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Alceste Cœuriot - Wikipedia
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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French operatic mezzo-soprano</div> <p><b>Alceste Anastasie Hortense Cœuriot</b>, also known under the stage name <b>Madame Ismaël</b>, (born 1823 in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, The Netherlands; died 1893 in <a href="/wiki/Colombes" title="Colombes">Colombes</a>, France) was a French operatic <a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano</a>. Her professional career ran from 1850 to 1888 under the last name <b>Ismaël</b>, which was her husband <a href="/wiki/Jean-Vital_Jammes" title="Jean-Vital Jammes">Jean-Vital Jammes</a>' stage name, and she would keep the stage name even after their divorce in 1860. Throughout her onstage roles, she mostly portrayed roles of comic old women, "duègne" roles, or "<a href="/wiki/Louise-Rosalie_Lefebvre" title="Louise-Rosalie Lefebvre">Dugazon</a>" roles, which were of young mothers and women past youth. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_marriage">Early life and marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alceste_C%C5%93uriot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alceste Cœuriot was born in 1823 to French <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> singer Paul-Joseph Cœuriot and French <a href="/wiki/Lyric_soprano" title="Lyric soprano">lyric</a> singer Victoire Marie Françoise Lestage. Due to their professional careers, Alceste was born in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, The Netherlands. </p><p>Around 1850, Paul-Joseph joined the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_National_de_Lyon" title="Opéra National de Lyon">Opéra National de Lyon</a>, where his daughter also became a boarder. There, she met the <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> Ismaël, who joined Lyon in the summer of 1851, and on 24 January 1852, she married him in the Guillotière neighborhood of Lyon. They continued their careers as a couple – first at Lyon, next at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Bordeaux" title="Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux">Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux</a>, and finally at the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_de_Marseille" title="Opéra de Marseille">Opéra de Marseille</a> in 1854. However, from 1854 on, their marriage was troubled, and Cœuriot asked for and obtained a separation in 1860 at the expense of Ismaël. As early as the first half of 1856, Cœuriot no longer appeared on the attendance lists of the Opéra de Marseille next to him.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career,_lawsuit,_retirement,_and_death"><span id="Career.2C_lawsuit.2C_retirement.2C_and_death"></span>Career, lawsuit, retirement, and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alceste_C%C5%93uriot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career, lawsuit, retirement, and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_certificate_of_Alceste_COEURIOT_-_1893.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An archival black and white scan of a handwritten death certificate for Alceste Cœuriot from the village of Colombes. It is overlaid with a blue seal and bordered by white with archival information in the lower corners." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Death_certificate_of_Alceste_COEURIOT_-_1893.jpg/220px-Death_certificate_of_Alceste_COEURIOT_-_1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Death_certificate_of_Alceste_COEURIOT_-_1893.jpg/330px-Death_certificate_of_Alceste_COEURIOT_-_1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Death_certificate_of_Alceste_COEURIOT_-_1893.jpg/440px-Death_certificate_of_Alceste_COEURIOT_-_1893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3335" data-file-height="2321" /></a><figcaption>Cœuriot's death certificate, issued in 1893.</figcaption></figure><p>Cœuriot's career continued as she played typecast parts, first "<a href="/wiki/Louise-Rosalie_Lefebvre" title="Louise-Rosalie Lefebvre">Dugazon</a>" roles and then roles as comic old women, or "duègne"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> roles. After working in numerous French theaters, she settled in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, at <a href="/wiki/La_Monnaie" title="La Monnaie">La Monnaie</a>, from 1875 to 1885. She is shown in <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Isnardon" title="Jacques Isnardon">Jacques Isnardon</a>'s paintings of La Monnaie's troupes in 1875-1876, 1878-1879, 1879-1880 and 1884-1885.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isnardon also specifies her rate of pay during the years of 1877-1878, 1879-1880, and 1880-1881:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 500 francs.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While she was in Belgium, she could not be found in France by judicial authorities; however, Ismaël requested a divorce as soon as she returned to the jurisdiction of French law so that he could marry one of his younger students. The divorce was enforced by default in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> on 30 March 1885. During the 1885-1886 season, Cœuriot performed at the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Capitole" title="Théâtre du Capitole">Théâtre du Capitole</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, where she found she would be working alongside Ismaël's second wife, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Isma%C3%ABl-Garcin" title="Marie Ismaël-Garcin">Marie Ismaël-Garcin</a>. In 1886, they performed together in <a href="/wiki/Faust_(opera)" title="Faust (opera)">Faust</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Charles Gounod</a>, both still using Ismaël's name. Her former husband sued her at the civil court of Toulouse; he refused to let Cœuriot continue to perform under this name, believing that his position was lawful because of their divorce. At court, Cœuriot won a definitive right to perform as "Madam Ismaël", which had been her stage name since 1852. Garcin, the second wife, would then be called "Ismaël-Garcin".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1887, Cœuriot joined the <a href="/wiki/Vlaamse_Opera" title="Vlaamse Opera">Vlaamse Opera</a>, where she would perform at least until 1888. In 1886, she performed <i>La petite Fadette</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra-Maurice_Chevalier" title="Alhambra-Maurice Chevalier">Théâtre du Château-d'Eau</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_(Paris)" title="Alhambra (Paris)">Opéra-Populaire</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 June 1889, the pension granted to Cœuriot by an association of dramatic artists was closed during a general meeting of the association.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could be considered as a sign that she had retired. In 1892, one Madame Ismaël living on Châtillon Avenue in Paris "pulled" her pocketbook.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her death certificate was issued 17 April 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had lived in <a href="/wiki/Colombes" title="Colombes">Colombes</a>, France, at 232 Victor Hugo Road, apparently in the company of another lyric artist, 54-year old Pascal Masson. She left no known living descendants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repertoire">Repertoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alceste_C%C5%93uriot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Repertoire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Théâtre de la Monnaie, Bruxelles (1875-1885)</b> </p> <ul><li>Madame Tidmann in <i>Piccolino</i> by <a href="/wiki/Victorien_Sardou" title="Victorien Sardou">Victorien Sardou</a>, 4 November 1876<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Théâtre du Capitole de Toulouse (1886)</b> </p> <ul><li>Marthe in <i><a href="/wiki/Faust_(opera)" title="Faust (opera)">Faust</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Charles Gounod</a>, 1886</li></ul> <p><b>Théâtre du Château-d'Eau (1886 / 1887 - devenu Opéra Populaire)</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Petite_Fadette" title="La Petite Fadette">La petite Fadette</a>,</i> 1886, 1887</li></ul> <p><b>Théâtre royal d’Anvers (1880 / 1887-1888)</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/La_dame_blanche" title="La dame blanche">La dame blanche</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Adrien_Boieldieu" class="mw-redirect" title="François Adrien Boieldieu">François Adrien Boieldieu</a>, 26 September 1880<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Le cœur et la main</i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lecocq" title="Charles Lecocq">Charles Lecocq</a>, 28 January 1887</li> <li><i>Joséphine vendue par ses sœurs</i> by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Roger" title="Victor Roger">Victor Roger</a>, 25 February 1887</li> <li><i>Liederick</i>, 24 February 1888</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patrie!_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrie! (opera)">Patrie !</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Paladilhe" title="Émile Paladilhe">Émile Paladilhe</a>, 6 March 1888</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mam%27zelle_Nitouche" title="Mam'zelle Nitouche">Mam'zelle Nitouche</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_(composer)" title="Hervé (composer)">Hervé</a>, 22 March 1888</li></ul> <p><small><b>Source</b> : <i>Historique complet du théâtre royal d’Anvers</i>, unless otherwise indicated</small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alceste_C%C5%93uriot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judgment of "separation" kept in the departmental archives of the Bouches du Rhône.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emploi_(th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre)#Duègne" class="extiw" title="fr:Emploi (théâtre)">Emploi (théâtre)</a> on French Wikipedia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At that time, Belgian francs were equal in value to French francs; the countries were part of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Union" title="Latin Union">Latin Union</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both these names refer to the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_(Paris)" title="Alhambra (Paris)">Alhambra (Paris)</a> of the 20th century, which was demolished in 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">She was credited as « Madame Ismaël de Bruxelles »</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alceste_C%C5%93uriot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isnardon p. 552, 572, 579, 607</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isnardon p. 571, 581, 586</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armand Silvestre, <a href="//archive.org/details/p1gazetteanecd1886pariuoft" class="extiw" title="iarchive:p1gazetteanecd1886pariuoft"><i>Deux femmes pour un mari</i></a> in Georges d'Heylli (dir.) <i>Gazette anecdotique, littéraire, artistique et bibliographique</i>, vol. 1, Paris, Librairie des bibliophiles, 1886, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k231022t/f4.zoom.r=Isma%C3%ABl.langFR"><i>Le Temps</i>, 5 mai 1886</a>, exposé de l’affaire, available at <i><a href="/wiki/Gallica" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallica">Gallica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k231043w/f3.zoom.r=Isma%C3%ABl.langFR"><i>Le Temps</i>, 26 mai 1886</a>, the civil court's judgement, available at <i><a href="/wiki/Gallica" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallica">Gallica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hippolyte-Ferréol Rivière, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5744564p/f15">« Acteurs : Propriété des noms et pseudonymes »</a>, <i>Pandectes françaises : Nouveau répertoire de doctrine, de législation et de jurisprudence</i>, vol. 2, Paris, Chevalier-Marescq, 1887, p. 6-8, available at <i><a href="/wiki/Gallica" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallica">Gallica</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k231111d/f4.zoom.r=Isma%C3%ABl.langFR"><i>Le Temps</i>, 3 août 1886, Château d’eau, <i>La petite Fadette</i></a>, available at <i><a href="/wiki/Gallica" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallica">Gallica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2314481/f3.zoom.r=Isma%C3%ABl.langFR"><i>Le Temps</i>, 1 juillet 1887, Opéra Populaire, <i>La petite Fadette</i></a>, available at <i><a href="/wiki/Gallica" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallica">Gallica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k232201n/f3.zoom.r=Isma%C3%ABl.langFR"><i>Le Temps</i>, 26 juin 1889, Association des artistes dramatiques</a>, available at <i><a href="/wiki/Gallica" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallica">Gallica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k233373d/f3.zoom.r=Isma%C3%ABl.langFR">Le Temps, 7 juin 1892</a>, available at <i><a href="/wiki/Gallica" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallica">Gallica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Death_certificate_of_Alceste_COEURIOT_-_1893.jpg">Acte de décès d'Alceste Cœuriot, 17 avril 1893</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Isnardon" title="Jacques Isnardon">Jacques Isnardon</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k54972877/f601.image.r=Isma%C3%ABl"><i>Le théâtre de la Monnaie, depuis sa fondation jusqu’à nos jours</i>, p. 562</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alceste_C%C5%93uriot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFde_Gers1913" class="citation book cs1">de Gers, Arthur (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lhistoriquecompl00gersuoft#page/n1/mode/2up"><i>Historique complet du théâtre royal d'Anvers, 1804-1913</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(digitized images)</span>. Antwerp: De Vos et Van der Groen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historique+complet+du+th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre+royal+d%27Anvers%2C+1804-1913&rft.place=Antwerp&rft.pub=De+Vos+et+Van+der+Groen&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=de+Gers&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flhistoriquecompl00gersuoft%23page%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlceste+C%C5%93uriot" class="Z3988"></span> Accessible via the <a href="//archive.org/details/robarts" class="extiw" title="iarchive:robarts">University of Toronto, Robarts Library</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeylli1876–1891" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heylli, Georges; et al. (1876–1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=Gazette%20anecdotique%2C%20litt%C3%A9raire%2C%20artistique%20et%20bibliographique%20AND%20collection%3Atoronto"><i>Gazette anecdotique, littéraire, artistique et bibliographique</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(digitized images)</span> (in French). Paris: Librairie des bibliophiles.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazette+anecdotique%2C+litt%C3%A9raire%2C+artistique+et+bibliographique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Librairie+des+bibliophiles&rft.date=1876%2F1891&rft.aulast=Heylli&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fsearch.php%3Fquery%3DGazette%2520anecdotique%252C%2520litt%25C3%25A9raire%252C%2520artistique%2520et%2520bibliographique%2520AND%2520collection%253Atoronto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlceste+C%C5%93uriot" class="Z3988"></span> Accessible via the <a href="//archive.org/details/robarts" class="extiw" title="iarchive:robarts">University of Toronto, Robarts Library</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsnardon1890" class="citation book cs1">Isnardon, Jacques (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k54972877.image.r=Isma%C3%ABl.f4"><i>Le Théâtre de la Monnaie, depuis sa fondation jusqu'à nos jours</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(digitized images)</span>. Brussels: Schott frères éditeurs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre+de+la+Monnaie%2C+depuis+sa+fondation+jusqu%27%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pub=Schott+fr%C3%A8res+%C3%A9diteurs&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Isnardon&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k54972877.image.r%3DIsma%25C3%25ABl.f4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlceste+C%C5%93uriot" class="Z3988"></span> Accessible via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/">Gallica</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34431794k/date.langFR">"Les Temps"</a>. 1861–1942.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Les+Temps&rft.date=1861%2F1942&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fcb34431794k%2Fdate.langFR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlceste+C%C5%93uriot" class="Z3988"></span> Accessible via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/">Gallica</a>.</li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5dc468848‐n5x4g Cached time: 20241122152227 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.242 seconds Real time usage: 0.350 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 670/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 8360/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 550/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18597/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.124/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3940933/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 312.403 1 -total 34.93% 109.133 3 Template:Cite_book 34.61% 108.109 1 Template:Short_description 18.21% 56.894 2 Template:Pagetype 13.11% 40.962 2 Template:Reflist 10.83% 33.848 4 Template:Main_other 9.54% 29.788 1 Template:SDcat 8.47% 26.459 1 Template:Authority_control 2.77% 8.649 1 Template:Cite_news 1.25% 3.890 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:57968141-0!canonical and timestamp 20241122152227 and revision id 1217993389. 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