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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Méthodes_de_simplification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Méthodes de simplification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Méthodes_de_simplification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critique_envers_la_simplification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique_envers_la_simplification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Critique envers la simplification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critique_envers_la_simplification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" 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vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sinogramme simplifié</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 81 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereenvoudigde_Chinese_karakters" title="Vereenvoudigde Chinese karakters – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vereenvoudigde Chinese karakters" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A9" title="حروف صينية مبسطة – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حروف صينية مبسطة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%87" title="حروف صينى مبسطه – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حروف صينى مبسطه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinu_simplific%C3%A1u" title="Chinu simplificáu – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chinu simplificáu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sad%C9%99l%C9%99%C5%9Fdirilmi%C5%9F_%C3%A7inc%C9%99" title="Sadələşdirilmiş çincə – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sadələşdirilmiş çincə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ساده‌لشدیریلمیش چین یازیسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ساده‌لشدیریلمیش چین یازیسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Спрошчаная кітайская – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Спрошчаная кітайская" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Опростен китайски – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Опростен китайски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%B0" title="সরলীকৃত চীনা অক্ষর – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সরলীকৃত চীনা অক্ষর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pojednostavljeno_kinesko_pismo" title="Pojednostavljeno kinesko pismo – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pojednostavljeno kinesko pismo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%81ng-hu%C3%A1-c%C3%AA" title="Gāng-huá-cê – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gāng-huá-cê" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88" title="نووسەکانی چینیی سادەکراو – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نووسەکانی چینیی سادەکراو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forenklet_kinesisk" title="Forenklet kinesisk – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Forenklet kinesisk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurzzeichen" title="Kurzzeichen – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kurzzeichen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Simplified Chinese characters" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpligita_%C4%89ina_skribo" title="Simpligita ĉina skribo – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Simpligita ĉina skribo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracteres_chinos_simplificados" title="Caracteres chinos simplificados – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caracteres chinos simplificados" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_lihtsustatud_kiri" title="Hiina lihtsustatud kiri – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hiina lihtsustatud kiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txinera_sinplifikatu" title="Txinera sinplifikatu – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txinera sinplifikatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%87" title="نویسه‌های چینی ساده‌شده – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نویسه‌های چینی ساده‌شده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yksinkertaistetut_merkit" title="Yksinkertaistetut merkit – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yksinkertaistetut merkit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferienf%C3%A2ldige_Sineeske_karakters" title="Ferienfâldige Sineeske karakters – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ferienfâldige Sineeske karakters" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carachtair_Sh%C3%ADnise_shimplithe" title="Carachtair Shínise shimplithe – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Carachtair Shínise shimplithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplificaci%C3%B3n_da_escritura_chinesa" title="Simplificación da escritura chinesa – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Simplificación da escritura chinesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%AA" title="סינית מפושטת – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סינית מפושטת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3" title="सरलीकृत चीनी वर्ण – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सरलीकृत चीनी वर्ण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyszer%C5%B1s%C3%ADtett_k%C3%ADnai_%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" title="Egyszerűsített kínai írás – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egyszerűsített kínai írás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%86%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պարզեցված հիերոգլիֆներ – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարզեցված հիերոգլիֆներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Han_sederhana" title="Aksara Han sederhana – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aksara Han sederhana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkarakter_a_napalaka_nga_Insik" title="Karkarakter a napalaka nga Insik – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Karkarakter a napalaka nga Insik" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einf%C3%B6ldu%C3%B0_k%C3%ADnversk_t%C3%A1kn" title="Einfölduð kínversk tákn – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Einfölduð kínversk tákn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caratteri_cinesi_semplificati" title="Caratteri cinesi semplificati – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caratteri cinesi semplificati" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%97" title="簡体字 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="簡体字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanzi_prasaja" title="Hanzi prasaja – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hanzi prasaja" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="გამარტივებული ჩინური დამწერლობა – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გამარტივებული ჩინური დამწერლობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulisan_China_Sederhana" title="Tulisan China Sederhana – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Tulisan China Sederhana" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жеңілдетілген иероглифтер – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жеңілдетілген иероглифтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಸರಳೀಕೃತ ಚೀನಿ ಅಕ್ಷರಗಳು – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸರಳೀಕೃತ ಚೀನಿ ಅಕ್ಷರಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%84%EC%B2%B4%EC%9E%90" title="간체자 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="간체자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinezo_simplifikado" title="Kinezo simplifikado – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kinezo simplifikado" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carateri_cinesc_scemplifichei" title="Carateri cinesc scemplifichei – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Carateri cinesc scemplifichei" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienk%C4%81r%C5%A1ot%C4%81s_%C4%B7%C4%ABnie%C5%A1u_rakstz%C4%ABmes" title="Vienkāršotās ķīniešu rakstzīmes – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vienkāršotās ķīniešu rakstzīmes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin%C3%B4grama_notsorina" title="Sinôgrama notsorina – malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sinôgrama notsorina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Упростено кинеско писмо – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Упростено кинеско писмо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="ലളിതീകരിച്ച ചൈനീസ് ലിപി – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലളിതീകരിച്ച ചൈനീസ് ലിപി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="नवी चिनी लिपी – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नवी चिनी लिपी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ရိုးရှင်းတရုတ်စာလုံးများ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရိုးရှင်းတရုတ်စာလုံးများ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81" title="सरलीकृत चिनियाँ – népalais" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सरलीकृत चिनियाँ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="népalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereenvoudigde_Chinese_karakters" title="Vereenvoudigde Chinese karakters – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vereenvoudigde Chinese karakters" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forenkla_kinesisk" title="Forenkla kinesisk – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Forenkla kinesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forenklet_kinesisk" title="Forenklet kinesisk – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Forenklet kinesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸਰਲ ਚੀਨੀ ਵਰਣਮਾਲਾ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਰਲ ਚੀਨੀ ਵਰਣਮਾਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uproszczone_pismo_chi%C5%84skie" title="Uproszczone pismo chińskie – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uproszczone pismo chińskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81" title="آسان چینی حروف – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آسان چینی حروف" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="ستندرد چينايي توري – pachto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ستندرد چينايي توري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pachto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin%C3%AAs_simplificado" title="Chinês simplificado – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chinês simplificado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinez%C4%83_simplificat%C4%83" title="Chineză simplificată – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chineză simplificată" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Упрощение иероглифов – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Упрощение иероглифов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%8B" title="Упрощены гиероглифы – ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Упрощены гиероглифы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pojednostavljeno_kinesko_pismo" title="Pojednostavljeno kinesko pismo – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pojednostavljeno kinesko pismo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB" title="සරලීකෘත චීන අක්ෂර – cingalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සරලීකෘත චීන අක්ෂර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Simplified Chinese characters" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Поједностављено кинеско писмо – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Поједностављено кинеско писмо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Tionghoa_basajan" title="Aksara Tionghoa basajan – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Aksara Tionghoa basajan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6renklade_kinesiska_tecken" title="Förenklade kinesiska tecken – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Förenklade kinesiska tecken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD" title="อักษรจีนตัวย่อ – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรจีนตัวย่อ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinapayak_na_panitik_ng_wikang_Intsik" title="Pinapayak na panitik ng wikang Intsik – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pinapayak na panitik ng wikang Intsik" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basitle%C5%9Ftirilmi%C5%9F_%C3%87in_karakterleri" title="Basitleştirilmiş Çin karakterleri – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Basitleştirilmiş Çin karakterleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%96%D1%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Спрощені ієрогліфи – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спрощені ієрогліфи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81" title="آسان چینی حروف – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آسان چینی حروف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyerogliflarni_soddalashtirish" title="Iyerogliflarni soddalashtirish – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iyerogliflarni soddalashtirish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n_gi%E1%BA%A3n_th%E1%BB%83" title="Chữ Hán giản thể – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chữ Hán giản thể" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yano_nga_agi_Tsinino" title="Yano nga agi Tsinino – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Yano nga agi Tsinino" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%97" title="简化字 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="简化字" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/Simplification" class="mw-disambig" title="Simplification">Simplification</a>. </p> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Hanzi_(simplified).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hanzi_%28simplified%29.svg/170px-Hanzi_%28simplified%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hanzi_%28simplified%29.svg/255px-Hanzi_%28simplified%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hanzi_%28simplified%29.svg/340px-Hanzi_%28simplified%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Le mot « <i>hànzì</i> » (« caractère chinois ») en caractères simplifiés.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Hanzi_(traditional).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hanzi_%28traditional%29.svg/170px-Hanzi_%28traditional%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hanzi_%28traditional%29.svg/255px-Hanzi_%28traditional%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hanzi_%28traditional%29.svg/340px-Hanzi_%28traditional%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Le mot « <i>hànzì</i> » (« caractère chinois ») en caractères traditionnels.</figcaption></figure> <p>Les <b>sinogrammes simplifiés</b> ou <b>caractères chinois simplifiés</b> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">chinois simplifié</a> : <span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">简化字</span> ; <a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_traditionnel" title="Sinogramme traditionnel">chinois traditionnel</a> : <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">簡化字</span> ; <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin">pinyin</a> : <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">jiǎnhuàzì</span></span> ou <span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">简体字</span> / <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">簡體字</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">jiǎntǐzì</span></span>) constituent l'une des deux formes d'écritures des <a href="/wiki/Caract%C3%A8res_chinois" title="Caractères chinois">caractères chinois</a> servant à transcrire les <a href="/wiki/Langues_chinoises" title="Langues chinoises">langues chinoises</a>. </p><p>Ils sont utilisés officiellement en <a href="/wiki/Chine_continentale" title="Chine continentale">Chine continentale</a> et à <a href="/wiki/Singapour" title="Singapour">Singapour</a>. Ils sont opposés aux <a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_traditionnel" title="Sinogramme traditionnel">sinogrammes traditionnels</a>, utilisés à <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macao" title="Macao">Macao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AFwan" title="Taïwan">Taïwan</a> et jusqu'au début du <a href="/wiki/XXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Cor%C3%A9e" title="Corée">Corée</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japon" title="Japon">Japon</a> et <a href="/wiki/Vi%C3%AAt_Nam" title="Viêt Nam">Viêt Nam</a>. </p><p>Au <a href="/wiki/Japon" title="Japon">Japon</a> (voir <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanjis</a> pour l'utilisation des caractères chinois en japonais), une simplification, identique sur la forme s'est également opérée, alors appelée <a href="/wiki/Shinjitai" title="Shinjitai">shinjitai</a> <span style="font-weight: normal">(<span title="Japonais" class="lang-ja" lang="ja">新字体</span>, <i title="Transcription Hepburn" class="lang-ja-Latn-alalc97" lang="ja-Latn-alalc97">shinjitai</i><span class="t_nihongo_help noprint"><span class="t_nihongo_icon" style="color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;text-decoration:none;padding:0 .1em;"><sup><a href="/wiki/Aide:Japonais" title="Aide:Japonais">?</a></sup></span></span>, <span title="Information complémentaire">« nouvelle graphie »</span>)</span>, est utilisée en <a href="/wiki/Japonais" title="Japonais">japonais</a> moderne. </p><p>Ces sinogrammes sont le résultat de la simplification des sinogrammes traditionnels. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinogramme_simplifi%C3%A9&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinogramme_simplifi%C3%A9&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Histoire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'écriture chinoise utilisée comme première forme d'écriture depuis l'antiquité en Chine, Corée, Japon et Vietnam, voit s'imposer des réformes de simplification à partir de la fin du <a href="/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>. Allant d'un changement radical d'écriture (Corée et Vietnam), à des simplifications partielles (<a href="/wiki/Chine_continentale" title="Chine continentale">Chine continentale</a> et <a href="/wiki/Japon" title="Japon">Japon</a>), voire aucun changement (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macao" title="Macao">Macao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AFwan" title="Taïwan">Taïwan</a>). </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/1894" title="1894">1894</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_du_Japon" title="Empire du Japon">empire du Japon</a> impose au <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_Joseon" title="Période Joseon">royaume Joseon</a> (Corée) colonisé d'abandonner l'écriture chinoise au profit du <a href="/wiki/Hangeul" title="Hangeul">hangeul</a> au sein de la <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9forme_Gabo" class="mw-redirect" title="Réforme Gabo">réforme Gabo</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Dès <a href="/wiki/1909" title="1909">1909</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lu_Feikui" class="mw-redirect" title="Lu Feikui">Lu Feikui</a> (<span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">陆费逵</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">lù fèikuí</span></span>), alors éditeur du <i>Magazine de l'éducation</i> (<span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">教育杂志</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">jiàoyù zázhì</span></span>), émit l'idée de l'emploi de « caractères de formes populaires » (<span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">俗体字</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">sú tǐzì</span></span>) dans un traité paru dans son magazine. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a> au <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, au sein de l'<a href="/wiki/Indochine_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Indochine française">Indochine française</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_qu%E1%BB%91c_ng%E1%BB%AF" title="Chữ quốc ngữ">chữ quốc ngữ</a>, écriture latine du <a href="/wiki/Vietnamien" title="Vietnamien">vietnamien</a>, remplace l'écriture chinoise (<a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">chữ Nôm</a>) comme écriture officielle nationale. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuantong" title="Qian Xuantong">Qian Xuantong</a> publie huit méthodes de simplification de l'écriture chinoise. C'est avec ce document que les futures simplifications officielles seront réalisées. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/1926" title="1926">1926</a>, commence également dans l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_du_Japon" title="Empire du Japon">empire du Japon</a> un programme de simplification des caractères chinois, dont la forme sera appelée <a href="/wiki/Shinjitai" title="Shinjitai">shinjitai kanji</a> <span style="font-weight: normal">(<span title="Japonais" class="lang-ja" lang="ja">新字体漢字</span><span class="t_nihongo_help noprint"><span class="t_nihongo_icon" style="color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;text-decoration:none;padding:0 .1em;"><sup><a href="/wiki/Aide:Japonais" title="Aide:Japonais">?</a></sup></span></span>, <span title="Information complémentaire">« nouvelle graphie des caractères Han »</span>)</span>, la forme traditionnelle, similaire à la forme chinoise dite traditionnelle, prend alors le nom de <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjitai" title="Kyūjitai">kyūjitai kanji</a> <span style="font-weight: normal">(<span title="Japonais" class="lang-ja" lang="ja">旧字体漢字</span><span class="t_nihongo_help noprint"><span class="t_nihongo_icon" style="color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;text-decoration:none;padding:0 .1em;"><sup><a href="/wiki/Aide:Japonais" title="Aide:Japonais">?</a></sup></span></span>, <span title="Information complémentaire">« ancienne graphie des caractères Han »</span>)</span>. Les règles de simplification seront moins importantes que celles entreprises plus tard en Chine, mais certains caractères seront simplifiés de la même façon dans les deux pays, par exemple, <span class="lang-ja" lang="ja">国</span> (pays), <span class="lang-ja" lang="ja">学</span> (étudier, -logie), <span class="lang-ja" lang="ja">画</span> (peinture, dessin), <span class="lang-ja" lang="ja">万</span> (10 000). </p><p><span class="need_ref" title="Ce passage nécessite une référence." style="cursor:help;">Par la suite, les caractères chinois furent accusés d'obstacle à la modernisation du pays, au développement de la <a href="/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature" title="Littérature">littérature</a> et à l'<a href="/wiki/Alphab%C3%A9tisation" title="Alphabétisation">alphabétisation</a> de la population</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[réf. nécessaire]</a></sup>. </p><p>À l'arrivée au pouvoir des <a href="/wiki/Parti_communiste_chinois" title="Parti communiste chinois">communistes</a>, une réforme de l'écriture se mit en place. Elle consistait à simplifier les sinogrammes pour faciliter leur apprentissage et à créer un <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> phonétique à base de <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_latin" title="Alphabet latin">lettres latines</a>, le <i><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin">hanyu pinyin</a></i>, afin de remplacer peu à peu l'apprentissage de la phonétique utilisant auparavant le <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a> (ou zhuyin). </p><p>Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1956-01-28" data-sort-value="1956-01-28">28 janvier 1956</time>, une première liste de caractères simplifiés est présentée. Elle est constituée de trois parties : </p> <ul><li>la première contient <span class="nowrap">230 caractères</span> inspirés de simplifications populaires ;</li> <li>la deuxième contient 285 propositions de caractères, encore soumis à discussions ;</li> <li>la troisième contient 54 propositions d'éléments de caractères, aussi soumis à discussions.</li></ul> <p>En <time class="nowrap" datetime="1964-05" data-sort-value="1964-05">mai 1964</time>, la liste finale des caractères simplifiés est publiée dans un document intitulé « Table intégrale des caractères chinois simplifiés » (<span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">简化字总表</span>) découpée en trois parties : </p> <ul><li>une première table de <span class="nowrap">352 caractères</span> simplifiés inemployés en tant qu'élément de caractères (par exemple <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">关</span> pour <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">關</span> et <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">欢</span> pour <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">歡</span>) ;</li> <li>une deuxième table de <span class="nowrap">132 caractères</span> simplifiés pouvant être utilisés comme élément de caractères (par exemple <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">仓</span> pour <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">倉</span>, qui est un élément de <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">呛</span> [<span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">嗆</span>] ou <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">戗</span> [<span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">戧</span>], ou <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">见</span> pour <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">見</span>, qui est un élément de <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">视</span> [<span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">視</span>] ou <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">笕</span> [<span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">筧</span>]) ;</li> <li>une troisième table de 1 754 caractères simplifiés créés grâce à ceux de la deuxième table (par exemple <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">玱</span> pour <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">瑲</span>, composé de <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">仓</span> [<span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">倉</span>], et <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">蚬</span> pour <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">蜆</span>, composé de <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">见</span> [<span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">見</span>]).</li></ul> <p>Dans la deuxième table, quatorze symboles présents uniquement dans les parties latérales d'un caractère ont été notés. Ils ne suffisent pas à former de caractères à eux seuls. </p><p>Au total, 2 238 nouveaux caractères peuvent être dénombrés ; cependant, les caractères <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">签</span> et <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">须</span> se sont retrouvés dans la première table (simplifications de <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">籤</span> et <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">鬚</span>) et dans la dernière table (simplifications de <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">簽</span> et <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">須</span>). Il y a donc, en réalité, 2 236 caractères créés. </p><p>Le gouvernement tenta une nouvelle réforme le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1977-12-20" data-sort-value="1977-12-20">20 décembre 1977</time> en promulguant une nouvelle liste de 248 simplifications officielles et <span class="nowrap">605 caractères</span> proposés à le devenir. À peine quelques mois plus tard, le ministère de l'Éducation et le département de la Propagande ont encouragé les éditeurs et journaux à ne pas utiliser ces caractères, bien qu'ils soient enseignés à l'école. Cette deuxième réforme échoue et fut abandonnée en raison d'un changement trop radical. </p><p>C'est alors que le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1986-06-24" data-sort-value="1986-06-24">24 juin 1986</time>, la réforme fut retirée et le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1986-10-10" data-sort-value="1986-10-10">10 octobre 1986</time>, une liste définitive de sinogrammes simplifiés fut décrétée. Elle est quasi identique à la liste de 1964, à l'exception des couples de caractères <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">迭/叠</span>, <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">象/像</span> et <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">复/覆</span> retirés de la première table (<span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">复</span> reste la forme simplifiée de <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">復</span> et <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">複</span>), la suppression de <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">罗/囉</span> dans la deuxième table (<span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">罗</span> reste la forme simplifiée de <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">羅</span>) et l'ajout de <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">啰/囉</span> dans la troisième table. On dénombre alors 2 235 caractères simplifiés à ce jour. </p><p>L'alphabet <i><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin">hanyu pinyin</a></i> (<span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">拼音</span>) fut publié en <a href="/wiki/1958" title="1958">1958</a> et avait pour but de remplacer totalement les sinogrammes afin de devenir l'écriture nationale. Ce projet a finalement été abandonné. En effet, les <a href="/wiki/Chinois_(nation)" title="Chinois (nation)">Chinois</a> étaient attachés à leur système logographique qui permettait l'unité nationale. Malgré les nombreuses <a href="/wiki/Langues_chinoises" title="Langues chinoises">langues parlées en Chine</a>, un texte écrit avec des sinogrammes reste très compréhensible par la population ; alors que le même texte écrit en <i>hanyu pinyin</i> nécessite la connaissance du <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(langue)" title="Mandarin (langue)">mandarin</a>, pas encore connu de tous à cette époque. </p><p>Aujourd'hui, le <i>hanyu pinyin</i> est utilisé pour les <a href="/wiki/Dictionnaire" title="Dictionnaire">dictionnaires</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistique)" title="Transcription (linguistique)">transcription</a>, l'apprentissage du mandarin et la saisie de sinogrammes sur ordinateur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Méthodes_de_simplification"><span id="M.C3.A9thodes_de_simplification"></span>Méthodes de simplification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinogramme_simplifi%C3%A9&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Méthodes de simplification" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinogramme_simplifi%C3%A9&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Méthodes de simplification"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Zhongguo.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Zhongguo.gif/200px-Zhongguo.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Zhongguo.gif/300px-Zhongguo.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Zhongguo.gif/400px-Zhongguo.gif 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Simplification du caractère <i>guó</i> (« pays ») dans le mot <i>Zhōngguó</i> (« pays du milieu » soit « Chine »).</figcaption></figure> <p>La simplification des sinogrammes est définie par huit règles formulées par <a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuantong" title="Qian Xuantong">Qian Xuantong</a> en <a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a> : </p> <ol><li>simplifier les éléments complexes par un signe extrêmement simple à écrire : <ul><li>邓 (鄧), 凤 (鳳), 树 (樹),</li> <li>兴 (興), 举 (舉), 单 (單) ;</li></ul></li> <li>simplifier des éléments et tous les caractères concernés par ceux-ci : <ul><li>讠 (訁), 说 (說), 课 (課), 谢 (謝) ;</li></ul></li> <li>remplacer la partie phonétique d'un <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tymologie_des_caract%C3%A8res_chinois" title="Étymologie des caractères chinois">idéophonogramme</a> : <ul><li>础 (礎),</li> <li>种 (種) ;</li></ul></li> <li>normaliser les graphies de l'<a href="/wiki/Styles_de_caract%C3%A8res_chinois" title="Styles de caractères chinois">écriture cursive</a> : <ul><li>车 (車),</li> <li>书 (書) ;</li></ul></li> <li>regrouper des <a href="/wiki/Homonymie" title="Homonymie">homonymes</a> : <ul><li>后 (后, 後),</li> <li>台 (台, 臺, 檯, 颱) ;</li></ul></li> <li>tronquer une partie d'un caractère traditionnel : <ul><li>开 (開),</li> <li>医 (醫) ;</li></ul></li> <li>inventer des <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tymologie_des_caract%C3%A8res_chinois" title="Étymologie des caractères chinois">idéogrammes composés</a> et <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tymologie_des_caract%C3%A8res_chinois" title="Étymologie des caractères chinois">idéophonogrammes</a> : <ul><li>尘 = 小 + 土 (塵),</li> <li>护 = 扌 + 户 (護) ;</li></ul></li> <li>ne garder que le contour d'un caractère traditionnel : <ul><li>鸟 (鳥),</li> <li>爱 (愛).</li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critique_envers_la_simplification">Critique envers la simplification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinogramme_simplifi%C3%A9&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Critique envers la simplification" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinogramme_simplifi%C3%A9&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Critique envers la simplification"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Une critique importante envers la simplification est la perte de sens des caractères chinois. Par exemple, le caractère 門 (<i>mén</i>, « porte »), symbolisait comme on le voit une porte à deux battants. Mais cette écriture ancienne était considérée comme compliquée et on a pensé qu'elle freinait l'alphabétisation. Sa forme simplifiée 门, comportant trois traits seulement, a visiblement perdu ses battants. Citons également le caractère 愛 (<i>Ài</i>, « <a href="/wiki/Amour" title="Amour">amour</a> ») qui, dans sa forme simplifiée 爱, s'est vu dépossédé de sa composante 心 au milieu du caractère, qui désigne le <a href="/wiki/C%C5%93ur" title="Cœur">cœur</a>. Cependant, si l'on regarde davantage l'histoire de l'écriture chinoise, des simplifications et unifications ont déjà eu lieu dès l'Antiquité, dont<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Pr%C3%A9ciser_un_fait" title="Aide:Préciser un fait">[Quoi ?]</a></sup> la dernière phase fut la mise en place de l'écriture dite traditionnelle. </p><p>Elle complique également la compréhension de textes écrits en caractères traditionnels, bien qu'aujourd'hui, les Chinois sachent généralement lire les deux. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinogramme_simplifi%C3%A9&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinogramme_simplifi%C3%A9&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="1956">« <cite style="font-style:normal">Lettre sur la réforme de l'écriture chinoise</cite> », <i>T'oung Pao</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 44, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 1,‎ <time>1956</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">439 – 443</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0082-5433">0082-5433</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number#ISSN_électronique" title="International Standard Serial Number">e-ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1568-5322">1568-5322</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853256X00144">10.1163/156853256X00144</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/156853256x00144">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lettre+sur+la+r%C3%A9forme+de+l%27%C3%A9criture+chinoise&rft.jtitle=T%27oung+Pao&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1956&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=439+%E2%80%93+443&rft.issn=0082-5433&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853256X00144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASinogramme+simplifi%C3%A9"></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinogramme_simplifi%C3%A9&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinogramme_simplifi%C3%A9&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <cite class="italique" lang="en">Korea through the Ages : Modern. Vol. 2</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 2, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do Center for Information on Korean Culture, The Academy of Korean Studies, <time>2005</time>, 247 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-89-7105-544-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-89-7105-544-1"><span class="nowrap">978-89-7105-544-1</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">40-43</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+through+the+Ages&rft.place=Seongnam-si&rft.pub=Gyeonggi-do+Center+for+Information+on+Korean+Culture%2C+The+Academy+of+Korean+Studies&rft.stitle=Modern.+Vol.+2&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=40-43&rft.tpages=247&rft.isbn=978-89-7105-544-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASinogramme+simplifi%C3%A9"></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinogramme_simplifi%C3%A9&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinogramme_simplifi%C3%A9&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caract%C3%A8res_chinois" title="Caractères chinois">Caractères chinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_traditionnel" title="Sinogramme traditionnel">Sinogramme traditionnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalisation_de_l%27%C3%A9criture_chinoise" title="Rationalisation de l'écriture chinoise">Rationalisation de l'écriture chinoise</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Caract%C3%A8res_chinois" title="Modèle:Palette Caractères chinois"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Caract%C3%A8res_chinois&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Caract%C3%A8res_chinois" title="Caractères chinois">Caractères chinois</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Formation</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tymologie_des_caract%C3%A8res_chinois" title="Étymologie des caractères chinois">Étymologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_d%27un_sinogramme" title="Composition d'un sinogramme">Composition graphique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait_CJC" title="Trait CJC">Trait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalisation_de_l%27%C3%A9criture_chinoise" title="Rationalisation de l'écriture chinoise">Rationalisation de l'écriture chinoise</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Calligraphie</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trac%C3%A9_d%27un_sinogramme" title="Tracé d'un sinogramme">Tracé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphie_extr%C3%AAme-orientale" title="Calligraphie extrême-orientale">Calligraphie extrême-orientale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styles_de_caract%C3%A8res_chinois" title="Styles de caractères chinois">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_cursive_chinoise" title="Écriture cursive chinoise">Écriture cursive chinoise</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Classement</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9_d%27un_sinogramme" title="Clé d'un sinogramme">Clé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codage_des_caract%C3%A8res_chinois" title="Codage des caractères chinois">Codage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictionnaire_de_sinogrammes" title="Dictionnaire de sinogrammes">Dictionnaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_radicaux_de_Kangxi" title="Liste des radicaux de Kangxi">Liste des radicaux ou clefs</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Emploi</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extension_g%C3%A9ographique_et_linguistique_des_sinogrammes" title="Extension géographique et linguistique des sinogrammes">Extension géographique et linguistique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponctuation_chinoise" title="Ponctuation chinoise">Ponctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prononciation_et_s%C3%A9mantisme_des_sinogrammes" title="Prononciation et sémantisme des sinogrammes">Prononciation et sémantisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9thodes_de_saisie_et_d%27encodage_du_chinois" title="Méthodes de saisie et d'encodage du chinois">Méthodes de saisie et d'encodage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sinogramme simplifié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_traditionnel" title="Sinogramme traditionnel">Sinogramme traditionnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variantes_des_sinogrammes" title="Variantes des sinogrammes">Variantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forme_normalis%C3%A9e_des_caract%C3%A8res_chinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Forme normalisée des caractères chinois">Forme normalisée</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Autres régions</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonais_%C3%A9crit" title="Cantonais écrit">Honzi et Zukzi</a> <small>(cantonais)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">hanja</a> <small>(Corée)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> <small>(Japon)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_nho" title="Chữ nho">chữ nho</a> et <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">chữ nôm</a> <small>(Vietnam)</small></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint collapsed" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Langue_chinoise" title="Modèle:Palette Langue chinoise"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Langue_chinoise&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_chinoises" title="Langues chinoises">Langues chinoises</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2">(<i>Note : il existe de nombreuses classifications, celle-ci n'est qu'un exemple ; les catégories en italique <b>ne sont pas unanimement reconnues</b> comme des catégories indépendantes</i>.)</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Chinois_parl%C3%A9" title="Chinois parlé">Variétés parlées</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;"><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;">Catégories</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gan_(langue)" title="Gan (langue)">gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_(langue)" title="Hakka (langue)">hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(langue)" title="Mandarin (langue)">mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_(langue)" title="Min (langue)">min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(langue)" title="Wu (langue)">wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonais" title="Cantonais">cantonais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hui_(langue)" title="Hui (langue)">hui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jinyu" title="Jinyu">Jinyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">pinghua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiang_(langue)" title="Xiang (langue)">xiang</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;">Non classées</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Danzhouhua" title="Danzhouhua">danzhouhua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaozhou_tuhua" title="Shaozhou tuhua">shaozhou tuhua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waxiang" title="Waxiang">waxiang</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;">Groupe min</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minbei" title="Minbei">minbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnan" title="Minnan">minnan</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AFwanais" title="Taïwanais">taïwanais</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teochew_(dialecte)" title="Teochew (dialecte)">teochew</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hainanais" title="Hainanais">hainanais</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dialectes_de_Zhangzhou" title="Dialectes de Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mindong" title="Mindong">mindong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minzhong" title="Minzhong">minzhong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puxian" title="Puxian">puxian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaojiang" title="Shaojiang">shaojiang</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;">Groupe mandarin</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_du_Nord-Est" title="Mandarin du Nord-Est">Nord-Est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_de_P%C3%A9kin" title="Mandarin de Pékin">pékinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_jilu" title="Mandarin jilu">jilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_jiaoliao" title="Mandarin jiaoliao">jiaoliao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_zhongyuan" title="Mandarin zhongyuan">zhongyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_lanyin" title="Mandarin lanyin">lanyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_du_Sud-Ouest" title="Mandarin du Sud-Ouest">Sud-Ouest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_jianghuai" title="Mandarin jianghuai">jianghuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doungane_(langue)" title="Doungane (langue)">doungane</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;">Parlés officiels</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonais" title="Cantonais">cantonais standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_standard" title="Mandarin standard">mandarin standard</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_de_Ta%C3%AFwan" title="Mandarin de Taïwan">Taïwan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_de_Singapour" title="Mandarin de Singapour">Singapour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandarin_de_Malaisie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandarin de Malaisie (page inexistante)">Malaisie</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" class="extiw" title="en:Malaysian Mandarin"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Malaysian Mandarin »">(en)</span></a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_standard_du_Sichuan" title="Mandarin standard du Sichuan">Sichuan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><a href="/wiki/Phonologie_historique_du_chinois" title="Phonologie historique du chinois">Phonologie historique</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinois_archa%C3%AFque" title="Chinois archaïque">chinois archaïque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinois_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9val" title="Chinois médiéval">chinois médiéval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyue" title="Minyue">Minyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-gan" title="Proto-gan">proto-gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieux_mandarin" title="Vieux mandarin">proto-mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han%27er" title="Han'er">han'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashu" title="Bashu">bashu</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Chinois_%C3%A9crit" title="Chinois écrit">Variétés écrites</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;"><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;">Officielles</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinois_classique" title="Chinois classique">Chinois classique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han%27er#Le_Han'er_écrit" title="Han'er">han'er écrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baihua" title="Baihua">Baihua</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;">Autres variétés</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonais_%C3%A9crit" title="Cantonais écrit">cantonais écrit vernaculaire</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;">Transcriptions phonétiques</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_des_langues_chinoises" title="Romanisation des langues chinoises">romanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_des_langues_chinoises" title="Cyrillisation des langues chinoises">cyrillisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">arabisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_phon%C3%A9tique_des_langues_chinoises" title="Transcription phonétique des langues chinoises">autres</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><a href="/wiki/Caract%C3%A8res_chinois" title="Caractères chinois">Sinogrammes</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_traditionnel" title="Sinogramme traditionnel">écriture traditionnelle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">écriture simplifiée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalisation_de_l%27%C3%A9criture_chinoise" title="Rationalisation de l'écriture chinoise">histoire de leur rationalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponctuation_chinoise" title="Ponctuation chinoise">ponctuation</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia_en_chinois" title="Wikipédia en chinois">Wikipédia en …</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zh:">chinois vernaculaire</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zh-classical:">chinois classique et littéraire</a></li> <li><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="gan:">gan</a></li> <li><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="hak:">hakka</a></li> <li><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="cdo:">mindong</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zh-min-nan:">minnan</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zh-yue:">yue (cantonais)</a></li> <li><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wuu:">wu (shanghaïen)</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_langues_chinoises" title="Liste des langues chinoises">Liste des langues chinoises</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:%C3%89criture" title="Portail de l’écriture"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Icon_flat_style_plume_03.svg/24px-Icon_flat_style_plume_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Icon_flat_style_plume_03.svg/36px-Icon_flat_style_plume_03.svg.png 1.5x, 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