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timber structure</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: free-form timber structure"> <meta name="keywords" content="free-form timber structure"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="free-form timber structure"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 7864</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: free-form timber structure</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7864</span> The Fire Performance of Exposed Timber Panels</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bernice%20V.%20Y.%20Wong">Bernice V. Y. Wong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kong%20Fah%20Tee"> Kong Fah Tee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cross-laminated timber is increasingly being used in the construction of high-rise buildings due to its simple manufacturing system. In term of fire resistance, cross-laminated timber panels are promoted as having excellent fire resistance, comparable to that of non-combustible materials and to heavy timber construction, due to the ability of thick wood assemblies to char slowly at a predictable rate while maintaining most of their strength during the fire exposure. This paper presents an overview of fire performance of cross-laminated timber and evaluation of its resistance to elevated temperature in comparison to homogeneous timber panels. Charring rates for cross-laminated timber panels of those obtained experimentally were compared with those provided by Eurocode simplified calculation methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=timber%20structure" title="timber structure">timber structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-laminated%20timber" title=" cross-laminated timber"> cross-laminated timber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=charring%20rate" title=" charring rate"> charring rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=timber%20fire%20resistance" title=" timber fire resistance"> timber fire resistance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7520/the-fire-performance-of-exposed-timber-panels" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7520.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">414</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7863</span> Mechanical Properties of Ancient Timber Structure Based on the Non Destructive Test Method: A Study to Feiyun Building, Shanxi, China</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Annisa%20Dewanti%20Putri">Annisa Dewanti Putri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wang%20Juan"> Wang Juan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Qing%20Shan"> Y. Qing Shan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The structural assessment is one of a crucial part for ancient timber structure, in which this phase will be the reference for the maintenance and preservation phase. The mechanical properties of a structure are one of an important component of the structural assessment of building. Feiyun as one of the particular preserved building in China will become one of the Pioneer of Timber Structure Building Assessment. The 3-storey building which is located in Shanxi Province consists of complex ancient timber structure. Due to condition and preservation purpose, assessments (visual inspections, Non-Destructive Test and a Semi Non-Destructive test) were conducted. The stress wave measurement, moisture content analyzer, and the micro-drilling resistance meter data will overview the prediction of Mechanical Properties. As a result, the mechanical properties can be used for the next phase as reference for structural damage solutions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ancient%20structure" title="ancient structure">ancient structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20properties" title=" mechanical properties"> mechanical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non%20destructive%20test" title=" non destructive test"> non destructive test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress%20wave" title=" stress wave"> stress wave</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20assessment" title=" structural assessment"> structural assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=timber%20structure" title=" timber structure"> timber structure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81641/mechanical-properties-of-ancient-timber-structure-based-on-the-non-destructive-test-method-a-study-to-feiyun-building-shanxi-china" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81641.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">474</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7862</span> Transformable Lightweight Structures for Short-term Stay</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anna%20Daskalaki">Anna Daskalaki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andreas%20Ashikalis"> Andreas Ashikalis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This is a conceptual project that suggests an alternative type of summer camp in the forest of Rouvas in the island of Crete. Taking into account some feasts that are organised by the locals or mountaineering clubs near the church of St. John, we created a network of lightweight timber structures that serve the needs of the visitor. These structures are transformable and satisfy the need for rest, food, and sleep – this means a seat, a table and a tent are embodied in each structure. These structures blend in with the environment as they are being installed according to the following parameters: (a) the local relief, (b) the clusters of trees, and (c) the existing paths. Each timber structure could be considered as a module that could be totally independent or part of a bigger construction. The design showcases the advantages of a timber structure as it can be quite adaptive to the needs of the project, but also it is a sustainable and environmentally friendly material that can be recycled. Finally, it is important to note that the basic goal of this project is the minimum alteration of the natural environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lightweight%20structures" title="lightweight structures">lightweight structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=timber" title=" timber"> timber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transformable" title=" transformable"> transformable</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tent" title=" tent"> tent</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141135/transformable-lightweight-structures-for-short-term-stay" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141135.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">169</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7861</span> Multi-objective Rationality Optimisation for Robotic-fabrication-oriented Free-form Timber Structure Morphology Design</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yiping%20Meng">Yiping Meng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yiming%20Sun"> Yiming Sun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The traditional construction industry is unable to meet the requirements for novel fabrication and construction. Automated construction and digital design have emerged as industry development trends that compensate for this shortcoming under the backdrop of Industrial Revolution 4.0. Benefitting from more flexible working space and more various end-effector tools compared to CNC methods, robot fabrication and construction techniques have been used in irregular architectural design. However, there is a lack of a systematic and comprehensive design and optimisation workflow considering geometric form, material, and fabrication methods. This paper aims to propose a design optimisation workflow for improving the rationality of a free-form timber structure fabricated by the robotic arm. Firstly, the free-form surface is described by NURBS, while its structure is calculated using the finite element analysis method. Then, by considering the characteristics and limiting factors of robotic timber fabrication, strain energy and robustness are set as optimisation objectives to optimise structural morphology by gradient descent method. As a result, an optimised structure with axial force as the main force and uniform stress distribution is generated after the structure morphology optimisation process. With the decreased strain energy and the improved robustness, the generated structure's bearing capacity and mechanical properties have been enhanced. The results prove the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed optimisation workflow for free-form timber structure morphology design. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robotic%20fabrication" title="robotic fabrication">robotic fabrication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free-form%20timber%20structure" title=" free-form timber structure"> free-form timber structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Multi-objective%20optimisation" title=" Multi-objective optimisation"> Multi-objective optimisation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Structural%20morphology" title=" Structural morphology"> Structural morphology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rational%20design" title=" rational design"> rational design</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140664/multi-objective-rationality-optimisation-for-robotic-fabrication-oriented-free-form-timber-structure-morphology-design" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140664.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">194</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7860</span> Timber Urbanism: Assessing the Carbon Footprint of Mass-Timber, Steel, and Concrete Structural Prototypes for Peri-Urban Densification in the Hudson Valley’s Urban Fringe</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eleni%20Stefania%20Kalapoda">Eleni Stefania Kalapoda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The current fossil-fuel based urbanization pattern and the estimated human population growth are increasing the environmental footprint on our planet’s precious resources. To mitigate the estimated skyrocketing in greenhouse gas emissions associated with the construction of new cities and infrastructure over the next 50 years, we need a radical rethink in our approach to construction to deliver a net zero built environment. This paper assesses the carbon footprint of a mass-timber, a steel, and a concrete structural alternative for peri-urban densification in the Hudson Valley's urban fringe, along with examining the updated policy and the building code adjustments that support synergies between timber construction in city making and sustainable management of timber forests. By quantifying the carbon footprint of a structural prototype for four different material assemblies—a concrete (post-tensioned), a mass timber, a steel (composite), and a hybrid (timber/steel/concrete) assembly applicable to the three updated building typologies of the IBC 2021 (Type IV-A, Type IV-B, Type IV-C) that range between a nine to eighteen-story structure alternative—and scaling-up that structural prototype to the size of a neighborhood district, the paper presents a quantitative and a qualitative approach for a forest-based construction economy as well as a resilient and a more just supply chain framework that ensures the wellbeing of both the forest and its inhabitants. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mass-timber%20innovation" title="mass-timber innovation">mass-timber innovation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete%20structure" title=" concrete structure"> concrete structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20footprint" title=" carbon footprint"> carbon footprint</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=densification" title=" densification"> densification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158233/timber-urbanism-assessing-the-carbon-footprint-of-mass-timber-steel-and-concrete-structural-prototypes-for-peri-urban-densification-in-the-hudson-valleys-urban-fringe" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158233.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">108</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7859</span> Experimental Analysis of Composite Timber-Concrete Beam with CFRP Reinforcement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Vlcek">O. Vlcek</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper deals with current issues in research of advanced methods to increase reliability of traditional timber structural elements. It analyses the issue of strengthening of bent timber beams, such as ceiling beams in old (historical) buildings with additional concrete slab in combination with externally bonded fibre - reinforced polymer. The paper describes experimental testing of composite timber-concrete beam with FRP reinforcement and compares results with FEM analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=timber-concrete%20composite" title="timber-concrete composite">timber-concrete composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strengthening" title=" strengthening"> strengthening</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fibre-reinforced%20polymer" title=" fibre-reinforced polymer"> fibre-reinforced polymer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=experimental%20analysis" title=" experimental analysis"> experimental analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15691/experimental-analysis-of-composite-timber-concrete-beam-with-cfrp-reinforcement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15691.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">472</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7858</span> Utilizing Dowel-Laminated Mass Timber Components in Residential Multifamily Structures: A Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Theodore%20Panton">Theodore Panton</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As cities in the United States experience critical housing shortages, mass timber presents the opportunity to address this crisis in housing supply while taking advantage of the carbon-positive benefits of sustainably forested wood fiber. Mass timber, however, currently has a low level of adoption in residential multifamily structures due to the risk-averse nature of change within the construction financing, Architecture / Engineering / Contracting (AEC) communities, as well as various agency approval challenges. This study demonstrates how mass timber can be used within the cost and feasibility parameters of a typical multistory residential structure and ultimately address the need for dense urban housing. This study will utilize The Garden District, a mixed-use market-rate housing project in Woodinville, Washington, as a case study to illuminate the potential of mass timber in this application. The Garden District is currently in final stages of permit approval and will commence construction in 2023. It will be the tallest dowel-laminated timber (DLT) residential structure in the United States when completed. This case study includes economic, technical, and design reference points to demonstrate the relevance of the use of this system and its ability to deliver “triple bottom line” results. In terms of results, the study establishes scalable and repeatable approaches to project design and delivery of mass timber in multifamily residential uses and includes economic data, technical solutions, and a summary of end-user advantages. This study discusses the third party tested systems for satisfying acoustical requirements within dwelling units, a key to resolving the use of mass timber within multistory residential use. Lastly, the study will also compare the mass timber solution with a comparable cold formed steel (CFS) system with a similar program, which indicates a net carbon savings of over three million tons over the life cycle of the building. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DLT" title="DLT">DLT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dowell%20laminated%20timber" title=" dowell laminated timber"> dowell laminated timber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mass%20timber" title=" mass timber"> mass timber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=market%20rate%20multifamily" title=" market rate multifamily"> market rate multifamily</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154257/utilizing-dowel-laminated-mass-timber-components-in-residential-multifamily-structures-a-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154257.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">121</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7857</span> Potential of Irish Orientated Strand Board in Bending Active Structures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matt%20Collins">Matt Collins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bernadette%20O%27Regan"> Bernadette O'Regan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tom%20Cosgrove"> Tom Cosgrove</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To determine the potential of a low cost Irish engineered timber product to replace high cost solid timber for use in bending active structures such as gridshells a single Irish engineered timber product in the form of orientated strand board (OSB) was selected. A comparative study of OSB and solid timber was carried out to determine the optimum properties that make a material suitable for use in gridshells. Three parameters were identified to be relevant in the selection of a material for gridshells. These three parameters are the strength to stiffness ratio, the flexural stiffness of commercially available sections, and the variability of material and section properties. It is shown that when comparing OSB against solid timber, OSB is a more suitable material for use in gridshells that are at the smaller end of the scale and that have tight radii of curvature. Typically, for solid timber materials, stiffness is used as an indicator for strength and engineered timber is no different. Thus, low flexural stiffness would mean low flexural strength. However, when it comes to bending active gridshells, OSB offers a significant advantage. By the addition of multiple layers, an increased section size is created, thus endowing the structure with higher stiffness and higher strength from initial low stiffness and low strength materials while still maintaining tight radii of curvature. This allows OSB to compete with solid timber on large scale gridshells. Additionally, a preliminary sustainability study using a set of sustainability indicators was carried out to determine the relative sustainability of building a large-scale gridshell in Ireland with a primary focus on economic viability but a mention is also given to social and environmental aspects. For this, the Savill garden gridshell in the UK was used as the functional unit with the sustainability of the structural roof skeleton constructed from UK larch solid timber being compared with the same structure using Irish OSB. Albeit that the advantages of using commercially available OSB in a bending active gridshell are marginal and limited to specific gridshell applications, further study into an optimised engineered timber product is merited. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bending%20active%20gridshells" title="bending active gridshells">bending active gridshells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20end%20timber%20structures" title=" high end timber structures"> high end timber structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20cost%20material" title=" low cost material"> low cost material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25386/potential-of-irish-orientated-strand-board-in-bending-active-structures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25386.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">381</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7856</span> High Performance Wood Shear Walls and Dissipative Anchors for Damage Limitation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vera%20Wilden">Vera Wilden</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Benno%20Hoffmeister"> Benno Hoffmeister</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Georgios%20%20Balaskas"> Georgios Balaskas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lukas%20Rauber"> Lukas Rauber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Burkhard%20Walter"> Burkhard Walter</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Light-weight timber frame elements represent an efficient structural solution for wooden multistory buildings. The wall elements of such buildings – which act as shear diaphragms- provide lateral stiffness and resistance to wind and seismic loads. The tendency towards multi-story structures leads to challenges regarding the prediction of stiffness, strength and ductility of the buildings. Lightweight timber frame elements are built up of several structural parts (sheeting, fasteners, frame, support and anchorages); each of them contributing to the dynamic response of the structure. This contribution describes the experimental and numerical investigation and development of enhanced lightweight timber frame buildings. These developments comprise high-performance timber frame walls with the variable arrangements of sheathing planes and dissipative anchors at the base of the timber buildings, which reduce damages to the timber structure and can be exchanged after significant earthquakes. In order to prove the performance of the developed elements in the context of a real building a full-scale two-story building core was designed and erected in the laboratory and tested experimentally for its seismic performance. The results of the tests and a comparison of the test results to the predicted behavior are presented. Observation during the test also reveals some aspects of the design and details which need to consider in the application of the timber walls in the context of the complete building. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dissipative%20anchoring" title="dissipative anchoring">dissipative anchoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=full%20scale%20test" title=" full scale test"> full scale test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=push-over-test" title=" push-over-test"> push-over-test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20shear%20walls" title=" wood shear walls"> wood shear walls</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139541/high-performance-wood-shear-walls-and-dissipative-anchors-for-damage-limitation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139541.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">246</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7855</span> Behavior of Composite Timber-Concrete Beam with CFRP Reinforcement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Vlcek">O. Vlcek</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper deals with current issues in the research of advanced methods to increase the reliability of traditional timber structural elements. It analyses the issue of strengthening of bent timber beams, such as ceiling beams in old (historical) buildings with the additional concrete slab in combination with externally bonded fibre-reinforced polymer. The study evaluates deflection of a selected group of timber beams with concrete slab and additional CFRP reinforcement using different calculating methods and observes differences in results from different calculating methods. An elastic calculation method and evaluation with FEM analysis software were used. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=timber-concrete%20composite" title="timber-concrete composite">timber-concrete composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strengthening" title=" strengthening"> strengthening</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fibre-reinforced%20polymer" title=" fibre-reinforced polymer"> fibre-reinforced polymer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=theoretical%20analysis" title=" theoretical analysis"> theoretical analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1859/behavior-of-composite-timber-concrete-beam-with-cfrp-reinforcement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1859.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">314</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7854</span> Life Cycle Assessment of Mass Timber Structure, Construction Process as System Boundary</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahboobeh%20Hemmati">Mahboobeh Hemmati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahar%20Messadi"> Tahar Messadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hongmei%20Gu"> Hongmei Gu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Today, life cycle assessment (LCA) is a leading method in mitigating the environmental impacts emerging from the building sector. In this paper, LCA is used to quantify the Green House Gas (GHG) emissions during the construction phase of the largest mass timber residential structure in the United States, Adohi Hall. This building is a 200,000 square foot 708-bed complex located on the campus of the University of Arkansas. The energy used for buildings’ operation is the most dominant source of emissions in the building industry. Lately, however, the efforts were successful at increasing the efficiency of building operation in terms of emissions. As a result, the attention is now shifted to the embodied carbon, which is more noticeable in the building life cycle. Unfortunately, most of the studies have, however, focused on the manufacturing stage, and only a few have addressed to date the construction process. Specifically, less data is available about environmental impacts associated with the construction of mass timber. This study presents, therefore, an assessment of the environmental impact of the construction processes based on the real and newly built mass timber building mentioned above. The system boundary of this study covers modules A4 and A5 based on building LCA standard EN 15978. Module A4 includes material and equipment transportation. Module A5 covers the construction and installation process. This research evolves through 2 stages: first, to quantify materials and equipment deployed in the building, and second, to determine the embodied carbon associated with running equipment for construction materials, both transported to, and installed on, the site where the edifice is built. The Global Warming Potential (GWP) of the building is the primary metric considered in this research. The outcomes of this study bring to the front a better understanding of hotspots in terms of emission during the construction process. Moreover, the comparative analysis of the mass timber construction process with that of a theoretically similar steel building will enable an effective assessment of the environmental efficiency of mass timber. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20process" title="construction process">construction process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GWP" title=" GWP"> GWP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LCA" title=" LCA"> LCA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mass%20timber" title=" mass timber"> mass timber</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140663/life-cycle-assessment-of-mass-timber-structure-construction-process-as-system-boundary" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140663.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7853</span> DSF Elements in High-Rise Timber Buildings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miroslav%20Premrov">Miroslav Premrov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrej%20%C5%A0trukelj"> Andrej Štrukelj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erika%20Kozem%20%C5%A0ilih"> Erika Kozem Šilih</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The utilization of prefabricated timber-wall elements with double glazing, called as double-skin façade element (DSF), represents an innovative structural approach in the context of new high-rise timber construction, simultaneously combining sustainable solutions with improved energy efficiency and living quality. In addition to the minimum energy needs of buildings, the design of modern buildings is also increasingly focused on the optimal indoor comfort, in particular on sufficient natural light indoors. An optimally energy-designed building with an optimal layout of glazed areas around the building envelope represents a great potential in modern timber construction. Usually, all these transparent façade elements, because of energy benefits, are primary asymmetrical oriented and if they are considered as non-resisting against a horizontal load impact, a strong torsion effects in the building can appear. The problem of structural stability against a strong horizontal load impact of such modern timber buildings especially increase in a case of high-rise structures where additional bracing elements have to be used. In such a case, special diagonal bracing systems or other bracing solutions with common timber wall elements have to be incorporated into the structure of the building to satisfy all prescribed resisting requirements given by the standards. However, all such structural solutions are usually not environmentally friendly and also not contribute to an improved living comfort, or they are not accepted by the architects at all. Consequently, it is a special need to develop innovative load-bearing timber-glass wall elements which are in the same time environmentally friendly, can increase internal comfort in the building, but are also load-bearing. The new developed load-bearing DSF elements can be a good answer on all these requirements. Timber-glass façade elements DSF wall elements consist of two transparent layers, thermal-insulated three-layered glass pane on the internal side and an additional single-layered glass pane on the external side of the wall. The both panes are separated by an air channel which can be of any dimensions and can have a significant influence on the thermal insulation or acoustic response of such a wall element. Most already published studies on DSF elements primarily deal only with energy and LCA solutions and do not address any structural problems. In previous studies according to experimental analysis and mathematical modeling it was already presented a possible benefit of such load-bearing DSF elements, especially comparing with previously developed load-bearing single-skin timber wall elements, but they were not applicate yet in any high-rise timber structure. Therefore, in the presented study specially selected 10-storey prefabricated timber building constructed in a cross-laminated timber (CLT) structural wall system is analyzed using the developed DSF elements in a sense to increase a structural lateral stability of the whole building. The results evidently highlight the importance the load-bearing DSF elements, as their incorporation can have a significant impact on the overall behavior of the structure through their influence on the stiffness properties. Taking these considerations into account is crucial to ensure compliance with seismic design codes and to improve the structural resilience of high-rise timber buildings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass" title="glass">glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-rise%20buildings" title=" high-rise buildings"> high-rise buildings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20analysis" title=" numerical analysis"> numerical analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=timber" title=" timber"> timber</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185196/dsf-elements-in-high-rise-timber-buildings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185196.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">46</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7852</span> Freeform Lens System for Collimation SERS irradiation Radiation Produced by Biolayers which Deposit on High Quality Resonant System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iuliia%20Riabenko">Iuliia Riabenko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Konstantin%20Beloshenko"> Konstantin Beloshenko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergey%20Shulga"> Sergey Shulga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Valeriy%20Shulga"> Valeriy Shulga</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An optical system has been developed consisting of a TIR lens and an aspherical surface designed to collect Stokes radiation from biomolecules. The freeform material is SYLGARD-184, which provides a low level of noise associated with the luminescence of the substrate. The refractive index of SYLGARD-184 is 1.4028 for a wavelength of 632 nm, the Abbe number is 72, these material parameters make it possible to design the desired shape for the wavelength range of 640-700 nm. The system consists of a TIR lens, inside which is placed a high-quality resonant system consisting of a biomolecule and a metal colloid. This system can be described using the coupled oscillator model. The laser excitation radiation was fed through the base of the TIR lens. The sample was mounted inside the TIR lens at a distance of 8 mm from the base. As a result of Raman scattering of laser radiation, a Stokes bend appeared from the biolayer. The task of this work was that it was necessary to collect this radiation emitted at a 4π steradian angle. For this, an internal aspherical surface was used, which made it possible to defocus the beam emanating from the biolayer and direct its radiation to the borders of the TIR lens at the Brewster angle. The collated beam of Stokes radiation contains 97% of the energy scattered by the biolayer. Thus, a simple scheme was proposed for collecting and collimating the Stokes radiation of biomolecules. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TIR%20lens" title="TIR lens">TIR lens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freeform%20material" title=" freeform material"> freeform material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=raman%20scattering" title=" raman scattering"> raman scattering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biolayer" title=" biolayer"> biolayer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brewster%20angle" title=" brewster angle"> brewster angle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158241/freeform-lens-system-for-collimation-sers-irradiation-radiation-produced-by-biolayers-which-deposit-on-high-quality-resonant-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158241.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7851</span> Total Life Cycle Cost and Life Cycle Assessment of Mass Timber Buildings in the US</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hongmei%20Gu">Hongmei Gu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shaobo%20Liang"> Shaobo Liang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Richard%20Bergman"> Richard Bergman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With current worldwide trend in designs to have net-zero emission buildings to mitigate climate change, widespread use of mass timber products, such as Cross Laminated Timber (CLT), or Nail Laminated Timber (NLT) or Dowel Laminated Timber (DLT) in buildings have been proposed as one approach in reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Consequentially, mass timber building designs are being adopted more and more by architectures in North America, especially for mid- to high-rise buildings where concrete and steel buildings are currently prevalent, but traditional light-frame wood buildings are not. Wood buildings and their associated wood products have tended to have lower environmental impacts than competing energy-intensive materials. It is common practice to conduct life cycle assessments (LCAs) and life cycle cost analyses on buildings with traditional structural materials like concrete and steel in the building design process. Mass timber buildings with lower environmental impacts, especially GHG emissions, can contribute to the Net Zero-emission goal for the world-building sector. However, the economic impacts from CLT mass timber buildings still vary from the life-cycle cost perspective and environmental trade-offs associated with GHG emissions. This paper quantified the Total Life Cycle Cost and cradle-to-grave GHG emissions of a pre-designed CLT mass timber building and compared it to a functionally-equivalent concrete building. The Total life cycle Eco-cost-efficiency is defined in this study and calculated to discuss the trade-offs for the net-zero emission buildings in a holistic view for both environmental and economic impacts. Mass timber used in buildings for the United States is targeted to the materials from the nation’s sustainable managed forest in order to benefit both national and global environments and economies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GHG" title="GHG">GHG</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20impact" title=" economic impact"> economic impact</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eco-cost-efficiency" title=" eco-cost-efficiency"> eco-cost-efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20life-cycle%20costs" title=" total life-cycle costs"> total life-cycle costs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110406/total-life-cycle-cost-and-life-cycle-assessment-of-mass-timber-buildings-in-the-us" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110406.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7850</span> SCM Challenges and Opportunities in the Timber Construction Sector</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Reitner">K. Reitner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Staberhofer"> F. Staberhofer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Ortner"> W. Ortner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Gerschberger"> M. Gerschberger</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this paper is to identify the main challenges faced by companies in the timber construction sector and to provide improvement opportunities that can be implemented on a short-, medium- and long-term basis. To identify the challenges and propose actions for each company a literature review and a multiple case research were conducted using the Quick Scan Audit Methodology. Finally, the findings and outcomes are compared with each other to support companies in the timer construction sector when implementing and restructuring their day-to-day activities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supply%20chain%20management" title="supply chain management">supply chain management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supply%20chain%20challenges%20and%20opportunities" title=" supply chain challenges and opportunities"> supply chain challenges and opportunities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=timber%20construction%20sector" title=" timber construction sector"> timber construction sector</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13012/scm-challenges-and-opportunities-in-the-timber-construction-sector" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13012.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">249</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7849</span> Production, Utilization and Marketing of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Ikwuano Local Government Area of Abia State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nneka%20M.%20Chidieber-Mark">Nneka M. Chidieber-Mark</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roseline%20D.%20Ejike"> Roseline D. Ejike</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) have been described as all biological materials, other than timber extracted from natural and managed forests for human subsistence and economic activities. This study focused on the production, utilization and marketing of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Ikwuano Local Government Area of Abia State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was adopted in the selection of respondents for the study. Data were from primary sources only. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistical tools as well as Net Income Analysis. Results show that a vast number of plant based and animal based NTFPs exist in the study area. They are harvested and used for multiple purposes. NTFPs are a source of income for the indigenes that depend on it for their livelihood. Unsustainable production and harvesting as well as poor marketing information was among the constraints impeding the growth and development of NTFPs sub-sector in the study area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-timber%20forest%20products" title="non-timber forest products">non-timber forest products</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=production" title=" production"> production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=utilization" title=" utilization"> utilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marketing" title=" marketing"> marketing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25837/production-utilization-and-marketing-of-non-timber-forest-products-ntfps-in-ikwuano-local-government-area-of-abia-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25837.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">448</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7848</span> Climate Change Impact Due to Timber Product Imports in the UK</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juan%20A.%20Ferriz-Papi">Juan A. Ferriz-Papi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Allan%20L.%20Nantel"> Allan L. Nantel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Talib%20E.%20Butt"> Talib E. Butt</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Buildings are thought to consume about 50% of the total energy in the UK. The use stage in a building life cycle has the largest energy consumption, although different assessments are showing that the construction can equal several years of maintenance and operations. The selection of materials with lower embodied energy is very important to reduce this consumption. For this reason, timber is one adequate material due to its low embodied energy and the capacity to be used as carbon storage. The use of timber in the construction industry is very significant. Sawn wood, for example, is one of the top 5 construction materials consumed in the UK according to National Statistics. Embodied energy for building products considers the energy consumed in extraction and production stages. However, it is not the same consideration if this product is produced locally as when considering the resource produced further afield. Transport is a very relevant matter that profoundly influences in the results of embodied energy. The case of timber use in the UK is important because the balance between imports and exports is far negative, industry consuming more imported timber than produced. Nearly 80% of sawn softwood used in construction is imported. The imports-exports deficit for sawn wood accounted for more than 180 million pounds during the first four-month period of 2016. More than 85% of these imports come from Europe (83% from the EU). The aim of this study is to analyze climate change impact due to transport for timber products consumed in the UK. An approximate estimation of energy consumed and carbon emissions are calculated considering the timber product’s import origin. The results are compared to the total consumption of each product, estimating the impact of transport on the final embodied energy and carbon emissions. The analysis of these results can help deduce that one big challenge for climate change is the reduction of external dependency, with the associated improvement of internal production of timber products. A study of different types of timber products produced in the UK and abroad is developed to understand the possibilities for this country to improve sustainability and self-management. Reuse and recycle possibilities are also considered. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embodied%20energy" title="embodied energy">embodied energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title=" climate change"> climate change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO2%20emissions" title=" CO2 emissions"> CO2 emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=timber" title=" timber"> timber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transport" title=" transport"> transport</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55322/climate-change-impact-due-to-timber-product-imports-in-the-uk" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55322.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">344</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7847</span> Adhesive Connections in Timber: A Comparison between Rough and Smooth Wood Bonding Surfaces </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Valentina%20Di%20Maria">Valentina Di Maria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anton%20Ianakiev"> Anton Ianakiev</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of adhesive anchors for wooden constructions is an efficient technology to connect and design timber members in new timber structures and to rehabilitate the damaged structural members of historical buildings. Due to the lack of standard regulation in this specific area of structural design, designers’ choices are still supported by test analysis that enables knowledge, and the prediction, of the structural behavior of glued in rod joints. The paper outlines an experimental research activity aimed at identifying the tensile resistance capacity of several new adhesive joint prototypes made of epoxy resin, steel bar and timber, Oak and Douglas Fir species. The development of new adhesive connectors has been carried out by using epoxy to glue stainless steel bars into pre-drilled holes, characterized by smooth and rough internal surfaces, in timber samples. The realization of a threaded contact surface using a specific drill bit has led to an improved bond between wood and epoxy. The applied changes have also reduced the cost of the joints’ production. The paper presents the results of this parametric analysis and a Finite Element analysis that enables identification and study of the internal stress distribution in the proposed adhesive anchors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glued%20in%20rod%20joints" title="glued in rod joints">glued in rod joints</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adhesive%20anchors" title=" adhesive anchors"> adhesive anchors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=timber" title=" timber"> timber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epoxy" title=" epoxy"> epoxy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rough%20contact%20surface" title="rough contact surface">rough contact surface</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=threaded%20hole%20shape" title=" threaded hole shape"> threaded hole shape</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22485/adhesive-connections-in-timber-a-comparison-between-rough-and-smooth-wood-bonding-surfaces" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22485.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">551</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7846</span> Pushover Experiment of Traditional Dieh-Dou Timber Frame </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ren%20Zuo%20Wang">Ren Zuo Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, in order to investigate the joint behaviors of the Dieh-Dou structure. A pushover experiment of Dieh-Dou Jia-Dong is implemented. NDI, LVDT and image measurement system are used to measure displacements of joints and deformations of Dieh-Dou Jia-Dong. In addition, joint rotation-moment relationships of column restoring force, purlin-supporting, Dou-Shu, Dou-Gong brackets, primary beam-Gua Tong, secondary beam-Gua Tong, Tertiary beam are builied. From Jia-Dong experiments, formulations of joint rotation are proposed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pushover%20experiment" title="pushover experiment">pushover experiment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dieh-Dou%20timber%20frame" title=" Dieh-Dou timber frame"> Dieh-Dou timber frame</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20measurement%20system" title=" image measurement system"> image measurement system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=joint%20rotation-moment%20relationships" title=" joint rotation-moment relationships"> joint rotation-moment relationships</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83391/pushover-experiment-of-traditional-dieh-dou-timber-frame" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83391.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">444</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7845</span> Evaluation of the End Effect Impact on the Torsion Test for Determining the Shear Modulus of a Timber Beam through a Photogrammetry Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Niaz%20Gharavi">Niaz Gharavi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hexin%20Zhang"> Hexin Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yanjun%20Xie"> Yanjun Xie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The timber beam end effect in the torsion test is evaluated using binocular stereo vision system. It is recommended by BS EN 408:2010+A1:2012 to exclude a distance of two to three times of cross-sectional thickness (b) from ends to avoid the end effect; whereas, this study indicates that this distance is not sufficiently far enough to remove this effect in slender cross-sections. The shear modulus of six timber beams with different aspect ratios is determined at the various angles and cross-sections. The result of this experiment shows that the end affected span of each specimen varies depending on their aspect ratios. It is concluded that by increasing the aspect ratio this span will increase. However, by increasing the distance from the ends to the values greater than 6b, the shear modulus trend becomes constant and end effect will be negligible. Moreover, it is concluded that end affected span is preferred to be depth-dependent rather than thickness-dependant. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=end%20clamp%20effect" title="end clamp effect">end clamp effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=full-size%20timber%20test" title=" full-size timber test"> full-size timber test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20properties" title=" shear properties"> shear properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=torsion%20test" title=" torsion test"> torsion test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20engineering" title=" wood engineering"> wood engineering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55394/evaluation-of-the-end-effect-impact-on-the-torsion-test-for-determining-the-shear-modulus-of-a-timber-beam-through-a-photogrammetry-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55394.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">282</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7844</span> Impact of Butt Joints on Flexural Properties of Nail Laminated Timber</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Mehdi%20Bagheri">Mohammad Mehdi Bagheri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tianying%20Ma"> Tianying Ma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meng%20Gong"> Meng Gong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nail laminated timber (NLT) is widely used for constructing timber bridge decks in North America. Butt joints usually exist due to the length limits of lumber, leading to concerns about the decrease of structural performance of NLT. This study aimed at investigating the provisions incorporated in Canadian highway bridge design code on the use of but joints in wooden bridge decks. Three and five layers NLT specimens with various configurations were tested under 3-point bending test. It was found that the standard equation is capable of predicting the bending stiffness reduction due to butt joints and 1-m band limit in which, one but joint in every three adjacent lamination is allowed, sounds reasonable. The strength reduction also followed a pattern similar to stiffness reduction. Also reinforcement of the butt joint through nails and steel side plates was attempted. It was found that nail reinforcement recovers the stiffness slightly. In contrast, reinforcing the butt joint through steel side plate improved the flexural performance significantly when compared to the nail reinforcement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nail%20laminated%20timber" title="nail laminated timber">nail laminated timber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=butt%20joint" title=" butt joint"> butt joint</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bending%20stiffness" title=" bending stiffness"> bending stiffness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforcement" title=" reinforcement "> reinforcement </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124932/impact-of-butt-joints-on-flexural-properties-of-nail-laminated-timber" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124932.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">185</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7843</span> A Study on Shear Field Test Method in Timber Shear Modulus Determination Using Stereo Vision System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Niaz%20Gharavi">Niaz Gharavi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hexin%20Zhang"> Hexin Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the structural timber design, the shear modulus of the timber beam is an important factor that needs to be determined accurately. According to BS EN 408, shear modulus can be determined using torsion test or shear field test method. Although torsion test creates pure shear status in the beam, it does not represent the real-life situation when the beam is in the service. On the other hand, shear field test method creates similar loading situation as in reality. The latter method is based on shear distortion measurement of the beam at the zone with the constant transverse load in the standardized four-point bending test as indicated in BS EN 408. Current testing practice code advised using two metallic arms act as an instrument to measure the diagonal displacement of the constructing square. Timber is not a homogenous material, but a heterogeneous and this characteristic makes timber to undergo a non-uniform deformation. Therefore, the dimensions and the location of the constructing square in the area with the constant transverse force might alter the shear modulus determination. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the shape, size, and location of the square in the shear field test method. A binocular stereo vision system was developed to capture the 3D displacement of a grid of target points. This approach is an accurate and non-contact method to extract the 3D coordination of targeted object using two cameras. Two group of three glue laminated beams were produced and tested by the mean of four-point bending test according to BS EN 408. Group one constructed using two materials, laminated bamboo lumber and structurally graded C24 timber and group two consisted only structurally graded C24 timber. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed on the acquired data to evaluate the significance of size and location of the square in the determination of shear modulus of the beam. The results have shown that the size of the square is an affecting factor in shear modulus determination. However, the location of the square in the area with the constant shear force does not affect the shear modulus. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20field%20test%20method" title="shear field test method">shear field test method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BS%20EN%20408" title=" BS EN 408"> BS EN 408</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=timber%20shear%20modulus" title=" timber shear modulus"> timber shear modulus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photogrammetry%20approach" title=" photogrammetry approach "> photogrammetry approach </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85208/a-study-on-shear-field-test-method-in-timber-shear-modulus-determination-using-stereo-vision-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85208.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">211</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7842</span> Utilization of Logging Residue to Reduce Soil Disturbance of Timber Harvesting</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juang%20R.%20Matangaran">Juang R. Matangaran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qi%20Adlan"> Qi Adlan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Industrial plantation forest in Indonesia was developed in 1983, and since then, several companies have been successfully planted a total area of concessionaire approximately 10 million hectares. Currently, these plantation forests have their annual harvesting period. In the timber harvesting process, amount part of the trees generally become logging residue. Tree parts such as branches, twigs, defected stem and leaves are unused section of tree on the ground after timber harvesting. The use of heavy machines in timber harvesting area has caused damage to the forest soil. The negative impact of such machines includes loss of topsoil, soil erosion, and soil compaction. Forest soil compaction caused reduction of forest water infiltration, increase runoff and causes difficulty for root penetration. In this study, we used logging residue as soil covers on the passages passed by skidding machines in order to observe the reduction soil compaction. Bulk density of soil was measured and analyzed after several times of skidding machines passage on skid trail. The objective of the research was to analyze the effect of logging residue on reducing soil compaction. The research was taken place at one of the industrial plantation forest area of South Sumatra Indonesia. The result of the study showed that percentage increase of soil compaction bare soil was larger than soil surface covered by logging residue. The maximum soil compaction occurred after 4 to 5 passes on soil without logging residue or bare soil and after 7 to 8 passes on soil cover by logging residue. The use of logging residue coverings could reduce soil compaction from 45% to 60%. The logging residue was effective in decreasing soil disturbance of timber harvesting at the plantation forest area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bulk%20density" title="bulk density">bulk density</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=logging%20residue" title=" logging residue"> logging residue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plantation%20forest" title=" plantation forest"> plantation forest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20compaction" title=" soil compaction"> soil compaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=timber%20harvesting" title=" timber harvesting"> timber harvesting</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73651/utilization-of-logging-residue-to-reduce-soil-disturbance-of-timber-harvesting" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73651.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">405</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7841</span> The Material Behavior in Curved Glulam Beam of Jabon Timber</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erma%20Desmaliana">Erma Desmaliana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saptahari%20Sugiri"> Saptahari Sugiri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Limited availability of solid timber in large dimensions becomes a problem. The demands of timbers in Indonesia is more increasing compared to its supply from natural forest. It is associated with the issues of global warming and environmental preservation. The uses of timbers from HTI (Industrial Planting Forest) and HTR (Society Planting Forest), such as Jabon, is an alternative source that required to solve these problems. Having shorter lifespan is the benefit of HTI/HTR timbers, although they are relatively smaller in dimension and lower in strength. Engineering Wood Product (EWP) such as glulam (glue-laminated) timber, is required to overcome their losses. Glulam is fabricated by gluing the wooden planks that having a thickness of 20 to 45 mm with an adhesive material and a certain pressure. Glulam can be made a curved beam, is one of the advantages, thus making it strength is greater than a straight beam. This paper is aimed to know the material behavior of curved glue-laminated beam of Jabon timber. Preliminary methods was to gain physical and mechanical properties, and glue spread strength of Jabon timber, which following the ASTM D-143 standard test method. Dimension of beams were 50 mm wide, 760 mm span, 50 mm thick, and 50 mm rise. Each layer of Jabon has a thickness of 5 mm and is glued with polyurethane. Cold press will be applied to beam laminated specimens for more than 5 hours. The curved glue-laminated beams specimens will be tested about the bending behavior. This experiments aims to obtain the increasing of load carrying capacity and stiffness of curved glulam beam. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=curved%20glulam%20beam" title="curved glulam beam">curved glulam beam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HTR%26HTI" title=" HTR&HTI"> HTR&HTI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=load%20carrying" title=" load carrying"> load carrying</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strength" title=" strength"> strength</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39701/the-material-behavior-in-curved-glulam-beam-of-jabon-timber" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39701.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">298</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7840</span> Novel Hole-Bar Standard Design and Inter-Comparison for Geometric Errors Identification on Machine-Tool</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Viprey">F. Viprey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Nouira"> H. Nouira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Lavernhe"> S. Lavernhe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Tournier"> C. Tournier</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Manufacturing of freeform parts may be achieved on 5-axis machine tools currently considered as a common means of production. In particular, the geometrical quality of the freeform parts depends on the accuracy of the multi-axis structural loop, which is composed of several component assemblies maintaining the relative positioning between the tool and the workpiece. Therefore, to reach high quality of the geometries of the freeform parts the geometric errors of the 5 axis machine should be evaluated and compensated, which leads one to master the deviations between the tool and the workpiece (volumetric accuracy). In this study, a novel hole-bar design was developed and used for the characterization of the geometric errors of a RRTTT 5-axis machine tool. The hole-bar standard design is made of Invar material, selected since it is less sensitive to thermal drift. The proposed design allows once to extract 3 intrinsic parameters: one linear positioning and two straightnesses. These parameters can be obtained by measuring the cylindricity of 12 holes (bores) and 11 cylinders located on a perpendicular plane. By mathematical analysis, twelve 3D points coordinates can be identified and correspond to the intersection of each hole axis with the least square plane passing through two perpendicular neighbour cylinders axes. The hole-bar was calibrated using a precision CMM at LNE traceable the SI meter definition. The reversal technique was applied in order to separate the error forms of the hole bar from the motion errors of the mechanical guiding systems. An inter-comparison was additionally conducted between four NMIs (National Metrology Institutes) within the EMRP IND62: JRP-TIM project. Afterwards, the hole-bar was integrated in RRTTT 5-axis machine tool to identify its volumetric errors. Measurements were carried out in real time and combine raw data acquired by the Renishaw RMP600 touch probe and the linear and rotary encoders. The geometric errors of the 5 axis machine were also evaluated by an accurate laser tracer interferometer system. The results were compared to those obtained with the hole bar. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=volumetric%20errors" title="volumetric errors">volumetric errors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CMM" title=" CMM"> CMM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20hole-bar" title=" 3D hole-bar"> 3D hole-bar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inter-comparison" title=" inter-comparison"> inter-comparison</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37763/novel-hole-bar-standard-design-and-inter-comparison-for-geometric-errors-identification-on-machine-tool" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37763.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">384</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7839</span> Harnessing Nigeria's Forestry Potential for Structural Applications: Structural Reliability of Nigerian Grown Opepe Timber</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20I.%20Aguwa">J. I. Aguwa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Sadiku"> S. Sadiku</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Abdullahi"> M. Abdullahi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study examined the structural reliability of the Nigerian grown Opepe timber as bridge beam material. The strength of a particular specie of timber depends so much on some factors such as soil and environment in which it is grown. The steps involved are collection of the Opepe timber samples, seasoning/preparation of the test specimens, determination of the strength properties/statistical analysis, development of a computer programme in FORTRAN language and finally structural reliability analysis using FORM 5 software. The result revealed that the Nigerian grown Opepe is a reliable and durable structural bridge beam material for span of 5000mm, depth of 400mm, breadth of 250mm and end bearing length of 150mm. The probabilities of failure in bending parallel to the grain, compression perpendicular to the grain, shear parallel to the grain and deflection are 1.61 x 10<sup>-7</sup>, 1.43 x 10<sup>-8</sup>, 1.93 x 10<sup>-4</sup> and 1.51 x 10<sup>-15</sup> respectively. The paper recommends establishment of Opepe plantation in various Local Government Areas in Nigeria for structural applications such as in bridges, railway sleepers, generation of income to the nation as well as creating employment for the numerous unemployed youths. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bending%20and%20deflection" title="bending and deflection">bending and deflection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bridge%20beam" title=" bridge beam"> bridge beam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compression" title=" compression"> compression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigerian%20Opepe" title=" Nigerian Opepe"> Nigerian Opepe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear" title=" shear"> shear</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20reliability" title=" structural reliability"> structural reliability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28317/harnessing-nigerias-forestry-potential-for-structural-applications-structural-reliability-of-nigerian-grown-opepe-timber" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28317.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">467</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7838</span> Numerical Modeling of Timber Structures under Varying Humidity Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sabina%20Hu%C4%8D">Sabina Huč</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Staffan%20Svensson"> Staffan Svensson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toma%C5%BE%20Hozjan"> Tomaž Hozjan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Timber structures may be exposed to various environmental conditions during their service life. Often, the structures have to resist extreme changes in the relative humidity of surrounding air, with simultaneously carrying the loads. Wood material response for this load case is seen as increasing deformation of the timber structure. Relative humidity variations cause moisture changes in timber and consequently shrinkage and swelling of the material. Moisture changes and loads acting together result in mechano-sorptive creep, while sustained load gives viscoelastic creep. In some cases, magnitude of the mechano-sorptive strain can be about five times the elastic strain already at low stress levels. Therefore, analyzing mechano-sorptive creep and its influence on timber structures’ long-term behavior is of high importance. Relatively many one-dimensional rheological models for rheological behavior of wood can be found in literature, while a number of models coupling creep response in each material direction is limited. In this study, mathematical formulation of a coupled two-dimensional mechano-sorptive model and its application to the experimental results are presented. The mechano-sorptive model constitutes of a moisture transport model and a mechanical model. Variation of the moisture content in wood is modelled by multi-Fickian moisture transport model. The model accounts for processes of the bound-water and water-vapor diffusion in wood, that are coupled through sorption hysteresis. Sorption defines a nonlinear relation between moisture content and relative humidity. Multi-Fickian moisture transport model is able to accurately predict unique, non-uniform moisture content field within the timber member over time. Calculated moisture content in timber members is used as an input to the mechanical analysis. In the mechanical analysis, the total strain is assumed to be a sum of the elastic strain, viscoelastic strain, mechano-sorptive strain, and strain due to shrinkage and swelling. Mechano-sorptive response is modelled by so-called spring-dashpot type of a model, that proved to be suitable for describing creep of wood. Mechano-sorptive strain is dependent on change of moisture content. The model includes mechano-sorptive material parameters that have to be calibrated to the experimental results. The calibration is made to the experiments carried out on wooden blocks subjected to uniaxial compressive loaded in tangential direction and varying humidity conditions. The moisture and the mechanical model are implemented in a finite element software. The calibration procedure gives the required, distinctive set of mechano-sorptive material parameters. The analysis shows that mechano-sorptive strain in transverse direction is present, though its magnitude and variation are substantially lower than the mechano-sorptive strain in the direction of loading. The presented mechano-sorptive model enables observing real temporal and spatial distribution of the moisture-induced strains and stresses in timber members. Since the model’s suitability for predicting mechano-sorptive strains is shown and the required material parameters are obtained, a comprehensive advanced analysis of the stress-strain state in timber structures, including connections subjected to constant load and varying humidity is possible. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20analysis" title="mechanical analysis">mechanical analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechano-sorptive%20creep" title=" mechano-sorptive creep"> mechano-sorptive creep</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moisture%20transport%20model" title=" moisture transport model"> moisture transport model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=timber" title=" timber"> timber</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81491/numerical-modeling-of-timber-structures-under-varying-humidity-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81491.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">246</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7837</span> Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Bond Thickness on the Interface Behaviour of Fibre Reinforced Polymer Sheet Bonded to Timber</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abbas%20Vahedian">Abbas Vahedian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rijun%20Shrestha"> Rijun Shrestha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keith%20Crews"> Keith Crews</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The bond mechanism between timber and fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) is relatively complex and is influenced by a number of variables including bond thickness, bond width, bond length, material properties, and geometries. This study investigates the influence of bond thickness on the behaviour of interface, failure mode, and bond strength of externally bonded FRP-to-timber interface. In the present study, 106 single shear joint specimens have been investigated. Experiment results showed that higher layers of FRP increase the ultimate load carrying capacity of interface; conversely, such increase led to decrease the slip of interface. Moreover, samples with more layers of FRPs may fail in a brittle manner without noticeable warning that collapse is imminent. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fibre%20reinforced%20polymer" title="fibre reinforced polymer">fibre reinforced polymer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FRP" title=" FRP"> FRP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20shear%20test" title=" single shear test"> single shear test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bond%20thickness" title=" bond thickness"> bond thickness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bond%20strength" title=" bond strength"> bond strength</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100515/experimental-investigation-on-the-effect-of-bond-thickness-on-the-interface-behaviour-of-fibre-reinforced-polymer-sheet-bonded-to-timber" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100515.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">229</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7836</span> Assessing the High Rate of Deforestation Caused by the Operations of Timber Industries in Ghana</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Obed%20Asamoah">Obed Asamoah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Forests are very vital for human survival and our well-being. During the past years, the world has taken an increasingly significant role in the modification of the global environment. The high rate of deforestation in Ghana is of primary national concern as the forests provide many ecosystem services and functions that support the country’s predominantly agrarian economy and foreign earnings. Ghana forest is currently major source of carbon sink that helps to mitigate climate change. Ghana forests, both the reserves and off-reserves, are under pressure of deforestation. The causes of deforestation are varied but can broadly be categorized into anthropogenic and natural factors. For the anthropogenic factors, increased wood fuel collection, clearing of forests for agriculture, illegal and poorly regulated timber extraction, social and environmental conflicts, increasing urbanization and industrialization are the primary known causes for the loss of forests and woodlands. Mineral exploitation in the forest areas is considered as one of the major causes of deforestation in Ghana. Mining activities especially mining of gold by both the licensed mining companies and illegal mining groups who are locally known as "gallantly mining" also cause damage to the nation's forest reserves. Several works have been conducted regarding the causes of the high rate of deforestation in Ghana, major attention has been placed on illegal logging and using forest lands for illegal farming and mining activities. Less emphasis has been placed on the timber production companies on their harvesting methods in the forests in Ghana and other activities that are carried out in the forest. The main objective of the work is to find out the harvesting methods and the activities of the timber production companies and their effects on the forests in Ghana. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were engaged in the research work. The study population comprised of 20 Timber industries (Sawmills) forest areas of Ghana. These companies were selected randomly. The cluster sampling technique was engaged in selecting the respondents. Both primary and secondary data were employed. In the study, it was observed that most of the timber production companies do not know the age, the weight, the distance covered from the harvesting to the loading site in the forest. It was also observed that old and heavy machines are used by timber production companies in their operations in the forest, which makes the soil compact prevents regeneration and enhances soil erosion. It was observed that timber production companies do not abide by the rules and regulations governing their operations in the forest. The high rate of corruption on the side of the officials of the Ghana forestry commission makes the officials relax and do not embark on proper monitoring on the operations of the timber production companies which makes the timber companies to cause more harm to the forest. In other to curb this situation the Ghana forestry commission with the ministry of lands and natural resources should monitor the activities of the timber production companies and sanction all the companies that make foul play in their activities in the forest. The commission should also pay more attention to the policy “fell one plant 10” to enhance regeneration in both reserves and off-reserves forest. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=companies" title="companies">companies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deforestation" title=" deforestation"> deforestation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forest" title=" forest"> forest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghana" title=" Ghana"> Ghana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=timber" title=" timber"> timber</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115281/assessing-the-high-rate-of-deforestation-caused-by-the-operations-of-timber-industries-in-ghana" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115281.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">198</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7835</span> Computational Modeling of Perpendicular to Grain Stress in a Non-Standard Glulam Beam</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wojciech%20Gilewski">Wojciech Gilewski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anna%20Al%20Sabouni-Zawadzka"> Anna Al Sabouni-Zawadzka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jan%20Pelczynski"> Jan Pelczynski</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper focuses on the analysis of tensile stresses perpendicular to the grain in simply supported beams with different geometry made of glued laminated timber. Two types of beams are considered: standard double-tapered beams described in Eurocode 5 and non-standard glulam beams with a flattened apex. The beams are analyzed using two methodology approaches: a code design verification method and a finite element method (FEM) in terms of the linear theory of elasticity with plane stress assumption. The performed analyses proved that both methodologies lead to consistent results in case of standard glulam beams and therefore, the FEM can be used in case of non-standard structures, which are not included in Eurocode 5. Moreover, the FE analysis of the glulam beam with a flattened apex showed that it can be treated as a structure with two apex zones. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=double-tapered%20beams" title="double-tapered beams">double-tapered beams</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20analysis" title=" finite element analysis"> finite element analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glued%20laminated%20timber" title=" glued laminated timber"> glued laminated timber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perpendicular%20to%20grain%20stress" title=" perpendicular to grain stress"> perpendicular to grain stress</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77546/computational-modeling-of-perpendicular-to-grain-stress-in-a-non-standard-glulam-beam" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77546.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">235</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free-form%20timber%20structure&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free-form%20timber%20structure&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free-form%20timber%20structure&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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