studium_Biblicum_Franciscanum" title="Studium Biblicum Franciscanum">Studium Biblicum Franciscanum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans_International" title="Franciscans International">Franciscans International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_spirituality_in_Protestantism" title="Franciscan spirituality in Protestantism">Franciscan spirituality in Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0.8em 0.9em 3em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PioM"><img alt="PioM" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg/80px-FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg/120px-FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg/160px-FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1917" data-file-height="1172" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #A0522D; color: white;;width:1%">Orders<br />and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">Order of Friars Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Conventual" title="Order of Friars Minor Conventual">Order of Friars Minor Conventual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Order of Friars Minor Capuchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Friars_of_the_Immaculate" title="Franciscan Friars of the Immaculate">Franciscan Friars of the Immaculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Friars_of_the_Renewal" title="Franciscan Friars of the Renewal">Franciscan Friars of the Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Poor Clares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capuchin_Poor_Clares" title="Capuchin Poor Clares">Capuchin Poor Clares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colettine_Poor_Clares" title="Colettine Poor Clares">Colettine Poor Clares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular Franciscan Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Third Order of Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_and_Sisters_of_Penance_of_Saint_Francis" title="Brothers and Sisters of Penance of Saint Francis">Brothers and Sisters of Penance of Saint Francis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minims_(religious_order)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minims (religious order)">Order of Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_Immaculatae" title="Militia Immaculatae">Militia Immaculatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Minims_of_the_Perpetual_Help_of_Mary" title="Franciscan Minims of the Perpetual Help of Mary">Franciscan Minims of the Perpetual Help of Mary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #A0522D; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Popes</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/880929">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="GIOVANNI XXIII, papa"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-giovanni-xxiii_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118557920.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118557920">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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